Rohingya Conflict in Western Burma - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

8/25/13 Rohingya conflict in Western Burma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Rohi ngya i nsurgency i n Western
Burma (1947)
Part of the internal conflict in Burma
Date 1947 present
Location Arakan and Burma-Bangladesh
border
Result
Armed struggle ongoing
Bel l i gerents
Government of
Burma
Burma Army
Western
Command of
Burma Army in
Arakan
Mujahideen
Itihadul Mujahideen
of Arakan (IMA)
Rohingya
Liberation Party (RLP)
Rohingya Patriotic
Front (RPF)
Rohingya Solidarity
Organisation (RSO)
Arakan Rohingya
Islamic Front (ARIF)
Arakan Rohingya
National Organisation
(ARNO)
Rohingya National
Army (RNA)
Commanders and l eaders
Brigadier Aung Gyi Omra Meah
Rohingya conflict in Western Burma
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Rohi ngya confl i ct i n Western Burma has
been waged by different Rohingya Muslim militant
groups since 1947. Their initial ambition during
Mujahideen movements (1947-1961) was to
separate the Rohingya-populated Mayu frontier
region of Arakan from western Burma and annex
that region into newly formed neighbouring East
Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).
[2]
In the 1970s, their uprisings appeared again
during the period of the Bangladesh Liberation War
in 1971. Recently, during the Arakan State Riots,
the aspiration of the Rohingya militant groups,
according to various media reports, is to create
northern part of Arakan an independent or
autonomous state.
[3][4]
Contents
1 The Mujahideen separatist movements
(1947-70)
1.1 The Mujahideen insurgency in
Arakan (1947-1961)
1.2 Military operations against the
Mujahideen
1.3 Decline and fall of the Mujahideens
(1962-1970)
2 Rohingya Islamist Movement (1971-
present)
2.1 Radicalist Movements (1971-1988)
2.2 Military Expansions and
connections with Taliban and Al-Qaeda
(1988-2011)
2.3 Rohingya rebels during the Arakan
State riots (2012)
General Tin Oo
Maj-Gen Mya Thin
Maj-Gen Win Myint
Maj-Gen Tun Nay
Lin
Kassem
Muhammad Jafar
Habib
Muhammad Yunus
Nurul Islam
Strength
1,100 (in 1947-
1950)
[1]
)
2,000-5,000 (in 1947-
1950)
[1]
2,000 (in 1952)
[1]
Casual ti es and l osses
Unknown Unknown
3 First cause of May Riots
4 June riots
5 Commentary upon the Rohingya
insurgency
5.1 Demographic factors
5.2 Academic discussion of the
Mujahideen insurgency
5.3 Perceptions of the conflict
6 References
The Mujahideen separatist
movements (1947-70)
The Mujahideen insurgency in Arakan (1947-1961)
A widespread armed insurgency started with the formation of a political party Jami-a-tul Ulema-e
Islam led by the Chairman Omra Meah with the material support of Ulnar Mohammad Muzahid
Khan and Molnar Ibrahim.
[5]
The ambition of the Mujahideen insurgency was to merge the Mayu
frontier district of Arakan into East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Before the independence of
Burma, in May 1946, some Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves to Mohammad Ali
Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and asked his assistance in annexing of the Mayu region to
Pakistan which was about to be formed.
[2]
Two months later, the North Arakan Muslim League
was founded in Akyab (modern: Sittwe, capital of Arakan State). It demanded annexation to
Pakistan.
[2]
The Burmese central government refused to grant a separate Muslim state in the Mayu region
where two townships (Buthidaung and Maungdaw) lie. As a consequence, the Mujahids from
Northern Arakan declared jihad on Burma.
[6]
The Mujahid militants began their insurgent
activities in the Buthidaung and Maungdaw townships (Mayu region) of Burma that lies on Burma-
East Pakistan border. One of the major figures in the insurgency was Abdul Kassem.
[7]
Within a few years, Mujahid rebels made rapid progress and banished the Arakanese villages. The
Arakanese inhabitants of Buthidaung and Maungdaw were forced to leave their homes. In June
1949, the Burmese government's control was reduced to Akyab city only, while the Mujahids
were in possession of all of northern Arakan. The Burmese government accused the Mujahids of
encouraging illegal immigration into Arakan of thousands of Bengali people from East Pakistan.
[8]
Military operations against the Mujahideen
Martial Law was declared in November 1948 as the rebellion greatly intensified and the rebels
A Mujahideen leader surrendered
arm to Brigadier Aung Gyi as part
of the government's peace process
in Buthidaung, Arakan, on 4 July
1961
Martial Law was declared in November 1948 as the rebellion greatly intensified and the rebels
