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Lucent Technologies Proprietary This document contains proprietary information of Lucent Technologies and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements. Copyright 1996 Lucent Technologies Unpublished and Not for Publication All Rights Reserved
Copyright 1996 Lucent Technologies Inc. All Rights Reserved Printed in U.S.A.
This material is protected by the copyright laws of the United States and other countries. It may not be reproduced, distributed, or altered in any fashion by any entity including other business units or divisions without the expressed written consent of the Technical Publications Department. For permission to reproduce or distribute, please contact: AUTOPLEX System 1000 Product Development Manager: 1-800-334-0404
Notice
Every effort was made to ensure that the information in this document was complete and accurate at the time of printing. However, information is subject to change. This document is for planning purposes only and is not intended to modify or supplement any specications or warranties relating to products or services.
Trademarks
5ESS is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies. AutoPACE is a trademark of Lucent Technologies. AUTOPLEX is a registered trademark of Lucent Technologies. SPARCserver is used under license and is a trademark of SPARC International, Inc. in the United States and other countries. Products bearing SPARC trademarks are based up on architecture developed by Sun Microsystems, Inc. UNIX is a registered trademark of Novell, Inc. in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Ltd. Other trademarks may appear in this document as well. They are marked on rst usage.
Lucent Technologies - Proprietary This document contains proprietary information of Lucent Technologies Inc. and is not to be disclosed or used except in accordance with applicable agreements.
Contents
About This Document
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Welcome to This Document Purpose Intended Audience Prerequisite Skills and Knowledge Reason for Reissue How to Use This Document How to Obtain More Information About the Lucent Technologies CDMA Product How to Find Information on Related Customer Documentation How to Find Information on Related Customer Training How to Submit Comments About This Document
What is CDMA?
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Common Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access CDMA An Analogy Calls Processed by Digital Codes Radio Frequency Spectrum Spread-Spectrum Technology Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum Applications for the Cellular Market
CDMA Benefits
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Benefits of the Lucent Technologies Digital Cellular Experience Traditional Cell Growth Benefits of CDMA to End User Customers Benefits of CDMA to Service Providers Lucent Technologies Supports Industry Standards Lucent Technologies is a Leader in the Industry
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Contents
3 Lucent Technologies AUTOPLEX System 1000 CDMA Overview
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Description of the Lucent Technologies CDMA Product Offering Standard and Optional CDMA Features CDMA Components Series II Cell Site Product Family ECPC DCS How CDMA Works How CDMA Works with AUTOPLEX System 1000 Advantages of the Lucent Technologies CDMA Product Transitioning Considerations Upgrading Your System While Protecting Your Investment Analog to CDMA Conversion
3-1 3-2 3-2 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-3 3-4 3-5 3-5 3-6 3-6
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Description of AUTOPLEX System 1000 CDMA Products Series II Cell Site and CDMA Growth Frame Universal Fiber Microcell Cellular CDMA Minicell Cellular CDMA Minicell Growth Cabinet Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Overview New Equipment for CDMA Configuration Series II Growth Radio Channel Frame CDMA Cluster Controller (CCC) CDMA Channel Units (CCUs) Channel Elements (CEs) BCR/BIU/ACU (BBA Trio) Synchronized Clock and Tone (SCT) Board
4-1 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-5 4-5 4-6 4-6 4-7 4-7
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Reference Frequency and Timing Generator (RFTG) 4-7
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Introduction Cellular Minicell Cabinets Primary Cabinet Components Antenna Interface Frame (AIF) Components Cellular CDMA Growth Cabinet Components Power System Cellular CDMA Minicell Key Features Minicell Architecture Environmental Specifications Growth Cabinet Cellular Minicell Antenna Interface Frame (AIF) Cabinet Capacities Physical Specifications Cellular Minicell Facility Requirements
5-1 5-2 5-2 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-5 5-7 5-11 5-12 5-14 5-15 5-17 5-17
Introduction Billing Features Abbreviated Dialing with Acknowledgment Administrable Automatic Number Identification Information Digits (AAIID) AMA Containing Incoming Automatic Number Identification (AMANI) AMA Dump for Follow Me Roaming Service AMA Dump for Selected Subscribers AMA Search AMA Teleprocessing System BillNet Automatic Message Accounting CDMA/Analog Usage Billing
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Credit Card Billing Default Abbreviated Dialing with Acknowledgment Record Generation for Home Subscribers Dialed Digits in AMA Immediate Billing Security Records Last Cell Information in AMA Partial Station Class Mark in AMA Selectable Billing Records Suppress Master Special Cellular Networking (SCN) AMA Records Subscriber Features Allowable Called Number Table Automatic Call Trace Call Forwarding Backoff to Message Recording Service (MRS) Calling Number Identification Presentation (CNIP) and Calling Number Identification and Calling Number Restriction (CNIR) Calling Party Number Acceptance /Delivery Cancel Call Waiting Over the Air Activation/Provisioning Credit Card Dialing CDMA Custom Calling Package Distinctive Ringing Standalone HLR Limited Service Area Extended Limited Service Area Limited Service Area - Inter-MSC/DCS Limited Call Transfer Local Directory Number (LDN) Malicious Call Trace Message Recording Service Message Recording Service Equal Access Interface Message Retrieval Code Message Waiting Indicator (MWI) Pound (#) Send Project Accounting Service Project Accounting Service Authorization (PASA) Remote Feature Activation 6-3 6-3 6-4 6-4 6-4 6-4 6-4 6-4 6-5 6-5 6-5 6-5
6-5 6-6 6-6 6-6 6-6 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-8 6-8 6-8 6-8 6-8 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-10 6-10 6-10
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Restricted Access Short Message Service (SMS) on Analog Voice Channel Short Message Service on Paging Channel Sleep Mode/Slotted Paging Subscriber Access Control Phase 1 Subscriber Pre-Page Announcement Voice Mail Voice Mail Notification Cell Site Configuration Features Cellular CDMA Minicell Support CDMA Series II Six Sector Channel Element (CE) Gain Control Fiber Microcell Improved RC/V for Cell Configuration Overhead Channel Pooling Data Features CDMA Circuit Mode Data Interworking Function CDMA Core Circuit Mode Data CDMA 14.4 Kbps Circuit Mode Data Fraud Control Features Authentication Analog/CDMA Digital Mode Authorized Roaming List Homer Electronic Serial Number (ESN) Fraud Check Increased Court Order Surveillance IS-41 Message Visibility Manufacturer Code Validation Subscriber PIN Intercept (SPINI) Subscriber PIN Access (SPINA) PIN Capability PIN Password Change Networking and Roaming Features Automatic Roaming/Automatic Roamer Greeting Autonomous Registration/Enhanced Registration CDMA/Analog Handoff IS-41B - AUTOPLEX System 1000 CDMA/Analog Spectrum Swap CDMA Available Indicator 6-10 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-14 6-14 6-14 6-14 6-14 6-14 6-15 6-15 6-15 6-15 6-15 6-16 6-16 6-16 6-16 6-16 6-17
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Contents
CDMA Handoff Matrix CDMA Intra-DCS Multiple CDMA Carrier Semisoft Handoff Inter-DCS Soft Handoffs Intra-DCS Soft Handoffs Inter-MSC Originations/Terminations Inter-MSC Soft Handoff Inter-MSC Soft Handoff Phase II Inter-SM Soft Handoff Increased Neighbor List IS-41 CDMA to CDMA Hard Handoff IS-41B Global Title Translation IS-41B Global Unknown Roamers IS-41 Inter-MSC PCS-CDMA (1.9 GHz) to AMPsCDMA (850 MHz) Hard Handoff IS-41 Rev C IS-41N Triggers Multi Carrier Semisoft Handoff Multiple CDMA Equipped 5ESS-2000 DCS per MSC Multiple Roamer Class of Service Multiple Systems - Multi-MSC Extended Feature Transparency Network (EFTN) and IS-41 Multiple Systems - Multi-MSC Feature Transparency Network (FTN) Roamer Only Roamer Access Number Routing Service for Emergency Calls Special Cellular Networking Variable Width Packet Pipes Network Interconnect Features 5ESS-2000 Switch SS7 Call Signaling Carrier Access Code Restriction Carrier Selection EIA Compatibility End Office Appearance E1 Compatibility Feature Group D Customer Identification Code Expansion Operator Services Signaling 6-17 6-17 6-17 6-17 6-17 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-19 6-19 6-19 6-19 6-20 6-20 6-20 6-20 6-20 6-20 6-21 6-21 6-21 6-22 6-22 6-22 6-22 6-22 6-22 6-23 6-23 6-23
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Contents
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Special Routing Tandem Trunk Switching Operations, Administration and Maintenance Features Alarm Summary Print CDMA Basic Diagnostics/Translations CRTU Performance Monitoring and Fault Localization Phase 1 CRTU Performance Monitoring and Fault Isolation Phase II Database Survey Immediate Call Trace Long Call Detection Mobile Station Test - MOST User Talk Mobile Station - UTMOST Multiple Systems Subscriber Administration OMP Cellular Network Analyzer OMP DCS Translations Hardcopy Programmable Treatment Routing Operator Call Restrictions Announcement Orthogonal Channel Noise Source Primary Alarm Clock Selectable Cell Site Messaging Selectable Paging Tone Service Measurements Service Measurements Report Generator Subscriber and System Errors to Announcement Subscriber Form Activity Print Subscriber Loopback Test System Integrity Improvements Phase 1 TTY Number Display Text Recent Change/Verify User Defined Cell Site Alarms Service Quality Features 8 Kbps Vocoder 13 Kbps Vocoding Service 13 Kbps Channel Element Unit (TCU) Support CDMA Enhanced Variable Rate Coding (EVRC) Vocoding
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Integrated Multi-rate/Multi-type Vocoder Service Craft Forced Channel Element Handoff High Density CCU (HCU) Power Control Radio Frequency (RF) Call Trace Markov 8 Kbps/Markov 13 Kbps Service Option Soft Handoff Softer Handoff Subscriber Call Quality Rating Subscriber Control of Special Routing Virtual System Features Virtual Systems Planning for the Future 6-30 6-30 6-30 6-30 6-31 6-31 6-31 6-31 6-31 6-31 6-32 6-32 6-33
Call Processing Call Processing Elements Dynamic Power Control Handoffs Handoff Types CDMA Soft Handoff 2-Way and 3-Way Soft Handoff Softer Handoff Hard Handoff Roaming
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Introduction Description of the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS Capabilities of the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS 5ESS-2000 Switch Alternatives Utilizing Existing DCSs Hardware Components of the
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5ESS-2000 Switch DCS Administrative Module (AM) Communications Module (CM) Switching Module (SM and SM-2000) New Components for CDMA Packet Switching Unit Variable Rate Vocoder Advantages of Using the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS with CDMA Packet Pipe Structure Packet Pipe Architecture and Call Processing Facilities Concentration Facilities Utilization 8-4 8-4 8-5 8-5 8-6 8-6 8-7 8-8 8-8 8-8 8-9 8-9
Description of the ECPC Functions of the ECPC How the ECPC Interfaces with Network Components CDMA Impact on Existing AUTOPLEX System 1000 ECPC ECPC Components 3B21D Processor ECPC Software CNI/IMS Ring
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Introduction OA&M Strategy Tools and Test Sets Operations and Management Platform (OMP) AutoPACE System CDMA Radio Test Unit (CRTU)
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Contents
11 Wireless Professional Services
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Introduction Planning Services Spectrum Clearing Radio Frequency (RF) Network Engineering Design Network Switch and Transmission Planning and Design Pre-Operations Services Site Acquisition Service Architectural and Environmental Engineering (A&E) Service Construction Management Services Project Implementation Services Project Management Office Engineering Installation of the Cellular Network Post System Deployment Services RF Drive Testing System Capacity Review System Growth Design Enhanced Technical Services (ETS) Maintenance Training
11-1 11-1 11-1 11-2 11-2 11-2 11-2 11-2 11-3 11-3 11-3 11-3 11-4 11-4 11-4 11-4 11-4 11-4 11-5 11-5
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CDMA System Capacity Capacity Comparisons Busy Hour Call Attempts (BHCA) 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS BHCA and Capacity Comparisons System Reliability System Availability Power and Grounding Requirements for the GPS Antenna
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Contents
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A-4
GL
Glossary
GL-1
IN
Index
IN-1
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Figures
1
What is CDMA?
1-1. A CDMA Analogy 1-3
CDMA Benefits
2-1. 2-2. 2-3. 14 Cell System Cellular Growth Additional Cellular Growth 2-2 2-2 2-3
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Figures
5-5. 5-6. 5-7. 5-8. Cellular CDMA Minicell RF Train Architecture Simplex Option Cellular CDMA Minicell RF Train Architecture Duplex Option Cellular CDMA Minicell Growth Cabinet Mini Antenna Interface Frame (AIF) Cabinet 5-10 5-11 5-13 5-14
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Tables
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Cellular CDMA Minicell
5-1. 5-2. 5-3. 5-4. 5-5. 5-6. Specications for Environmental Conditions Number of RF Carriers Supported in Omni Conguration Maximum Number of Channel Units Supported in Omni Conguration Number of RF Carriers Supported in Sectorized Congurations Number of Channel Units Supported in 3 and 6 Sector Congurations Physical Specications of the Cellular CDMA Minicell Cabinets 5-12 5-15 5-15 5-16 5-16 5-17
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Tables
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Figures given are for the U.S. cellular market. Source: Cellular Business Magazine Lucent Technologies - Proprietary See notice on rst page (This information is subject to change and is not intended for contractual purposes.)
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basic local telephone service. All of these new services will need to implement the most efcient technology available today, so that they may gain the maximum return on their investment, and not be limited by capacity. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is the air interface standard that changes the paradigm for providing wireless communications. Rather than divide calls into frequency or time slots, CDMA utilizes a revolutionary approach known as direct sequence spread spectrum. Information, which can be voice or data, is encoded in packets which are spread over a wide frequency spectrum. This packetized approach allows much more information to be transmitted per unit of bandwidth than with any other technology. The encoded information also provides a greater level of security than other air interface standards. CDMAs spread spectrum technology also provides signicant quality improvements. Using advanced encoding algorithms. CDMA can provide call quality comparable to toll quality standards. CDMA also reduces noise and muting caused by other systems by using a unique soft handoff capability. This is especially important to providers of packet data networks. Lucent Technologies, as a leading provider of superior telecommunications equipment, is at the forefront of implementing CDMA technology in both the United States and the global cellular market. The CDMA Product Overview takes you on an introductory tour of Lucent Technologies CDMA technology. This document describes the attributes and advantages of CDMA, discusses CDMA components and functions, and shows you how to implement CDMA with Lucent Technologies AUTOPLEX System 1000.
