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CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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The Laplace transform of a function is defined by
) (t f
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0
st
f t F s e f t


= =

L dt









Example 3.1.1

Example 3.1.1:
Using definition of Laplace Transform, find if
) (s F ( ) f t = a
, a is
constant.
Solution:

( )
[ ]
0
0
0
0
0
( )


1


0 1 ( ) , 0
st
st
st
st
s s
F s e f t dt
e a dt
ae
s
ae
s
a
e e
s
a a
a s
s s


=
=
=


=


=

= = >

L









Definition 3.1 (Laplace Transform)
Remember!!!
( ) ( )
1 and 3 = L L =

CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.1.2:
Find if , a is constant
) (s F
at
e t f = ) (
Solution:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
[ ] ( )
0
0
0
1 1
0 1 , 0 ,
st at
s a t
s a t
at
F s e e dt
e dt
e
s a
s a s a e
s a s a s a


=
=
=

= > = > =

L
1





Example 3.1.3:
Find
( )
sin at L

Solution:
( )
( )
( )
0
2 2
0
0
2 2 2 2
sin sin
sin cos
0 sin0 cos0 , 0
st
st
at e at dt
e
s at a at
s a
e a
s a s
s a s a

=

=

+


= = >

+ +

L




( )
2t
e

= L

( )
sin3t = L

CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.1.4:
Find
( ) ( )
f t L
if

( )

<
< <
< <
=
t e
t
t
t f
t
10 ,
10 5 , 0
5 0 , 2
4
Solution:
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
5 10
4
0 5 10
5
4
0 10
5
4
0
10
10 4
5 0
10 4
5
2 0
2
2
4
2 0
4
2 2
, 4
4
st st st t
s t
st
s t
st
s
s
s
s
F s e dt e dt e e dt
e dt e dt
e e
s s
e e e
s s s
e e
s
s s s

= + +
= +



= +







= +





= + >













CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Elementary Laplace Transform
( ) ( ) ( )
f t F s = L

( )
f t


( )
F s

Condition on s
a


a
s
0 s >

, 0,1,2,
n
t n = ...


1
!
n
n
s
+

0 s >

at
e

1
s a

s a >

sinat


2 2
a
s a +

0 s >

cosat

2 2
s
s a +

0 s >

sinhat


2 2
a
s a

s a >

coshat


2 2
s
s a

s a >












Note:
This table will enable us to obtain the transforms of many other functions.
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Let f, f
1
, f
2
be a functions whose Laplace Transforms exist for s >
and c be a constant. Then for s > ,

( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
f f f f = L L L

( ) ( )
cf c f = L L








Example 3.2.1:
Find
( )
4
1 5 6sin2
t
e t + L
Solution:

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
4 4
4
2
1 5 6sin2 1 5 6sin2
1
5 6 sin2
1 5 12
4 4
t t
t
e t e t
e t
s
s s s
+ = +
= +
= +
+
L L L L
L L


Exercises 3.2.1:
1. Show
( )
2 2
sinh
a
at
s a
=

(
L
using the linearity property.
2. Find )
2
sin 2 . t
( )
3
cosh .
t
e t
L

3. Find
L






Definition 3.2 (Linearity Property of Laplace Transform)
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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If ,
( ) ( ) ( )
F s f t = L
then
( )
( )
( )
at
e f t F s a = L







Example 3.3.1:
Find
( )
2t
e t L
.
Solution

( )
2 , a f t t = =
( )
( )
2
2
t
e t F s = L
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
where 2
1
F s f t t
s
= = = L L


( )
( )
( )
2
2
1
2
2
t
e t F s
s
= =

L


Exercises 3.3.1:
Find ( )
4
cos
t
e t L
.








Definition 3.3 (First Shifting Property)
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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If
( ) ( ) ( )
, f t F s = L
( )
( )
then
( 1) , 1,2,3,...
n
n n
n
d F
t f t n
ds
= = L








Example 3.4.1:
Find .
( )
sin6 t t L
Solution:
( ) ( )
2
6
1 , sin6 ,
36
n f t t F s
s
= = =
+

( )
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
sin6 ( 1)
36 0 6 2
36
12 12
36 36
dF
t t
ds
s s
s
s s
s s
=
+
=
+

= =
+ +
L

Exercises 3.4.1:
1. Find
L
.
( )
t
t e
( 2. Find )
sin2
t
e t t

L
.




