BilianaMihaylova

14.FachtagungoftheIGGesellschaft
UniversityofCopenhagen
September19,2012
bilydim@gmail.com
ThePre ThePre ThePre ThePre- -- -GreekSubstratumRevisited GreekSubstratumRevisited GreekSubstratumRevisited GreekSubstratumRevisited
0. 0. 0. 0. Introduction Introduction Introduction Introduction
1. Questions closely related to the problem of the Pre-Greek Substratum without
unambiguousanswer:
TheproblemofthepopulationofNeolithicEuropeandrespectivelyoftheBalkans
TheproblemoftheethnogenesisandthehomelandoftheIndo-Europeans
TheproblemoftheethnogenesisofthePaleo-Balkanpeoples

No written testimonies, neither sure archeological data => => => => every theory regarding the
Pre-Greeksubstratumismoreorlessaspeculation.

2. In the 1930s and the 1940s Vladimir Georgiev (1941, 1981) analyzed a number of
words from the Greek vocabulary that could not be explained by the rules of the Greek
historical phonetics and compared them to cognates from other Indo-European languages.
On the basis of several etymologies he established the phonetic laws of an unattested
languageandcontinuedtoincreaseitslexicalcorpus.
3.IntherecentyearsR.S.P.Beekes(2009,2010), followingKuiperandFurne,triesto
prove the existence of non-Indo-European substratum. The reconstruction of an unknown
non-Indo-European substratum language (languages) must be taken into consideration,
because it allows the explanation of a very large corpus of words without etymology.
However,thereconstructionofanunknownlanguagefamilyseemsmuchmorehypothetical
than the reconstruction of Georgievs Pre-Greek language which has a rich base of
comparison.
4. Even if we accept a non-Indo-European layer in Greece and in all Europe, this does
notcontradicttheideathatIndo-EuropeantribesinhabitedtheareaoftheBalkanPeninsula
and the Aegean islands before the first Greeks. There is a group of words sharing a set of
commonphoneticdevelopmentsandshowinganIndo-Europeanpatternofwordformation.
For the moment the best explanation for them remains within the framework of Georgievs
theory.

I.Themai Themai Themai ThemainphoneticfeaturesofthePre nphoneticfeaturesofthePre nphoneticfeaturesofthePre nphoneticfeaturesofthePre- -- -Greeklanguage Greeklanguage Greeklanguage Greeklanguage:

IE*o *o *o *o>P.Gk.a aa a
IE* ,* ,* ,* ,* ,* ,* ,* ,* ,* ,* ,* ,* >P.Gk.ur/or,ul/ol,um/om,ur/ol ur/or,ul/ol,um/om,ur/ol ur/or,ul/ol,um/om,ur/ol ur/or,ul/ol,um/om,ur/ol
ActionofGrassmanns Grassmanns Grassmanns GrassmannsLaw Law Law Law
Consonantshift Consonantshift Consonantshift ConsonantshiftposteriortoGrassmannsLaw(MA>M,M>T,T>TA)
PreservationoftheIE*s PreservationoftheIE*s PreservationoftheIE*s PreservationoftheIE*sininitialpositionbeforeavowelandinintervocalic
position
IE*sw sw sw swbeforevowel>P.Gk.s ss s
Palatalization Palatalization Palatalization Palatalizationofthevelarsinpositionbeforeafrontvowel
Delabialization Delabialization Delabialization Delabializationofthelabiovelars
?IE*ey *ey *ey *ey>