Purpose
The Cellular CDMA Product Overview document provides a high-level description of the CDMA system. This guide
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explains how CDMA works, compares it to other air interfaces, and explains how it is integrated with AUTOPLEX 1000 systems describes the benets of CDMA for the service providers and subscribers lists the major components of CDMA and explains their functionality describes CDMA features describes how a CDMA system performs call processing and call hand-offs provides capacity information and physical and environmental requirements for adding CDMA to your cellular site
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This document is for planning purposes only and is not intended to modify or supplement any specications or warranties relating to Lucent Technologies products or services.
Intended Audience
This document is intended for everyone interested in the AUTOPLEX System 1000 and CDMA both technical and non-technical users who need a high-level understanding of CDMA. It is written for cellular operators who want a quick overview of the CDMA system.
Chapter 1, What is CDMA? Chapter 2, CDMA Benets Chapter 3, Lucent Technologies AUTOPLEX System 1000 CDMA Overview Chapter 4, Lucent Technologies CDMA Products Chapter 5, Cellular CDMA Minicell Chapter 6, Lucent Technologies CDMA System Features Chapter 7, Lucent Technologies CDMA Call Processing Chapter 8, Lucent Technologies 5ESS2000 Digital Cellular Switch Chapter 9, Lucent Technologies Executive Cellular Processor Complex Chapter 10, Operations, Administration and Maintenance
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Chapter 11, Wireless Professional Services Appendix A, CDMA System Capacity and Specications
Chapters 1 through 3 are for users who need only a general overview of CDMA. The chapters describe what CDMA is, explain the advantages of adding CDMA to your existing system, and give a high-level overview of the entire CDMA product. Chapters 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10 are helpful for those users who need a more thorough understanding of the hardware and software required to support CDMA on AUTOPLEX systems. Chapter 6 describes the features that are currently available for the CDMA product and highlights those that will be available in the near future. This information will prove useful to sales personnel and system planners. Chapter 7 explains the call processing functions of the CDMA system, focusing on the benets of soft and softer handoffs, which are unique CDMA capabilities. Chapter 11 gives a brief overview of professional services available through Lucent Technologies to aid you in designing, installing and maintaining your CDMA system. Appendix A covers the system capacity and reliability information for CDMA and references documents containing the physical and environmental requirements necessary for adding CDMA to your current system. This appendix is useful for system planners, as well as for system engineers and installers.
How to Obtain More Information About the Lucent Technologies CDMA Product
If you have questions about the Lucent Technologies CDMA product, contact your Lucent Technologies Account Executive.
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From within the United States: 1-800-228-0710. From locations outside the United States: (303) 889-0202.
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What is CDMA?
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Common Access Techniques Code Division Multiple Access
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CDMA An Analogy Calls Processed by Digital Codes Spread-Spectrum Technology Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum
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What is CDMA?
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA) Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA) Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)
FDMA uses narrowband channels of spectrum, each carrying one telephone circuit, in a system where any mobile can access any one of the frequencies. Existing analog cellular systems use FDMA. TDMA divides each carrier frequency into a number of time slots, each of which constitutes an independent telephone circuit. The Telecommunications Industries Association (TIA) endorsed TDMA in 1990, and some North American digital cellular systems use TDMA. GSM is similar to TDMA in that it divides each carrier frequency into a number of time slots; however, GSM has wider carrier frequencies and more time slots than TDMA. GSM is used widely in Europe as its primary standard for wireless communications systems.
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CDMA uses a very wide frequency spectrum, but rather than using time or frequency to divide calls, CDMA lls the entire spectrum with coded packets. Unique codes allow the receiving terminal to receive only packets intended for it. Once the packets arrive at the receiving terminal, they are reassembled into their original voice or data form. This technique provides far greater capacity than FDMA, TDMA, or GSM.
CDMA An Analogy
It is helpful to use an analogy to explain CDMA technology. Four speakers are simultaneously giving a presentation, and they each speak a different native language: Spanish, Korean, English, and Chinese. You are in the audience, and English is your native language. You only understand the words of the English speaker and tune out the Spanish, Korean, and Chinese speakers. You hear only what you know and recognize.
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What is CDMA?
hao! ni
Annyeng hasip.nikka!
Figure 1-1.
A CDMA Analogy The same is true for CDMA. Multiple users share the same frequency band at the same time, yet each user only hears his or her own conversation. Each conversation is specially encoded and decoded for each particular user.
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Spread-Spectrum Technology
Spread-spectrum transmission is a way of organizing the distribution of radio frequency energy over a range of frequencies. A narrow band of radio energy containing the information from one conversation or data transmission is modulated over a much wider segment of the radio spectrum. The rst experiments with coded spread-spectrum techniques date back to the United States in the 1920s when engineers developed ways of encrypting sensitive military information.
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What is CDMA?
encoded bits of voice and data are identied by the PN code unique to the mobile terminal. A given conversation can only be extracted from the stream of packets containing all of the other conversations (or white noise) by using the PN code unique to that conversation.
An easy and economical transition to digital cellular from existing AUTOPLEX System 1000 technology. Greater coverage with fewer cells. This makes CDMA ideal for in-building transmissions, such as ofce complexes and airport, and building new networks. Enhanced voice and data services quality due to greater resistance to propagation fading, through soft handoffs, and the use of the 13 Kbps vocoder and the 14.4 Kbps data channels. A robust suite of features and functions that gives the ability to effectively compete and/or partner with PCS providers both locally and nationally. A powerful technology platform for Personal Communications Services (PCS). In the future, CDMA will interact with the Lucent Technologies Intelligent Network to deliver advanced user features. An interface with Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) platforms in the future for high-speed packet switching. This enables your system to have soft handoffs between the MSCs in your system. In the future, this could enable your system to carry video, interactive multimedia, and electronic mail trafc.
Comparisons based on a standard analog system versus CDMA. Lucent Technologies - Proprietary See notice on rst page (This information is subject to change and is not intended for contractual purposes.)
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CDMA Benefits
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Benefits of the Lucent Technologies Digital Cellular Experience
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Lucent Technologies Supports Industry Standards Lucent Technologies is a Leader in the Industry
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CDMA Benets
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Prior to the introduction of CDMA technology, a cell was split or another cell added to increase system capacity. For example, in a metropolitan area, a system may start up with 14 cells as in Figure 2-1 on page 2-2.
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Initial Layout
Figure 2-1.
14 Cell System
As the number of subscribers grows, new cells need to be added. See Figure 2-2 on page 2-2.
g e e c b g a e f g a d g c b e
Add or Split 3 New Cells to High Trafc Area
Figure 2-2.
Cellular Growth
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CDMA Benets
As the number of subscribers continues to grow, more cells need to be added, or existing cells split to increase system capacity. See Figure 2-3 on page 2-3.
Figure 2-3.
With the traditional method of growing and splitting cells, you could encounter problems and limitations as you try to grow your system. For example:
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It is very costly to split cells and add new equipment. New site acquisition could be difcult, and real estate costs could be high in congested areas. Interference is difcult to manage when the radius of a cell is less than one mile. The more cells that are added, or the more cell splitting that occurs, the more difcult it is to manage channel interference. With analog and TDMA systems you have to restructure frequency plans every time you add or split a cell. This is not necessary with CDMA. It is difcult to place cell sites where they would best relieve trafc. Possible environmental and zoning restrictions may impact the placement of your cell site equipment. The more cells are split or grown, the more frequent handoffs become. This greatly increases the load on a system. See Chapter 7, Lucent Technologies CDMA Call Processing, for an explanation of handoffs.
CDMA DS-spread spectrum technology allows you to reuse the same block of radio frequency spectrum in every cell. Additional cells may be needed through cell splitting; however, the need for cell splitting will be far less than an AMPS system. In addition, Radio Frequency (RF) planning is greatly simplied with a CDMA system because of the reuse factor of 1.
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Improved privacyCDMA provides built-in privacy on every call through the use of PN codes. Excellent voice qualityVoice quality and clarity improve when speech is converted into digital signals by a vocoder. A recent study2 showed that voice quality using a 13 Kbps vocoder was considered comparable to landline quality by test subjects. See Chapter 8, Lucent Technologies 5ESS2000 Digital Cellular Switch (DCS), for more information about vocoder technology. Soft handoffs improve call qualitySoft handoffs mean that there is no degradation in call quality when moving from one cell site to another because a call can be live on up to 3 cells. Soft handoffs also make seamless data transmission possible. Longer battery life for mobile phone unitsDigital mobile units require signicantly less RF power, so the battery life of the mobile unit is greatly increased. For example, a CDMA mobile unit can be used for 4-5 hours in talk mode3 compared to the 1-1.5 hours for an analog mobile unit. Packetized structure easily supports simultaneous voice and dataPacket switching allows the interleaving of voice and data signals. Encoded information can be segmented into information packets that can be stored or transmitted piecemeal over the network to best use the total available bandwidth. Increased system capacityThe 10-to-1 increase in system capacity means there will be faster and easier access to the cellular network with fewer dropped or blocked calls.
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Comparisons based on a standard analog system versus CDMA. The CDMA Code Assessment study conducted by AT&T Bell Laboratories in August 1995. Total conversation time dependent on dynamic power control, slotted paging settings, (sleep-mode) and type of battery. Lucent Technologies - Proprietary See notice on rst page (This information is subject to change and is not intended for contractual purposes.)
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CDMA Benets
Increased system capacityCDMA technology greatly increases the capacity of your system. This is done by assigning unique, secure codes to each cellular transmission, allowing numerous phone calls to be simultaneously transmitted on one radio frequency.
See Appendix A, CDMA System Capacity and Specications, for a table that compares the capacity of CDMA to AMPS, TDMA, and GSM.
Simplied frequency reuseThe N=1 frequency reuse pattern reduces the need for frequency engineering while growing or modifying your network. Broader coverage CDMA has a better processing gain than time division-based systems such as TDMA and GSM, which enables CDMA systems to have larger cell radii. Therefore, CDMA systems require fewer minicells than an equivalent time-division based systems (e.g. under similar design assumptions). Improved interference immunityCDMA is not adversely affected by multipath reections of Radio Frequency (RF) signals. Lower RF power requirements (at the cell site)CDMA requires lower RF power to transmit the same distances as AMPS and TDMA, which translates to longer terminal battery life. Soft handoffsSoft handoff is an exclusive feature of CDMA. This feature permits a call to be live on more than one sector (or cell) at the same time while traveling through handoff zones. Soft handoffs improve call quality and data transmission. See Chapter 7, Lucent Technologies CDMA Call Processing, for more information about soft handoffs. Variable rate/multi-mode speech codingVariable rate speech coding allows voice to be coded at a higher rate when speech is present and at lower rates when a party is listening or pausing in conversation. Multi-mode speech coding provides the additional exibility of setting the average speech coding rate. These types of coding minimize power and increase capacity. They also enable efcient mixing of voice and data. Packetized communications structurePackets are well-suited to data transmission and services. By moving speech processing to the Mobile Switching Center (MSC) and implementing packet pipes, facility costs are lowered because more calls can be handled over packet pipes than standard trunks.
Comparisons based on a standard analog system versus CDMA. Lucent Technologies - Proprietary See notice on rst page (This information is subject to change and is not intended for contractual purposes.)
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The packet switching function in the 5ESS-2000 Switch Digital Cellular Switch (DCS) is also essential for implementing the soft handoff feature.
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Reduced costsThe spectrum efciencies associated with CDMA reduce the total life cycle cost of your system. Fewer cells are required to cover geographical areas. Investment protectionYour investment in existing hardware and software is protected because CDMA integrates with your current AUTOPLEX System 1000. The skill set of OA&M technicians is protected and extended with the minimal additional training required for CDMA technology. Powerful technology platform for PCSCDMA provides a powerful platform onto which PCS can be added for revenue expansion within a service providers area. Flexible Cell Site OfferingsA variety of cell site offerings provide you with low-cost hardware entries into wireless telecommunications equipment, such as the CDMA Minicell. See Chapter 4, Lucent Technologies CDMA Products, for more information on the available cell site offerings. CompatibilityCDMA allows for interoperability between 850 MHz and 1.9 GHz markets. 5ESS-2000 Switch DCSThe 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS provides switching capabilities for both landline and cellular network systems simultaneously. In addition, the international version of the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS performs as the switching platform for international CDMA networks at 850 MHz and 1.9 GHz.
Lucent Technologies has been over-the-air with CDMA since 1993. We began conducting trials at customer sites in 1994. Lucent Technologies holds dozens of patents related to CDMA technology.
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CDMA Benets
Lucent Technologies participates in and plays a leadership role in several CDMA industry associations, for example, the CDMA Development Group (CDG). The CDG is made up of approximately 45 companies working together to dene a consistent set of technical requirements for CDMA features to expedite the introduction of services to North American consumers. The CDG is developing a set of open standards, and is working to ensure complete interoperability among CDMA systems and digital cellular phones. Examples of feature denitions that the CDG has provided include: Voice Mail Alert, Caller ID, Short Messaging Service, Sleep Mode, and Subscriber Access Control. Examples of feature denitions currently being worked by the CDG include: Smart Card, Enhanced Roaming, and Voice Activated Dialing.
Lucent Technologies leads in implementing industry-standard networking and data features. Lucent Technologies has made a commitment that all of its equipment will conform to industry standards. Lucent Technologies introduced the rst commercially available 13 Kbps vocoder. This vocoder provides the highest quality voice system currently available on the market. Lucent Technologies has provided the core algorithm for the Enhanced Variable Rate Vocoder (EVRC). This algorithm is expected to be adopted by the TR45.5. subcommittee in the second quarter of 1996.
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Description of the Lucent Technologies CDMA Product Offering
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Standard and Optional CDMA Features Series II Cell Site Product Family ECPC DCS How CDMA Works with AUTOPLEX System 1000 Modification of AUTOPLEX System 1000 Components
CDMA Components
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Upgrading Your System While Protecting Your Investment Analog to CDMA Conversion
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System performance will vary, subject to specied calling patterns and system congurations. This gure represents the upper limit of the combined capacity of the Home Location Register and Visitor Location Register. Lucent Technologies - Proprietary See notice on rst page (This information is subject to change and is not intended for contractual purposes.)
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CDMA Components
The main components of the Lucent Technologies CDMA product offering are as follows:
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Series II cell site product family including the Series II Growth Frame, the Universal Fiber Microcell, the Cellular CDMA Minicell, and the CDMA Minicell Growth Cabinet The ECPC, which includes the Operations and Management Platform (OMP) 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS
ECP Complex
Cell Site
Figure 3-1.
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ECPC
The Executive Cellular Processor Complex (ECPC) is the system component responsible for mobility management, call processing, system maintenance, system integrity, Home Location Register (HLR), and Visitor Location Register (VLR) information. The MSC performs the call processing functions for the system. It also is responsible for feature controls, system management functions, and networking and transmission interfaces. See Chapter 9, Lucent Technologies Executive Cellular Processor Complex, for more information about the Lucent Technologies ECPC switch product.
