Flow Structers Interaction FSI

APPLlCATlON OF ADAPTlVE STRUCTURES lN ACTlVE AEROELASTlC CONTROL APPLlCATlON OF ADAPTlVE STRUCTURES lN ACTlVE AEROELASTlC CONTROL
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P.S. Template and pictures of the first 20 slides used with permission from the lecture series by
Professor 3uan Alonso, Stanford University, USA
|mportance of Aeroe|ast|c|ty
|mportance of Aeroe|ast|c|ty
n Coup||r oelWeer aerodyrar|cs ard slruclures |s rosl
lurdarerla| |r aerospace sysler deve|oprerl
n ll |s d|ll|cu|l lo accourl lor ard lyp|ca||y causes e|lrer
calaslropr|c la||ure or cosl|y l|xes ard redes|rs
n Aeroe|asl|c|ly a|so p|ays a |ey ro|e |r lre des|r ol l||rl
corlro| syslers aeroservoe|asl|c|ly)
n 0es|rers reed relrods lo loresee a|| ol lrese polerl|a|
proo|ers lo Wor| arourd lrer or lo use lrer lo r|s/rer
advarlae
Aeroe|ast|c
Aeroe|ast|c
Prob|ems
Prob|ems
n high-Altitude-Long-
Endurence [hALE} vehicles
n 0uiet 3uersonic Pletform
[03P} business jets
n 3uersonic trensorts
Jo|ned
Jo|ned
-
-
w|ng A|rcraft
w|ng A|rcraft
n 0ood for e|ectron|c surve|||ance
n Potent|a| stea|th character|st|cs
n Poss|b|||ty of s|gn|f|cant we|ght
reduct|on
n 8evere non-||near buck||ng
prob|ems
NASA : Box Wing AirIiner (325 Passenger) NASA : Box Wing AirIiner (325 Passenger)
Aeroe|ast|c
Aeroe|ast|c
Tr|ang|e
Tr|ang|e
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I: Inertial Forces
E: Elastic Forces
A: Aerodynamic Forces
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Mechanical Vibrations
Dynamic
Aeroelasticity
Ha|n Features of F|utter |n Externa| F|ow
Ha|n Features of F|utter |n Externa| F|ow
n h|gh mass rat|o between the structure and the f|u|d
n h|gh|y turbu|ent f|ow
IsoIated Wing
in ExternaI FIow
0overn|ng Equat|ons of the F|ow
0overn|ng Equat|ons of the F|ow
n Tre overr|r equal|ors are e|lrer
lEu|er equal|ors lor ar |rv|sc|d l|u|d
lReyro|ds-Averaed Nav|er-3lo|es equal|ors W|lr su|lao|e lurou|erce
rode|s)
n Everylr|r |s app||cao|e lo olrer l|oW rode|s
n 0overr|r equal|ors are so|ved rurer|ca||y us|r lre rosl
ell|c|erl corpulal|ora| lecrr|ques ard para||e| corpul|r
L|near|zed
L|near|zed
Hethods
Hethods
n Time-Lineerized Hethods
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0overn|ng Equat|ons of the 8tructure
0overn|ng Equat|ons of the 8tructure
n Host|y ||near structura| mode|s. Non-||near mode|s are
current|y be|ng stud|ed.
n The govern|ng equat|ons can be put |n the form
n [H], [6], and [K] are the mass, damp|ng, and st|ffness
matr|ces, usua||y obta|ned us|ng a f|n|te e|ement
d|scret|zat|on
n |n most prob|ems of |nterest to aerospace app||cat|ons, the
non-||near|t|es resu|t from the f|ow and not the structure.
however, th|s |s not a|ways true.
F|u|d|8tructure 6oup||ng
F|u|d|8tructure 6oup||ng
6oup||ng etween F|u|d
6oup||ng etween F|u|d
-
-
8tructure
8tructure
n The f|u|d dynam|cs prov|des a d|str|buted pressure |oad
and shear stress on the surface of the 6F0 mesh that |s
transferred to the structure as a ser|es of po|nt |oads
n The structure prov|des d|sp|acements that need to be
transferred to the surface of the 6F0 mesh. These
d|sp|acements mod|fy the boundary cond|t|ons on the f|u|d
so|ut|on
n Procedure |s repeated as a funct|on of t|me
6onservat|on of Loads and Energy
6onservat|on of Loads and Energy
n 6onservat|on of Load
l Tre roda| lorces rusl y|e|d lre sare rel lorces as lre pressure |oads do
n 6onservat|on of Energy
l Tre v|rlua| Wor| dore oy lre roda| lorces rusl oe equa| lo lral oy lre
pressure |oads
n 6ons|stent and 6onservat|ve L|near Transfer Funct|on
l 8ased or lre area coord|rale ol lre c|osesl e|ererl lror eacr CF0
resr po|rl
8ynchron|zat|on and 6oup|ed 8|mu|at|on
8ynchron|zat|on and 6oup|ed 8|mu|at|on
n F|u|d so|ut|ons are typ|ca||y second or th|rd order
accurate |n t|me
n 8tructura| so|ut|on |s typ|ca||y second order accurate |n
t|me
n |s coup|ed so|ut|on of the same order of accuracy?