Notes:
1.Somefluctuations,asforexamplebetweenthevowels u/ u/ u/ u/o oo o, ,, ,areduetothefactthat
foreign phonemes which didnt have exact Greek correspondence are transmitted with
Greekscript.
2.Pre-GreekstemscouldbeadaptedinGreekwithGreekorgrecizedsuffixes.
3.InmanycasesitisdifficulttodistinguishthePre-Greekwordsfromtheborrowings
from other Paleo-Balkan languages like Thracian, Phrygian or Macedonian. The difference
between the Pre-Greek language and the Thracian consists in one single phonetic feature:
the action of Grassmanns Law which is regular development in Pre-Greek, while the
deaspirationinThracian islateand occurssubsequentto the consonant shift,cf.Pre-Greek
upyo upyo upyo upyo, Hrpyoo Hrpyoo Hrpyoo Hrpyoo < *burg *burg *burg *burg
h hh h
- -- -, *berg *berg *berg *berg
h hh h
- -- - < *b *b *b *b
h hh h
g gg g
h hh h
-, * ** *b bb b
h hh h
erg erg erg erg
h hh h
- -- - vs. Thrac. Brpy Brpy Brpy Brpy- -- - in Brpyouq Brpyouq Brpyouq Brpyouq,
Brpyro Brpyro Brpyro Brpyro<*b *b *b *b
h hh h
erg erg erg erg
h hh h
- -- -.
4. The chronological framework: the Pre-Greek borrowings postdate the weakening of
IE *s *s *s *s > h hh h (which is a pre-Mycenaean phenomenon). We could suppose that Grassmanns
Law still operated in Greek as it took place in Pre-Greek tou tou tou tou swift, quick < *t *t *t *t
h hh h
ak ak ak ak
h hh h
u uu u- -- -
from IE *toku *toku *toku *toku- -- -. The comparative degree 0ooov 0ooov 0ooov 0ooov preserved the aspirate and this is a clear
indicationthatthedeaspirationoccurredonGreekground.Therearesomeindicationsthat
GrassmannslawpostdatestheMyceaneanperiod(Ruijgh1967:44-46).

II II II II.L .L .L .List ist ist istofthemostprobablePre ofthemostprobablePre ofthemostprobablePre ofthemostprobablePre- -- -Greek Greek Greek GreekwordsofIndo wordsofIndo wordsofIndo wordsofIndo- -- -Europeanorigin Europeanorigin Europeanorigin Europeanorigin
Criteria:
Presenceofphoneticfeature(s)ofthePre-Greeklanguage
ReliablecognatesintheotherIElanguages
IEpatternofwordformation

Notincludedinthislist:onomasticelements,phytonymsandwordscontainingsuffixeswhich
areusuallyclaimedtobePre-Greekas-v0 v0 v0 v0-,-oo oo oo oo-,-yy yy yy yy-,etc.Thesecondaryproductivityofthe
suffixesincreasesthechanceorrootetymology.

orr orr orr orrrryou.Hesych.

Prefix *ad *ad *ad *ad+ rr rr rr rr, , , , exactcorrespondencetotheGreekimperative 0rr 0rr 0rr 0rr <IE root *d *d *d *dew ew ew ew- -- -run,
flow.Lat.accur accur accur accurro ro ro rotoruntoaplacerepresentsaparallelstructurecontainingprefixad ad ad ad- -- -.
Fromthesameroot,butwithzerogradeisderiveduov uov uov uovxpvqv.Hesych.<*d *d *d *du(w) u(w) u(w) u(w)- -- -eh eh eh eh
2 22 2
,cf.
Skt.dhvat dhvat dhvat dhvat runs,flows,OHG.tau tau tau tau, ,, ,Germ.Tau Tau Tau Tau, , , ,OE.deaw deaw deaw deawdew,E.dew dew dew dew.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures Greekfeatures Greekfeatures Greekfeatures:consonantshift*d *d *d *d
h hh h
>*d *d *d *d,theprefixad ad ad ad- -- -(onthisprefixinPre-Greeksee
Hamp1985,1989).

opv opv opv opv m.crestofahill, opq opq opq opqf.raisededgeorprotuberance<* ** *h hh he e e en nn nb bb b

h hh h
- -- - n nn n, , , , * ** *h hh h e ee en nn nb bb b
h hh h
- -- -eh eh eh eh
2 22 2
,cf.
OHG. amban amban amban amban, , , , ambon ambon ambon ambonbelly<* ** *h hh he e e en nn nb bb b
h hh h
- -- -n nn n- -- -, , , , Lat. umb, umb, umb, umb, - -- -nis nis nis nisboss(ofashield;protuberance)
<* ** *h hh h b bb b
h hh h
- -- -n nn n- -- -withbasicmeaningprotuberance;
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greek Greek Greek Greekfeatures: features: features: features:IE* ** *o oo o>P.Gk.*a aa a; ;; ;IE*b bb b
h hh h
>P.Gk.b bb b.

