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Vector - quantity with both magnitude (size) and direction Scalar - quantity with magnitude only

Vectors:

Displacement Velocity Acceleration Momentum Force

Scalars:

Distance Speed Time Mass

Energy

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Position (x) where a particle/object is located Position is represented in a coordinate system as a point relative to the point of reference Example:
(3) (4,7) (5,6,-9) (10,30O,10O) (40,30O,-10)

Find the cylindrical coordinates of the point whose Cartesian coordinates are (1, 2, 3)

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Find the Cartesian coordinates of the point whose cylindrical coordinates are (2, /4, 3)

Distance (d ) how far you have traveled, regardless of direction Displacement (x) where you are in relation to where you started (point of origin)
You drive the path, and your odometer goes up by 8 Km Walking path from Physics building to Faculty building

Displacement is the shorter directed distance from start to stop (green arrow). When you walk around a circle and coming back to your initial position where you start to walk, your displacement is 0, no matter what is your path.

start

stop

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Speed is a scalar (how fast something is moving regardless of its direction). Ex: v = 20 mph Speed is the magnitude of velocity. Velocity is a combination of speed and direction. Ex: v = 20 mph at 15 south of west The symbol for speed is v. The symbol for velocity is type written in bold: v or hand written with an arrow: v

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During your 8 mi. trip, which took 15 min., your speedometer displays your instantaneous speed, which varies throughout the trip. Your average speed is 32 mi/hr. Your average velocity is 32 mi/hr in a SE direction. At any point in time, your velocity vector points tangent to your path. The faster you go, the longer your velocity vector.

constant, rightward (+) velocity of +10 m/s

a rightward (+), changing velocity - that is, a car that is moving rightward but speeding up or accelerating

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constant, rightward (+) velocity of +10 m/s

a rightward (+), changing velocity - that is, a car that is moving rightward but speeding up or accelerating

Position in Cartesian coordinates system can be written in a form of

yy zz r xx

The velocity ifs found by differentiating a position vector:

dr x x y y z z r dt vy y vz z v vx x v

The acceleration is found by differentiating the position vector twice dr

a d dv d 2r x y z dt 2 r x y z dt dt dt

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dr dt

As the coordinate r changes from time t1 to time t2= t1 + t, the unit vector changes by: Recall: arc length = rq 1 In this case, q =D and r = r r

r r

t or, after taking the limit as t We can rewrite t , hence r approaches zero, dr dt d , so the components of v Thus, our first derivative is v r rr r r r dt ; v r r are v r

Now we need to take another derivative to get d d d r v r r a r r dt dt dt unit vector, for which we use This is going to involve a time derivative of the much the same procedure as before. r r unit vector is perpendicular to the r unit vector, we Since the have the same geometry as before. is now in the r direction, and its length is again The change t, so finally we have: d r r dt

d dt

term-by-term derivative to get d dr r d r r r r r a r rr dt dt dt

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Starting from the expression on the previous slide:

d dr d r r r r r r r rr dt dt dt and our expressions for the unit vector derivatives: dr dt we have finally: r r r 2 r r a rr a

2 r 2r r r r

d r dt

Admittedly this looks a little complicated, so lets look at some special cases: 2 r r 2 r r = constant (i.e. ball on a string): r r a r 2 2 Here, ar r v / r is the centripetal acceleration and a r is any
angular acceleration which may impose in swinging the stone.

Cars traveling along a clover-leaf interchange experience an acceleration due to a change in speed as well as due to a change in direction of the velocity.

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There are some special cases of motion to consider.

1) The particle moves along a straight line. . r => an = v2/r = 0 => a = at = v

The tangential component represents the time rate of change in the magnitude of the velocity.

2) The particle moves along a curve at constant speed. . at = v = 0 => a = an = v2/r

The normal component represents the time rate of change in the direction of the velocity.

3) The tangential component of acceleration is constant, at = (at)c. In this case, s = so + vot + (1/2)(at)ct2 v = vo + (at)ct v2 = (vo)2 + 2(at)c(s so) As before, so and vo are the initial position and velocity of the particle at t = 0.

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