Week01Lecture01 02

Fall 2013
OptoElectronics-01-02
8/28/2013
Instructor:
Maqsood M .Khan
Credit Hours:
3+1
Lectures:
2 per week 1.5 hrs each
Lab:
1 per week 3 hr each Conducted by Teaching Assistant
OptoElectronics-01-02 8/28/2013
Attendance:
Class policy (100%) University policy (80%)
Pre-requisite:
General Physics
Textbook:
o o
Joseph C.Palais, Fiber Optics Communications, Fifth Edition. John M.Senior, Optical Fiber Communications Principles and Practice, Third Edition. Rajiv, Kumar and Galen, Optical Networks A Practical Perspective, Third Edition
Reference Horold Kolimbiris, Fiber Optics Communications.

o
(OR any other good book available to you) OptoElectronics-01-02
8/28/2013
Assignments/Projects
10%
Quizzes: 10%
8/28/2013
Mid-Term Exam:
2 mid-term exams 15% each Week 7 and Week 12 1 Hour exam Covers preceding weeks lectures
Final Exam:
50% marks Covers ALL lectures 3 Hours exam
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Week 01
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Fiber Optics Communications Connects the World !
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Why Fiber Optics ?

This Single fiber can carry more signals then giant copper wire. It Cost Less. They carry signals much farther and the amount of signals optical fiber is almost limitless.
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What is purpose of communications system?

To transfer information from one location to another
Voice Data Video Audio Fast Accurate Secure Routable / switchable Cheap
Desirable attributes
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Components of a Telecommunications systemphysical view
Link
Source Encoder Modulator/ transmitter Cable Microwave Other wireless Light Receiver/ demodulator Decoder Receiver
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What is optical networking?

Use of optical components in place of electronic components in a network environment Most commonly, optical elements (optical fiber, optical amplifiers) are used in transmission links -Switching still done electronically
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What is optical networking? (continued)

Long-term goal is that all-optical network i.e. all switching, transmission, and routing done optically
Conversion to/from electrical signals occurs only at boundary
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How are optical networks different? Optical networks differ from conventional electronic or wired line networks
Rely upon light waves to carry data, rather than electron-based transmission in wires
Differ from conventional wireless networks

Operate at much higher frequencies Use waveguides (in the form of optical fiber) to carry the data-bearing waves.
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Optical and electronic networks

Optical fiber Modulator Optical fiber Amplifier Decoder
Optical
Input signal
Connector Light source
Optional optical amplifier
Detector
Output signal
Electricity
Light Wavelength = 800-1600 nm

T1, T45 cable T1, T45 cable CSU/DSU Optional repeater
Electricity
Electronic
CSU/DSU
Input signal
Output signal
Electricity
Modulator
Amplifier
Decoder
Wireless
Input signal
Transmitter
Receiver
Detector
Output signal
Electricity
Electromagnetic Radiation Frequency = 100 Kz to 30 GHz
Electricity
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Why optical networks?

Advantages Cost-effective bandwidth Noise isolation Security Smaller physical presence Readily up gradable
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Advantages
Cost-effective bandwidth
Above a certain threshold, price per unit of bandwidth is lower For very high bandwidths (~Gbit/second and higher) and even relatively short distances (~100 m), optical fiber is usually the only practical choice
Noise isolation
Optical fibers are not affected by electrical noise-producing sources Only in environments with high levels of radioactivity is there a potential problem
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Advantages (continued)
Greater security
Optical fiber does not emit electromagnetic radiation
Much more secure than many other types of wiring, such as category 5 untwisted pair used for Ethernet applications
Tapping optical fiber is also much more difficult
Smaller physical presence

Single optical fiber cable with a diameter of less than 6 mm can replace a bulky cable with hundreds of wires
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Disadvantages
-Technicians need to be retrained -Need to convert optical signals back to electronic signals for processing
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Fiber Optics Communications Systems
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Message Origin
May take several physical forms. All these forms should be converted to electrical forms by means of transducers. Information must be in electrical form before transmission for either electronic or optical communications.
Modulator
o Function -Converts the electrical message to proper format. - impresses this signal on to the wave generated by the carrier source. o Type - Analog -Digital o Format choice should be made very early while designing a communications systems.
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Carrier Source
Generates the waves on which the information is transmitted the wave is called a carrier wave. For the production of carrier., Laser Diode or Light emitting Diode is used (Optics Oscillators). LD and LEDs consumes moderate amount of power. Besides that they are small and light. - So it is easy to impress the information on their radiations.
Carrier Source(Continue)
Current make it possible for LED and LD to radiates power. Output power takes the shape of input current coming from modulator- Information being transmitted is contained in the variation of the optic power which is called the Intensity Modulation.
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Channel Coupler
Feeds power into the information channel just like antenna. Should efficiently transfers the modulated light beam to the fiber. Unfortunately, this process is very difficult as., -smaller size of conventional fiber -fiber captures rays with in the limited angles. Important part of the design of the fiber system.
Channel Coupler
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Information Channel
Path between transmitter and receiver. In fiber optics communications- A glass(plastic) fiber is a channel. Low attenuation and large light acceptance cone angle are desirable characteristics. Optical Amplifiers and repeaters(regenerators) are used to boost up the signal.
Information Channel
Repeaters are used for digital systems whereas Optical Amplifiers are used for both Analog and Digital Systems. Optical Amplifiers compensate only for signal attenuation where as Repeaters constitute both amplitude and wave form.
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Detector
Demodulation process(Electronic Systems) Information that is transmitted must be taken off. Optical wave is now converted to an electric current by a photo detector. Detector output current contains the message. Later the detector output current is filtered out. Light detectors are cheap, easily available, low power consumption.
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Signal Processor
Includes amplification and filtering of signals. Desired SNR should be maintained.
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Message Output
Electrical signals must be transformed to sound waves or visual image, if a person wants to hears or views the information. Suitable transducers in the above case areload speaker and cathode ray tube(Similar to the one used in T.Vs) Directly Used Electrical connector from the signal processor to succeeding system
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Optical Fiber
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Fiber optic terminology