n 0ne must dev|se coup|ed |ntegrat|on schemes that
resu|t |n preserved order of accuracy of the coup|ed
s|mu|at|on.
A|gor|thms for F|u|d
-
-
8tructure 6oup||ng
8tructure 6oup||ng
n As we saw ear||er, |t |s necessary to have a procedure
that transfers |oads from 6F0 to the structure and, at
the same t|me, can transfer the structura|
d|sp|acements from the structura| mesh to the 6F0
mesh
n Hany a|ternat|ves ex|st and the|r su|tab|||ty can be
debated for stat|c aeroe|ast|c f|ows
n however, for unsteady aeroe|ast|c|ty, and for
systems w|th very |ow damp|ng rat|os, the cho|ce of
transfer procedure |s cr|t|ca| to ach|eve h|gh
accuracy
l ll lre |oad lrarsler |s rol erery corserv|r, a sysler lral |s |r
a l|uller slale ray appear lo oe slao|e W|lr calaslropr|c des|r
corsequerces
-
-
8tructure 6oup||ng
8tructure 6oup||ng
n There are an |nf|n|te number of structura| |oad
vectors that produce the same resu|tant forces and
moments (conservat|on of |oad)
n There |s, however, on|y one such |oad vector wh|ch
|n add|t|on conserves energy (|f both the structura|
and 6F0 meshes undergo correspond|ng v|rtua|
d|sp|acements)
n |n order to construct th|s |oad vector, know|edge of
both the f|n|te e|ement d|scret|zat|on bas|s funct|ons
and an assoc|at|on procedure between po|nts |n the
6F0 and structura| meshes |s necessary
A|gor|thm for F|u|d
A|gor|thm for F|u|d
-
-
8tructure 6oup||ng
8tructure 6oup||ng
l For every 6F0 po|nt, f|nd the nearest po|nt on the
surface of the structura| mesh (not necessar||y a
node on the structura| mesh)
l At th|s assoc|ated po|nt, eva|uate the bas|s
funct|ons for the structura| e|ement |n quest|on
and store the va|ues |n a ||near transfer funct|on
l 6a|cu|ate d|stances between correspond|ng po|nts
|n both meshes
l Add effect of sma|| rotat|ons to compute the
|nf|uence of a|| 6F0 surface pressures on a||
structura| node |oad vectors
Load Transfer 8ystem
Load Transfer 8ystem
Integrate pressure over the area
surrounding the CFD mesh point
Distribute the Iorce according to
the area coordinate oI a triangIe
0eformat|on Track|ng 8ystem
0eformat|on Track|ng 8ystem
Every CFD point is associated with the nodaI dispIacements oI the cIosest eIement
SmaII rotations are incIuded
For Iarge rotations a more compIicated non-Iinear transIer method is necessary and
resuIts cannot be pre-computed
8ynchron|zat|on
8ynchron|zat|on
n Perturb 6F0 mesh
accord|ng to structura|
d|sp|acements
n Advance f|u|d system
us|ng dua| t|me stepp|ng
n Transfer pressure to noda|
forces
n Advance structura| system
us|ng Newmark
trapezo|da| ru|e
8ummary and 6onc|us|ons
8ummary and 6onc|us|ons
n Aeroe|ast|c prob|ems of re|evance to the aerospace
|ndustry have been presented
n |nd|v|dua| equat|ons of mot|on (f|u|d+structure) must be
advanced forward |n t|me w|th appropr|ate |nformat|on
exchange so that accuracy |n t|me |s preserved
n A|gor|thms for a|| of these procedures must be dev|sed so
that computat|ons can be carr|ed out |n a reasonab|e
amount of t|me
Wing FIutter vs. FIapping FIight*
* Patil, M.J, `From fluttering wings to flapping flight: the energy connection
AAA-2001-1460, 2001.