DCS
The 5ESS-2000 Switch Digital Cellular Switch (DCS) is a high capacity digital switch that provides switching functionality and voice connectivity to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN). The 5ESS-2000 DCS has components for administering and maintaining your CDMA system, and provides network management and trafc measurement data. See Chapter 8, Lucent Technologies 5ESS2000 Digital Cellular Switch (DCS), for more information on the DCS and its components and functionality.
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The frame relay function, which is performed by the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS, is the front-end to the traditional 64 Kbps circuit switched domain of the 5ESS2000 Switch DCS. The speech frames from the mobile phone units are relayed between the cell sites and the MSC in a packetized voice format using a standard protocol. These speech frames to and from the cellular phone unit are encoded speech to reduce the digital rate requirements of the speech transmission on the cell site to the MSC link. These frames are sent, in encoded format, to the MSC for further processing. At the MSC, the voice frame is decoded into 64 Kbps Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) voice and then passed to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) through the traditional 5ESS-2000 Switch circuit-switching fabric. Call set-up and call release are capable of being performed over the same DS1 signaling link that carries TDMA and analog trafc. In addition to the encoded voice information in the CDMA frames, CDMA signaling information for power control is also sent between the cell site and the cellular phone unit. At the cell site, the CDMA voice and signaling packets are transported to the MSC through a packet pipe. See Chapter 8, Lucent Technologies 5ESS 2000 Digital Cellular Switch (DCS), for more information on frame relay and packet pipes. See Chapter 7, Lucent Technologies CDMA Call Processing, for more information on how actual phone calls are processed in CDMA.
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The Lucent Technologies CDMA system uses the most advanced networking technologies currently available. The system uses packet switching for intersystem networking. In CDMA Release 3.0, ATM connections for intersystem networking will be added. This enables CDMA transmission and soft handoff across wide geographic areas. The system interacts with the Intelligent Network for advanced user features. Soft handoffs will be available across the entire network, making the Lucent Technologies product one of the best for voice quality and clarity.
Approximately 3.5-to-1 facilities concentration with an 8 Kbps vocoder and 2.5-to-1 facilities concentration with a 13 Kbps vocoder. The Lucent Technologies system can handle up to 84 conversations per DS-1 on an 8 Kbps vocoder and 60 conversations per DS1 on a 13 Kbps vocoder. (A DS-1 is a facility that supports the 24/30 DS0 channels on a T1/E1.) Multiple technologies can be mixed on that same DS-1, including analog, TDMA, CDMA, and CDPD.
The Lucent Technologies CDMA product easily integrates into the Series II cell site product family Thousands of Series II cell sites are already deployed throughout the world. CDMA is compatible with all of these and will t in with your existing equipment. Transmit and receive switching enables sharing of CDMA Channel Elements (CEs) across multiple cell sectors.
Packet switching platform supports future enhancements Packet switching enables the integration of voice, data, FAX, image, and video.
Transitioning Considerations
When transitioning from analog to CDMA, there are equipment upgrades to consider, as well as conguration changes, that will enable you to make full use of the available spectrum.
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Width in MHz
.27 MHz
1.23 MHz
.27 MHz
CDMA Carrier
41 channels
Guard Band
9 channels
Spectrum
Comparison of Spectrum/Analog Channel Use for One CDMA Carrier Once you have guard bands established, you can add additional CDMA carriers without adding more guard bands. Therefore, additional CDMA carriers would only require 41 channels or 1.23 MHz of spectrum. See Figure 3-3 on page 3-7.
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CDMA Carrier
Guard Band
Spectrum
Figure 3-3.
Two CDMA Carriers with Guard Bands The potential gain in total system capacity resulting from the addition of one CDMA carrier is over two hundred percent, while only losing twenty percent of analog capacity on your system. To realize such a large gain however, approximately sixty-ve percent of the trafc on your system must come from dual mode (analog/digital) mobile phone units. To maximize use of the available spectrum, you need to provide for a mix of analog and digital signals according to your system trafc requirements.
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Description of AUTOPLEX System 1000 CDMA Products
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Series II Cell Site and CDMA Growth Frame Universal Fiber Microcell Cellular CDMA Minicell Cellular CDMA Minicell Growth Cabinet
Mobile Switching Center (MSC) Overview New Equipment for CDMA Configuration
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Series II Growth Radio Channel Frame CDMA Cluster Controller (CCC) CDMA Channel Units (CCUs) Channel Elements (CEs) BCR/BIU/ACU (BBA Trio) Synchronized Clock and Tone (SCT) Board Reference Frequency and Timing Generator (RFTG) GPS Support by the United States Government For Further Information
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OMP
= Primary Radio Channel Frame = Linear Amplier Frame = Antenna Interface Frame = Operations Management Platform Growth Frame PRCF LAF AIF
Figure 4-1.
Series II Cell Site with Growth Frame The Series II cell site will be capable of supporting up to a maximum of 768 CDMA channel elements. (Channel Elements (CEs) are explained later in this chapter.) Based on current spectral limitations, the maximum usable channel elements is approximately 288. For further information on the Series II Cell Site products, see the AUTOPLEX Cellular Telecommunications Systems System 1000 Series II Cell Site Description, Operation, and Maintenance manual (401-660-100).
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The Universal Fiber Microcell is composed of an Optical Interface Frame (OIF) and Lightwave Microcell Transceiver (LMT). An OIF contains equipment to provide the optical-electrical interface between the Radio Channel Frame (RCF) and the ber that delivers signals to and from the LMT. The LMT contains optical to electrical conversion equipment and a low-power antenna system for localized RF signal transmission and reception.
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500,000 subscribers 200,000 Busy Hour Call Attempts (BHCA) (global) 222 cell sites (or 1332 sectors) 15,000 trunks.
The 5ESS-2000 switch DCS is globally deployed in both landline and wireless networks with over 70 million lines in 50 countries. For further discussion of MSC components, see Chapter 8, Lucent Technologies 5ESS2000 Digital Cellular Switch (DCS) and Chapter 9, Lucent Technologies Executive Cellular Processor Complex.
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P B A B C CC C C C C C C C CC C C C C B o C C I C CC C C C C C C C CC C C C C I w R U U U UU U U U U C C U UU U U U U U e r
A C U
S C B T C or R D F U
P o w e r
Figure 4-2.
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The interface between the RCC and (up to seven) CCUs attached to a CCC. The logical termination point for a packet pipe. A packet pipe can consist of up to 8 DS0 timeslots on a T1 link and can support up to 30 simultaneous 8 Kbps calls or 21 13 Kbps calls.
Pilot channel used by the mobiles to identify which cell they are talking to and to identify cells for handoffs. Sync channel provides initial time synchronization for mobiles. It works with the pilot channel. Paging channel The paging channel is a forward link channel that transmits control information to the mobile unit. Before a mobile receives a call, it rst receives a page from the cell site on an assigned page channel.
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Access channel The access channel is the reverse link channel by which mobiles transmit control information to the cell site. The mobile uses this channel when placing a call. Trafc (user) channel The trafc channel transmits speech and/or data from the mobile to the cell site in an uplink direction, or from the cell site to the mobile in a downlink direction. Orthogonal Channel Noise Source simulates CDMA trafc at a specied level so that actual CDMA system capacity can be measured in the eld with actual background noise and other RF radiation.
The RFTG replaces the Radio Frequency Generator (RFG) and is feature transparent for analog systems. Lucent Technologies - Proprietary See notice on rst page (This information is subject to change and is not intended for contractual purposes.)
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Defense (DOD) sponsored global satellite system used to provide accurate time and position location. Its commercial use has rapidly grown in recent years, its use for CDMA is just one example. The RFTG has two integrated oscillators that are disciplined by GPS timing. The dual oscillator architecture guarantees timing integrity within the CDMA system should any subsystem component fail, including the GPS receiver.
GPS Satellite
Mobile 2
Cell Site Figure 4-3. CDMA Cell Site Interface The GPS antenna can be placed anywhere near the cell site that is appropriate for the best reception of the required number of GPS satellites.The antenna is separate from all other cell site antennas and is approximately one foot high. The GPS antenna is usually mounted on the outside of a building, not on a tower. Any obstacles blocking its view of the hemisphere could result in deteriorated performance. See Appendix A, CDMA System Capacity and Specications, for information on the proper GPS antenna cable length.
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Contents
Introduction Cellular Minicell Cabinets
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Primary Cabinet Components Antenna Interface Frame (AIF) Components Cellular CDMA Growth Cabinet Components Power System Cellular CDMA Minicell Key Features Minicell Architecture CDMA Cluster Architecture RF Train Architecture Environmental Specifications
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Introduction
Lucent Technologies Cellular CDMA Minicell provides the radio access interfaces and radio resource management functions (assignment, release, handoff, etc.) for 850 MHz Cellular CDMA Systems. Lucent Technologies Cellular CDMA Minicell products are based on the proven AUTOPLEX System 1000 cell site platform for 850 MHz and have been enhanced to also include
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Environmentally hardened packaging to support start-up networks in all climates and geographical locations Modular power systems designed to allow for a variety of commercial power solutions
This chapter provides an overview of the Cellular CDMA Minicell products (Figure 5-1 on page 5-2), which includes the
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Minicell Primary Cabinet Antenna Interface Frame (AIF) Minicell Growth Cabinet Power Cabinet (optional).
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Antenna Interface
Primary
Power
Radio Control Complex (RCC) The RCC provides administration and control for the entire Minicell complex. This shelf is fully duplexed to provide redundancy and to support software upgrades without disrupting service. CDMA Radio Complex (CRC) The CRC consists of the CDMA radios and the CDMA Channel Units (CCU), as well as associated power, timing and facilities interface equipment. The CRC is composed of three shelves, each of which supports one CDMA cluster. A cluster consists of a CDMA Cluster Controller (CCC) and CCUs.
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A separate cluster is required for every sector or carrier. Each cluster supports a maximum of four CCUs, or a total of twelve CCUs in a three shelf conguration. The CCU provides Channel Elements (CEs) which carry voice and data trafc, as well as overhead functions such as pilot signal, synchronization and paging. The current model of the CCU, the TCU, provides two CEs per card, for a total of eight channels per cluster and a total of 24 channels per CRC. In 1997 a higher capacity version of the CCU will be available that will offer eight CEs per card, for a total of 32 CEs per cluster and a total of 96 CEs per CRC. Channel elements support both 8 Kbps and 13 Kbps vocoding. The CRC radio is composed of three circuit packs: the Bus Interface Unit (BIU), the Baseband Combiner (BCR) and the Analog Conversion Unit (ACU). The radio processes the 1.25 MHz CDMA carrier. The crossconnected conguration allows soft handoff between sectors. Other components of the CRC include: Synchronized Clock and Tone boards (SCTs) that generate the clock signals used for accurate timing required by CDMA. The SCT utilizes signals obtained from the Reference Frequency and Timing Generator (RFTG). One Digital Facilities Interface (DFI) card per CRC provides data conversion between the T1 or E1 lines and the TDM buses internal to the Minicell.
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Transmit Power Amplier (TPA) and Amplier Alarms The CDMA TPA amplies the transmit outputs of the CRC. The outputs are connected to the transmit antenna path via the transmit lter in the AIF, or through the optional Cascade and Notch Transmit lters in the Primary Frame (when these are used). The amplier shelf in either the Primary or Growth Frame can support up to three sectors and one carrier in a sectorized conguration, or three carriers in an omni conguration. Reference Frequency Timing Generator (RFTG) The RFTG obtains clock signals from Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites. The precision of Minicell synchronization afforded by this timing assures the highest level of call quality and soft handoff between cells. Channel Services Unit (CSU) (optional) The CSU supports one T1 facility. For international markets, the cell may be congured with an E1 facility. While three slots are provided, the cell can be congured with only one CSU. A fourth slot is designated for the CSU Shelf Interface Unit (SIU). CDMA Radio Test Unit (CRTU) (optional) In conjunction with the Radio Test Unit Switch Panel (RSP) which is located in the AIF, the CRTU provides radio diagnostics by testing all channels.
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B-Band Cascade and Notch Filters The B-Band Cascade lters are required only in B-Band duplexed congurations. Notch lters are required where a Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR) signal is nearby. Both lters are housed in the Primary Frame.
.....
. .. .....
...
...
...
TPAs
. . .
CSU-1
Figure 5-2.
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..
RCC
CRC Clusters
.. .. ..
RFTG 1
Notch/Cascade Filters
Radio Test Unit Switch Panel (RSP) The function of the RSP is to switch test signals from channel to channel and from carrier to carrier. It operates in conjunction with the CRTU which is located in the Primary Frame. Filters Both receive and transmit lter panels are housed in the AIF. Receive and transmit lter panels are available for A Band and B Band and for simplex and duplex congurations.
CDMA Radio Complex (CRC) Transmit Ampliers B-Band Cascade and Duplex lters Channel Services Unit (CSU).
Power System
A +24 Volt DC Power System supplies the power for the Cellular Minicell Cabinets. The power system may be supplied by the service provider or may be ordered from Lucent Technologies.
Indoor and Outdoor Solutions Environmentally hardened enclosures, weather-resistant, selfcontained units Rooftop, street level and indoor mounts
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Based on proven Series II technology. Many components are re-used from the Series II CDMA Growth Frame, including the RCC and software. Flexible design is suited for both rural and high density urban settings where a reduced footprint and outdoor option add exibility to the network design. Advanced RF equipment allows deployment with Narrow guard bands Operation in expanded spectrum of A and B systems.
Sectorization options 3 Sector for optimum coverage and cost. Supports initial deployment of new networks. Omni conguration to cost-effectively ll holes in coverage.
Channel capacity is optioned through the exible use of CDMA Clusters. In a sectorized conguration, channels are interconnected such that they can be shared across all three CDMA Cluster shelves. This enables the user to engineer for trafc on a per cell basis instead of a per-sector basis. Trafc engineering at the Minicell level (not per sector) due to inter-sector connectivity facilitates Softer handoff Increases offered load Channel balancing
Simplex and duplex lter options allows antenna counts to be optimized with respect to performance Factory pre-congured for easy installation. Provision for up to 18 user alarms in addition to pre-specied alarms. All alarms are reported to the ECP. Reduced footprint Macro cell coverage area Support for 8 kbps and 13 kbps vocoders Full Series II feature functionality Economical start-up conguration and modular growth
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Minicell Architecture
The Cellular CDMA Minicell primary cabinet and AIF support three CDMA Clusters, associated radios and RF trains, and up to six sectors with an additional growth frame. The Cellular CDMA Minicell can be congured to provide: Sectorized Congurations
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Omni Congurations
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Each sector-carrier can be lightly loaded with two 2-channel element cards providing two overhead channels and two channels to support trafc and soft handoffs. This start-up conguration can grow to 32 physical channels per sector carrier to provide a high trafc solution through the use of the high-density 8-channel element card. CDMA Cluster Architecture The CDMA Cluster contains CDMA radio processing circuitry, channel cards and a controller which interfaces to the Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) bus in the Minicell. Figure 5-3 on page 5-8 shows the architecture of the CDMA Cluster. The CDMA Cluster Controller serves as the termination point for the packet pipe. The packet pipe is a variable bandwidth circuit on the T1/E1 link (2 to 8 DS0s) that allows optimum efciency in backhauling trafc to the ECPC via T1 or E1 facilities. This controller also assigns channels to support overhead functions (pilot, paging, synch, and access) as well as voice channels.