or or or or o o o oooto. Hesych.
or or or or o o o o < * ** *h hh h
2 22 2
em em em em- -- -es es es es- -- - or * ** *h hh h
2 22 2
om om om om- -- -es es es es- -- -. Exact correspondence is Lat. umerus umerus umerus umerus shoulder, cf. also
Skt. am am am am a aa a, Gk. o o o o<* ** *h hh h
2 22 2
om om om om- -- -s ss s- -- -o oo o- -- -, , , , Toch. A es es es es, B ntse ntse ntse ntse. Most likely a dual form (Georgiev
1950:48)withlocativeending*(h *(h *(h *(h
1 11 1
)ow )ow )ow )ow(ontheendingseeBeekes2011:216). .. .
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greek Greek Greek Greekfeatures features features features: :: :Preservationofintervocalic*s *s *s *s;(?) ;(?) ;(?) ;(?)IE IE IE IE* ** *o oo o>P PP P. .. .Gk Gk Gk Gk. .. .* ** *a aa a. .. .

oppov oppov oppov oppovroto, opoov, ropov. Hesych.;oppox oppox oppox oppoxoyox.Hes.,cf.Skt. rbha rbha rbha rbha-
little,arbhak arbhak arbhak arbhak -little,weak,young,inchildhoodage,Gk.opovo opovo opovo opovoorphan,etc.fromIE
* ** *h hh h
3 33 3
erb erb erb erb
h hh h
- -- -;
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greek Greek Greek Greekfeatures features features features:IE*o oo o>P.Gk.*a aa a; ;; ;IE*b bb b
h hh h
>PGk.b bb b.

oo oo oo oo slime,mud(Hom.),o oo o o o o oxov.Hes.FromIE*wos wos wos wos-wetattestedinOE.waso waso waso waso,

OHG.waso, waso, waso, waso,MLG.wase wase wase wasemud.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:IE*o oo o>PGk.*a aa a; ;; ;Preservationofintervocalic*s. *s. *s. *s.

otrp otrp otrp otrp maltreat,pass.tobebereftorcheatedofathing.

Fromthenasalized formof theIEroot *d *d *d *d
h hh h
eb eb eb eb
h hh h
- damage,diminish;cheat prefixedwith ad ad ad ad- -- -,
cf.Hitt. tepnuzi tepnuzi tepnuzi tepnuzidiminish,Skt. dabhnti dabhnti dabhnti dabhntihurt,injure,deceive,abandon.If *d *d *d *d
h hh h
emb emb emb emb
h hh h
- -- -(LIV
2

144)is aseparateroot, itisalso attested intheVedic causative dambhyati dambhyati dambhyati dambhyati to destroy and
Khwarezmiandnby dnby dnby dnby- -- -beat.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:Grassmannslaw;consonantshift*d dd d>t tt t,*b *b *b *b
h hh h
>b bb b;theprefixad ad ad ad- -- -.

ovq ovq ovq ovq chaff;foam,froth, oupov , oupov , oupov , oupov chaff, , , , perhapsalsoo o o op, p, p, p, - -- -opo opo opo opo scurf,dandriff
Ancient heteroclite formations from the root *h *h *h *hek ek ek ek- -- - shapr, stone (Hamp 1983), cf. Gk.
oxovo oxovo oxovo oxovopine-thistle,oxovo oxovo oxovo oxovospike,prick,goad,Lat.agna agna agna agna<*ac ac ac ac- -- -na na na naanearofgrain,Got.
ahana ahana ahana ahanachaff,lit.asns asns asns asns, nis nis nis nisgrowthofaplant,Czechosina osina osina osina,S.-Cr.o oo osje sje sje sjeawn.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:IE*o oo o>P.Gk.*a aa a;consonantshiftIE*k IE*k IE*k IE*k>P.Gk.k kk k
h hh h
.

poo poo poo poo spotted,dappled,Bo Bo Bo Bo o o o o nameofoneofAchilleshorses.

Cognate with Greek oo oo oo oo , ,, , oqpo oqpo oqpo oqpo , , , , oo oo oo oo po po po po , oo , oo , oo , oo white, with white spots formed
from the zero grade of the root * ** *b bb b elh elh elh elh
2 22 2
- -- - white, shine. Most likely poo poo poo poo and oo oo oo oo are
formedwiththesamesuffix-iwo iwo iwo iwo-asoo oo oo oo grey,grizzled,grisly(cf.Myc.po po po po- -- -ri ri ri ri- -- -wa wa wa wa). Greek
oo oo oo oo goes back to *b *b *b *b
h hh h
h hh h
2 22 2
- -- -iwo iwo iwo iwo- -- -s ss s, while poo poo poo poo is formed with o-grade of the root like
oo oo oo oo . . . .
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:IE*o>a, *o>a, *o>a, *o>a,consonantshift*b *b *b *b
h hh h
>b. >b. >b. >b.