Garrick, . E., `Propulsion of a flapping and oscillating airfoil, NACA TR 567,
1936.
Theodorsen, T., `General theory of aerodynamic instability and the
mechanism of flutter, NACA TR 496, 1935.
QA new paradigm for understanding wing fIutter and
fIapping fIight
QThe paradigm integrates aeroeIastic interactions
with appIied and induced propuIsive effects
QThe framework is based on the conservation of
energy
Energy Transfer in AeroeIasticity
FLUTTER
MODE
Structure
Flow
Structure
Flow
DAMPED
MODE
Energy Transfer in Aeroelasticity and Flapping Flight
FLUTTER MODE
Structure
Flow
DRAG MODE
DAMPED
Wake
Propulsion
Structure
Flow
Wake
Propulsion
Structure
Flow
Wake
Propulsion
THRUST MODE
DAMPED
0
a
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-1
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axis of
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leading
edge
a
Trailing
edge
W L
W L
H
H E K K
w
w
a a
0
0
=
=
energy totaI
propuIsion oI energy
= =
:
8 3
[
h
structuraI energy
Kinetic energy
k = 0.25
propuIsive work
boundary of fIutter/thrust
k = 0.25
k = 0.5
k = 1.0
k = 2.0
k = 5.0
propuIsion
k = 0.25
fIutter
n = 0.5
n = 1.5 n = 2.0
n = 3.0 n = 3.5 n = 4.5
0ynemic 3imilitude
0ynemic 3imilitude
QCayIey (1876) inferred that trout have the ideaI,
minimum-resistance, body shape for an airpIane.
QWhy a trout and not a bird?
QRuIes of dynamic simiIitude! They show that a
smaII fish in water behaves more Iike a Iarge
machine in the air than a smaII bird in the air
does.
hydrofoil
hydrofoil
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The hydrofoiI was forced to pitch (q)
and heave (h) according to the
foIIowing equations:
( ) [ ]
( ) [ ]
0 0
0 0
t t I 2 sin
t t I 2 sin h h
- p q = q
Y - - p =
Where:
h
0
is the maximum heaving
ampIitude.
q
0
is the maximum pitching angIe.
f is the frequency of osciIIation.
y is the phase angIe.
hydrofoil
hydrofoil
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The performance of the hydrofoiI is measured using severaI key
parameters.
cb U
T
C
2
2
1
T
r
=
cb U
L
C
2
2
1
L
r
=
dt
d
) t ( M
dt
dh
) t ( L ) t ( P
q
- - =
cb U
P
C
3
2
1
P
r
=
P
T U
= h
Thrust coefficient
Lift coefficient
Power, where M is the moment at
the axis of rotation (quarter chord).
Power
coefficient
Efficiency where <T> and <P> are the
average thrust and power
respectiveIy.
hydrofoil
hydrofoil
'RPDLQ 'RPDLQ
The domain is broken up into 3
bIocks. One C-type grid around
the hydrofoiI and 2 bIocks
downstream.
A grid refinement study was
undertaken. The finaI mesh is
made up of 25,260 grid points.
The ReynoIds number was set to
1100. This aIIowed for the
excIusion of turbuIence modeIs
and kept the number of grid
points manageabIe.
Pitching Hotion
Pitching Hotion
)ORZILHOGYLVXDOL]DWLRQ )ORZILHOGYLVXDOL]DWLRQ
k=8, q
0
=5 k=20, q
0
=5
Pitching end heeving Hotion:
Pitching end heeving Hotion:
(IIHFWRIPD[LPXPSLWFKLQJDQJOH (IIHFWRIPD[LPXPSLWFKLQJDQJOH
= q 30
0
= q 5
0
Pitching end heeving Hotion
(IIHFWRISKDVHDQJOH (IIHFWRISKDVHDQJOH
= Y 90 = Y 70
Effect of Effect of Strouhal Strouhal number number
Thrust
Efficiency
Autonomous Jndersee Vehicle
Autonomous Jndersee Vehicle
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QSmart Structures, Hydrodynamics and PropuIsion
QMechatronics, sensors, actuators and eIectronics
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QNavigation, communication, automation and controI
QSystems Engineering and Integration

Flow Structers Interaction FSI

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APPLlCATlON OF ADAPTlVE STRUCTURES lN ACTlVE AEROELASTlC CONTROL APPLlCATlON OF ADAPTlVE STRUCTURES lN ACTlVE AEROELASTlC CONTROL

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