Flexible OFDM Signal Generation, Analysis and Troubleshooting

Flexible OFDM Signal Generation, Analysis and Troubleshooting
Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies
Communications Designers Ideal

Flexible, Precise Signal Generation
Create ideal, error-free signals Modify signal characteristics, structure Create impaired signals Create test signals Inject anywhere in block diagram (BB, IF, RF, analog, digital) Simulated & physical signals Spectrum, vector, measurements Flexible, accurate, configurable modulation analysis Highly specific results for troubleshooting Analyze anywhere in block diagram (BB, IF, RF, analog, digital) Same analysis, algorithms, UI for simulated and physical signals
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Flexible, Sensitive Signal Analysis
Agenda
What is OFDM? OFDM system architectures Rapid waveform development techniques Measuring & troubleshooting OFDM modulation quality Analyzing proprietary OFDM signals How can Agilent help you?
What is OFDM?
Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplexing
OFDM is a modulation format that achieves: high data throughput by transmitting on hundreds or thousands of carriers simultaneously. high spectral efficiency by spacing the carriers very closely. high data integrity by transmitting at a relatively slow symbol rate.
Orthogonal Subcarriers
Overlapping Carriers But No Inter-Carrier Interference (Ideally!)
OFDM Symbols & Subcarriers

Simplified view
Symbol #4 Symbol #3 Symbol #2 Symbol #1 Symbol #0
Time
-5
-4
-3
-2 -1 0 +1 +2 Subcarrier Number
+3
+4
+5
Freq
6
OFDM Symbols & Subcarriers

Real world view
Symbol #4 Symbol #3 Symbol #2 Symbol #1 Preamble
Time
-5
-4
-3
+3
+4
+5
Freq
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OFDM vs. Single Carrier Modulation

Frequency Domain View OFDM
many carriers BW = #carriers x spacing BW = Sym(1+)
Single Carrier QAM

1 carrier
Carrier #0 always null
OFDM vs. Single Carrier Modulation

Time Domain View
802.11a OFDM
Single Carrier 64QAM
1 Sym = 64 Samples = 4.0 usec Data rate = 54 Mbits/s
1 Sym = 1 Sample = .083 usec Data rate = 54 Mbits/s
Sharing the Resource: OFDMA

Multi-Access
User1 (low rate): 112 subcarriers
+ =
User2 (med-rate): 280 subcarriers
840 subcarrier signal
User3 (hi-rate): 448 subcarriers

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OFDMA Resource Map

UL-MAP FCH
Subcarriers
Example: 802.16e Mobile WiMAX
DL Burst 3
DL Burst 4
DL Burst 7
Shows allocation of subcarriers by time and frequency. Subcarriers are usually grouped into logical channels. Each channel can have different modulation, power level, coding, etc.
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DL-MAP Preamble
DL Burst 1
DL Burst 5
DL Burst 8
DL Burst 9
DL Burst 2
DL Burst 6
Symbol #
Summary: How OFDM Achieves its Goals

1. High throughput: an 800-subcarrier system with 64QAM mapped to each subcarrier can transmit 800 x 8 = 6400 bits per symbol. 2. Bandwidth efficiency: with DSP techniques (FFT and IFFT), subcarrier spacing can be reduced to theoretical minimum, i.e. mathematically orthogonal (dont expect to see individual subcarriers!) 3. Data integrity: multi-subcarrier symbol structure has advantages: symbol is long relative to most impulse noise. single-freq interferer only disturbs 1-2 subcarriers, not entire signal. built-in amplitude and phase references (pilots) allow signal to be resynchronized and/or equalized for each symbol. symbol can be cyclically extended for multipath immunity:
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Who Uses OFDM?

WPAN
Bluetooth 1.0
2.0 WiMedia
3.0
WLAN
802.11b
802.11a/g
802.11n
802.11ac 802.11ad 802.16m
WMAN
802.16
802.16d ATSC ISDB DVB DAB
802.16e
Broadcast
Analog
ISDB-T DVB-T
DVB-H 3.9G FDD-LTE TDD-LTE 4G LTE-Adv.