even surrounded the towns in the Mayu region. The 5th Battalion of Burma Rifles and 2nd Chin
Battalion were immediately sent to the surrounded area. the Mujahid insurgency collapsed and
the Muslim insurgents fled to the jungles of northern Arakan.
The Burmese army launched major military operations
against the Mujahideens in Northern Arakan between 1950
and 1954.
[9]
The first operation was in March 1950, the
second was the "Mayu Operation" in October 1952.
[5]
In the
second half of 1954, Mujahids again renewed their action and
again reinstated their superiority over Maungdaw, Buthidaung
and Rathedaung.
Arakanese Buddhist monks protested in a hunger strike in
Rangoon (now: Yangon) against the Mujahids.
[8]
As a result
of this pressure, the government launched "Operation
Monsoon" in October 1954.
[5]
The major centres of the
Mujahids were captured and several of their leaders were
killed. Since then, their thread had been vastly reduced. Their
ranks broke up into small units of armed groups which
continued to loot and terrorize local people in the remote
regions of Northern Arakan.
[1]
In 1957, 150 Mujahids led by
Shore Maluk and Zurah Than surrendered. On 7 November
1957, 214 Mujahids under the leadership of Rashid
surrendered their arms.
[10]
On 4 July 1961, 290 Mujahids of the southern region of
Maungdaw surrendered their arms in front of Brigadier Aung Gyi, then Deputy Commander-in-
Chief of the Burmese Army.
[11]
In the beginning of 1960s, the insurgents felt that there was no
longer any hope for their rebellion due to negotiations between Burma and Pakistani
governments on handling of the rebels on border areas. On 15 November 1961, the remaining
few hundreds Mujahids surrendered before Brigadier Aung Gyi in the eastern region of
Buthidaung.
[8]
Decline and fall of the Mujahideens (1962-1970)
After the coup d'etat of General Ne Win in 1962, the Mujahideen activities were less active and
almost disappeared. After the final surrender of Mujahideens in 1961, strength of insurgents
reduced to a couple of dozens in numbers. Zaffar led the remaining Mujahids. At the same time,
Abdul Latif's Mujahideen group of 40 rebels and Annul Jauli's faction of 80 insurgents also played
separately in Burma-East Pakistan border. Their activity ended up on the borderline as rice
smugglers.
[10]
Rohingya Islamist Movement (1971-present)
Radicalist Movements (1971-1988)
During Bangladesh's Libration War in 1971, Rohingyas who resided in the borderline got
opportunity to collect weapons from the war. On 15 July 1972, the remained Mujahid rebel
leader Zaffar founded the Rohingya Libration Party (RLP) after mobilizing the scattered Mujahid
factions. Chairman of RLP was Zaffar, Vice-Chairman & in-charge for military affairs was Abdul
Latif and Secretary was Muhammad Jafar Habib, a graduate from Rangoon University. Their
strength increased from 200 in the beginning to 500 in 1974. RLP based in the jungles of
Buthidaung. After Military Operation conducted by the Burmese Army in July 1974, Zaffar and
most of his followers fled to neighboring Bangladesh and the role of Zaffar disappeared.
[10]
After the failure of RLP movements, Muhammad Jafar Habib (the former Secretary of RLP)
founded the Rohingya Patriotic Front (RPF) in 1974 with a strength of 70 guerrillas.
[10][12]
RPF's
Chairman was Muhammad Jafar Habib, Vice-Chairman was Nurul Islam, a Rangoon-educated
lawyer, and CEO was Muhammad Yunus, a medical doctor.
[10]
In March 1978, Ne Win's Burmese government launched a campaign called Operation King
Dragon in Arakan with an intention to check illegal immigrants residing in Burma. As the
operation was extended to other parts of Arakan, tens of thousands of Rohingyas crossed the
border to Bangladesh. As a result, Rohingyas from Burma sprung up along the Burma-
Bangladesh border. Radical Rohingya militant group RPF took this opportunity in recruiting many
Rohingya Muslims who were sprung up along the Bangladesh-Burma border.
[12][13][14]
In the early 1980s, more radical elements broke away from the Rohingya Patriotic Front (RPF)
and formed the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO). It was led by Muhammad Yunus, the
former CEO of RPF. It soon became the main and most militant faction among the Rohingyas on
the Burma-Bangladesh border. RSO based itself on religious ground; and as a result, it obtained
various support from the groups of the Muslim world. These included JeI in Bangladesh and
Pakistan, Gulbuddin Hekmatyars Hizb-e-Islami (HeI) in Afghanistan, Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM) in
the Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and the Angkatan Belia Islam sa-Malaysia (ABIM),
and the Islamic Youth Organisation of Malaysia.
[12][14]
Another Rohingya militant group, Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front (ARIF) was founded in 1986 by
Nurul Islam, the former Vice-Chairman of Rohingya Patriotic Front (RPF), after uniting the
remnants of the old RPF and a handful of defectors from the RSO.
[12]
Military Expansions and connections with Taliban and Al-Qaeda (1988-
2011)
The military camps of the Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) were located in the Cox's
Bazaar district in southern Bangladesh. RSO possessed a large number of light machine-guns, AK-
47 assault rifles, RPG-2 rocket launchers, claymore mines and explosives according to a field
report conducted by a famous correspondent Bertil Lintner in 1991.
[15]
Arakan Rohingya Islamic
Front (ARIF) was mostly equipped with UK-made 9mm Sterling L2A3 sub-machine guns, M-16
Rohingya Militants
assault rifles and point-303 rifles.
[15]
Afghan's Taliban instructors were seen in some of the RSO
camps along the Bangladesh-Burma border, while nearly 100 RSO rebels were reported to be
undergoing training in the Afghan province of Khost with Hizb-e-Islami Mujahideen.
[12][14]
Among the more than 60 videotapes obtained by CNN from Al-Qaeda's archives in Afghanistan in
August 2002, one video showed that Muslim allies from "Burma" got training in Afghanistan.
Some video tapes were shot in RSO camps in Bangladesh.
[14]
These videos which show the
linkage between Al-Qaeda and Rohingya insurgents were shot in 1990s.
[12][14][16]
Besides, RSO
recruited many Rohingya guerrillas. According to Asian intelligence sources, Rohingya recruits
were paid 30,000 Bangladeshi taka ($525) on joining and then 10,000 taka ($175) per month.
The families of recruits killed in action were offered 100,000 taka ($1,750). Rohingya recruits,
believed to be quite substantial in numbers, were taken to Pakistan, where they were trained and
sent on further to military camps in Afghanistan. They were given the most dangerous tasks in
the battlefield.
[12][14]
The expansion of the RSO in the late 1980s and early 1990s made the Burmese government to
launch a massive counter-offensive to clear up the Burma-Bangladesh border. In December 1991,
Burmese troops crossed the border and attacked a Bangladeshi military outpost. The incident
developed into a major crisis in Bangladesh-Burma relations, and by April 1992, more than
250,000 Rohingya civilians had been forced out of Arakan, western Burma.
[12]
During these
happenings in April 1992, Prince Khaled Sultan Abdul Aziz, commander of the Saudi Arabian
Military, visited Dhaka and recommended to wage a military action against Burma like Operation
Desert Storm in Iraq.
[12][17]
In April 1994, about 120 members of RSO militant group
entered Maungdaw Township by crossing the Naf River which
marks the border between Bangladesh and Burma. On 28
April 1994, nine out of 12 time bombs planted in 12 different
places in Maungdaw by RSO militants exploded. One fire
engine and some buildings were damaged, while four civilians
were seriously wounded in the explosions.
[18]
On 28 October 1998, Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO)
and Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front (ARIF) combined together
and the Rohingya National Council (RNC) was founded. The
Rohingya National Army (RNA) was also established as its
armed wing; and, the Arakan Rohingya National Organization (ARNO) appeared to organize all
the different Rohingya insurgents into one group.
[19]
According to US Embassy Cables revealed by Wikileaks, the alleged meeting of ARNO members
and Al-Qaeda representatives is reported as follows:
[19]
Five members (names still under inquiry by the GOB) of ARNO attended a high-
ranking officers' course with Al Qaeda representatives on 15 May 2000 and arrived
back in Bangladesh on 22 June. During the course, they discussed matters relating
to political and military affairs, arms and ammunition, and financing with Osama
Bin Laden. Mohamed Arju Taida and Mohamed Rau-Sheik Ar-Mar Darsi from the
Taliban were present with them at the meeting. Ninety members of ARNO were
selected to attend a guerrilla warfare course, a variety of explosives courses and
heavy-weapons courses held in Libya and Afghanistan in August, 2001. Thirteen
out of these selected members participated in the explosives and heavy-weapons
training.

