Table Beaufort Scale of Wind Force Probable height of waves in metres* 0.1 0.2 0.6 1.0 2.0 3.

0 4.0 5.5 7.0 9.0 Probable maximum height of waves in metres * 0.1 0.3 1.0 9.5 2.5 4-0 5.5 7.5 10.0 12.5 Limits of Average Velocity in Velocity in knots knots Measured at a height of 10 m above sea level Less than 1 1 to 3 4 to 6 7 to 10 11 to 16 17 to 21 22 to 27 28 to 33 34 to 40 41 to 47 48 to 55 0 2 5 9 93 19 24 30 37 44 52 5.0 11.5 16.0 56 to 63 6o 6.7 14 or over Equivalent Pressure in mb

Beaufort Number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

General Description Calm Light air Light breeze Gentle breeze Moderate breeze Fresh breeze Strong breeze Near gale Gale Strong gale Storm

Beaufort's Criterion

Sea Criterion

Calm. Just sufficient to give steerage way. That in which a well-conditioned 1 to 2 knots man-of-war with all sail set and 'clean full would go in smooth 3 to 4 knots. water 5 to 6 knots. Royals, etc. Single-reefed topsails and topgallant sails. That to which she could just carry in chase 'full and by' Double-reefed topsails, jib, etc. Triple-reefed topsails, etc. Close-reefed topsails and and counes.

Sea like a mirror. Ripples with the appearance of scales are formed without foam crests. Small wavelets, still short but more pronounced Crests have a glassy appearance and do not break Large wavelets, still short but more pronounced. Foam of glassy appearance. Perhaps scattered white horses. Small waves, becoming longer; fairly frequent white horses. Moderate waves, taking a more pronounced long form; many white hones are formed. Chance of some spray. Large waves begin to form; the white foam crests are more extensive everywhere. Probably some spray. Sea heap* up and white foam from breaking waves b" to be blown in streaks along the direction of the wind. Moderately high waves of greater length; edges of cmts begin to break into the spindrift.The foam is blown in well-m%rL-ed streaks along the direction of the wind. High waves. Dense streaks of foam along the direction of the wind. Crests of waves begin to topple, tumble and roll over. Spray may affect visibility. Very high waves with long overhanging crests.17he resulting foam in great patches is blown in dense white streaks along the direction of the wind. On the whole the surface takes on a white appearance. The tumbling of the sea becomes heavy and shocklike. Visibility affected. Exceptionally high waves (small and medium- sized ships might be for a time lost to view behind waves). The sea is completely covered with long white patches of foam lymg along the direction of the wind. Everywhere the edges of the wave crests; are blown into froth. Visibility allected. The air is filled with foam and spray. Sea completely white with driving spray; visibility very seriously affected.

0 0.01 0.04 0.13 0.32 0.62 1.1 1.7 2.6 3.7

That which she could scarcely bear with close-reefed main topsail and reefed foresail.

11

Violent storm

That which would reduce her to storm

12

Hurricane

That which no canvas could with-stand.

64 and over

>7.7

* These columns are added as a guide to show roughly what may be expected in the open sea, remote from land. In enclosed wai T rs, or when near land with an off-shore wind, wave heights will be smaller and the waves steeper. Nom-(a It must be realized that it will be difficult at night to estimate wind force by the sea criterion. li~ The lag effict between the wind getting up and the sea increasing should be borne in mind. ~c) Fetch, depth, swell, heavy rain and tide effects should be considered when estimating the wind force from the appearance of the sea.