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CDMA Cluster
CDMA Cluster Controller Analog Conversion Unit CDMA Channel Units TDM Bus CDMA Channel Units
Tx Rx 0 1
...
T1/E1 (MSC)
Figure 5-3.
Cellular CDMA Minicell Cluster Architecture The output of the channel units is fed to the Analog Conversion Unit (ACU) which provides Digital/Analog and Analog/Digital conversion functions. The ACU feeds the Baseband Combiner Radio (BCR), which in turn passes the 1.25 MHz CDMA spread spectrum signal to the RF train connecting to the RF antennas. The Lucent Technologies CDMA Cluster architecture allows you to add trafc channel capacity to the Minicell by adding CDMA Channel Unit (CCU) cards to the cell. Each CDMA cluster shelf supports up to four CCUs. CCUs are currently offered in two-channel units (TCUs). Eight-channel units (HCUs) will be available in 1997. Although two and eight channel element cards cannot coexist in the same CDMA cluster, they can be mixed in the same Minicell to provide a variety of congurations and growth options.
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All three CDMA cluster shelves in the Minicell are interconnected such that any trafc channel on any CCU may serve any of the three sector-carriers in a sectorized conguration. This is accomplished through wired connections between each BCR and ACU. This is illustrated in Figure 5-4 on page 5-9. These interconnections allow the channel capacity to be added independently from CDMA RF carriers. This allows you to perform capacity planning on a per cell basis as opposed to a per-sector basis. For example, a low trafc, 3-sector conguration requires all three BCRs, but may be equipped with only one shelf of channel cards. This reduces the overall number of circuit packs and provides a cost-effective start-up solution.
Minicell Controller
CDMA Shelf
Tx Rx 0 1
CDMA Shelf
CDMA Shelf
Tx Rx 0 1
Figure 5-4.
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RF Train Architecture
The Cellular CDMA Minicell and AIF support three CDMA RF trains. One RF train is required for each physical sector or for each carrier. For example, Omni-1 carrier requires one RF train, Omni-2 carrier requires two RF trains and 3-sector requires three RF trains. Each RF train requires two receive paths to accommodate diversity receive, and a transmit path. The Minicell supports both duplex and simplex lter options. The simplex conguration requires three antennas per sector, while the duplex option requires only two antennas per sector. The simplex version is shown in Figure 5-5 on page 5-10 and the duplex version is shown is shown in Figure 5-6 on page 5-11.
Rx
To/From BCR
Rx
Tx
S i m p l e x
F i l t e r
Figure 5-5.
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Rx
F i l t e r
Rx
Tx
D u p l e x
F i l t e r
Figure 5-6.
Cellular CDMA Minicell RF Train Architecture - Duplex Option This option allows you to trade-off simplex/duplex performance for reduced antenna counts. The duplex lter option is attractive in areas where zoning restrictions exist.
Environmental Specications
The Cellular CDMA Minicell Primary, Growth, and AIF cabinets are available in both indoor and outdoor models. The outdoor Cellular Minicell has undergone extensive environmental testing to verify its operation in outside plant environments without additional protection or climate control. The cabinets selfcontained environmental control system maintains suitable operating temperatures for the Minicell electronics inside. This is achieved through the use of air-to-air heat exchange for cooling and thermostatically-controlled space heaters for heating.
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The Minicell is also tested for environmentally induced vibration and earthquakes. The Minicell undergoes a variety of Bellcore outdoor cabinet tests, including wind resistance, water intrusion, weather-tightness, re resistance, and bullet-proong. Transportation and installation handling tests are performed to ensure that the product arrives on-site in the same condition it left the factory. The Minicell meets and exceed all FCC requirements related to emissions. It also complies with Bellcore standards related to RF immunity - even with the doors open. The Cellular CDMA Minicell meets recognized standards for safety and is Underwriters Laboratories (UL) approved.
Table 5-1.
Specications for Environmental Conditions Range -40F to 115F (-40C to 46C) -40F to 140F (-40C to 60C) 35 F to 120 F (2 C to 49 C)
5 percent to 95 percent
Growth Cabinet
The Cellular CDMA Minicell growth cabinet, when available, can be used to add additional CDMA carriers and/or sectors to the Cellular CDMA Minicell primary cabinet. One growth cabinet, which will double the capacity of the Minicell in terms of the number of carriers and sectors supported, can be added to the primary Minicell. The following describes the key components in the Minicell growth cabinet. See also Figure 5-7 on page 5-13.
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CRC with up to 3 CDMA Clusters in each growth cabinet, each containing Up to four CDMA Channel Units (CCUs) CDMA Spread Spectrum Radio (1.25 MHz) equipment.
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Transmit ampliers and power supplies - one per cluster B-Band Cascade and Notch Filters, where required
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...
TPAs
...
...
. .. . . . . . .
CDMA Clusters
Notch/Cascade FIlters
Figure 5-7.
Cellular CDMA Minicell Growth Cabinet Using the growth cabinet to add sectors requires additional CDMA Clusters and complete CDMA RF Trains. One Cluster and RF Train per sector is needed. The equipment used in the growth cabinet is identical to the equipment used in the primary cabinet. For the 3-sector congurations (1 or 2 carrier), all receive paths come into the AIF cabinet. These receive signals are then fed to the primary cabinets. For the second carrier, the CDMA Radio Complex (CRC) and the CDMA Transmit Power Ampliers (TPAs) physically reside in the 3-sector, second carrier growth cabinet. The transmit path for the second carrier is routed from the AIF cabinet to the growth cabinet.
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Receive Filter Panels [includes Low Noise Amplier (LNA) and lter] Transmit Filter Panels or Transmit Receive Duplexed Filter Panels RTU Switch Panel (RSP) for all sectors in the conguration
Figure 5-8 on page 5-14 shows a fully-loaded AIF, which would support a Primary and a Growth Cabinet with 6 sectors (one receive lter and a transmit or duplex lter per sector).
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Figure 5-8.
5-14 Issue 3
Capacities
The following sections highlight the capacities for the Cellular CDMA Minicell in the omni and the 3 and 6-sector congurations.
Omni Conguration
Table 5-2 on page 5-15 summarizes the number of RF carriers supported by the required Minicell cabinets in an omni conguration. Table 5-3 on page 5-15 summarizes the maximum number of channel units supported by the RF carriers in an omni conguration. Table 5-2. Number of RF Carriers Supported in Omni Conguration Number of RF Carriers Supported 1-3 4-6 Required Cabinets Primary Growth
Table 5-3.
Channel 1 RF 2 RF 3 RF 4 RF* 5 RF* 6 RF* Units Carrier Carrier Carrier Carrier Carrier Carrier Supported Max. CDMA Channel Units Physical Channel Max. (TCU) Physical Channel Max. (HCU) 4 8 12 16 20 24
16
24
32
40
48
32
64
96
128
160
192
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Table 5-4.
Number of RF Carriers Supported in Sectorized Congurations Primary Cabinet required required Growth Cabinet none required Carriers Supported 1 2
Table 5-5.
Channel Units Supported Max. CDMA Channel Units Physical Channel Max. (TCU) Physical Channel Max. (HCU) *
*
1 RF Carrier 12 24 96
The Cellular CDMA Minicell platform (primary and growth cabinets) is designed to gracefully support a varying and dynamic trafc mix. The Minicell may be equipped with extra CDMA channel units which are shared by all available sectors and used to serve peak busy hour trafc demands.
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Physical Specications
Table 5-6 on page 5-17 summarizes the physical specications of Lucent Technologies Cellular CDMA Minicell cabinets.
Physical Specications of the Cellular CDMA Minicell Cabinets Dimensions (width x depth x height) Weight
Primary and Growth Cabinet Outdoor 28 x 26 x 75 in. 71.12 x 66.04 x 190.5 cm Indoor 28 x 22 x 75 in. 71.12 x 55.88 x 190.5 cm AIF (Indoor and Outdoor) 28 x 22 x 75 in. 71.12 x 55.88 x 190.5 cm 825 lbs 374.22 kgs 825 lbs 374.22 kgs 825lbs 374.22 kgs
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6
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Contents
Introduction Billing Features
s s
s s s s s s s s
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Abbreviated Dialing with Acknowledgment Administrable Automatic Number Identification Information Digits (AAIID) AMA Containing Incoming Automatic Number Identification (AMANI) AMA Dump for Follow Me Roaming Service AMA Dump for Selected Subscribers AMA Search AMA Teleprocessing System BillNet Automatic Message Accounting CDMA/Analog Usage Billing Credit Card Billing Default Abbreviated Dialing with Acknowledgment Record Generation for Home Subscribers Dialed Digits in AMA Immediate Billing Security Records Last Cell Information in AMA Partial Station Class Mark in AMA Selectable Billing Records Suppress Master Special Cellular Networking (SCN) AMA Records Allowable Called Number Table
Subscriber Features
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Contents
s s s
s s s s s
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
Automatic Call Trace Call Forwarding Backoff to Message Recording Service (MRS) Calling Number Identification Presentation (CNIP) and Calling Number Identification and Calling Number Restriction (CNIR) Calling Party Number Acceptance /Delivery Cancel Call Waiting Over the Air Activation/Provisioning Credit Card Dialing CDMA Custom Calling Package Call Forwarding Call Waiting Three-Way Calling Distinctive Ringing Standalone HLR Limited Service Area Extended Limited Service Area Limited Service Area - Inter-MSC/DCS Limited Call Transfer Local Directory Number (LDN) Malicious Call Trace Message Recording Service Message Recording Service Equal Access Interface Message Retrieval Code Message Waiting Indicator (MWI) Pound (#) Send Project Accounting Service Project Accounting Service Authorization (PASA) Remote Feature Activation Restricted Access Short Message Service (SMS) on Analog Voice Channel Short Message Service on Paging Channel Sleep Mode/Slotted Paging Subscriber Access Control Phase 1 Subscriber Pre-Page Announcement Voice Mail Voice Mail Notification Cellular CDMA Minicell Support CDMA Series II Six Sector
6-5 6-5 6-5 6-6 6-6 6-6 6-6 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-7 6-8 6-8 6-8 6-8 6-8 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-9 6-10 6-10 6-10 6-10 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-11 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-12 6-12
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Contents
s s s s
Channel Element (CE) Gain Control Fiber Microcell Improved RC/V for Cell Configuration Overhead Channel Pooling CDMA Circuit Mode Data Interworking Function CDMA Core Circuit Mode Data CDMA 14.4 Kbps Circuit Mode Data Authentication Analog/CDMA Digital Mode Authorized Roaming List Homer Electronic Serial Number (ESN) Fraud Check Increased Court Order Surveillance IS-41 Message Visibility Manufacturer Code Validation Subscriber PIN Intercept (SPINI) Subscriber PIN Access (SPINA) PIN Capability PIN Password Change Automatic Roaming/Automatic Roamer Greeting Autonomous Registration/Enhanced Registration CDMA/Analog Handoff IS-41B - AUTOPLEX System 1000 CDMA/Analog Spectrum Swap CDMA Available Indicator CDMA Handoff Matrix CDMA Intra-DCS Multiple CDMA Carrier Semisoft Handoff Inter-DCS Soft Handoffs Intra-DCS Soft Handoffs Inter-MSC Originations/Terminations Inter-MSC Soft Handoff Inter-MSC Soft Handoff Phase II Inter-SM Soft Handoff Increased Neighbor List IS-41 CDMA to CDMA Hard Handoff IS-41B Global Title Translation IS-41B Global Unknown Roamers
6-12 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-13 6-14 6-14 6-14 6-14 6-14 6-14 6-15 6-15 6-15 6-15 6-15 6-16 6-16 6-16 6-16 6-16 6-17 6-17 6-17 6-17 6-17 6-17 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-18 6-19
Data Features
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Contents
s s s s s s s
s s s s
IS-41 Inter-MSC PCS-CDMA (1.9 GHz) to AMPs-CDMA (850 MHz) Hard Handoff IS-41 Rev C IS-41N Triggers Multi Carrier Semisoft Handoff Multiple CDMA Equipped 5ESS-2000 DCS per MSC Multiple Roamer Class of Service Multiple Systems - Multi-MSC Extended Feature Transparency Network (EFTN) and IS-41 Multiple Systems - Multi-MSC Feature Transparency Network (FTN) Roamer Only Roamer Access Number Routing Service for Emergency Calls Special Cellular Networking Variable Width Packet Pipes 5ESS-2000 Switch SS7 Call Signaling Carrier Access Code Restriction Carrier Selection EIA Compatibility End Office Appearance E1 Compatibility Feature Group D Customer Identification Code Expansion Operator Services Signaling Special Routing Tandem Trunk Switching
6-19 6-19 6-19 6-20 6-20 6-20 6-20 6-20 6-20 6-21 6-21 6-21 6-22 6-22 6-22 6-22 6-22 6-22 6-23 6-23 6-23 6-23 6-23 6-23 6-23 6-24 6-24 6-24 6-25 6-25 6-25 6-25 6-25 6-25
Alarm Summary Print CDMA Basic Diagnostics/Translations CRTU Performance Monitoring and Fault Localization Phase 1 CRTU Performance Monitoring and Fault Isolation Phase II Database Survey Immediate Call Trace Long Call Detection Mobile Station Test - MOST User Talk Mobile Station - UTMOST Multiple Systems Subscriber Administration
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Contents
s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s s
OMP Cellular Network Analyzer OMP DCS Translations Hardcopy Programmable Treatment Routing Operator Call Restrictions Announcement Orthogonal Channel Noise Source Primary Alarm Clock Selectable Cell Site Messaging Selectable Paging Tone Service Measurements Service Measurements Report Generator Subscriber and System Errors to Announcement Subscriber Form Activity Print Subscriber Loopback Test System Integrity Improvements Phase 1 TTY Number Display Text Recent Change/Verify User Defined Cell Site Alarms 8 Kbps Vocoder 13 Kbps Vocoding Service 13 Kbps Channel Element Unit (TCU) Support CDMA Enhanced Variable Rate Coding (EVRC) Vocoding Integrated Multi-rate/Multi-type Vocoder Service Craft Forced Channel Element Handoff High Density CCU (HCU) Power Control Radio Frequency (RF) Call Trace Markov 8 Kbps/Markov 13 Kbps Service Option Soft Handoff Softer Handoff Subscriber Call Quality Rating Subscriber Control of Special Routing Virtual Systems Virtual System AMA Event Recording Virtual System Call Routing Virtual System Input Message Restriction Virtual System Output Message Routing
6-26 6-26 6-26 6-26 6-26 6-27 6-27 6-27 6-27 6-27 6-28 6-28 6-28 6-28 6-29 6-29 6-29 6-29 6-29 6-29 6-30 6-30 6-30 6-30 6-30 6-30 6-31 6-31 6-31 6-31 6-31 6-31 6-32 6-32 6-32 6-32 6-32 6-32
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Contents
Virtual System RC/V Access Virtual System Tones and Announcements 6-33 6-33 6-33
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Introduction
Lucent Technologies is committed to offering new features and services to you in a timely and cost-effective manner. To help you plan your successful CDMA offering, this chapter presents the features available today, as well as those planned for the future. For your convenience, the features are grouped into the following categories:
s s s s s s s s s s
Billing Features Subscriber Features Cell Site Conguration Features Data Features Fraud Control Features Network and Roaming Features Network Interconnect Features Operations, Administration and Maintenance Features Service Quality Features Virtual System Features.
