Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Barend Thijssen
Sales Director / Naval Architect M.Sc.
Wrtsil Finland Oy
Ship Power Solutions
Wrtsil
Contents
Conclusions
Wrtsil
Contents
Conclusions
Wrtsil
Introduction
FOR INTERNAL USE
Wrtsil
Introduction
Machinery standard, until recently Machinery alternatives Innovation triggers and stoppers
Wrtsil
Steam turbine machinery: Two boilers, most commonly fired with Natural Boil-Off Gas (N-BOG) and Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) Steam turbine, driving a single fixed-pitch propeller through a high-speed reduction gear Two steam turbine generators One or two diesel generators
Wrtsil
Machinery alternatives
Machinery alternatives based on: Diesel engines Gas turbines Gas-diesel engines Spark-ignition gas engines Dual-fuel engines
Wrtsil
Economy
Others
Emissions
Crewing
Steam turbine machinery Which factors influence has can to be be at outperformed least matched LNG carrier machinery selection with respect to and can trigger or stop innovation? (potential (innovation innovation triggers) stoppers)
Safety
Maintainability
Reliability
Redundancy
Wrtsil
Economy
Others
Emissions
Crewing
All machinery alternatives but the comparison has proven can be compared with steam turbine most difficult with respect to economy. machinery and each other
Safety
Maintainability
Reliability
Redundancy
Wrtsil
12
Energy price [ US$ / mmBTU ]
LNG FOB
10 8 6 4 2 0 01-'00 07-'00
Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO)? Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)? Marine Gas Oil (MGO)? Natural Boil-Off Gas (N-BOG)? Forced Boil-Off Gas (F-BOG)?
01-'01
07-'01
01-'02
07-'02
01-'03
07-'03
01-'04
07-'04
01-'05
07-'05
01-'06
Wrtsil
10
07-'06
Contents
Conclusions
Wrtsil
11
Dual-fuel engines
FOR INTERNAL USE
Wrtsil
Dual-fuel engines
Introduction Characteristics
Operation modes, operating mode changes, parameters
Systems
Gas and pilot fuel system, control system
Applications
On land, at sea, in LNG carriers
Wrtsil
13
Introduction
Three distinct gas engine technologies
Gas-diesel (GD) engines: Runs on various gas / diesel mixtures or alternatively on diesel. Combustion of gas, diesel and air mixture in Diesel cycle. Spark-ignition gas (SG) engines: Runs only on gas. Dual-fuel (DF) engines: Runs on gas with 1% diesel (gas mode) or alternatively on diesel (diesel mode). Combustion of gas and air mixture in Otto cycle, triggered by pilot diesel injection (gas mode), or alternatively combustion of diesel and air mixture in Diesel cycle (diesel mode). Low-pressure gas admission. 32DF, 50DF 34SG 32GD, 46GD
Combustion of gas and air mixture in Otto cycle, triggered by spark plug ignition.
Dual-fuel (DF) engines Spark-ingnition gas (SG) engines Gas-diesel (GD) engines
87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05
Wrtsil
14
Fuel flexibility
Gas mode Diesel mode
Wrtsil
15
Ex.
In. Ex.
In. Ex.
In.
* ** * * ** * * * ** * * *
*** *** * *
Ex.
In. Ex.
In. Ex.
In.
Diesel mode:
Diesel principle Diesel injection
Intake of air
Wrtsil
Compression of air
Diesel mode:
Running on HFO* or MDO and MDO pilot fuel injection. Automatic transfer to gas mode on request at loads below 80% without loss of engine power and speed.
* Wrtsil 50DF
Wrtsil
% Load
15 0 Diesel mode Gas mode
17
6L32DF 2.1 MW 12V32DF 18V32DF 6L50DF 8L50DF 9L50DF 12V50DF 16V50DF 18V50DF 0 5 10 15 4.2 MW 6.3 MW 5.7 MW 7.6 MW 8.6 MW 11.4 MW 15.2 MW 17.1 MW
Wrtsil
18
Cylinder head
Wrtsil
19
Gas manifold
Wrtsil
Gas vent
20
Cylinder head
Wrtsil
21
Solenoid
Wrtsil
22
22 18 BMEP [ bar ] 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 Air / Fuel ratio
Operating window
Knocking
Misfiring
20
Wrtsil
23
NOx emissions [ g / kW h ]
Thermal efficiency [ % ]
Individual adjustment of gas feed and injection for each cylinder. Combustion sensor on each cylinder. In case of knocking, only concerned cylinder is adjusted.
Combustion sensor
Wrtsil
24
22 installations 3 installations featuring 48 engines featuring 12 engines with approx. 500000 running hours with approx. 100000 running hours
Power Plants
Coastal Vessels
25
2007
2011
Installed power [ MW ]
Contents
Conclusions
Wrtsil
27
Wrtsil
Concept
Components, lay-out
Wrtsil
29
M Electric motors M
Switchboard
Reduction gear Converter & Transformer Cargo pumps Other consumers MDO HFO* G
* Optional
Wrtsil
30
Wrtsil
31
Natural Boil-Off Gas (N-BOG), Forced Boil-Off Gas (F-BOG), Heavy Fuel Oil (HFO) and / or Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)
Wrtsil
32
Ballast voyage
Remarks
Additional heel on ballast voyage.
