Professional English Course 2013

Tense Use auxiliary verb do / does / did ( M2 & M3 ) Present Simple Not State of Being: subject + verb M1 / M2 I work - He works or State of Being: physical (n) / emotional (adj) subject + ( am / is / are ) + ( noun / adjective ) I am a photographer - I am happy Past Simple Not State of Being: subject + ( verb + ed / 2nd form ) M3 I worked - I went home or State of Being: physical (n) / emotional (adj) subject + ( was / were ) + ( noun / adjective ) I was a photgrapher - I was happy Use Factual, objective, stative, 'formal / official' Aspect Use auxiliary verb be / have Present Continuous subject + ( am / is / are ) + ( verb + ing ) I am working Past Continuous subject + ( was / were ) + ( verb + ing ) I was working Present Perfect Simple subject + ( have / has ) + ( verb + ed / 3rd form ) I have worked - I have learnt Past Perfect Simple subject + had + ( verb + ed / 3rd form ) I had worked - I had learnt Present Perfect Continuous subject + ( have / has ) + been + ( verb + ing ) I have been working Past Perfect Continuous subject + had + been + ( verb + ing ) I had been working can could will would may might shall should ought to must Use Temporal reference: The structure naturally tells us 'when' without an adverb of time being necessary Mood Use modal auxiliary ( Basic concepts ) possibility () ability () possibility () ability ( p / f ) certainty () willingness () certainty () willingness ( p / f ) probability () permission () probability () permission () collective willingness or certainty general advice or best thing to do strong advice M4 internal obligation or duty Use Opinion, essentially non factual, subjective, 'less formal / personal'

How to link verbs verb + to + verb: I like to work verb + (verb + ing): I like working modal + verb: I can work 2nd & 3rd Form - Irregular Verbs 2nd form: go - went - gone 3rd form: go - went - gone
English General Reference Guide Version 6

Question Form Invert the subject and first auxiliary. If no auxiliary then put do / does / did as appropriate before the subject. Do I work? - Does he work? - Did he work? Negative Form Put not after first auxiliary. If no auxiliary put do / does / did as appropriate after the subject then add not. I do not work - He does not work - He did not work
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Key () () ( ) (p)/(f) M1 M2 M3 M4 high level low level uncertain past time / future time 3rd pers. singlular (verb / auxiliary) + s do / does: see question / negative form did: see question / negative form probable future negative consequence
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