o Wavelength : Distance over which the wave shape repeats.
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o SONET : Synchronous Optical Networka transport technology for reliably sending information over optical fiber. o Photonic: Science of Photonics include generation, emission, transmission, modulation, signal processing, detection and sensing of light. Photons have both particle and wave property. o Decibel (db): a unit of power gain or loss, relative to a source. Calculated as 10 log10 (P/Pref).

Decibels (dB): X dB is 10X/10 in linear dimension e.g. 3 dB Attenuation = 10-.3 =
0.501 oStandard logarithmic unit for the ratio of two quantities. In optical fibers, the ratio of power and represents loss or gain.
Decibels-milliwatt (dBm) : Decibel referenced to a milliwatt
X mW is 10log10(X) in dBm, Y dBm is 10Y/10 in mW. 0dBm=1mW, 17dBm = 50mW
Wavelength (): length of a wave in a particular medium. Common unit: nanometers, 10-9m (nm) Frequency (): the number of times that a wave is produced within a particular time period. Common unit: TeraHertz, 1012 cycles per second (Thz) oWavelength x frequency = Speed of light x = C
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dBm used for output power dB used for power gain or loss
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Examples
10dBm 0 dBM -3 dBm -10 dBm -30 dBm 10 mW 1 mW 500 uW 100 uW 1 uW
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Computing Power Levels in Decibels

A major part of system design involves keeping an account of the optic power along the communications links. This account is usually necessary to ensure that the wave incident on the detector has sufficient strength to be clearly and correctly recognized.
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In other instances the received power may even be too large for the receiver. The designer must be certain this does not Occur. Decibel is the convenient measure of the relative power levels in a communications systems.
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oIf power P1 is at one point of the system and P2 is some farther part of the link, then, P2/P1 is the fraction of the power transmitted between the two locations. oIt is also called the efficiency of the transmission.
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oConsider the three elements that represent a coupler from light source to a fiber, the fiber itself, and a connector. oOutput can be computed by the efficiencies of each block as .,
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Thus the total efficiency in dB is just the sum of the efficiencies of the individual cascade elements.
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Nature of Light
o Sometimes light behaves as a wave ., Sometimes light behaves as a particle.
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Wave Nature of Light

Light is an electromagnetic wave having a very high oscillation frequency and a very short wavelength. Frequencies in the infrared, visible and ultraviolet are known as optic(as well as the term light). Light waves have much higher frequencies then Radio waves, they both obey the same laws and same characteristics. All these waves have Electric as well as magnetic effect and they travel very quickly.
Wave Nature of Light

o In free space the electromagnatic wave travels with the speed of 3x108 m/s. o Wave length of a light beam is given by., = v/f where v is the beam velocity and f is the frequency. o Wave nature of light is used to analyze how optic beams travels through fibers
Particle Nature of Light

Some times light behaves as if they are made of very small particles called Photons. Energy of single photon is given by., Wp= hf where h = 6.626 x 10-34 J x s and is called Plancks Constant Particle theory explains generation of light by sources such as LEDs, Lasers and Laser Diodes. Particle theory also explains detection of light by conversion of optic radiation to electric current.
Advantages of Fibers
Basic material for glass fibers are silicon dioxide or transparent plastic, both of which is plentiful and readily available. Comparison with other medium is made in cost/information transfer. One fiber cable develop for telephone application has more then 4 times the data carrying capacity as compared to the twisted pair cable.
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Advantages of Fibers
Fibers are easy to transport and easy to install due to its smaller weight and size. Current can not flow through fibers so fibers have excellent rejection of radio frequency interference (RFI) and of Electromagnetic Interference(EMI). Fiber offers a degree of security and privacy. Fiber can withstand with extreme temperature (800 Celsius leaves the fiber unaffected).
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Fall 2013

Reference Horold Kolimbiris, Fiber Optics Communications.

(OR any other good book available to you) OptoElectronics-01-02

Fiber Optics Communications Connects the World !

Why Fiber Optics ?

What is purpose of communications system?

Components of a Telecommunications systemphysical view

What is optical networking?

What is optical networking? (continued)

Differ from conventional wireless networks

Optical and electronic networks

Connector Light source

Optional optical amplifier

Light Wavelength = 800-1600 nm

Electromagnetic Radiation Frequency = 100 Kz to 30 GHz

Why optical networks?

Tapping optical fiber is also much more difficult

Smaller physical presence

Fiber Optics Communications Systems

Fiber optic terminology

Fiber optic terminology

Fiber optic terminology

Decibels-milliwatt (dBm) : Decibel referenced to a milliwatt

X mW is 10log10(X) in dBm, Y dBm is 10Y/10 in mW. 0dBm=1mW, 17dBm = 50mW

Computing Power Levels in Decibels

Computing Power Levels in Decibels

Computing Power Levels in Decibels

Computing Power Levels in Decibels

Computing Power Levels in Decibels

o Sometimes light behaves as a wave ., Sometimes light behaves as a particle.

Wave Nature of Light

Wave Nature of Light

Particle Nature of Light

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