puo puo puo puoopo tvr opqotv, opo Aoxo.Hesych.
Exact correspondence to Gk. oxo oxo oxo oxoq rorvq r tov Aovuoov, tou oou
oorvou. Hesych., both from IE *b *b *b *b n nn niko iko iko iko- -- -, cf. also Gk. o o o oo o o o membrum virile <
*b *b *b *b nos nos nos nosfromtheIEroot*b *b *b *b
h hh h
el el el el- -- -toswell.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greek Greek Greek Greekfeatures: features: features: features:IE* >PGk.*u uu u; ;; ;consonantshift*b bb b
h hh h
>P.Gk.b bb b.

rtvo rtvo rtvo rtvo n.thicksoupmadewithpeaseorbeans<* ** *h hh h

1 11 1
d dd d- -- -n nn n- -- -es es es es- -- -fromtheroot*h *h *h *h
1 11 1
ed ed ed ed- -- -eatwith
thesamesuffixasinxtqvo xtqvo xtqvo xtqvo (Chantraine1979:420);
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeature Greekfeature Greekfeature Greekfeature:IE*d *d *d *d>*t *t *t *t

0o 0o 0o 0o oo oo oo oo an inner room or chamber; store-room; the lowest, darkest part of the ship <
*tolh *tolh *tolh *tolh
2 22 2
- -- -mo mo mo mo- -- -s ss sfromtheIEroot*telh *telh *telh *telh
2 22 2
- -- -flatsurface,ground,support.Thebasicmeaningofthe
Pre-Greekformisperhapsbasement,groundfloorroom.
Cognate with Skt. tala tala tala tala- -- - surface, bottom, Gk. trov trov trov trov broad strap or band for bearing or
supporting anything, Lat. tellus tellus tellus tellus earth, Icel. el el el el ground, floor, Lith. tltas tltas tltas tltas bridge, OPr.
talus talus talus talusground,floor,OBg. ground,Russ. ceiling.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:IE*o *o *o *o>PGk.a .a .a .a,consonantshiftIE*t *t *t *t>PGk.t tt t
h hh h
.

xxu xxu xxu xxu, -uo f. strength, vigour (Hom.) < *g *g *g *g ih ih ih ih

3 33 3
g gg g
( (( (w ww w) )) )
o oo o- -- -, cf. the Germanic formations
*kwikwa *kwikwa *kwikwa *kwikwaz zz zalive:OE.cwic cwic cwic cwic,OIcel. kvikr kvikr kvikr kvikr,kykr kykr kykr kykr,Germ. keck keck keck keckbold,etc.vs.Goth. qiu qiu qiu qius ss salive<
*g *g *g *g ih ih ih ih
3 33 3
wo wo wo wo- -- -. .. .
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:delabializationofIE* ** *g gg g ,consonantshift* ** *g gg g>k >k >k >k.

o oo o ppo ppo ppo ppo storm of rain, thunder-storm from IE * b bb b
h hh h
- -- -ro ro ro ro- -- -. Exact correspondences are Lat.
imber imber imber imber rain,heavyorviolent rain,arain-storm, shower ofrain,pelting orpouringrain,Skt.
abhr abhr abhr abhr- -- -cloud,Av.ara ara ara ara-rain,raincloudandperhapsGk.opo opo opo opo foam,ofthesea.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:IE*> > > >P PP PGk Gk Gk Gk.un/on .un/on .un/on .un/on;consonantshiftIE*b *b *b *b
h hh h
> >> >P.Gk.b bb b

uvo uvo uvo uvo,-oxo oxo oxo oxo m.
Parallel to Lat. fundus fundus fundus fundus < PIt. *fundo *fundo *fundo *fundo- -- - with methathesis from IE *b *b *b *b
h hh h
ud ud ud ud
h hh h
- -- -n nn n- -- -o oo o- -- -. IE cognates:
Skt.budhn budhn budhn budhn - -- -bottom,foot,root,Gk.u0q u0q u0q u0q v vv v bottom,ofacuporjar,MIr.bond bond bond bondfootsole,
OIcel. b bb botn otn otn otn, OHG. bodam bodam bodam bodam bottom. Contains the same suffixe -ox ox ox ox- as uo uo uo uo, xoo xoo xoo xoo,
vo vo vo vo (Chantraine1979:377).
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:GrassmannsLaw,consonantshift*b>p *b>p *b>p *b>p,*d *d *d *d
h hh h
>d >d >d >d