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Mobile
1G Analog
2G GSM, CDMA PDC, PHS
3G WCDMA CDMA2K
LTE Features
Feature
Access modes
Capability
FDD & TDD with same frame structure Frame structure also aligned with UMTS 1.28 Mcps TDD 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 MHz 20 MHz UL/DL, 2 Rx, one Tx antenna DL 172.8 Mbps / UL 86.4 Mbps @ 20 MHz BW (2x2 DL SU-MIMO & non-MIMO 64QAM on UL)
Variable channel BW Baseline UE capability User Data rates
Downlink transmission Uplink transmission DL Spatial diversity
OFDM using QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM SC-FDMA using QPSK,16QAM, 64QAM Open loop TX diversity Single-User MIMO up to 4x4 supportable
UL Spatial diversity
Optional open loop TX diversity, 2x2 MU-MIMO, Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO

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15
Agenda
16
OFDM Waveform Design

A System Architects view
What do we want to accomplish:
High throughput Reliable independent of channel or user Resistive to other interference Low PAPR Low Baseband/DSP resource usage Compliance (or unique)
What are our design options?

Number of sub-carriers (spacing & bandwidth) Encoding and Interleaving Modulation order (mapping types) Length of CP Preamble structure Pilot structure/scheme MANY more
Channel Encoding & Interleaving
Mapping
Subcarrier Mux
IFFT
Guard Insertion
Spectrum
Shaping
Digital IF and D/A
IF/RF
Pilots
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General OFDM Frame Structure

Idle Preamble 1 Preamble 2 Data 1 Data 2
Block
Block
Block OFDM symbol Block Block Block OFDM symbol OFDM symbol OFDM symbol OFDM symbol OFDM symbol
Idle Preamble
Data
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Preamble Structure
N post
Prefix CP
Block
N post
Block
Postfix CP
N pre
L
DFTSize R, if Preamble sequence is defined in frequency domain L= BlockSize R, if Preamble sequence is defined in time domain
where R is defined as the repeat times of preamble sequence.
N post = L Gi
,
N pre = L Gi
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Pilot Structure
No pilot Continuous pilot Scattered pilot Continuous pilot and scattered pilot
Scattered pilot subcarrier pilot subcarrier Data subcarrier Data subcarrier Data subcarrier pilot subcarrier Pilot Subcarrier Data subcarrier
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Symbol Windowing
Rectangular pulse shaping can introduce phase discontinuity Reduction in multi-path fading immunity
No Window
With Window
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Payload OFDM Symbol Structure

Prefix CP
DFT size
DFTSize
GuardIntervalType= CycleShift
N pre
zeros
DFT size
DFTSize
GuardIntervalType= Zeros
N pre
N pre = DFTSize Gi , where Gi is defined as the guard interval in

parameter GuardInterval.
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Evaluating the System Architecture
How does the system perform? What to fix? Did we make all the correct choices?
Synch issues Channel Encoding & Interleaving Too much out of band
Mapping
Subcarrier Mux
IFFT
Guard Insertion
Spectrum
Shaping
Digital IF and D/A
IF/RF
Pilots Easy to disrupt Not efficient enough Channel issue ICI issues PAPR is too high for this amp
23

Evaluating the System Architecture
How does the system perform? What to fix?
Did we make all the correct choices?
Preamble adjustment Channel Encoding & Interleaving Better windowing
Mapping
Subcarrier Mux
IFFT
Guard Insertion
Spectrum
Shaping
Digital IF and D/A
IF/RF
Pilots Better encoding Higher order Better pilot structure Longer CP Employ Clipping technique
24
Agenda
25
Agilent SystemVue for physical layer design

A new environment for system-level modeling and verification
SystemVue: Cross-domain framework for model-based design
Open algorithmic modeling interface: math/MATLAB, C++, HDL General Purpose Embedded C++ DSP Embedded ANSI-C or C++ FPGA/ASIC Embedded Fixed-point VHDL / Verilog RF Systems Detailed Specs & Test Benches PHY IP
Target Flow RTOS Implement (S/W app)
Mainstream EDA Flows Target Processor IDE/Tools Implement (targeted S/W)
Synthesis Implement (custom H/W)
RF EDA Flows Electrical (circuit) Design Physical Design Assembly / Fab Test
PHY system integration and verification