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Billing Features
The following section describes the billing features.
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AMA Search
This feature examines call records in the AMA disk partition, generates reports on request, and allows the printing of billing information pertaining to a particular mobile directory number during a specied time interval.
Default Abbreviated Dialing with Acknowledgment Record Generation for Home Subscribers
This feature gives the service provider the ability to write an immediate bill for home subscribers to a default immediate billing port.
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Unanswered calls Termination calls Calls under minimum duration time Handoff and handback records.
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Subscriber Features
The following section describes the subscriber features.
Calling Number Identication Presentation (CNIP) and Calling Number Identication and Calling Number Restriction (CNIR)
The CNIP feature enables subscribers to view the calling party's telephone number on a mobile station display when the phone alerts. Each subscriber will be able to screen calls to control cost and personal efciency. Subscribers will also have access to Caller ID on Call Waiting calls as well as normal terminations. The CNIR feature allows service providers to prevent the display of a given mobile subscriber's CPN at the called party's phone on all calls by making the appropriate entry in the subscriber's database.
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Mobiles used for CDMA support both a CDMA digital and analog mode and are based on IS-95A mobiles operating in an analog or CDMA digital mode. CNIP will also be fully feature-transparent from the subscriber's perspective whether the mobile is in a CDMA digital or analog mode of operation.
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Call Forwarding
This feature permits a called subscriber to send incoming calls addressed to the subscriber's directory number to another directory number or to the subscriber's voice mail box. Call Forwarding is available on Busy and No Answer.
Call Waiting
This feature allows a subscriber to answer an incoming call while currently in a stable, two-party talk state. If the subscriber ashes to answer the incoming call, the currently connected party is put on hold, and the incoming caller is connected to the cellular subscriber. Each subsequent ash from the subscriber will place the connected party on hold and connect the held party to the subscriber.
Three-Way Calling
This feature allows a subscriber to add a third party to an existing two-party call. If either of the two non-controlling parties to an established three-way call disconnects, the remaining party is reconnected to the controlling subscriber as a normal two-party call. If the controlling subscriber of a three-way call disconnects, the conference circuit and all other parties are released.
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The subscriber can restrict which personnel can make calls on a companyowned mobile unit. The service provider has the ability to track calls via the PASA number recorded in AMA records for valid PASA attempts. Immediate notication of unauthorized access is provided to the service provider via an optional output message.
Restricted Access
This feature restricts a subscriber from receiving service in a group or groups of cell sites, giving the service provider the ability to control the service area for all subscribers and roamers. Restricted mobiles cannot originate, terminate or handoff a call in a restricted area. Restricted areas can be dened across MSC boundaries and are delivered on a per-cell basis.
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Voice Mail
This feature provides a trunk interface to direct the call to the Voice Mail Storage System (VMSS).
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Fiber Microcell
This feature permits the Fiber Microcell conguration integrating for CDMA.
Data Features
The following section describes the data features.
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PIN Capability
This feature enables the subscriber and service providers to limit system access for certain call types via a 4-digit PIN. This feature is activated on a per-subscriber basis and is changeable by the subscriber. When activated, a subscriber is required to enter his/her PIN when originating mobile calls that are subject to the PIN requirement.
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Inter-MSC Originations/Terminations
Inter-MSC terminations are needed by service providers that use more than one MSC within their system. A connection to the user's home MSC must be made when serviced by another MSC within the same system or between systems networked by AUTOPLEX System 1000 Series II proprietary (non-IS-41)
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interfaces, Extended Feature Transparency Network (EFTN)/Feature Transparency Network (FTN). This feature provides that connection and allows intersystem networking, origination and termination of calls between MSCs within a system or between networked systems.
Soft handoff features that fall into the category of handoff restriction. CDMA to analog handoff after inter-MSC soft handoff. Soft handoff features that are non-subscriber oriented.
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IS-41 Inter-MSC PCS-CDMA (1.9 GHz) to AMPsCDMA (850 MHz) Hard Handoff
This feature provides 1.8 GHz (PCS) and 850 MHz CDMA hard hand-off to a neighboring 850 MHz analog cellular network. The handoff is directed to a neighboring system via a database-directed neighbor list.
IS-41 Rev C
With this feature, Lucent Technologies supports the Intervendor Interoperability Standards (IS-41 Revision C) for CDMA. The following list of services are supported Intersystem, as dened by the IS-41 standard:
s s s s s s s
Registration Call Forwarding (excluding Ping Ring support) Call Waiting 3-Way Calling Subscriber PIN Intercept Authentication Call Delivery.
IS-41N Triggers
This feature provides three triggers that are designed for use with Home Location Registers (HLRs), SCPs, and adjunct MSCs, that communicate via IS-41 Revision C. The three triggers are:
s
Dialed Number Trigger allows service providers to establish dialing plans which result in an Origination Request being sent to an HLR or SCP, based on the dialed digits. This trigger supports such services as Private Virtual Network (PVN) and Directional Yellow Pages. Origination Trigger allows sending an Origination Request to an HLR or SCP based on call type. This trigger supports such services as Allowed Calling Lists, validation based on call type, and adjunct MSC-based features such as voice recognition and validation.
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Termination Trigger allows sending Location Request to an HLR or SCP on incoming calls. This trigger supports such subscriber services as Who's Calling, Single Number Reach and Selective Treatment based on caller.
Multiple Systems - Multi-MSC Extended Feature Transparency Network (EFTN) and IS-41
CDMA will support EFTN and CDMA will support portions of IS-41.
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This feature prevents home subscribers from being reached through a roamer access number when they are in their home CGSA. The call will be routed to a designated announcement.
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Carrier Selection
This feature allows the service provider to assign subscriber selected carriers for long distance calls by providing equal access to the network.
EIA Compatibility
The Electronics Industries Association Function Code Dialing feature expands the capability of cellular feature codes (*XX) and adds the capability of cellular service codes, for example, *N11 codes that are separate from the standard N11 dialing sequences.
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E1 Compatibility
This feature supports the E1 interface at cell sites for introduction to international markets.
Special Routing
This feature provides the capability to route calls through specic loop-around trunks without compromising other routing options.
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an output message which will report all off-normal application alarms from the Executive Cellular Processor (ECP), Call Processing/Database Nodes (CDNs), DCS and cell sites.
DS1 Packet pipes CDMA Channel Units CDMA Cluster Control (controls channel units) Baseband Combiner Radio Unit (BBA) Bus Interface Unit Analog Conversion Unit Enhanced Reference Frequency Generator with Global Positioning System Synchronous Clock and Tone Unit (SCT replaces Clock and Tone Unit) Digital Facilities Interface.
Pilot Channel Measurements and Test provides a numerical measurement of the pilot strength.
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Database Survey
This feature allows the user to query the application databases and to extract specic information. An example of a query would be to identify all the subscribers in a particular cellular geographic service area who have the call waiting feature.
Forced handoff Subscriber release and system call back System forced release and system call back route list selector Audit.
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In multiple systems ofces, this feature will provide a warning message to the technician that the Number Plan Area (NPA), NPA-NXXX, or NPA-NXX-X, entered for the subscriber is also entered in the ROAM database indicating that the subscriber may not be home on this MSC.
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Service Measurements
This feature provides service measurements that review the performance of the CDMA system in terms of established calls, lost calls, handoffs complete, process OCC, ten second count, and cell and MSC blocking.
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SMRT produces a report as specied in the input template. The report generator allows SM data from any of the last 24 hours to be incorporated into such reports.
DS1 Packet Pipes CDMA Channel Units CDMA Cluster Controller Baseband Combiner Radio Unit Bus Interface Unit Analog Conversion Unit Enhanced Reference Frequency Generator with Global Positioning System Synchronous Clock and Tone Unit Digital Facilities Interface
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8 Kbps Vocoder
This feature supports an IS-96A 8 Kbps variable rate vocoder. A vocoder is part of the 5ESS-2000 switch DCS and is a component necessary to support CDMA. The vocoder converts encoded compressed voice packets to Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) voice samples and back. This process provides exceptional voice quality for cellular calls.
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Power Control
This feature controls the power transmitted from the mobiles to the cell site to help equalize the receive signal levels. The power control works in both the forward and reverse directions. As a result, this feature increases capacity and improves performance.
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Soft Handoff
This feature provides the ability to support soft handoff between 2 or 3 cells with the same vocoder and same carrier.
Softer Handoff
This feature provides a handoff handled entirely within a cell by one channel element between a cell's sectors. This softer handoff is transparent to the MSC. It is a make before break type of handoff, resulting in a relatively high transmission quality. The AUTOPLEX System's interconnection of a multi-sectored cell's CDMA radios allows for a single channel element to accomplish a handoff between sectors.
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Virtual Systems
This feature allows a service provider to treat a given system as multiple systems for the purpose of processing calls and maintaining the system. This feature allows a service provider to partition a large system consisting of cell sites, network interface trunks and possibly DCSs that are attached to an existing host system or another virtual system, into smaller systems.
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Subscriber (sub) Location (loc) Face Code Information (fci) Cell (cell)
Data Its ever-expanding boundaries know no limits in impacting our business and personal lives. Lucent Technologies is at the forefront of this technology in its commitment to deliver what our customers need. Multimedia Already inuencing our lives in ways we never dreamed, Lucent Technologies believes this powerful arena of wireless Cellular CDMA features will exceed our customer's expectations. OA&M Quality has been the focus in the delivery of each Lucent Technologies wireline and wireless system. We will continue to dedicate ourselves to delivering the highest quality systems that you expect. Standards These regulatory guidelines have been shaping the direction of wireless for over the past 10 years. Lucent Technologies has been and will continue to lead the effort in its support and delivery of standards which best serve our customer's needs. Intelligent Network This singular platform has already delivered powerful landline features in the network. WIth its wireless capabilities, the sky is the limit in what our customers will deliver to their customers.
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Wireline/Wireless Lucent Technologies continues to be the only wireless system provider that delivers dual functionality through our 5ESS switch to our wireline and wireless customers. This competitive edge will continue to expand as he wireless industry develops and grows. CDMA Cellular Auxiliary for PCS (CAPCS) This new application for CDMA combines cellular and landline capabilities to address the need to combine in-building landline service access and billing and cellular service. Our phased approach to this will begin with the use of RF repeaters in combination with in-building distribution systems.
Subsequently, we will use a full complement of RF distribution methods, including radios and antennas over ber and coax cables. Finally, we will support private, macro-cellular networked systems with soft handoff to and from private systems.
Lucent Technologies Network Systems will continue to capitalize on the power of the 5ESS call processing architecture to deliver powerful end-to-end solutions. It is our commitment as a CDMA and PCS industry leader to deliver a robust portfolio of residential and business services which will provide our customers the competitive edge to ensure their success.
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7
7-1 7-1 7-2 7-2 7-3 7-4 7-4 7-4 7-4 7-5
Contents
Call Processing Call Processing Elements Dynamic Power Control Handoffs Handoff Types
s s s s
CDMA Soft Handoff 2-Way and 3-Way Soft Handoff Softer Handoff Hard Handoff
Roaming
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Call Processing
CDMA affects all phases of call processing, including call origination, call termination, handoffs, and call release. Call processing functions for the Lucent Technologies CDMA application are controlled by the Series II cell site and the Executive Cellular Processor Complex (ECPC).
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Mobile units can be either hand-held (portable) units or vehicle-mounted units. Both types contain a microprocessor that continually performs operations and communications with the cell sites, even when the mobile unit is not in use.
Handoffs
A handoff is an automatic transfer of a cellular telephone call from:
s s s
one cell to another, one cell face to another, or one radio to another.
Call quality is maintained as the mobile user moves throughout the coverage area. Handoffs are initiated when the mobile unit measures a neighbor cells pilot signal (receive) power, and determines that this power level is above an acceptable threshold. The mobile unit or the ECPC, depending on handoff type, initiates the handoff processes necessary to maintain the clarity and quality of the phone call.
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MSC PSTN
Figure 7-1.
Soft Handoff
Handoff Types
The Lucent Technologies CDMA system will support the following types of handoffs:
s s s
Soft handoff (both 2-way and 3-way soft handoff) Softer handoff Hard handoff CDMA-to-analog
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Softer Handoff
A softer handoff is an intracell handoff, occurring between sectors of a two sector or three sector sub-cell. This type of handoff occurs only at the cell site and is independent of the MSC. When a call is in softer handoff, the second connection to the requested call circuit is made before the original connection is broken. The mobile will communicate with only one CDMA Channel Element (CE), which handles and combines the signals from both sectors. Softer handoffs will improve trunking efciency and provide improved switch performance.
Hard Handoff
A hard handoff (as compared with a soft handoff) is essentially a break before make connection. The cell hands off the mobile units call to another cell and then drops the call. This is the traditional handoff method for analog and TDMA call processing. Hard handoffs and CDMA-to-analog handoffs are performed by the ECPC.
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A CDMA-to-analog handoff can occur between cells within the same system, as well as with cells from different vendors. This type of handoff occurs when the dual mode (both analog and digital capability) CDMA mobile unit is instructed to change its mode from CDMA to analog during a call. Consequently, the assigned Frame Selector is removed from the call conguration.
Roaming
Roaming is a term used to describe a cellular telephone operating outside its home calling area. Roaming across geographic areas is accomplished by intersystem networking.