Definition 3.4 (Derivatives of the Laplace Transform)
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Graph of (t) = E(t - o)

( ) F t

where (t) = u, u t < o and (t) = 1, t o

Example 3.5.1:
( ) ( )
0 , 4
Draw 4
1 , 4
t
f t H t
t
<

= =


t
1
0 4
( ) F t


Exercises 3.5.1:
1. Draw
1
(t) = c
-t

2. Draw
2
(t) = c
-t
E(t -2)
3. Draw
3
(t) = c
-(t-2)
E(t -2)
Definition 3.5 (Heaviside Unit Step Function)
(t) = = ]
u, u t < o
1, t o
E(t -o)
The function E(t -o) is defined by
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Effect of the Unit Step Function
1)
( ) ( ) ( )
3 6 H t H t = f t

( ) F t

2)
( )
0 , 0
, 0
t
f t t
t t
<

= =

( ) F t

3)
( ) ( )
0 , 2
2
, 2
t
f t t H t
t t
<

= =


( ) F t

4)
( ) ( ) ( )
0 , 2
2 2
2 , 2
t
f t t H t
t t
<

= =


( ) F t

CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Definition: Step Function

A step function is a piecewise the form continuous function of
g(t) =
`

1
1
1
1
g
1
, u t < o
1

g
2
, o
1
t < o
2

.
g
n-1
, o
n-2
t < o
n-1

g
n,
t o
n-1



The step functions can be expressed into the unit step functions forms.
Given a step function
g(t) = _
g
1
, u t < o
g
2
, t o


The Heaviside un it step function is
g(t) = g
1
+_
u, u t < o
2
o

|g -g
1
], t

u, u t < o
t o
g(t) = g
1
+|g
2
-g
1
] ]
1,
g(t) = g
1
+|g
2
-g
1
]E(t -o)


Example 3.5.2:
Express the following function rms o functions. s in te f unit step
(t) = _
t - 4, u t < 2
t, 2 t < 4
u, t 4



Solution:

(t) =
1
+ |
2
-
1
]E(t -o
1
) + |
3
-
2
]E(t -o
2
)
(t) = ( t (t -4) t -4) + |t -( -4)]E(t - 2) + |u -t]E
(t) = (t -4) -4E(t -2) -tE(t -4)


CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.5.3:
Express the f e ns form. ollowing unit step functions into th step functio
(t) = (t +1) +|1 -t]E(t - 2) +|t
2
]E(t -4)

Solution:

(t) = (t +1)
_____
]
1
+|1 -t]
___
]
2
-]
1
E(t -2) + |t
2
]
_
]
3
-]
2
E(t -4)

1
= t +1

2
-
1
= 1 -t =
2
= 1 +
1


2
= +(t +1)
( -t)
(1 - t)
2
2
=

3
-
2
= t
2
=
3
= t
2
+
2


3
= t
2
+ 2
(t) = _
t +1, u t < 2
2, 2 t < 4
t
2
+ 2, t 4



Laplace Transform of H( t a )









L{E(t -o)] =
c
-us
s
, o > u
L
-1
_
c
-us
s
_ = E(t -o)
Theorem:LaplaceTransformofUnitStepFunctions

InverseLaplaceTransformofUnitStepFunctions
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.5.4:
Find
( ) { }
f t L
if
( ) ( ) ( )
2 4 f t H t H t =
.
Solution:
a) UsingtheLaplaceTransformTable
( ) { } ( ) ( ) { }
( ) { } ( ) { }
2 4
2 4
2 4
s s
f t H t H t
H t H t
e e
s s

=
=
=
L L
L L

b) UsingtheLaplaceTransformdefinition
Changetheunitstepfunctionintothestepfunction
form
L{B(t -2) -B(t -4)] = u_ + |1]
_
-
E(t -2) + |-1]
_

1

2 1
__

S
-

1
= u;
2
= 1 +
1
= 1;
3
= -1 +
2
= u.
2
E(t -4)

Hence(t) = _
u, u t < 2
1, 2 t < 4
u, t 4

U eLaplacetransformdefinition singth
L{(t)] = _ c
-st
u Jt +
2
_ c
-st
1 Jt +_ c
-st
u Jt
4

0 4 2
= j-
c
-st
s
[
2
4
= j-
c
-4s
s
-[-
c
-2s
s
[ =
c
-2s
s
-
c
-4s
s


CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Laplace Transform of H( t a ). F( t a)