As Wikileaks noted, there was also connection between Talibans and ARNO Rohingya
militants:
[19]
Arrival of Two Talibans at ARNO Headquarters:

Al Ha-Saud and Al Ja-hid, two members of Taliban group, arrived at ARNO's
headquarters in Zai-La-Saw-Ri Camp on 2 November 2001 from the Rohingya
Solidarity Organization's (RSO) Kann-Grat-Chaung camp. They met with Nur Islam
(Chairman), ZaFaur-Ahmed (Secretary) and Fayos Ahmed (acting Chief-of-Staff
Army), ARNO, and discussed the reorganization of RSO and ARNO. It was learned
that ARNO/RSO and Taliban groups planned to hold a meeting on 15 November
2001. Nurul Islam, Chairman of ARNO, also declared that the Arakan Rohingya
Islamic Front (ARIF) and the Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) had agreed to
reorganize as integrated members of ARNO. However, Mullah Dil-Mar from RSO
did not agree with this re-organization and resigned with his entourage of
insurgents.

In March 2011, between 80 to 100 Rohingya Muslim men in Maungdaw Township of Burma-
Bangladesh border were arrested by Burma Frontier Forces accusing them of belonging to a
terrorist ring linked to the Taliban.
[20][21]
According to the source, a Taliban militant known as
Moulivi Harun had given the group training in combat and bomb making deep in the jungles of
northern Maungdaw on the Bangladesh border in February, 2011.
[20]
Among the suspected
people allegedly linked to Talibans, 19 people were brought before the court in March and April,
2011.
[22]
Twelve of the 19 suspects in associating with the Taliban and other Islamic militant
groups were sentenced to various jail terms on 6 September 2011.
[23]
Rohingya rebels during the Arakan State riots (2012)
Further information: 2012 Rakhine State riots
First cause of May Riots
On the evening of 28 May, a group of men robbed, raped and murdered an ethnic Rakhine
woman, Ma Thida Htwe, near the Kyaut Ne Maw village. Mentionable is that Ma Thida Htwe was
raped and murdered by a group of three Muslim youths near her village Tha Pri Chaung on May
Nurul Islam (ARNO President) and
Mohammad Yunus (RSO
Chairman)
28 in 2012, when she was returning home from Kyauk Ni Maw Village of Rambree township.
[24]
The locals claim the culprits to have been Rohingya Muslims. The police arrested three suspects
and sent them to Yanbye township jail.
[25]
On 3 June,
[26]
a mob attacked a bus in Taungup,
apparently mistakenly believing those responsible for the murder were on board.
[27]
Ten Muslims
were killed in the attack,
[28]
prompting protests by Burmese Muslims in the commercial capital,
Yangon. The government responded by appointing a minister and a senior police chief to head an
investigation committee. The committee was ordered to find out "cause and instigation of the
incident" and to pursue legal action.
[29]
As of 2 July, 30 people had been arrested over the killing
of ten Muslims.
[30]
June riots
The June riots saw various attacks by Buddhist Rakhines and Rohingya Muslims on each other's
communities, including destruction of property.
[31]
In 2012, there have been a series of ongoing conflicts between ethnic Arakanese and Rohingya
Muslims in northern Arakan State, Burma. In January 2012, six months before Arakan State
Riots, a Bengladeshi newspaper reported about the merge of different Rohingya militant groups
in Bangladesh. According to the news, Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO), Arakan
Movement, Arakan Peoples Freedom Party and Arakan Rohingya National Organization (ARNO)
decided to group into alliance and work together. Top leaders included are Muhammad Yunus
(Chairman of RSO) and Nurul Islam (ARNO President).
[32]
During the beginning days of the riots, Bangladeshi foreign
Minister Dipu Moni alleged that Bangladesh extremist party
Jamaat-e-Islam patronized the Rohingyas for arm activities.
According to BanglaNews24, Dipu Moni, while addressing at
the parliament, said that the Burmese government informed
Bangladesh High Commission by accusing the involvement of
Jamaat-e-Islam in creating racial clash in Arakan State,
Western Burma.