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Contents
Introduction Description of the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS
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Capabilities of the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS 5ESS-2000 Switch Alternatives Utilizing Existing DCSs
Administrative Module (AM) Communications Module (CM) Switching Module (SM and SM-2000) Packet Switching Unit Protocol Handler for Voice (PHV) Protocol Handler 4 (PH4) Protocol Handler for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (PHA) PSU Packet Bus Variable Rate Vocoder
Packet Pipe Structure Packet Pipe Architecture and Call Processing Facilities Concentration Facilities Utilization
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Introduction
This chapter describes the benets of the 5ESS-2000 switch Digital Cellular Switch (DCS) and provides an overview of the hardware components needed for CDMA.
The 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS is a high capacity digital switch designed for a variety of landline and wireless switching applications.
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It provides switching capabilities for both landline and wireless network systems simultaneously. This allows service providers to use a single switch to administer, maintain and update rather than two, and provides for reduced oor space and power requirements. It has a modular architecture. It can be deployed in anywhere from the smallest to largest applications, with smooth easy growth (or even degrowth) between deployments of any size.This protects your initial investment by allowing for cost efcient upgrades. All equipment involved in switching and control is duplicated for continuous availability and reliability. It offers a variety of network interfaces. There is no service interruption for software updates. The 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS offers an excellent platform for future Lucent Technologies Intelligent Network (AIN) services.
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Offers highly reliable switching capabilities because of its duplicated architecture. Accommodates both wired and wireless ofces (in global markets where this is allowed) of varying sizes because it is designed for modular growth. Provides a centralized high-bandwidth interface to support packetized signaling messages and packet data switching. This packet-switching capability allows more efcient use of resources within the DCS, as well as the ability to perform soft handoffs. Performs Speech Handler Channel administration and selection. Utilizes a Protocol Handler for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (PHA) which provides communication between PSU2s, allowing a greater percentage of soft handoffs, thereby increasing the voice quality.
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5ESS-2000 Switch Digital Cellular Switch (DCS) agship of the platform 5ESS-2000 Switch Compact Digital Exchange (CDX) reduced capacity conguration of the 5ESS-2000 switch DCS 5ESS-2000 Switch Very Compact Digital Exchange (VCDX) small, reduced capacity version of the 5ESS-2000 switch DCS.
Remote Switching Module (RSM) Optical Remote Modular (ORM) Extended Switch Module 2000 (EXM-2000).
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Switching Module 1
Switching Module N
TRUNKS
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Input/Output Processor
Craft Interface
Figure 8-2.
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PHV
PHA
To Another SM PSU
Figure 8-3.
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The 5ESS-2000 switch DCS can support either type of vocoder. In addition, the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS provides a exible platform that can support new voice algorithms that may be standardized in the future. The ECPC noties the 5ESS2000 Switch DCS as to the type of service (8 Kbps or 13 Kbps) needed when requesting a speech handler channel. In the future, the 5ESS-2000 DCS will be able to support both types of vocoders simultaneously. In the future, a variable rate multi-mode vocoder will be available. The multi-mode feature allows a service provider to limit the speech coders average rate, allowing better control of system loading.
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Table 8-1 on page 8-9 shows the number of simultaneous calls a packet pipe can handle given the specied parameters. The remaining DS0s on the T1 facility can be used for trunks, data links, or other packet pipes. Table 8-1. Comparison of Simultaneous Calls per Packet Pipe Type of DS0 64 Kbps 64 Kbps 56 Kbps 56Kbps Number of Calls 10 14 8 12
Facilities Concentration
Facility connections between the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS and the Series II cell site are over packet pipes.Table 8-2 on page 8-9 shows the ratio of conversations per packet pipe, given the specied parameters. Table 8-2. Comparison of Ratio of Calls per Packet Pipe Type of DS0 64 Kbps 64 Kbps Ratio of Calls per Packet Pipe 2.5-to-1 3.5-to-1
Facilities Utilization
After processing a call at the Series II cell site, an nx64 Kbps (or nx56 Kbps) packet pipe carried over n DS0s contains the information of as many CDMA user channels as the bandwidth can support, assuming acceptable delay and blocking characteristics. One of the advantages of the 5ESS-2000 DCS is that for all CDMA calls, multiple packet pipes can occupy the same facility, which lowers your facilities costs.
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Contents
Description of the ECPC
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Functions of the ECPC How the ECPC Interfaces with Network Components CDMA Impact on Existing AUTOPLEX System 1000 ECPC 3B21D Processor Input/Output Processor (IOP) Central Processor Unit (CPU) Memory Stores Disk File Controller ECPC Software CNI/IMS Ring CDN ACDN CSN DLN SS7 ECPC/Cell Interface ECPC/DCS Interface ECPC to Other Vendors System Interface
ECPC Components
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Charge Recording The ECP collects billing information from each Call Processing and Database Node (CDN) and stores it on mass media storage. Data Collection The ECP performs scheduled measurements of major system elements and reports variations from standard levels of operation. Standard peripheral interfaces such as the OMP, Video Display Terminals (VDTs), and printers provide the human-machine interface for reporting the measurements or system alarms to the Service Providers maintenance and administration personnel. Database Management: The ECP stores the databases that dene system hardware, operation parameters and customer subscriber information. In conjunction with the OMP, or the RC/V terminal, changes can be made to these databases via RC/V procedures Voice Channel Administration Voice Channel Administration of AUTOPLEX System 1000 cell sites is performed by the ECP. All other call processing operations are under the control of Interprocess Message Switch (IMS) CDNs.
ECPC Components
The main hardware component of the ECPC is the Lucent Technologies 3B21D processor computer which contains the Input/Output Processor (IOP), the Central Processor Unit (CPU), the memory stores, and the disk le controller. The 3B21D processor and its parts are described in the following section.
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3B21D Processor
The 3B21D is a fault-tolerant processor that has up to 256 Megabytes (MB) of physical memory with two expansion slots for growth. The CPU, the main memory stores, and much of the input/output processing is duplicated for backup purposes and high reliability. The 3B21D uses the same software base as its predecessor, the Lucent Technologies 3B20D processor. It maintains the 3B20D application interface, peripherals, and tool set, but consumes less power, generates less heat, and emits less acoustical noise than the 3B20D. NOTE: CDMA is compatible with your existing 3B20D, but for better performance, an upgrade to the 3B21D is recommended.
An interface between terminals, data links, small peripheral units, and the CPU. An autonomous input/output function through the Direct Memory Access (DMA) into the main memory store facility. Autonomous controls for the transfer of data blocks to and from peripheral devices. Buffering and data formatting as required by the different peripheral devices. A common software driver for all of the IOP peripherals. A duplicated processor frame for reliability.
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Memory Stores
The memory stores are controlled by the CPU. The CPU uses the memory stores to store programs while they are being executed and data while it is being processed. The memory stores are also duplicated for reliability.
ECPC Software
The ECPC software includes the following capabilities:
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Call processing. Initialization, recovery, and overload. Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OA&M). Measurements information, including performance analysis and service measurements. System conguration information, such as Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR), and the number of cell sites, packet pipes, and channel elements required. Status display pages. Translations and database Recent Change and Verify (RC/V).
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CNI/IMS Ring
The CNI/IMS Ring supports a number of nodes such as the SS7 node for signaling and a pair of Direct Link Nodes (DLNs) for connecting the ECPC to the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS. See Figure 9-1 on page 9-5. The CNI/IMS Ring consists of two cabinets a Ring Node cabinet and a Digital Facilities Access (DFA) cabinet. There are no anticipated changes necessary to the CNI/IMS Ring to support CDMA.
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CNI/IMS Ring
ACDN ECPC
CSN
CSN
CDN
Figure 9-1.
CDN
The CDN is one of the nodes on the CNI/IMS Ring. The minimum Ring conguration calls for two CDNs (N+1 sparing) which contain a complete set of databases for performing call processing functions. The CDN is responsible for the following call processing functions:
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Requesting a speech handler from the DCS, and forwarding the speech handlers address to the cell. Accepting handoff information messages during active calls and during certain states of both call setup and handoff. The CDN also sends acknowledgment messages upon the receipt of handoff information from the cell. Communicating with all cells participating in a call. (Can be up to three cells, if the call is in the soft handoff state.)
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ACDN
The Administrative Call Processing and Database Node (ACDN) helps in the call processing function. The two main tasks of the ACDN subsystem are as follows:
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Assigning new calls to CDNs, so that the load is equalized between CDNs. Maintaining the Global Call Status List to provide a map between the directory number of a mobile unit involved in a call and the CDN handling the call.
The ACDN tasks are not affected by adding CDMA to your system.
CSN
The Cell Site Node (CSN) is the link node that provides the interface between the cell site and the ECPC. The CSN performs broadcast functions for mobile paging and performs cell-to-cell message routing.
DLN
The Direct Link Node (DLN) provides the interface between the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS and the ECPC.
SS7
The Signaling System 7 (SS7) Node is responsible for application level signaling messages. The node provides the physical data link connections to the network. Each SS7 node provides one high-speed data link to a Signal Transfer Point (STP) in the network, which handles message routing. The number of SS7 nodes needed depends on the volume of message trafc in the network.
ECPC/Cell Interface
The ECPC interfaces with the cell sites through the CSNs on the CNI/IMS Ring. This interface consists of application level signaling messages that are transported over the CNI/IMS Ring and the X.25 Link Access Protocol-Balanced (LAP-B) link. This is the same as the interface used for existing analog and TDMA systems. The application set covers the same functional areas, for example, call processing, OA&M functions, and service measurements. The same signaling link that currently handles analog and TDMA also handles CDMA trafc.
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ECPC/DCS Interface
The ECPC interfaces with the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS through the DLNs on the CNI/IMS Ring. The ECPC/DCS interface consists of application level signaling messages that are transported over the CNI/IMS Ring and the SS7 link. This is the same as the interface for the existing analog and TDMA systems. The application set covers the same functional areas: for example, call processing, OA&M functions, initialization, and service measurements.
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Contents
Introduction OA&M Strategy Tools and Test Sets
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Operations and Management Platform (OMP) Benefits of the OMP AutoPACE System CDMA Radio Test Unit (CRTU)
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Introduction
The Lucent Technologies Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OA&M) strategy focuses on a set of OA&M capabilities and tools that are exible and comprehensive. OA&M capabilities are critical to maintaining a high-quality and cost-effective cellular system. The tools and procedures used for performing CDMA OA&M tasks are enhanced versions of those currently being used for the AUTOPLEX System 1000.
OA&M Strategy
For the Lucent Technologies CDMA product, OA&M procedures will be supported in the following manner:
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Fault detection and recovery will be introduced in phases for CDMA. See Chapter 6, Lucent Technologies CDMA System Features. Non-Volatile Memory (NVM) updates will be supported. The NVM process will be the same as the process used for analog and TDMA boards. Auditing functions will be available for collecting and analyzing data off-line.
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Figure 10-1.
OMP Architecture
Many of the processing functions have already been off-loaded from the ECP to the OMP. This improves ECPC performance by providing additional real-time capacity for other internal system tasks. The OMP, because it is a next generation, general purpose computer, has over 10 times the processing capacity of the specialized ECPC. Performing processing functions on the OMP means increased system response time and improved user response time for OA&M functions and report generation. The OMP workstation offers a simple, user-friendly graphical interface for technicians that provides easy data access and interpretation.
For further information on the OMP, see the AUTOPLEX Cellular Telecommunications Systems System 1000 Operations, Administration, and Maintenance Guide (401-610-160).
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AutoPACE System
The AutoPACE System is a highly recommended set of performance analysis tools that can be used to help ne-tune or troubleshoot an existing AUTOPLEX System 1000. Four modules, each used to investigate a different type of performance data, will be included in the AutoPACE System to support the operation of your CDMA system. The four modules are as follows:
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Trafc Analysis used to analyze and report service measurement data collected every hour by the AUTOPLEX System 1000. Reports are userdenable to meet the specic needs of each customer. Conguration Management used to provide reports describing the conguration of a particular AUTOPLEX System 1000 as dened by the parameters stored in a database on the Executive Cellular Processor (ECP). Standardized tabular and geographic reports, as well as userdened tabular reports are available. Maintenance Message Analysis used to analyze and lter messages generated by call processing failures. These messages can be grouped in terms of subscriber number, system equipment, terminal manufacturer, etc., to identify root causes of failed calls. Special Engineering Studies used to schedule and analyze a variety of studies to help engineers grow, ne-tune, or troubleshoot systems and their performance. The results of these studies help engineers understand details associated with handoffs and power levels of subscriber calls.
The AutoPACE System is a multi-user system based on a client-server architecture for exibility. The AutoPACE System clients are PCs with an industry standard Graphical User Interface (GUI) that increases operational efciency and reduces training costs. The AutoPACE System server is a SUN workstation with a UNIX Operating System that interfaces with the OMP to access wireless system data. As the AUTOPLEX System 1000 evolves with new and enhanced features, the AutoPACE System is maintained to stay in synch with new ECP and cell site releases so that system operators are able to access and analyze the data required to maintain the quality of their systems.
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Trafc Path Functional Testing Single Channel Selective Functional Testing Pilot Channel Measurement and Testing CDMA Transmit Antenna Testing.
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Contents
Introduction Planning Services
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Spectrum Clearing Radio Frequency (RF) Network Engineering Design Network Switch and Transmission Planning and Design Site Acquisition Service Architectural and Environmental Engineering (A&E) Service Construction Management Services Project Management Office Engineering Installation of the Cellular Network RF Drive Testing System Capacity Review System Growth Design Enhanced Technical Services (ETS) Maintenance
Pre-Operations Services
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Training
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Introduction
This section presents a high-level description of the basic support services that are offered by Lucent Technologies to Wireless CDMA service providers. These services cover the entire range of needs, from basic design requirements through maintenance and training.
Planning Services
The following sections describe the three basic Planning Services provided by Lucent Technologies.
Spectrum Clearing
To use CDMA, a block of RF spectrum is required. In an isolated service area with no pre-existing analog service, the spectrum required for each link is simply the CDMA bandwidth (1.23 MHz). However, in an area with analog capability inside and outside the boundaries of the CDMA spectrum, guard bands and guard zones must be established (see Analog to CDMA Conversion on page 3-6 for more information on guard bands). Lucent Technologies will design the necessary guard bands and guard zones to ensure CDMA and the adjacent services do not interfere with each other.
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Pre-Operations Services
The following sections describe the three basic Pre-Operations Services provided by Lucent Technologies.
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professional engineer. These services are applicable to an existing building or base site, as well as new structures, including the tower/antenna masts.
Project Management
The project will be managed by Lucent Technologies, using the same tools, procedures and techniques that have helped to make other Lucent Technologies Network Wireless deployments successful. A Wireless Project Manager assigned to the service provider will perform the following functions:
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procure service power from local utility, and other critical local utilities to the site procurement of construction materials and contractors schedule/coordinate vendors/contractors supervise site preparation and site surveys arrange for temporary telephone company facilities for more efcient testing.1
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Ofce Engineering
This service includes the preparation of detailed product specications, installation plans and material requirements, and ofce records.