Example 3.5.5:
Find
( ) ( )
{ }
2
4 4 t H t L
.
Solution
( ) ( )
2
3
2!
4, , c f t t F s
s
= = =


( ) ( )
{ }
( )
2
4 4
3
2!
4 4
s s
t H t F s e e
s

= = L


( ) ( )
{ }
4
2
3
2
4 4
s
e
t H t
s

= L

Exercises 3.5.2:
1. Find .
( ) ( ) { }
sin 3 3 t H t L
2. Find .
( )
( )
{ }
5
5
t
e H t

L
3. FindL _cos 2_t +
n
2
,
_E_t -
n
2
,
__
L{(t -o)E(t -o)] = c
-us
L{(t)] = c
-us
F(s)
L
-1
{c
-us
F(s)] = (t -o)E(t -o)
Theorem:SecondshiftProperty

InverseLaplaceTransformwithSecondshiftProperty

CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.5.6
Find the function whose transform is
4s
e
2
s

.
Solution
The numerator corresponds to
as
e

where
4 a =
and therefore indicate
( )
4 H t
.
Then
( ) { } ( )
2
1
F s t f t t
s
= = = L

( ) ( )
4
1
2
4 4
s
e
t H t
s


=


L




Exercises 3.5.3:
1. A function
( )
f t
is defined by
( )
4 , 0 2
2 3 ,
t
f t
t t 2
< <

=

>


Sketch the graph of the function, expressing the function
( )
f t
in unit
step form and determine its Laplace transforms.
2. Write the following
( )
f t
in terms of unit step functions and determine
the Laplace transforms.


( )
, 0 2
2 1 , 2
t
e t
f t
t t

< <
=


( ) { }
( ) 2 1
2
2
1 3 2
Answer:
1 1
s
s
e
f t e
s s s s
+


= + +

+ +

L
Note:
Remember that in writing the final result
( )
f t
is replaced by
( )
f t c
.
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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3. A function
( )
f t
is defined by

( )
6 , 0 1
8 2 , 1 3
4 , 3
t
f t t t
t
< <

= < <

>


Sketch the graph and find the Laplace transform of the function.
( ) { }
2 3
2 2
6 2 2 2
Answer:
3 s s s
e e e
f t
s s s s

= + + L

<

4. Given

( )
2
0 , 0 2
, 2 5
, 5
t
t
f t t t
e t
< <

= <

>

Find the Laplace transform of the function.


( ) { }
2 10 5 5 2 5
2 2
2 5
Answer:
2
s s s s
e e e e e e
f t
s s s s s

= + +

L
s

5. Determine the function
( )
f t
for which,

( ) { }
2
2 2
3 4 5
s s
e e
f t
s s s

= + L
.
Find its inverse transform and sketch the graph of
( )
f t
.
( )
3 , 0 1
Answer: 7 4 , 1 2
3 , 2
t
f t t t
t t
< <

= < <

>





CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.6.1:
( ) { }
6 6
as
t a e

= L


Example 3.6.2:
Given (t) = ]
t, u t < S
S, t S

( ) ( ) { } ( )
( )
3 3
2 2
3 3 5
2 2 2
( ) ( ) { }
s s
s s
f t t f e e
f t t



L
L f e e


= =
= =

Definition 3.6 (Dirac Delta Function)
o(t -o) = _
t = o
bcrwisc

, i
u, ot
TheDiracDeltafunctiono(t -o) isdefinedby
_ o(t -o) Jt
0

_ (t)o(t -o) Jt = (o)

0

= 1

And
L
-1
{c
-us
] = o(t -o)
THE R M theDiracDeltaFunction O E :LaplaceTransformfor
Foro > u, L{o(t -o)] = c
-us

andtheinverseLaplaceTransformis

Foro > u, L{(t)o(t -o)] = (o)c


-us

CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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In many technological problems, we are dealing with forms of
mechanical vibrations or electrical oscillations and the necessity to
express such periodic functions in Laplace transforms soon arises. Let
( )
f t
be a periodic function of period T i.e.
( ) ( )
f t f t T = +
, .
0 T

Example 3.7.1:
Show that
( )
sin2 f t t =
is a periodic function.
Solution:
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
sin2
sin2

sin2 sin2
=sin2 cos2 cos2 sin2
cos2 1, sin2 0 1,2,3,...
f t t
f t T t T
f t f t T
t t T
t T t T
T T T




=
+ = +
= +
= +
+
= = =


Exercises 3.7.1:
1. Show that ( )
2
f t t =
is not a periodic function.
2. Sketch the following periodic function.

