18.

Formulas and Constants|

18. FORMULAS AND CONSTANTS

18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 Electrical Properties of Circuits Resistance and Weight of Conductors Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits Series and Parallel Connections Engineering Notation Diameter of Multiconductor Cables Determination of Largest Possible Conductor in Cable Interstices Conductor Diameter from Wire Diameter Coaxial Capacitance
296 297 297 298 298 299 300 300 301 301

18.10 Inductive Reactance

| 295

|18. Formulas and Constants

18.1 ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF CIRCUITS

Table 18.1Electrical Properties of Circuits
Alternating Current Desired Data Single Phase Three Phase Direct Current

Kilowatts (kw)

I V cos 1,000

1.73 I V cos 1,000

IV 1,000

Kilovolt-amperes (kVA)

IV 1,000

1.73 I V 1,000

IV 1,000

Horsepower output

I V cos Eff. 746

1.73 I V cos Eff. 746

I V Eff. 746

Amperes (I) when horsepower is known Amperes (I) when kilowatts are known Amperes (I) when kilovolt-amperes are known cos Power factor of load (pf) V Volts between conductors Eff. Efficiency of motor I Current (amperes) kw Kilowatts kVA Kilovoltamperes hp Horsepower

hp 746 V cos Eff.

hp 746 1.73 V cos Eff.

hp 746 V Eff.

kw 1,000 V cos

kw 1,000 1.73 V cos

kw 1,000 V

kVA 1,000 V

kVA 1,000 1.73 V

kVA 1,000 V

296 |

18. Formulas and Constants|

18.2 RESISTANCE AND WEIGHT OF CONDUCTORS

The resistance and weight of any uncoated copper wire at 20C (68F) having a conductivity of 100 percent IACS may be calculated from the following formulas: Ohms per 1,000 feet Pounds per 1,000 feet 0.0081455 10371.176 or Cross-sectional area in sq. in. Cross-sectional area in cmils

Area in sq. in. 3,854.09 or area in cmils 0.0030269

18.3 RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE IN AC CIRCUITS

Table 18.2Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in AC Circuits
If Circuit Contains Reactance Impedance V for Current I Power Factor

Resistance (R) Only

IR

Inductance (L) Only

2fL

2fL

I2fL

Capacitance (C) Only

1 2fC

1 2fC

1 1 2fC

Resistance and Inductance in Series (R and L) Resistance and Capacitance in Series (R and C) Resistance, Inductance and Capacitance in Series (R, L and C) V Voltage in volts R Resistance in ohms

2fL

R 2 (2fL)2

2 I R 2 (2fL)

R R 2 (2fL)2

1 2fC

1 2fL 2fC

( )
R2 + 1 2fC
2

1 2fL 2fC

)
2

( ) ( )
R
2

( )
R2 + 1 2fC
2

( )
R
R2 + 1 2fC
2

R2 + 2fL

1 2fC

R2 + 2fL

1 2fC

I Current in amperes C Capacitance in farads

L Inductance in henries 3.1416

f Frequency in cycles per second

| 297

|18. Formulas and Constants

18.4 SERIES AND PARALLEL CONNECTIONS

Table 18.3Series and Parallel Connections
Resistance (R) Inductance (L) Capacitance (C)

Series

R R1 R2 R3 +

L L1 L2 L3 +

1 1 1 1 __ __ __ __ C1 C2 C3 C C C1 C2 C3 +

Parallel

1 1 1 1 __ __ __ __ R R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1 __ __ __ __ L L1 L2 L3

18.5 ENGINEERING NOTATION

Table 18.4Engineering Notation
Multiplying Factor Prefix Symbol Scientific Conventional
12

tera giga mega kilo hecto deca deci centi milli micro nano pico femto atto

T G M k h da d c m n p f a

10 109 106 10 102 101

3

1,000,000,000,000 1,000,000,000 1,000,000 1,000 100 10 0.1 0.01 0.001 0.000001 0.000000001 0.000000000001 0.000000000000001 0.000000000000000001

10-1 10-2 10-3 10 10-9 10-12 10-15 10-18

-6

298 |

18. Formulas and Constants|

Table 18.5Engineering Notation e 2.7183 3.1416 2 1.4142 3 1.7321 /4 0.7854 1/C one conductor 3/C three conductor greater than less than or equal to less than greater than or equal to

18.6 DIAMETER OF MULTICONDUCTOR CABLES

To calculate the overall diameter of a group of round conductors of uniform diameters twisted together, multipy the diameter of an individual conductor by the applicable factor below. Table 18.6Diameter of Multiconductor Cables
Number of Conductors Factor

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

1.000 2.000 2.155 2.414 2.700 3.000 3.000 3.310 3.610

| 299

|18. Formulas and Constants

18.7 DETERMINATION OF LARGEST POSSIBLE CONDUCTOR IN CABLE INTERSTICES

The following factors permit the calculation of the maximum size conductor that will fit into the interstices (open spaces) of various conductor configurations, while keeping within a circumscribing circle. Multiply the diameter of one main conductor by the factor from the chart below to obtain the largest diameter that will fit into the interstices. Table 18.7Determination of Largest Possible Conductor in Cable Interstices
Number of Conductors Factor

2 3 4 5 6

0.667 0.483 0.414 0.377 0.354

18.8 CONDUCTOR DIAMETER FROM WIRE DIAMETER

To calculate the nominal diameter of any concentric-lay-stranded conductor made from round wires of uniform diameters, multiply the diameter of an individual wire by the applicable factor below: Table 18.8Concentric Stranded Conductor Diameter from Wire Diameter
Number of Wires in Conductor Factor to Calculate Conductor Diameter

3 7 12 19 37 61 91 127 169 217 271

2.155 3.000 4.155 5.000 7.000 9.000 11.00 13.00 15.00 17.00 19.00

1.332 No. of Wires For a greater number of wires use the formula: Conductor Diameter Wire Diameter

300 |

18. Formulas and Constants|

18.9 COAXIAL CAPACITANCE

C 7.354e Log (1 + 2t/d)
10

Where: C is capacitance in picofarads per foot e is the dielectric constant (also known as SIC) t is insulation thickness in mils d is diameter over the conductor (diameter under the insulation) in mils Other forms of this equation include: C 1 0.0169e D Ln d

()

or C 2 0.0556e D Ln d

()

Where: C is capacitance in microfarads per 1,000 ft. 1 C is capacitance in microfarads per kilometer 2 e is the dielectric constant D is diameter over the insulation d is diameter under the insulation

18.10 INDUCTIVE REACTANCE

The inductive reactance of a shielded 3-conductor medium-voltage power cable at 60 Hz can be calculated with the following formulas: XL 0.023 Ln or XL 0.0754 Ln ohms/km ( GMD GMR ) ohms/1,000 ft. ( GMD GMR )

Where: GMD geometric mean distance (equivalent conductor spacing) GMR geometric mean radius of conductor For conductors in a triplexed configuration, GMD is equal to the center-to-center spacing. For round, concentric stranded conductors, GMR ranges from 0.363d for a 7-wire strand up to 0.386d for a 61-wire strand where d is the diameter of the conductor.

| 301