[33]
In September 2012, according to the Daily
Star Newspaper, the activities of Rohingya militant outfit
Jamaatul Arakan, believed to be an offshoot of Jamaatul
Mujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), a banned militant outfit in
Bangladesh, was surfaced by Bangladeshi police in Cox's Bazaar
district, Bangladesh-Burma border.
[34]
During these days, Bangladeshi News Agencies reported about the unification of Arakan Rohingya
Union (ARU) after the combination of about a dozen Rohingya and Bangladeshi militant groups.
News reported about their dream to create an new state by the name of "Independent Neurosia"
by accusing them to have connection with some Pakistani based terrorist groups.
[3][4]
Riots in Arakan happened for the second time in the last week of October 2012. Just a few weeks
after the riots, military activities of Rohingya rebels appeared again. On 7 November 2012, one
soldier from the Burmese Army was reportedly killed and three others were captured by the
Muslim rebels, supposedly an armed group of the Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO), in
their guerrilla offensive against the Burmese army in northern Maungdaw township on the Burma-
Bangladesh border.
[35]
On 11 November 2012, fighting between the Burmese army and an
unknown armed group, widely suspected as the Muslim rebels, was again taken place near
Maungdaw on the western frontier of Burma.
[36]
Commentary upon the Rohingya insurgency
Demographic factors
During the Bangladesh Liberation War and after its independence in 1971, there was an extent of
illegal immigration in Arakan due to the impact of political turmoil in Bangladesh. In 1974,
Arakan State was formed according to the new constitution of Burma. In the same year,
"Emergency Immigration Act" was endorsed and reaction against illegal immigration were carried
out by the Burmese government. In 1975, migration of several thousand Muslims to Bangladesh
happened.
[1]
It is difficult to know if they were recent immigrants from Bangladesh or Rohingyas who have
lived in Arakan long time before the independence of Burma. In 1978, Operation King Dragon
was launched to "scrutinize each individual living in the State and taking action against foreigners
who have filtered into the country illegally". Arrests of illegal migrants during this Operation
involved by the Burmese army creates unrest in Arakan and; as a result, a mass exodus of
Muslims (around 252,000 refugees) to Bangladesh happened. Between August 1978 and
December 1979, repatriation was led by the UNHCR and most of them resettled again in western
Burma.
[12][14][37]
On 15 October 1982, Burmese Citizenship Law was introduced and most of the
Rohingyas were denied to be Burmeese citizens.
[38]
On 18 September 1988, the Burmese military seized power by crushing the pro-democracy
uprisings in Burma and formed a military regime by the name of SLORC - State Law and Order
Restoration Council. After a few years of the introduction of military rule, in 1991-92, forced
relocation of Muslims and creation of new Buddhist settlements in Buthidaung and Maungdaw
townships by SLORC provoke another mass exodus of Rohingya Muslims to Bangladesh, making
270,000 Rohingya refugees. In 1993, most of them were repatriated due to UNHCR intervention;
however, around 20,000 registered refugees still remained in some camps along the Bangladesh-
Burma border.
[39]
Academic discussion of the Mujahideen insurgency
Moshe Yegar, an Israeli historian, argues that Mujahideen separatist movement in Arakan
occurred because of the government's discrimination and oppression on Rohingya Muslims. Yegar
argues the roots for the appearance of Mujahideen insurgency as follows:
[8]
After Burma's independence, Muslims were not accepted for military service; the
Burmese government replaced Muslim civil servants, police and headmen by
Arakanese who increasingly discriminated against the Muslim community; Muslims
were arbitrarily arrested by police and soldiers; and, the immigration authorities
imposed limitation of movement upon Muslims.