( )
1 , 0 1
1 , 1 2
t
f t
t
< <

=

< <


( ) ( )
2 f t f t = +
Definition 3.7 (Periodic Function)
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.7.2:
Sketch the following periodic function and find its Laplace transform.

( )
3 , 0 2
0 , 2 4
t
f t
t
< <

=

< <

( ) ( )
4 f t f t = +

Solution:
( ) F t

The expression for

( ) { } ( )
( )
4
4
0
2 4
4
0 2
2
1
1
1
3 0
1
3
1
st
s
st st
s
s
f t e f t dt
e
e dt e dt
e
s e


= +

=
+


L

f(t)
Laplace Transform of Periodic Function
If
( )
f t
is a periodic function of period T,
then
( ) { } ( )
0
1
; 0
1
T
st
sT
f t e f t dt s
e

= >


L
.
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Exercises 3.7.2:
Sketch the following periodic function and find its Laplace transform.

( )
, 0 1
1 , 1 2
t t
f t
t
< <

=

< <


( ) ( )
2 f t f t = +



















CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Definition 3.8 (Inverse Laplace Transform)
Recall that,
Notation for Laplace Transform;
( ) ( ) ( )
f t F = L s

So, the inverse form;
( ) ( ) ( )
1
F s f t

= L

Linearity property of Inverse Laplace Transform
If
( ) ( ) ( )
1
F s f t

= L
and
( ) ( ) ( )
1
G s g t

= L

with and is a constants, then
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
( ) ( )
F s G s F s G s
f t g t



=
=
L L
1
L

First shifting property for Inverse Laplace Transform
If
( ) ( ) ( )
1
F s f t

= L
with as constant, then

( ) ( ) ( )
1 at
F s a e f t

= L
or we can write as .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 1 at
F s a e F s

= L L
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.8.1:
( ) ( )
2 2
4 4 3 4
sin3
9 3 9 3
F s f t t
s s

=

+ +

= =


Example 3.8.2:

( ) ( )
4
5 5
1 1 4! 1
4! 24
F s f t t
s s

=


= =


Example 3.8.3:
( )
( )
4
6
1
F s
s
=


By shifting property,
( ) ( )
1 , 1 G s a G s a = =
( )
.
( ) ( )
4 4
3 3
6 3!

t
G s
s s
g t t f t e t
= =
= =


Exercises 3.8.1:
Determine
1.
( )
2
2
2 9 s




+


1
L

2.
( )
3
3
2 5 s




+


1
L



CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.8.4:

-1 -1
2 2 2
cos5
25 5
s s
t
s s

= =

+ +

L L

We can write down the corresponding function in t, provided we can
recognize it from our table of transforms.
But, what about
-1
2
3 1
6
s
s s
+




L
?
Solution:
( )( )
2
3 1 3 1
6 2 3
s s
s s s s
+ +
=
+
=
1 2
2 3 s s
+
+

-1 1
2
3 1 1 2
6 2 3

s
L L
s s s s

+

= +

+


from table: =
t t
e e
3 2
2 +


The two simpler functions of
1
2 s +
and
2
3 s
are called the partial
fractions of
2
3 1
6
s
s s
+

.
Therefore, u need to know partial fractions!!




( ) ( )
2
2
3 1
6 2 3
3 2 3
3:5 10 2
2: 5 5 1
3 1 1 2
6 2 3
s A B
s s s s
1 A s B s s
s B B
s A A
s
s s s s
+
= +
+
+ + = +
= = =
= = =
+
= +
+

CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

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Example 3.8.5:
Determine
2
5 1
12
s
s s

1
L

. Answer:
3 4
3 2
t t
e e

+
( ) ( )
2
2
3 4
2
5 1
12 3 4
3 4 5 1
3: 7 14 2; 4:7 21 3
5 1 3 2
12 3 4
5 1 3 2
3 2
12 3 4
t t
s A B
s s s s
A s B s s
s B B s A A
s
s s s s
s
e e
s s s s