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RF Drive Testing
An experienced RF driver using a fully equipped test vehicle collects RF data and turns it over to an RF engineer for analysis. The output is the most suitable RF plan for a particular cell site based on actual performance data. This service allows you to review performance factors based on real trafc data and other information, including call quality distribution.
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Maintenance
With this service, Lucent Technologies will provide emergency support, preventive maintenance, Federal Communications Commission (FCC) required maintenance, and remedial maintenance. Lucent Technologies has 63 Service Support Centers (SSCs), as well as 350 satellite ofces, to provide maintenance support services. These centers operate 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.
Training
CDMA training is offered at the Lucent Technologies Technical Training Services Center, Dublin, Ohio. Fully equipped and operational CDMA systems are located in Dublin and are dedicated to training you and your personnel. CDMA courses include
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CL1003 Introduction to CDMA CL3702 Implementation of CDMA Maintenance for Cellular Systems CL3703 Implementation of CDMA Translations.
CL1003 and CL3703 can also be suit-cased to your location. Additional courses available include
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CC1361 IS95 CDMA for Cellular and PCS CC1420 Design and Performance Engineering of CDMA Cellular Systems.
Call 1-800-228-0710 or see your Account Executive for a complete description of the CDMA courses.
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A
CDMA Minicell up to 500,000 for HLR up to 200,000 domestic up to 200,000 international 84 (8 Kbps) 60 (13 Kbps) 1, 2 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6 192 (using HCUs)
Parameter Subscribers per ECPC* Busy Hour Call Attempts per ECPC Conversations per DS1 CDMA Carriers per Sector (1.25 MHz) Sectors per Cell Site Channel Elements
System performance will vary, subject to specified calling patterns and system configurations.
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Capacity Comparisons
Table A-2 shows the capacity comparison of a CDMA system to an AMPS system, a TDMA system, and a GSM system:
Comparison of CDMA, AMPS, TDMA, and GSM Systems Carrier Width Number of Channels 1 3 8 66* 39* Spectrum Available (Example) 12.5 MHz 12.5 MHz 15 MHz 12.5 MHz 12.5 MHz Channels per Cell Site 57 171 150 660 390 Channels per 1 MHz 4.56 13.68 10 48 31
The effect of guard bands on capacity ratio are not figured into this number. The number of CDMA channels is approximate, based on RF engineering requirements.
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Table A-3.
Rated Busy Hour Calls POTS 800K 675K Toll 750K 600K Tandem 600K 500K Bellcore Model 600K 500K Operator Services 240K 200K Wireless 200K
Application Stand-alone Combined Ofce: 50,000 Wireless Combined Ofce 100,000 Wireless Combined Ofce 200,000 Wireless
550K
500K
400K
400K
170K
350K
300K
250K
250K
100K
System Reliability
The hardware architecture of the CDMA system is such that any single-point failure for each component (ECPC, 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS, and cell site) within the system does not reduce the service capacity by more than 50 percent. The software architecture of the CDMA system is designed so that it minimizes the failure to the entire systems service capacity.
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System Availability
The total hardware related system down-time is expected to be less than or equal to ve minutes per year on the average, assuming a 4-hour repair time for any single fault. (Down-time is dened as the period of time in which the system is unable to service any calls due to failures within the system.)
For roof mounted antennas: 50 feet For 100 foot towers: 125 feet For 150 foot towers: 175 feet For tall building installations: 300 and 500 foot cables
AUTOPLEX Cellular Telecommunications Systems System 1000 Technical Specications, Issue 2. (Order Code: 3484B) AUTOPLEX Cellular Telecommunications Systems System 1000 Series II System Requirements and Planning Guide, Issue 4. (Order Code: 401610-005)
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Glossary
Glossary
Numerics
3B21D The 3B21D is the main hardware component for the Executive Cellular Processor Complex (ECPC). It is a fully duplexed, fault-tolerant computer with 256 MB of physical memory. The 3B21D contains the Input/Output Processor (IOP), the Central Processor Unit (CPU), the memory stores, and the disk le controller. 5ESS AT&T registered trademark for its premier Electronic Switching System.
A
ACDN (Administrative Call Processing/Database Node) The ACDN has responsibility for assigning new calls to CDNs for processing. ACU (Analog Conversion Unit) The ACU combines the output of a given CDMA Clusters CCUs. A given ACU supports two CDMA clusters. ACUs are duplex, equipped as primary and standby. A/D (Analog to Digital) The process of converting an analog sample into the digital equivalent. AIF (Antenna Interface Frame) One of the cabinets that comprises the CDMA Cellular Minicell. The AIF contains the RSP and receive lters. AM (Administrative Module) A hardware component of the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS. Provides switch maintenance, administration, trafc measurements, and network management. Includes the 3B21D processor. AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone Service) The name given to the rst AT&T cellular telephone system. analog transmission Technology that uses a stream of continuously changing electrical waves to carry voice or lowspeed data.
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AutoPACE The AutoPACE system consists of Performance Analysis (PA) and Cellular Engineering (CE) tools. These tools are Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OA&M) tools used for conguring your system, especially at the initial design stages, and for ne-tuning or troubleshooting an existing system.
B
bandwidth Information-carrying capacity of a communications channel. The larger the bandwidth, the more information it carries. BBA trio The combination of the BCR-BIU-ACU units for the new CDMA equipment conguration. See also entries for Baseband Combiner Radio (BCR), Bus Interface Unit (BIU), and Analog Conversion Unit (ACU). BCR (Baseband Combiner/Radio) The BCR combines the I and Q signals from each of the Analog Conversion Units (ACUs) and (on the forward link) converts the signal to RF with an RF up-converter. In the reverse path, it receives RF signals and down-converts to baseband. BHCA (Busy Hour Call Attempts) The total number of originating and terminating call attempts handled by the system in a typical one hour period. This is a count of all call attempts, not just completed calls. BIU (Bus Interface Unit) The BIU is the interface between the BCR, the ACU, and the Time Division Multiplexed (TDM) bus. It provides a control bus interface to the CCC, CCUs, ACUs and BCRs. It provides power conversion and alarm control functions. BIUs are duplex; equipped as primary and standby.
C
CAI (Common Air Interface) Species the RF interface by which CDMA products are being developed. CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) CDMA uses a spread-spectrum form of modulations requiring a contiguous block of spectrum (1.25 MHz) rather than the channelized approach used by analog and TDMA. See also entries for Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum and spread-spectrum. CDMA Carrier A CDMA Carrier is the 1.25 MHz block of spectrum used for CDMA. This same block of spectrum is reused in every cell. In addition, the system/cell can support multiple carriers.
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Glossary
CDMA Channel Unit (CCU) CCUs create CDMA channels. Each CCU can be congured with two CDMA Channel Elements (CEs). Groups of CCUs are logically connected to form a cluster which is controlled by a single CDMA Cluster Controller (CCC). CDMA Cluster A CDMA cluster is a group of equipment consisting of one CDMA Cluster Controller (CCC) and up to seven CDMA Channel Units (CCUs). A cluster supports a maximum of 14 trafc channels. CDMA Cluster Controller (CCC) A CDMA Cluster Controller is the controller for a group (seven maximum) of CDMA Channel Units (CCUs). CDMA Growth Frame A CDMA Growth Frame allows a Series II cell site to be upgraded to accommodate CDMA services. It can support up to six shelves of DCMA equipment. CDMA Speech Handler (SH) See entry for Protocol Handler for Voice (PHV). CDN (Call Processing and Database Node) A type of attached processor on the CNI/IMS Ring of the AUTOPLEX System 1000 which is responsible for call processing. The system may have up to 12 CDNs. CDPD (Cellular Digital Packet Data) CDPD systems transmit packets of digital data over idle channels on existing cellular networks. CE (Channel Element) A CDMA Channel Element (CE) contains the necessary circuitry to perform forward link and reverse link CDMA spread-spectrum processing. Each CE supports one CDMA channel. Each CE can be assigned one or more of these channel functions: pilot, synch, paging, access, trafc. CELP (Code-Excited Linear Prediction) A table-driven coding method that compresses several voice channels into the same 64 Kbps bandwidth that a single Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) channel used to require. CELP is a term used in relation to variable rate vocoders. CEPT (Conference on European Postal and Telecommunications Administrations) An international standards organization. cell A geographical area, usually depicted as hexagon-shaped, that is served by a cellular system. Cellular technology is based on the premise that a group of radio frequencies used within one cell can be used again in distant cells. cell site An installation, located within a cell, housing the equipment needed to set up and complete calls on cellular phones. (For example, FM radio transmitter and receiver equipment, antennas, and computers.)
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channel A channel is a portion of the cellular frequency band designated for a single cellular telephone conversation. It is an actual cellular RF channel as identied by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), 30 kHz for analog and 1.25 MHz for CDMA. CM (Communications Module) Part of the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS hardware. The CM provides the ber optic interconnections to the Switching Modules (SMs), switches network data, voice, and control messages, and distributes timing and synchronization. CNI/IMS (Common Network Interface/Interprocessor Message Switch) Ring Part of the ECPC software, the CNI/IMS Ring supports a variety of nodes for signaling, call processing, and message routing. The Ring provides an interface between the cell site and the ECPC, and the ECPC and the DCS. CNIP (Calling Number Identication Presentation) The CNIP feature displays calling number information (the calling party number) when alerting a mobile phone. CPU (Central Processor Unit) A component of the ECPC, the CPU provides high speed control functions, such as logic, control, and arithmetic processes as required by the 3B21D computer. CRTU (CDMA Radio Test Unit) The CRTU, along with the RSP, provides routine diagnostics by testing all channels and Radio Frequency (RF) trains.The CRTU is located in the Primary Cabinet. CSN (Cell Site Node) The CSN is the link node that provides the interface between the cell site and the ECPC. The CSN performs broadcast functions for mobile paging and performs cell-to-cell message routing. CTIA (Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association) The cellular industry association that promotes cellular technology, addresses common concerns, provides a forum for exchange of non-proprietary information, and provides a voice in Washington.
D
D/A (Digital to Analog) The process of converting a digital sample into the analog equivalent. DCS (Digital Cellular Switch) A generic term for the switching fabric of an AUTOPLEX switch. CDMA is supported on the AT&T 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS. DFU (Digital Facilities Unit) The DFU provides the DS1 interface for packet pipes associated with a particular cell interface module.
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Issue 3
Glossary
Direct Sequence Spread-Spectrum A type of CDMA classication, used in the AT&T CDMA product. A DS generator encodes voice signals and assigns a unique code (PN Code) to each user. The DS system reduces interference and ensures privacy. See also the entries for PN Codes and spread-spectrum. DLN (Digital Link Node) The DLN is the link node that provides the interface between the DCS and the CNI/IMS Ring. Each AUTOPLEX system has at least two DLNs. DN (Directory Number) A subscribers unique 10-digit mobile phone number. down-time The period of time in which a system is unable to service any calls due to failures within the system. DPC (Dynamic Power Control) The DPC controls the power transmitted from the mobiles to the cell site to help equalize the received signal levels. DPC works in both the forward and reverse directions, and is a key component of the AT&T CDMA product, essential for increased capacity and improved performance. DS0 A DS0 is a single 64 Kbps time slice on a T1 and/or E1. DS1 A DS1 is a circuit board that supports the 24/30 DS0 channels on a T1/E1.
E
E1 An E1 is a four-wire voice/data trunking facility that carries 30 duplex channels via 64 Kbps time slices. ECPC (Executive Cellular Processor Complex) The 3B21D computer is the main processor for the ECPC. It controls the operation of the AUTOPLEX System 1000. The ECPC is responsible for mobility management, call processing, system maintenance, technician interfaces, and system integrity.
F
FCC (Federal Communications Commission) Created in 1934, this group is responsible for regulating all types of communications in the United States.
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FDMA (Frequency-Division Multiple Access) FDMA uses narrowband channels of spectrum, each carrying one telephone circuit, in a system where any mobile can access any one of the frequencies. frame relay Frame relay is a method of packet switching capable of transporting voice. Frame relay is used to transport speech between the radio unit in the cell to the frame selector in the DCS. frame selector The frame selector performs the soft handoff function and is located in the DCS. FRPH (Frame Relay Protocol Handler) The FRPH provides the interface between the T1/E1 facility and the frame relay packet switching platform. For the rst release of the CDMA product, the FRPH terminates the CDMA packet pipes from the CDMA cell sites.
G
GHz Abbreviation for GigaHertz. GPS (Global Positioning System) The GPS is the United States Department of Defense (DOD) sponsored global satellite system used to provide accurate time and position location. The Reference Frequency and Timing Generator (RFTG) makes use of the GPS receiver to synchronize CDMA signals. GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications) The European cellular standard for wireless communications systems. G-RCF (Growth Radio Channel Frame) Growth Radio Channel Frames can be added to the CDMA Primary Radio Channel Frame (P-RCF) to increase the capacity of your CDMA system.
H
handoff An automatic transfer of a cellular telephone call from one cell to another, maintaining call quality as the mobile user moves throughout the coverage area. hard handoff (CDMA-to-analog) A CDMA-to-analog hard handoff occurs when the dual mode CDMA mobile is instructed to change its mode from CDMA to analog during a call. Consequently, the assigned frame selector will be removed from the call conguration.
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Glossary
HLR (Home Location Register) The database in charge of managing mobile phone subscribers. The HLR stores a permanent copy of a mobile subscribers subscription information, and some location information to enable call routing to the MSC where the mobile subscriber is located.
I
IOP (Input/Output Processor) Part of the 3B20D/3B21D computer. The IOP serves as the interface between several peripheral controllers and the Central Processor Unit (CPU). It acts as the hub connecting up to 16 microprocessor-based peripheral controllers to the CPU. The IOP helps to free up the CPU for nonInput/Output tasks. I and Q (In-phase and Quadrature-phase) Signals I and Q signals are used in the digital to analog conversion process. ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) ISDN is an integrated services network that provides digital connections between user-network interfaces.
K
KHz Abbreviation for KiloHertz. Kbps Abbreviation for Kilobits per second.
L
LAF (Linear Amplier Frame) The LAF is part of the Series II cell site. It combines and amplies transmit signals and sends them to the Antenna Interface Frame (AIF). LAPB (Link Access Protocol - Balanced) A protocol standard at the data link layer. Provides error detection and control to higher protocol layers. LAPD (Link Access Protocol - D Channel) Data link layer protocol specied for the D-Channel.
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LMT (Lightwave Microcell Transceiver) The LMT contains optical to electrical conversion equipment and a low power antenna for localized RF transmission and reception. LZR Abbreviation for linearizer.