upyo upyo upyo upyo tower < *b *b *b *bgos gos gos gosfrom the IE root *b *b *b *b
h hh h
erg erg erg erg
h hh h
- -- -. Exact correspondenceto Germ. Burg Burg Burg Burg
castle,cf.alsoHitt. parku parku parku parku-,Arm. barjr barjr barjr barjrhigh< *b *b *b *b
h hh h
g gg g
h hh h
- -- -u uu u- -- -,Skt. b bb b hnt hnt hnt hnt-high,tall,great, Av.
b bb b r rr r zant zant zant zant- -- - high,Mir.br br br br,Acc.brighill,Gaul.-briga briga briga brigaintoponyms.
H HH Hrpyoo rpyoo rpyoo rpyoo , , , , - -- -o o o o, , , , - -- -q qq q, ,, , name of different cities, generally citadel, acropolis<*b *b *b *b
h hh h
erg erg erg erg
h hh h
o oo o- -- -mo mo mo mo- -- -.
The toponyms belongs to the same root, but with e ee e- -- -degree of the root as in Germ. Berg Berg Berg Berg
mountain,OBg. scarp,bank.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:IE* ** * >ur >ur >ur >ur,GrassmannsLaw,consonantshift*b>p,*g *b>p,*g *b>p,*g *b>p,*g
h hh h
>g >g >g >g.

oro, oro, oro, oro, - -- -oo oo oo oo n.light,brightness,flame

FromIE*swelos *swelos *swelos *swelos<*swel *swel *swel *swel( (( (h hh h
x xx x
) )) )os os os os),cf.Gk. rq rq rq rq, rq rq rq rqthesunsheatorwarmth<*swel( swel( swel( swel(h hh h
x xx x
) )) )- -- -
eh eh eh eh
2 22 2
OE.swelan swelan swelan swelanburn.
WehavetopossibilitiestoexplainPre-Greekoro oro oro oro:
1.*swel(h *swel(h *swel(h *swel(h
x xx x
) )) )os os os osisanes es es es- -- -stem stem stem stemofthe*genh *genh *genh *genhos,*genhesos os,*genhesos os,*genhesos os,*genhesos,borrowedinGreekwiththe
nominativeform*selas *selas *selas *selasandconceivedasaneutrumofthetype xrpo xrpo xrpo xrpo,xrpo xrpo xrpo xrpoo oo o .
2.Ifwearedealingwithase-root*selas *selas *selas *selascouldcontinueIE*swelh *swelh *swelh *swelh
2/3 2/3 2/3 2/3
s. s. s. s.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:IE* ** *sw sw sw sw- -- ->P.Gk.s ss sandeventuallyIE*o o o o>PGk.a aa a.

oyo oyo oyo oyo silently,o o o o yq yq yq yq silencef.

This form should be derived from IE *sweyH *sweyH *sweyH *sweyH- -- -g gg g
h hh h
- or *swiH *swiH *swiH *swiH- -- -g gg g
h hh h
- -- - to be silent. This word is
cognate to OHG. swgn, swgn, swgn, swgn, Germ. schweigen, schweigen, schweigen, schweigen, OE. swgian swgian swgian swgian be silent, still, OHG. swga swga swga swga, OE.
swge swge swge swgesilencefromPGmc.*swg swg swg swg- -- -.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:preservationofIE*s *s *s *s,consonantshift*g *g *g *g
h hh h
>g >g >g >g,?IE*ey> *ey> *ey> *ey>