+
= +
+
+ + = +
= = = = = =
+
= +
+
+

= + = +

+

1 1
L L

Partial Fractions
There are few types of denominator that u should know:
1) A linear factor gives a partial fraction
(
s a +
)
A
s a +
where A is a
constant to be determined.
2) A repeated factor (
2
)
s a +
gives
( )
2
A B
s a
s a
+
+
+
.
3) Similarly
(
gives
)
3
s a +
( ) ( )
2 3
A B C
s a
s a s a
+ +
+
+ +
.
4) A quadratic factor
( )
2
s ps q + +
gives 2
Ps Q
s ps q
+
+ +
.
5) Repeated quadratic factors ( )
2
2
s ps q + +
gives
( )
2 2
2
Ps Q Rs T
s ps q
s ps q
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
.
CBAPTER S : LAPLACE TRANSF0RN

24

Exercises 3.8.2:

Determine
1.
( )( )
2
2
4 5 6
1 4
s s
s s


+

+ +


1
L
3 cos2 3sin2 e t t +
. Answer:
t

2. ( ) { }
for F s
1
L
( )
10 2
1
2
+ +
+
=
s s
s
s F

3.
( ) { } ( )
2
2 3
for
2
s
F s F s
s s


=
+
1
L

4.
( )
3
2 3
4
s
s


1
L

Answer:
4 2
5
( ) 2
2
t
f t e t t


=
















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Example 3.8.6:
Find the inverse Laplace transform for
( )
2
1
4 s s +
using Convolution
theorem.
Solution:
Let
( )
1
F s
s
=
and
( )
2
1
4
G s
s
=
+
, then

( ) ( )
1
1, sin2
2
f t g t t = =
.

( ) ( ) ( )
1
1, sin2
2
f u g t u t u = =
.
( )
( ) ( )
( )
( )
[ ]
1
2
0
0
1 1
1 sin2
2 4
cos2
1
2 2
1
cos2 0 cos2
4
1
1 cos2
4
t
t
t u du
s s
t u
t
t



=

+



=


=

=

L




Convolution Theorem

( ) ( ) { } ( ) ( )
1
0
t
F s G s f u g t u du

L
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26
Exercises 3.8.3:
Find
( )
2
2
2
4
s
s




+


1
L
using Convolution theorem.
Find
( )
2
2
1
1 s


1
L

using Convolution theorem.


















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To solve a differential equation by Laplace transforms, we go through
four distinct stages.
(a) Rewrite the equation in terms of Laplace transforms.
(b) Insert the given initial conditions.
(c) Rearrange the equation algebraically to give the transform of the
solution.
(d) Determine the inverse transform to obtain the particular solution.

Transforms of Derivatives


{ }
If ( ) ( ), then y t Y s = L

( ) { }
0
( ) y t sY s

y = L


{ }
2
0 0
( ) ( ) y t s Y s sy y

= L


( ) { }
3 2
0 0
( ) y t s Y s s y sy y
0
= L

( )
( )
{ }
( ) 1 1 2
0 0 0

( )
n n n n n
y t s Y s s y s y y

=
# # #
" L





Definition 3.9 (SolutionofDifferentialequationsbyLaplaceTransforms)
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Solution of 1
st
Order Differential equations

Example 3.9.1:
Solve the equation
2 4
dy
y =
dt
, given that at
0, 1 t y = =
.
Solution:
(a) Rewrite the equation in Laplace transforms using the last notation

{ } { } { }
2 4 2
dy dy
y y
dt dt

= =


L L L L 4 L

We have
{ }
{ }
{ }
0
( ) ( ) ,
( ) ( ),
4
4
dy
y t sY s y
dt
y t Y s
s

= =


=
=
L L
L
L
.
Then the equation becomes
( )
0
4
( ) 2 ( ) sY s y Y s
s
=
.
(b) Insert the initial condition that at
0, 1 t y = =
i.e.
0
1 y =
.