Complete a working PHY using combinations of Software, RF/BB Hardware, Simulation, and Measurements
26
Rapid Waveform Creation & Troubleshooting A System and Algorithm design environment
Mapping
Subcarrier Mux
IFFT
Guard Insertion
Spectrum
Shaping
Digital IF and D/A
IF/RF
Pilots
27
Rapid Waveform Creation & Troubleshooting

A System and Algorithm design environment
Mapping
Subcarrier Mux
IFFT
Guard Insertion
Spectrum
Shaping
Digital IF and D/A
IF/RF
Pilots
28
Rapid Waveform Creation & Troubleshooting

A System and Algorithm design environment
Mapping
Subcarrier Mux
IFFT
Guard Insertion
Spectrum
Shaping
Digital IF and D/A
IF/RF
Pilots
29
Rapid Creation Example (continued)
All OFDM system parameters of source are set in this GUI. The switch of Preamble 1 and Preamble 2, Pilot 1 and Pilot 2 are also set in it The number of OFDM symbols of Data 1 and Data 2(if available) payload are set in this GUI Symbol windowing function between OFDM symbols is also can be selected or not
30
The Preamble construction interface shows a multi-format structure Specialized indexing Multi-format is generally desired (ex. 802.11a)
31

This GUI shows all parameters of the Data 1 and Data 2 payload (if available). Specify Mod type
32
User interface for Pilot configuration Most of OFDM communications (IEEE 802 series) have only one kind of pilot (continuous pilot or scattered pilot) Power line communication standard (G3-PLC) is an example with no-pilot format Wireless video formats (DVB-T, DVBT2 and etc) generally have two kinds of pilot (continuous pilot and scattered pilot)
33
Example: Peak to Average Power Ratio DVB-T2 Algorithm

PAPR reduction algorithm Reserved carriers or Peak reduction tones Virtually distortionless
34
Agenda
35
Communications Designers Ideal

Flexible, Precise Signal Generation
Create ideal, error-free signals Modify signal characteristics, structure Create impaired signals Create test signals Inject anywhere in block diagram (BB, IF, RF, analog, digital) Simulated & physical signals Spectrum, vector, measurements Flexible, accurate, configurable modulation analysis Highly specific results for troubleshooting Analyze anywhere in block diagram (BB, IF, RF, analog, digital) Same analysis, algorithms, UI for simulated and physical signals
36
Flexible, Sensitive Signal Analysis
OFDM Demodulation
1. Isolate waveform for 1 symbol; synchronize in Freq, Time, Phase Perform FFT. Map subcarrier I-Q values back to QAM constellations Convert constellation states to data bits.
FFT
2. 3.
..
..
4.
.23 + j.71
-.71 + j.23
.71 + j.71
1011
0110
1001
37
OFDM Signal Analysis

1. Isolate waveform for 1 symbol; synchronize in Freq, Time, Phase Perform FFT. Map subcarrier IQ values back to QAM constellations Compute standard constellation metrics (EVM, SNR, etc.) for each subcarrier in each symbol
FFT
2. 3.
..
..
Q Ideal
Error Vector Magnitude
4.
Measured
.23 + j.71
-.71 + j.23
.71 + j.71
How to display?
38
How to Display OFDM Signals

RMS Avg. vs. Time Meas. Result (e.g. EVM)
One dot per subcarrier. Time Domain
Symbol number (time) RMS Avg. vs. Freq
Meas. Result (e.g. EVM)
One dot per symbol. Freq Domain
Subcarrier number (freq)

39 39
Measuring Modulation Quality
40
89600 Vector Signal Analysis software

Tests the spectrum, time, modulation characteristics of wireless signals Hi resolution FFT-based spectrum measurements High quality time tools: PVT, CCDF, pulse, signal capture/play Advanced modulation analysis of >70 signal formats Works with >30 platforms signal analyzers, scopes, logic analyzers, simulation software Target application: Wireless R&D Evaluation & Tshooting Helps designers understand signal details so they can fix their toughest PHY layer problems. Target market: Wireless signaling Cell Comm. Military Comm. Wireless Networking Satellite Comm. Public Safety Radio Radar Wireless Connection Electronic warfare
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OFDM Signal Troubleshooting