M
MB Abbreviation for Megabytes. MHz Abbreviation for Megahertz. MSC (Mobile Switching Center) All of the control and switching elements for a cellular system are contained at the MSC. For an AUTOPLEX System 1000, the MSC consists of the ECPC, the CNI/IMS Ring, and the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS.
N
neighbor cell A neighbor cell is a cell that is adjacent to the cell currently serving a mobile subscriber. neighbor group A group of cell sites near the cell site serving a call. When a handoff is required from the serving cell site, the system will try to hand off the call to one of the cells in the group. neighbor list A list of cell sites in a neighbor group.
O
OA&M (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) Generic name given to AUTOPLEX functions such as technician interfaces, diagnostics, service measurements, status reports, etc.
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Glossary
OIF (Optical Interface Frame) The OIF is the interface between the radio frame and the microcell. It contains the equipment to provide the optical-electrical interface between the Radio Channel Frame (RCF) and the ber that delivers signals to and from the Lightwave Microcell Transceiver (LMT). OMP (Operations and Management Center) The OMP is an element of the AUTOPLEX System 1000 distributed architecture which is dedicated to the support of all system OA&M activities. The OMP is based on a Sun SparcServer that is integrated into the AUTOPLEX System 1000.
P
packet switching In packet switching, data is sent out in a sequence of small chunks called packets. Each packet is passed through the network from node to node along some path leading from source to destination. At each node, the entire packet is received, stored briey, and then transmitted to the next node. packet pipe A packet pipe is a special trunk consisting of 4 DS0s (may grow to 8 with four CE/CCUs) that is used to send packetized voice and data between a given CDMA cluster and the DCS speech handlers, called the PHV. PCS (Personal Communications Services) PCSs are services that are planned for new digital Radio Frequency (RF) equipment. PCS will convey both voice and data over wireless networks. PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) The binary coded signal corresponding to the user time assignment in a TDMA or a CDMA system. PHV (Protocol Handler for Voice) The PHV is one of the new components required to support CDMA on your existing AUTOPLEX System 1000. It is used to transmit packets to and receive packets from the CDMA mobile unit through the cell site (or up to three cell sites when in soft handoff). The PHV converts voice packets received from a cell site into 64 Kbps voice and vice versa. PN (Pseudo-Noise) Codes Pseudo-Noise is the name given to the Mobile Station (MS) communications over the CDMA carrier (RF) and is identied using a specic code. This PN Code is given to the MS at setup time and is what the cell and MS use to communicate with each other. Each MS has a unique PN Code while active with a call. PSK (Phase Shift Keying) Phase Shift Keying (PSK) is a type of encoding or modulation technique for transforming digital data into analog signals. PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) The network that provides public telephone service. The portion of the total network that provides the capability to interconnect any home or ofce in the country with any other.
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PSU (Packet Switching Unit) The PSU is one of the new components required to support CDMA on your existing AUTOPLEX System 1000. The PSU consists of three circuit packs: the Protocol Handler for Voice (PHV), the Frame Relay Protocol Handler (FRPH), and the Protocol Handler for Asynchronous Transfer Mode (PHA). The PSU handles CDMA trafc to and from the CDMA mobile unit through the cell site. The 5ESS Switching Module (SM) provides an interface to a single PSU. PSU Packet Bus The PSU Packet Bus receives and sends packets to the appropriate PHV.
R
Radio Channel Actual cellular Radio Frequency (RF) channel as identied by the FCC. For analog, the channel is 30 kHz wide. In CDMA, the radio channel is 1.25 MHz wide. RC/V (Recent Change and Verify) The Recent Change and Verify (RC/V) system provides the user interface to the database management system. RF Call Trace RF Call Trace is one of the optional features developed for CDMA. It provides for call performance assessment from the mobile. By measuring the signal strengths of mobile calls from various cell sites, a system operator can analyze the quality of the radio environment. RFTG (Reference Frequency and Timing Generator) Provides synchronization signals to the Synchronized Clock and Tone (SCT) board. It is also used to provide the CDMA and analog radio reference frequency. It makes use of the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to synchronize the CDMA signals. RMN (Reach Me Number) The RMN is part of the SMS feature of CDMA. A RMN is similar to paging. Callers leave a RMN which gets displayed at the called partys mobile unit. roaming The term used to describe a cellular telephone operating outside its home calling area. RSP (Radio Test Unit Switch Panel) The RSP, along with the CRTU, provides routine diagnostics by testing all channels and Radio Frequency (RF) trains. The RSP is located in the AIF.
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Glossary
S
SCT (Synchronized Clock and Tone) board The SCT provides timing capabilities, CDMA board synchronization, and a 19.6608 MHz reference clock. The SCTs signals are derived from the RFTG. SFF (Store and Forward Functionality) SFF is part of the SMS feature for CDMA. The SFF enables the Message Center (MC) to store the SMS message and forward it at the appropriate time for conveyance to the mobile unit. SM (Switching Module) The SM provides switching functionality and voice connectivity to the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) and the cell sites. The SM contains two new components necessary to support CDMA: the Packet Switching Unit (PSU) and the PSU Packet Bus. SMS (Short Message Service) The SMS feature for CDMA has the ability to display short canned messages, and display a Reach Me Number (RMN). The SMS feature incorporates a Message Center (MC) which provides Voice Response Functionality (VRF) and Store and Forward Functionality (SFF). soft handoff A soft handoff occurs when two or more logical connections on a packet pipe are utilized by the frame selector. A soft and softer handoff can occur at the same time. softer handoff A softer handoff occurs when a CDMA Channel Element utilizes two CDMA channels between itself and the mobile unit. SS7 (Signaling System 7) node The SS7 node is responsible for application level signaling messages. This node provides the physical data link connections to the network. Each SS7 node provides one high-speed data link to a Signal Transfer Point (STP) in the network, which handles message routing. STP (Signal Transfer Point) The STP handles the routing of messages throughout the SS7 signaling network. spectrum A range of frequencies available for radio transmission and reception. The FCC has set aside portions of the spectrum for cellular service, while other portions of the spectrum are allocated to media such as television, FM radio, and satellite transmissions. spread-spectrum Spread-spectrum technology refers to an entire family of radio transmission techniques that are used to organize the distribution of radio frequency energy over a range of frequencies. subrate multiplexing The subrate multiplexing facility of CDMA allows multiple packet pipes to occupy the same facility.
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T
T1 A T1 is a four-wire voice/data trunking facility that carries 24 duplex channels over 64 Kbps time slices. TDMA (Time-Division Multiple Access) TDMA divides each carrier frequency into a number of time slots, each of which constitutes an independent telephone circuit. Current North American digital cellular systems use TDMA. TIA (Telecommunications Industries Association) The group responsible for setting telecommunications standards in the United States. trunk A facility or circuit established to interconnect two switching machines.
V
VLR (Visitor Location Register) The VLR is a database that stores the necessary information needed to handle calls while a mobile subscriber is visiting outside his home location area. The VLR can be integrated within the MSC or it can be a separate network element. vocoder (voice encoder) A vocoder is part of the 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS and is a new component necessary to support CDMA. The vocoder converts encoded compressed voice packets to Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) voice samples and back. Voice Response Functionality (VRF) VRF is part of the SMS feature for CDMA. The VRF enables the Message Center (MC) to play announcements that prompt a caller to leave a SMS message.
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Index
Index
B Numerics
3B21D processor, 9-3 5ESS-2000 switch, 8-1 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS Administrative Module, 8-4 advantages of, 8-8 Communications Module, 8-5 functions, 3-3 hardware components, 8-4 Switching Module, 8-5 5ESS-2000 Switch DCS components Packet Switching Unit (PSU), 8-6 Protocol Handler for Voice (PHV), 8-6 PSU packet bus, 8-6 Baseband Combiner Radio. See BCR B-Band Cascade Filters, 5-4 BCR, 5-8 BCR (Baseband Combiner and Radio), 4-7 BIU (Base Interface Unit), 4-7
C
call processing digital codes, 1-3 hard handoff (CDMA to analog), 7-4 required elements, 7-1 soft handoff, 7-4 softer handoff, 7-4 CCC, 5-7 CCU, 5-8, 5-12 CDMA advantages of AT&Ts product, 3-3 an analogy, 1-2 applications for the global market, 1-5 benefits to end user customers, 2-4 benefits to service providers, 2-5 call processing with digital codes, 1-3 cluster architecture, 5-7 components, 3-2 conversion from analog, 3-6 how it works, 3-3 how it works with AUTOPLEX System 1000, 3-4 modifications to AUTOPLEX System 1000 components, 3-4 more information about AT&Ts product, xxii, 3-1 soft handoff, 7-4 timing and synchronization, 4-7 why make the transition?, 2-1 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access), xx CDMA Channel Units (CCUs), 4-6 CDMA Cluster Controller (CCC), 4-5 CDMA Growth Frame, 4-1
A
ACDN (Administrative Call Processing and Database Node) tasks of the, 9-6 ACU, 5-8 ACU (Analog Conversion Unit), 4-7 Administrative Module (AM), 8-4 AIF (Antenna Interface Frame), 4-1, 5-1, 5-2, 5-5 cabinet description, 5-14 amplifiers, 5-12 transmit, 5-3 Analog Conversion Unit. See ACU analog to CDMA conversion, 3-6 traffic requirements, 3-7 AT&Ts digital cellular experience, 2-1 audience, xxi AutoPACE System, 10-4 AUTOPLEX System 1000, 5-1 history, 3-1 investment protection when upgrading to CDMA, 3-6 platform, 3-1
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CDMA industry standards, 2-6 AT&Ts support of, 2-6 CDMA Development Group (CDG), 2-7 CDMA Minicell, 4-3 CDMA Minicell Growth Cabinet, 4-3 CDN (Call Processing and Database Node), 9-5 functions, 9-5 cell definition of a, 2-1 limits to traditional growth methods, 2-3 traditional growth methods, 2-1 Cellular CDMA Minicell, 4-3 Channel Elements (CEs), 4-6 CNI/IMS ring, 9-4 ACDN, 9-6 CDN, 9-5 CSN, 9-6 DLN, 9-6 SS7 node, 9-6 Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Channel Unit. See CCU Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) Radio Complex. See CRC common access techniques, 1-1 Communications Module (CM), 8-5 components of CDMA, 3-2 DCS, 3-3 ECPC, 3-3 Series II cell site product family, 3-3 CPU (Central Processor Unit), 9-3 functions, 9-3 CRC (CDMA Radio Complex), 5-2, 5-13 CRTU (CDMA Radio Test Unit), 5-4 CSN (Cell Site Node), 9-6 CSU (Channel Services Unit), 5-3
document how to comment on, xxiv how to use this, xxi intended audience, xxi prerequisite skills and knowledge, xxi purpose of this, xx reason for reissue, xxi related customer training, xxiii
E
ECPC components 3B21D processor, 9-2 Central Processor Unit (CPU), 9-3 disk file controller, 9-4 ECPC software, 9-4 Input/Output Processor (IOP), 9-3 memory stores, 9-4 ECPC software, 9-4 capabilities, 9-4 ECPC to other vendors systems interface, 9-7 ECPC/cell interface, 9-6 ECPC/DCS interface, 9-7 equipment for CDMA cell site configuration, 4-5 Executive Cellular Processor Complex (ECPC) CDMA impact on, 9-2 description, 9-1 functions, 3-3, 9-1
F
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access), 1-1 Fiber Microcell, 4-2 filters, 5-3, 5-10 duplex, 5-6 simplex, 5-6 Filters, Cascade and Notch, 5-5 frame relay, 3-3
D
digital codes for call processing, 1-3 direct sequence spread-spectrum, 1-4 disk file controller, 9-4 DLN (Direct Link Node), 9-6
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Index
G
GPS (Global Positioning System), 4-7 receiver, 4-7 growing a cell, 2-2 growth cabinet, 5-12 Growth Cabinet, Minicell, 4-3 Growth Frame, Series II, 4-1 Growth Radio Channel Frame (G-RCF), 4-5 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communications), 1-1
N
Notch Filters, 5-4
O
OA&M AutoPACE System, 10-4 tools and test sets to support, 10-2 OA&M (Operations, Administration, and Maintenance) on the OMP, 10-2 OA&M strategy, 10-1 omni. See omnidirectional, 5-15 omnidirectional, 5-10, 5-12 configurations, 5-15 OMP (Operations and Management Platform) benefits of, 10-3 description, 10-2
H
handoff CDMA soft, 7-4 definition, 7-2 softer, 7-4 types of, 7-3 hard handoff, 7-4
I
I and Q signals, 4-7 interfaces ECPC to cell, 9-6 ECPC to DCS, 9-7 ECPC to other vendors systems, 9-7 IOP (Input/Output Processor), 9-3 functions, 9-3
P
packet pipe, 5-7 and call processing, 8-8 definition, 8-8 purpose, 8-8 packet switching frame relay, 3-3 Packet Switching Unit (PSU), 8-6 PCS CDMA minicell, 5-5 architecture, 5-7 minicell products, 5-1 system capacities, 5-15 Phase Shift Keying (PSK), 1-4 prerequisite skills and knowledge, xxi primary cabinet, 5-2 product information, xxii Protocol Handler for Asynchronous Transfer Mode
M
memory stores, 9-4 MiniAIF. See AIF, 5-14 minicell architecture, 5-7 Minicell Growth Cabinet, 4-3
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(PHA), 8-7 Protocol Handler for Voice (PHV), 8-7 Pulse Code Modulation (PCM), 3-4
T
TDM (Time Division Multiplexed) bus, 4-7 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access), 1-1 timing, 4-7 training information for customer, xxiii
R
radio frequency spectrum definition, 1-4 spread-spectrum technology, 1-4 requirements minicell facility, 5-17 RF trains, 5-10 RFTG, 5-3 RFTG (Reference Frequency and Timing Generator), 4-7 RSP (Radio Test Unit Switch Panel), 5-4, 5-5
U
Universal Fiber Microcell, 4-2
V
Vocoder, 8-7 variable rate, 8-7
S
SCT (Synchronized Clock and Tone) board, 4-7 sectors, 5-10, 5-12 configurations, 5-15, 5-16 Series II cell site description, 4-1 Series II cell site product family, 4-1 Signal Transfer Point (STP), 9-6 SIU (CSU Shelf Interface Unit), 5-3 SMR (Specialized Mobile Radio), 5-4 soft handoff, 7-4 softer handoff, 7-4 specifications, for minicells environmental, 5-11 physical, 5-17 spread-spectrum technology, 1-4 direct sequence spread-spectrum, 1-4 SS7 (Signaling System 7) node, 9-6 Switching Module (SM), 8-5
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Issue 3
AUTOPLEX System 1000 Cellular CDMA Product Overview 401-614-010 Issue 3 September 1996
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