Mari Lall argues that one of the reasons of the Mujahideen Muslim uprisings in Arakan was due to
the government's declaration of Buddhism as the official religion of Burma. This declaration
questioned the rights of the Muslim Rohingya, Christian Karen, Chin, Kachin and led the
secessionist movements of those minority groups.
[40]
Her argument was supported by Syed
Serajul Islam. Syed writes:
[41]
Immediately after declaring Buddhism as the state religion of Burma, the

government took a number of specific measures to dismiss a great many Muslim
officers and replace them with Buddhists. An all-out effort was made to
transmigrate Buddhists from Burma proper to Arakan in order to diminish the
Muslim majority.

However, above arguments contradicted the authentic events that happened within the historical
time-line of Burma. Moshe Yegar's arguments on the possible causes of Mujahideen insurgency
was criticized by a reviewer on Yegar's book: "Muslims of Burma".
[42]
[Yegar's] arguments seem to be anachronistic. Firstly, we have to note that Muslim

separatist movements in Arakan had already begun before Burmas independence
together with an idea of separating the Mayu region of Arakan from Burma and
creating an independent Muslim state. In May, 1946, Muslims of Arakan asked
Mohammad Ali Jinnas assistance in the annexing of this region to forthcoming
Pakistan. Secondly, the Mujahidden rebellion (1947-1961) happened under U Nus
parliamentary democracy rule. Available records for this democratic period do not
show any trace on the discrimination against Muslims even Muslim ministers were
holding high positions within U Nus democracy government. Thirdly, such
discrimination and oppression were only carried out by Burmese authorities under
the military dictatorship of General Ne Win (1962-1988). It seems that Moshe
Yegar anachronistically utilized the Muslims conditions under the Ne Win regime as
the roots of the Mujahidden separatist movements.