Case Studies 1. Amplitude & Phase Drift 2. Timing Errors 3. Spurious Interference 4. Clipping 5. I-Q Errors
42
OFDM Troubleshooting
Case Study #1: Amplitude & Phase Drift
43
Pilot Tracking Compensates (Hides) Impairments
44
CPE Display Shows the Defect Removed
~1 dB of amplitude droop in 240 uSec.
EVM looks fine with pilot tracking ON.
45
Case Study #2: The V-Shaped EVM Plot
Pilot phase track is ON, so this cant be phase noise.
46
Case Study #2: The V-Shaped EVM Plot
Remember: dots correspond to a point in time and frequency
Error increases linearly as a function of frequency offset
Several potential causes: I-Q time offset Symbol clock error

47
Case Study #3: Single-Frequency Interference
Only carrier -24 has high EVM
Impact on RMS EVM isnt very high
48
Case Study #3: Single-Frequency Interference
Set to analyze carrier 24 only.
EVM constellation is square, rotated and off-center.

49
Interpreting the Error Vector Constellation

Subcarrier -24 only EVM vs. Time Polar (I-Q) axes Zoomed scale
Square shape indicates that entire signal constellation is multiplied by a constant Rotation indicates that it is a complex constant Conclusion: the equalizer is setting the wrong value for this bin. This is an effect -- not a cause
Origin Offset indicates the real error, i.e. an extra signal in this bin Stable display = interferer is coherent with the OFDM signal (spur?) Conclusion: an extra signal on-bin at carrier 24; its confusing the equalizer at this bin
50
Case Study #4: Power Amp Clipping
No clipping Minor clipping
51
Case Study #5: I-Q Errors
Clue: EVM of pilots is high, but with little symbol-tosymbol variation.
52
Case #5: Impact of 5 Degrees of I-Q Quadrature Skew
Clue! BPSK pilots have split into two vertical dots I-Q Quadrature Skew Looks like BPSK with 90degree phase rotation. Concept: I-Q errors create images of the original signal.
53
I-Q Quadrature Errors

Create a scaled version of the original signal at image frequency.
Sinewave case: OFDM case (BPSK pilots):
f f
-F
+F
Carrier -Ns error signal is at carrier +N
Fc
+N
Normal signal at carrier +N
Perfect I-Q balance
90
I
Phase depends on type of error.
Q
Resulting signal at carrier +N
I Q
-F
+F
I Q
54
Imperfect I-Q balance
Resource Allocation, I-Q Accuracy

I-Q Errors Produce Energy at Symmetric Frequencies Explore Resource Allocation, Transmitter Power Create Test Signals for Troubleshooting
55
OFDMA--Spectrogram & Pwr Envelope

Preamble
24 pt level 1
20 pt level 2
Zone 0 Zone 1 18 pt level 3
Understanding resource allocation and power, without demodulation
OFDMA--Spectrogram & Zone Maps

Preamble
Does actual resource allocation match the plan?

Zone 0 Zone 1 Zone Map 0 Zone Map 1
Agenda
58
Analyzing Proprietary OFDM Signals

Preamble Pilot Data
-5
-4
-3
+3
+4
+5
Demodulator needs to know:

basic time, freq and FFT parameters. which subcarriers are pilots? which subcarriers are preambles? what are the expected I-Q values for each preamble and pilot subcarrier? what is the expected modulation format for each data subcarrier?
59

Agilent 89600 VSA Main window
Custom OFDM Configuration Window

60

Load Config File: Pilot IQ Values Load Config File: Subcarrier Modulation
Load Config File: Subcarrier Types
Load Config File: Preamble IQ Values
Basic FFT Parameters
61
Configuration Files
Example: ResourceMap.txt Describes function of each subcarrier, every symbol. Symbol #0 Symbol #1 Symbol #2 Symbol #3 Symbol #4 Symbol #5 Subcarrier type: 0 = data 1 = pilot 3 = preamble 4 = null repeat
62
Configuration Files
Configuration Files Resource Modulation.txt Describes modulation format for each subcarrier. Preamble I-Q.txt expected IQ value for each preamble subcarrier. Pilot I-Q.txt expected IQ value for each pilot. Features to simplify configuration: Auto-detect pilot I-Q can eliminate Pilot I-Q file Auto-detect data subcarrier modulation format simplify Resource Mod file Loop continuously through last N symbols shorter config files Modulation format table modify all data subcarrier modulation formats simultaneously, by changing one value in table.
63
Agenda
64
OFDM for Simulation or Hardware Test