Regular heel on ballast voyage. N-BOG (MDO) + F-BOG (MDO) N-BOG (MDO) + HFO (MDO) Provided that the required arrangements for the different fuels are in place,
the ship operator can re-select the most attractive fuel alternative Heel-out on ballast voyage. N-BOG (MDO) + F-BOG (MDO) HFO (MDO) at the start of every single laden or ballast voyage to react on changes in gas and liquid fuel oil prices Regular heel on ballast voyage. N-BOG (MDO) + HFO (MDO) N-BOG (MDO) + HFO (MDO) N-BOG (MDO) + HFO (MDO) HFO (MDO)
Wrtsil
33
Market requirements
Economy
Others Machinery alternatives: Steam turbine machinery Dual-fuel-electric machinery Two-stroke diesel engines with NBOG reliquefaction machinery
Emissions
Crewing
Safety
Maintainability
Reliability
Redundancy
Wrtsil
34
Economy (1/6)
Dual-fuel-electric machinery
N-BOG (MDO) + F-BOG (MDO) Uses less fuel; carries less bunkers; saves space and weight Needs less engine room space; saves space Uses lighter fuel; saves weight Has higher cargo carrying capacity Uses cheaper fuel Has lower operating costs
Wrtsil
35
Economy (2/6)
Main assumptions
Cargo capacity Boil-off rate, laden Boil-off rate, ballast Leg length Service speed, laden Service speed, ballast Loading time Discharging time Value N-BOG Value F-BOG Price HFO Price MDO Price lube oil Price cylinder oil (two-stroke engine) Propeller shaft power, laden Propeller shaft power, ballast Ship service power, laden Ship service power, ballast Maintenance costs DF installation Two-stroke + reliq. Installation Four-stroke auxiliary engines Steam turbine installation Steam generator installation Price steam turbine LNGC Price two-stroke diesel +reliquefaction LNGC Price dual-fuel-electric LNGC 267'000 0.11 40 9650 19.5 19.5 21 21 2.5 6.0 304 619 490 640 34.2 32.8 1.9 1.8 3.56 1.50 3.55 0.50 0.70 m3 % % of laden nm kt kt h h US$ / US$ / US$ / US$ / US$ / US$ / mmBTU mmBTU ton ton ton ton
MW MW MW (for steam turbine vessel) MW (for steam turbine vessel) US$ / US$ / US$ / US$ / US$ / MWh MWh MWh MWh MWh
Wrtsil
36
Economy (3/6)
Plant efficiencies
Steam turbine Two-stroke diesel + Reliquefaction Dual-fuel-electric
Fuel / BOG DF engines Alternators Transf. & Conv. Electric motors Gearbox Shafting
Propulsion Efficiency
: 29%
Propulsion Efficiency
: 48%
Propulsion Efficiency
: 43%
Wrtsil
37
Economy (4/6)
Total energy consumption
250
Propulsion
Ship service
Reliquefaction
Energy consumption [ MJ / s ]
200
150
100
50
Ballast Ballast Ballast Laden Laden Laden Laden Ballast
Steam turbine
Wrtsil
Economy (5/6)
Operating expenses per roundtrip
3000 Lube oil Maintenance HFO MDO F-BOG N-BOG
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
Economy (6/6)
Unit freight costs*
Unit freight costs, excl. capital costs* [ US$ / mmBTU ]
0.0
0.0
Wrtsil
0.6
* Crew, provision, port and insurance costs not taken into account.
2.5
Emissions
125%
SOx
NOx
CO2
100%
Emissions [ - ]
75%
50%
25%
0%
Wrtsil
Safety
The Safety Concept describes the required safety arrangements for dualfuel-electric LNG carriers. Available for engines with single- and double-wall gas piping. Developed with and approved by the major classification societies.
Wrtsil
42
The Wrtsil 32DF and Wrtsil 50DF Electric propulsion systems have have inherited reliability from the basically been invented to provide Wrtsil Vasa 32 and Wrtsil 46 diesel maximum redundancy. engines, respectively. In addition, the Wrtsil 32DF and Wrtsil 50DF carry a lower mechanically load. Furthermore, they are running on cleaner fuel than the conventional diesel engines. High availability can be guaranteed. On LNG carriers, a reasonable amount of redundancy will be sufficient.
Wrtsil
43
Maintainability
Dual-fuel engines require substantially less maintenance than conventional diesel engines. Maintenance does not have to affect ship operations.
Wrtsil
44
Crewing
Dual-fuel engines can be operated and maintained by regular diesel engine crews. No exceptional skills or experience are required.
Wrtsil
45
Contents
Conclusions
Wrtsil
46
Conclusions
FOR INTERNAL USE
Wrtsil
Conclusions
Dual-fuel-electric machinery has very significant benefits over steam turbine machinery and other machinery alternatives. Dual-fuel engines have accumulated almost seven-hundred-thousand running hours in commercial operation. Engines for fifty-two dual-fuel-electric LNG carriers have been ordered. More orders are expected. Two dual-fuel-electric LNG carriers will enter commercial operation within this year.
$
and more almost
700000 52 2
Dual-fuel-electric machinery for LNG carriers has established itself as a market standard.
Wrtsil
48
Thank you
for your attention!
Wrtsil
For more information, please contact your local Wrtsil representative or visit www.wartsila.com/LNG
49