Second argument on the Mudjahideen insurgency in relationship to the declaration of Buddhism
as the State Religion of Burma also does not match with the historical authenticity. Buddhism was
declared as the official religion of Burma on 26 July 1961, more than a decade after the start of
Mujahideen insurgency in 1947.
[43]
Aye Chan, a historian at the Kanda University, suggests that the roots of Mujahideen movements
Aye Chan, a historian at the Kanda University, suggests that the roots of Mujahideen movements
in Arakan (1947) originated from the communal violence between Arakanese and Rohingya
Muslims during World War II in 1942.
[44]
On 28 March 1942, Rohingya Muslims from Northern
Arakan massacred around 20,000 Arakanese in Buthidaung and Maungdaw townships. At the
same period, around 5,000 Muslims in Minbya and Mrauk-U Townships were also killed by the
Arakanese.
[45]
Such violence happened because the British armed Muslim groups in northern
Arakan to create a buffer zone from the Japanese invasion when they retreated
[46]
and Muslims
were promised by the British that if they supported the Allies they would be given their own
"national area".
[47]
However, as a consequence of acquiring arms, Rohingyas tried to destroy the Arakanese villages
instead of resisting against the Japanese during World War II. And, Rohingya-Arakanese conflict
occurred in 1942 leading to casualties on both sides.
[44]
When a new Islamic country of Pakistan
was about to be formed, Rohingya Muslim groups, who already possessed arms in their hands
and wanted to obtain a "national area" according to the promise given by the British, demanded
the secession of the Mayu region of Western Burma so as to combine that area with East Pakistan.
Mujahideen uprisings in Arakan occurred due to an impact of World World II and its aftermath,
the creation of a new Islamic State, East Pakistan, in the neighboring area of the Rohingya
settlements in western Burma.
Perceptions of the conflict
Burmese Military Regime's policy on Rohingyas as seen by the Amnesty International:
[48]
The Rohingyas freedom of movement is severely restricted and the vast majority of
them have effectively been denied Burma citizenship. They are also subjected to
various forms of extortion and arbitrary taxation; land confiscation; forced eviction
and house destruction; and financial restrictions on marriage. Rohingyas continue
to be used as forced labourers on roads and at military camps.

The interpretation of the Burmese junta's attitude by the Rohingyas:
[49]
Juntas policy towards the Muslims of Burma: the ruling military junta practices two
pronged de-Islamisation policy in Burma: physical extermination through genocide
and ethnic cleansing of Rohingya Muslims of Arakan and cultural assimilation of
Muslims living in other parts of Burma. Their main objective is to turn strategic
Muslim Arakan into a Burmanised Buddhist region by reducing the Muslims into
insignificant or manageable minorities.

Jane's World Insurgency and Terrorism subscription service's remark on the causes of Rohingya
militant movements:
[50]
The Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) aimed to prevent the repression of

ethnic Rohingyas in Burma and Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The group also
aimed to establish an Islamic autonomous Arakan state, uniting the Rohingya
people of Burma and Bangladesh, by expelling the Burmese military through
harassment and the classical tactics of guerrilla warfare.

"A Hand Book of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia" suggests that human rights
violations on Rohingyas by the Burmese junta such as restriction on mobility, Rohingyas' lnad
confiscation and evictions, settlement of non-Rohingya model villages near the Muslim areas,
extortion and arbitrary taxation, registration of births and deaths, and restriction of marriage are
the causes of the Rohingya insurgency.
[41]
But, in early 1970s, it is found that the Rohingya militant movements re-appeared during the
Bangladesh Liberation War along with the formation of a new country of Bangladesh like the
emergence of Mujahideen movements in 1947-1950s along with the formation of East Pakistan.
In the beginning of the 1970s during Bangladesh Liberation War, there was an extent of illegal
immigration from Bangladesh to Western Burma and reaction against illegal immigration were
carried out by the Burmese government. Such kind of initial reactions later led the Ne Win
government towards the oppression against Muslims in western Burma not only illegal
immigrants but also on local Rohingyas in late 1970s (See: Operation King Dragon)) campaign on
Rohingyas in 1978). After 1988, new military regime which took power in Burma committed
various kinds of human rights abuses and violations against different ethnic groups of Burma;
and, as a bitter result, Rohingyas also became victims like many other Burmese ethnic groups.
[51]
References
1. ^
a

b

c

d

e
Yegar, Moshe (2002). "Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the
Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar"
(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false). Lanham
(Lexington Books). p. 37,38,44. ISBN 0739103563. Retrieved 2012-10-21.
2. ^
a

b

c
Yegar, Moshe (1972). Muslims of Burma. Wiesbaden: Verlag Otto Harrassowitz. p. 96.
3. ^
a

b
" (G . v v- (Some Arakan and Bangladeshi militants target of
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Arrival of Two Talibans at ARNO Headquarters:

Immediately after declaring Buddhism as the state religion of Burma, the

[Yegar's] arguments seem to be anachronistic. Firstly, we have to note that Muslim

The Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) aimed to prevent the repression of

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