Source Test Waveform
W1461 SystemVue
DUT Analyzer
Custom OFDM source
Idle
Preamble 1
Preamble 2
Data 1 Payload
Data 2 Payload
Common Demod / Analysis
VSA 89600B
Simulation OFDM Resource configuration info
65
Additional design support for hardware verification

Leverage design environment for apps that fall between
NON-STD WAVEFORMS FADING, IMPAIRMENTS
OFDM, MIMO LTE-Advanced WNW, Defense
Jamming, Interfere Clutter, Targets RF, Phase Noise Cognitive environments
Throughput Coded BER DPD
MULTI-BOX COORDINATION
FILL HOLES
Digital vs. RF interfaces Missing test coverage Missing user hardware
66
Connecting SystemVue to instrumentation

Modeling Interfaces RF impairments Scripting Reference IP
File I/O
.m C++ VHDL/Verilog
TCP/IP SCPI
Agilent I/O Lib
Connectivity (free with SV)
PNA-X
X-parameters
Signal Studio
(licensed)
VSA
visualization, connectivity
FlexDCA
visualization (free with SV)
Any test H/W Customer Test Equipment Customer Virtual Platform Simulators & Apps
ESG MXG PSG Arbs
PSA/PXA/MXA Infiniuum/DCA PXI/Modular Simulation

67
Summary
For more information about flexible OFDM
App note: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5990-6998EN.pdf
For more information about Agilent SystemVue

OFDM demonstration: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IFtCuKKi8Jw SystemVue for OFDM: http://www.agilent.com/find/eesofsystemvue-ofdm
For more information about Agilent VSA

http://www.agilent.com/find/89600B
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Q&A
69
Thank you!
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Flexible OFDM Signal Generation, Analysis and Troubleshooting

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Flexible OFDM Signal Generation, Analysis and Troubleshooting

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Communications Designers Ideal

Flexible, Sensitive Signal Analysis

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDM Symbols & Subcarriers

Symbol #4 Symbol #3 Symbol #2 Symbol #1 Symbol #0

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDM Symbols & Subcarriers

Symbol #4 Symbol #3 Symbol #2 Symbol #1 Preamble

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDM vs. Single Carrier Modulation

Single Carrier QAM

Carrier #0 always null

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDM vs. Single Carrier Modulation

Single Carrier 64QAM

1 Sym = 64 Samples = 4.0 usec Data rate = 54 Mbits/s

1 Sym = 1 Sample = .083 usec Data rate = 54 Mbits/s

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Sharing the Resource: OFDMA

User1 (low rate): 112 subcarriers

User2 (med-rate): 280 subcarriers

840 subcarrier signal

User3 (hi-rate): 448 subcarriers

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDMA Resource Map

Example: 802.16e Mobile WiMAX

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Summary: How OFDM Achieves its Goals

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Who Uses OFDM?

802.11ac 802.11ad 802.16m

802.16d ATSC ISDB DVB DAB

DVB-H 3.9G FDD-LTE TDD-LTE 4G LTE-Adv.

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

2G GSM, CDMA PDC, PHS

Variable channel BW Baseline UE capability User Data rates

Downlink transmission Uplink transmission DL Spatial diversity

Optional open loop TX diversity, 2x2 MU-MIMO, Optional 2x2 SU-MIMO

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDM Waveform Design

What are our design options?

Channel Encoding & Interleaving

Digital IF and D/A

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

General OFDM Frame Structure

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

Payload OFDM Symbol Structure

N pre = DFTSize Gi , where Gi is defined as the guard interval in

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDM Waveform Design

Digital IF and D/A

Copyright 2011 Agilent Technologies

OFDM Waveform Design