( )
4
( ) 1 2 ( ) sY s Y s
s
=

(c) Now we rearrange this to give an expression for
Y s

( )

( )
( )
4 4 4
2 ( ) 1 ( )
2
s s
s Y s Y s
s s s s
+ +
= + = =


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(d) Finally we take inverse transforms to obtain x

( )
( ) ( )
4
2 2
4 2
s A B
s s s s
s A s B s
+
= +

+ = +
2 6 2 3 s B B

i) Let
= = =

ii) Let ( )
0 4 2 2 s A A = = =
( )


4 3 2
( )
2 2
s
Y s
s s s s
+
= =


Therefore, taking inverse transforms

{ }
( )
1 1
1
2
4
( ) ( )
2
3 2
2
( ) 3 2
t
s
y t Y s
s s
s s
y t e


+
= =


=
L L
L


Example 3.9.2:
Solve the equation
2 4
4 2
t t
dx
x e e
dt
= +
given that at
0, 0 t x = =
.
Solution:

{ }
2 4
4 2
t t
dx
x e e
dt

= +


L L

( )
0
( ) 4 ( ) sX s x X s
2 1
2 4 s s
= +

.
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0, 0 t x = =


( )
2 1
( ) 0 4 ( )
2 4
sX s X s
s s
= +



( )
( )( )
( )
2
2 1
4 ( )
2 4
2 1
( )
2 4
4
can use partial fraction
can transform
directly from
the table
s X s
s s
X s
s s
s
= +

= +



Partial Fraction



( )( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1
2 2
2 4 4
4 2
2 1 1 1 1
( )
2 4 2 4
4 4
( )
1
t t t
t t
x t
s s s s
s s
x t e e te
e t e


= + = + +





= + +
= +
L L


Exercises 3.9.1:
Solve the equation
3
2 10
t
dx
x e
dt
+ =
given that at
0, 6 t x = =
.



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Solution of 2
nd
Order Differential equations
The method is, in effect, the same as before, going through the same
four distinct stages.

Example 3.9.3:
Solve the equation
2
3
2
3 2 2
t
d y dy
y e
dt dt
+ =
given that
( )
0 y = 5
and
( )
0 7 y

=
.
Solution:
(a) We rewrite the equation in terms of its transforms, remembering
that

{ }
( ) y Y s = L


{ }
0
( ) ( ) y t sY s

= L y


{ }
2
0 0
( ) ( ) y t s Y s sy y = L

The equation becomes

( ) ( )
N
( )
2
0 0 0
2
( ) 3 ( ) 2 ( )
3
t
y t
y t y









L
L L
s Y s sy y sY s y Y s
s
+ =


(b) Insert the initial conditions. In this case
0
5 y =
and .
0
7 y =

( )
2
2
( ) 5 7 3 ( ) 5 2 ( )
3
s Y s s sY s Y s
s
+ =


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(c) Rearrange to obtain
( ) Y s

( ) ( )
( )( )
( )( )( ) ( )( )
2
2
3 2 ( ) 5 7 15
3
2 2
1 2 ( ) 5 7 15 5 8
3 3
2 5 8
Y(s)
3 1 2 1 2
s s Y s s
s
s s Y s s s
s s
s
s s s s s
+ + =

= + + = +

= +


(d) Now for partial fractions
( )( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 5 8
3 1 2 1 2
1 1 2 3 2 4 1
3 1 2 1 2 3 1
s
s s s s s
s s s s s s s

= + + + + = +


Therefore, taking inverse transforms

( )( )( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
1 1
3
2 5 8 4
( )
3 1 2 1 2 3 1
( ) 4
t t
s
y t
s s s s s s s
y t e e



= + =




= +
L L
1



Exercises 3.9.2:
1. Solve the equation
2
2
4 24cos2
d x
x t
dt
=
given that at and
.
( )
0 x = 3
( )
0 4 x =
2. Solve the boundary value problem equation
( ) ( )
3 4 cosh , 5 y y t t y = = 0.

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REFERENCES:

1. Nagle, Saff and Snider, Fundamentals Of Differential
Equations 5th Edition, Addison Wesley Longman; 2000.

2. Alan J effrey, Advanced Engineering Mathematics,
Academic Press; 2002.

3. Abd. Wahid Md. Raji & Mohd Nor Mohamad, Persamaan
Pembeza Biasa; J abatan Matematik; UTM;Skudai 2002.

4. Glynn J ames et al., Advanced Modern Engineering
Mathematics, Addison Wesley; 1993.

5. Boyce and di Prima, Elementary Differential Equations and
Boundary Value Problems, 4th edition, J ohn Wiley and
Sons; 1986.

6. K. A. Stroud, Advanced Engineering Mathematics;
MacMillan Ltd.; London; 1996.

7. Normah Maan, Halijah Osman et al., Differential Equations
Module, J abatan Matematik; UTM; Skudai 2007.

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