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The University of Sydney MATH1902 Linear Algebra (Advanced) Semester 1 Assignment SOLUTIONS (due in Week 9) 2013

This assignment is due by 4:00 pm, Thursday 9 May. Your assignment should be posted in the locked collection boxes at the western end of the verandah (closest to Eastern Avenue) on Carslaw Level 3. Please do not post your assignment before the due date since the boxes are also used for the collection of assignments in other units. Your assignment should be stapled inside a manila folder, on the front of which you should write the initial of your family name as a LARGE letter, and a cover sheet signed and attached. The cover sheet may be downloaded from the MATH1902 website. Assignments without a cover sheet may not be marked. This assignment is worth 10 per cent of your assessment for MATH1902. There are three questions worth a total of 30 marks, and the breakdown of marks is indicated. 1. a) The right hand side of the cartesian equation of a plane is determined by the 6. Hence the components of n . With OQ = i the left hand side is n OQ = equation is 6x 2y z = 6. The length of n is 6 + 2 + 1 = 3, so that the distance given by the formula d = |n OQ|/|n| is d = 6/3 = 2/3. b) Notice that a , b , c are the components of a unit normal vector n = a i + b j + c k where |n| = 1. A point on the plane is say Q(0, 0, e ) (any point works, but there c e are three simple choices) so that OQ = c k. Now computing the distance gives d = n e k/1 = e . c where c) In the general formula the point P is now the origin O, hence OR = OO dn d = e is the distance (using part (b)), and in our case n = a i + b j + c k already is a unit vector. The plus sign (replacing ) is correct since n OQ = e from part (b) and e 0 by assumption. Hence OR = e n = e a i + e b j + e c k. d) When the plain contains the origin we have e = 0. Now there are two equations for the same plane since we can multiply the equation by -1, corresponding to changing the direction of the normal vector. If the origin is not contained in the plane we have e > 0, so we cannot multiply the equation by 1. The unit normal is now uniquely xed by requiring it to point from the origin towards the plane (see part (c)). (2 + 3 + 3 + 2 = 10 marks)

PTO

2. a) We start with the property (4) to get the length |v| = v v. Using the distributive law (2) we can multiply out v v to get a total of 16 terms. Each term involves the dot product of two of basis vectors. We can move the scalars into a single factor in front of each dot product, using rule (3) and (1). It is given that any two of the basis vectors are perpendicular with (5) this implies i j = 0 etc., hence the only nonzero terms are those with i i etc., and therefore v v = 2 i i + 2 j j + 2 k k + 2 l l. Since the basis vectors are unit vectors, |i| = 1 etc., using (4) each of the four nonzero dot products gives 1, and therefore |v| = 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 . b) We need to show that 1 a + 2 b + 3 c = 0 (*) implies that 1 = 2 = 3 = 0. We are given that a b = 0, a c = 0, b c = 0 (mutually perpendicular), and that |a| > 0, |b| > 0, |c| > 0 (nonzero). To exploit the given information that vectors are perpendicular we take dot products of a, b, c with the whole equation (*). With a we nd 1 a a + 2 a b + 3 a c = 0, hence 1 |a|2 = 0. Since a is nonzero we have that its length is nonzero so we can divide through and nd 1 = 0. The last steps work similarly for the dot product of (*) with b and c, so altogether 1 = 2 = 3 = 0. Hence the vectors are linearly independent. (6 + 4 = 10 marks) 3. a) The given side of the triangle has length |i| = 1, so we require |u 0| = 1 and 2 2 |u i| = 1, which implies 2 + 2 = 1 and ( 1) + = 1. Subtracting the equations gives = 1/2 and requiring > 0 gives = 3/2. b) We need to verify dierence of v to each of 0, i, u (from part (a)) has unit that 2 2 2 length: (1/2) + (1/ 12) + ( 2/3) = 1, (1 1/2) = 1/2 and so the second is the 2 same as the rst, (1/2 1/2) + (1/ 12 3/2)2 + ( 2/3)2 = 1. c) The face that does not contain the origin is the equilateral triangle with vertices with position vectors i, u (part (a)) and v (part (b)). So we need to nd the normal vector of the plane through these vertices, say n = (v i) (u i) = 1/2i + 1/6j + 1/12k. This normal is parallel to the one given in part (1a), and both planes contain the point (1, 0, 0), so it is the same plane. (Other answers are possible, in particular one could use the normal form of the cartesian equation given in (1b) to establish that the planes are the same.) d) We require the dierence of w to each of 0, i, u, v to have length 1. This gives 4 equations for the 4 unknown components of w: 2 + 2 + 2 + 2 = 1, (1) 2 2 2 2 ( 1) + + + = 1, (2) 2 2 2 2 ( 1/2) + ( 3/2) + + = 1, (3) 2 2 2 2 ( 1/2) + ( 1/ 12) + ( 2/3) + = 1. (4) Now (6) (7) gives = 1/2, then (7) (8) gives = 1/ 12,2 then (8) (9) gives = 1/ 24 and nally any of the 4 equations then determines = 5/8 and choosing the positive root gives the nal answer. You may be interested to know that if one does this in n-dimensional space, then the position vector of the n + 1st vertex of the regular n-simplex in n dimensions has components 1/ 2i(i + 1), i = 1, ..., n 1 and last component (n + 1)/(2n). (3 + 2 + 2 + 3 = 10 marks)

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