oto oto oto oto grain,foodmadefromgrain,bread,Myc.si si si si- -- -to to to toincompounds<*kweydos *kweydos *kweydos *kweydos.
CognatetoGoth.hwaiteis, hwaiteis, hwaiteis, hwaiteis,OS.hweti, hweti, hweti, hweti,ON.hveiti, hveiti, hveiti, hveiti,Norw.kveite, kveite, kveite, kveite,OFris.hwe hwe hwe hwete, te, te, te,MDu.,Du.weit weit weit weit
OE. hwte hwte hwte hwte, E. wheat wheat wheat wheat, OHG. weizzi weizzi weizzi weizzi, Germ. Weizen Weizen Weizen Weizen wheat< * ** *kwoyd kwoyd kwoyd kwoyd- -- - from the IE root
* ** *kwey kwey kwey kwey- -- -, * ** *kwoy kwoy kwoy kwoy- -- - shine, shining, white. The plant is called so for its white seeds and flowers.
For the semantic development, cf. Gk. o, otov o, otov o, otov o, otov barley-groats, Alb. elp elp elp elp, - -- -bi bi bi bi barley
fromtheroot*h *h *h *h
2 22 2
elb elb elb elb
h hh h
- -- -whitewhichyieldedLat.albus albus albus albuswhite.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:palatalization,consonantshift*d>t *d>t *d>t *d>t,?IE*ey> *ey> *ey> *ey>* ** *

ou ou ou ou ov, ouq ov, ouq ov, ouq ov, ouq right of seizing the ship or cargo of a foreign merchant, to cover losses
received through him < *s *s *s *s h hh h
1 11 1
- -- -o oo o- -- -m mm m, - -- -eh eh eh eh
2 22 2
, ouo ouo ouo ouo strip off, strip him of his arms, take off or
out, deprive, seize. From the root *selh *selh *selh *selh
1 11 1
- -- - take, take away, cf. Gk. rrv rrv rrv rrv ind. aor. grasp,
seize, take away, rrto rrto rrto rrto that can be taken or caught, Goth. saljan saljan saljan saljan offer as sacrifice, OIr.
selb selb selb selbpossession<*selh *selh *selh *selh
1 11 1
- -- -wo wo wo wo- -- -. . . .
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:preservationofIE*s *s *s *s,IE* ** * >P.Gk.ul ul ul ul. .. .

ou ou ou ou , Gen. ouo ouo ouo ouo sow,boar.ExactcorrespondencetoGk. u uu u , cf.YAv. h h h h-,Alb. thi thi thi thipig,Lat.
ss ss ss sspig,sow,OHG.,OE.s s s ssow,IE.* ** *s ss suH uH uH uH- -- -s. s. s. s.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeature Greekfeature Greekfeature Greekfeature:preservationoftheIE*s *s *s *sininitialpositionbeforeavowel.

tou tou tou tou swift, quick < *t *t *t *t

h hh h
ak ak ak ak
h hh h
u uu u- from IE *tok *tok *tok *tok
w ww w
u uu u- -- -, , , , cognate to Skt. t tt t kus kus kus kus rushing, quick <
*tek *tek *tek *tek
w ww w
u uu u- -- -. . . . The adjectives are derived from the IE root *tek tek tek tek
w ww w
- -- - to run, to flow. The Sanskrit
formisparoxytoneandwithe ee e- -- -gradeoftherootlikeSkt.tpus tpus tpus tpusburninghot<*tep *tep *tep *tep- -- -u uu u- -- -,vsus ,vsus ,vsus ,vsus
excellent,good<*h *h *h *h
1 11 1
wes wes wes wes- -- -u uu u- -- -,rkus ,rkus ,rkus ,rkusempty,void,deserted<*leyk *leyk *leyk *leyk
w ww w
- -- -u uu u- -- -(Lubotsky1987:11).
The o oo o- -- -grade of the root of the Pre-Greek adjective is comparable to that in Gk. ou ou ou ou
many<*polh *polh *polh *polh
1 11 1
- -- -u uu u- -- -.Thedifferentablautgradesisnotsurprising,cf.Gk.ou ou ou ouvs.Skt.pur pur pur pur- -- -
much, many, abudant < *p *p *p *p h hh h
1 11 1
- -- -u uu u- -- -. According to Lubotsky (1987: 122) the almost
omnipresentoxytoneseoftheGreekadjectivesin-u u u uisrelativelyrecent.

