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The presence of hydrogen in steels and CRAs can cause various forms of damage and loss of mechanical properties. Hydrogen can enter from many sources, including steelmaking, welding, galvanic coupling to less noble metals, cathodic protection and corrosion. Only corrosion is considered further here as the other mechanisms are not specific to CCS process conditions. When corrosion occurs in the presence of sulphides, these promote absorption of atomic hydrogen (from the cathodic part of the corrosion reaction) into the steel. Some other species such as arsenic salts and cyanides can also promote hydrogen absorption.
Requirements for HIC resistant materials are outlined in ISO 15156-2 [2] and EFC Document nr. 16 [17]. For seamless pipe, cast and forged products it is normally sufficient to specify a restricted S content in the steel. In the case of plates and welded pipe, HIC resistance is affected by many processing variables and there are not general values of composition or other parameters applicable to all manufacturing routes. Some measure of quality control testing is necessary to ensure HIC resistance.
Cold-working above 5% strain should be avoided. Cold-worked items such as dished vessel ends must be heat-treated after forming.
The standard also allows the possibility of qualifying a material for specific conditions outside these limits based either on service experience or test evidence. In some cases, the standard limits may be rather conservative, and qualifying materials for service outside the standard limits is a useful option