The only problem remains the long o oo o of the comparative degree 0ooov, 0oooov 0ooov, 0oooov 0ooov, 0oooov 0ooov, 0oooov. The
voicelessaspiratepointsoutthatGrassmannsLawoperatedonGreekground.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:delabialization,consonantshift*t>th *t>th *t>th *t>th;*k>k k>k k>k k>k
h hh h
,IE*o *o *o *o>PGk.a aa a.
It is important to note that the deaspiration did not occur in Pre-Greek, because
GrassmannslawprecededthePre-Greekconsonantshift.

tupo tupo tupo tuposepulchralmound,cairn,barrow<* ** *d dd dbos bos bos bos. . . .Thiswordisanexactcorrespondence

toGk.too too too toofuneral-rites;grave,tombrelatedtotheIEroot*d *d *d *d
h hh h
emb emb emb emb
h hh h
- -- -bury.Cf.alsoArm.
damban damban damban damban,dambaran dambaran dambaran dambaran,Av.daxma daxma daxma daxma-grave<* ** *d dd dbo bo bo bo- -- -,Gk.0ot 0ot 0ot 0otbury<* ** *d dd db b b b- -- -ye ye ye ye- -- -.
Corc. tu tu tu tu o o o o < *tuh *tuh *tuh *tuh
2 22 2
- -- -mo mo mo mo- -- -s ss s is not cognate with tupo tupo tupo tupo = = = = too too too too, but is derived from the
root* ** *tew tew tew tew( (( (h hh h
2 22 2
)-toswellandcognatewithOHG.dmo dmo dmo dmo,OS.thmo thmo thmo thmo,OIcel. umall thumb<
*tuh *tuh *tuh *tuh
2 22 2
- -- -m mm m- -- - and to Lat. tumulus tumulus tumulus tumulus raised heap of earth, a mound, hill, hillock from the root
withoutlaryngealextension(seeSchrijver1991:530,DeVaan2009:633).
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures: Greekfeatures:IE* ** * >um >um >um >um,GrassmannsLaw,consonantshift*d>t,*bh>b *d>t,*bh>b *d>t,*bh>b *d>t,*bh>b

tupo tupo tupo tupo f. tower, tower on a wall, bastion, tupp tupp tupp tuppupyo, tupooto rv ugr oxooo.
Hes. < *d *d *d *dgis gis gis gis from IE * ** *d dd d
h hh h
erg erg erg erg
h hh h
- -- - hold, strong, firm, cf. Skt. d dd dhyti hyti hyti hyti to be strong, Av.
d dd d r rr r zra zra zra zra- -- - strong, firm, Lith. di di di di ti ti ti ti to become hard, OBg. hold, perhaps also Lat.
fortis fortis fortis fortis strong, robust belongs to this root. Similar semantic development is observed in
French fortification fortification fortification fortification from Lat. fotificatio fotificatio fotificatio fotificatio act of fortifying, a strengthening, fortifying in the
senseofdefensiveconstructioncouldbeasemanticparallel.
Pre Pre Pre Pre- -- -Greek features: Greek features: Greek features: Greek features: IE * ** * > >> >ur, ur, ur, ur, Grassmanns Law, consonant shift *d> *d> *d> *d>t, * t, * t, * t, *g gg g >g, >g, >g, >g,
palatalization.

III III III III.Conclusion .Conclusion .Conclusion .Conclusions ss s

1. The Pre-Greek borrowings showing an IE pattern of word formation are very scanty.
We can not be sure what type of language contact occurred between Greek and the non-
Indo-European and/or Indo-European languages spoken in the Balkans before the coming
of the Greeks. The data extractable from the Greek lexicon and the Balkan onomastics do
not allow us to affirm that there was any real sub- or adstratum influence as we cannot
identify influences on the phonetics, the morphology or the syntax of the Greek language.
Most probably we are dealing only with lexical borrowings, and not with substratum Most probably we are dealing only with lexical borrowings, and not with substratum Most probably we are dealing only with lexical borrowings, and not with substratum Most probably we are dealing only with lexical borrowings, and not with substratum
influence. influence. influence. influence.
2. Many loanwords could belong not to an unknown substratum language, but to the
Paleo-BalkanlanguageslikeThracian,Phrygian,Macedonian.Nevertheless,takentogether,
the loanwords show a coherent complex of common phonetic features which suggests that
mostlikelytheybelongtooneandthesamelanguage.
3. The traditiona The traditiona The traditiona The traditional methods of l methods of l methods of l methods of research in the field of the Pre research in the field of the Pre research in the field of the Pre research in the field of the Pre- -- -Greek substratums are Greek substratums are Greek substratums are Greek substratums are
completelyexhausted,unlessnew completelyexhausted,unlessnew completelyexhausted,unlessnew completelyexhausted,unlessnewmaterial material material materialisdiscovered isdiscovered isdiscovered isdiscovered. .. .

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