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What you MUST know about Water Quality. Water quality is expressed in THREE parameters 1.

Physical Quality (Taste, Odour/Smell and Colour)- This are things you can observe by looking at the water and also by testing and smelling. 2. Chemical Quality (presence of minerals like Iron, Manganese, Fluorides, Nitrates) dissolved in water as water travels over land, soils and rock masses. You may notice presence of these elements through taste or odour. 3. Bacteriological Quality (Presence of disease causing organisms, like those causing cholera, typhoid, etc). Bacteriological quality is one of the most important water parameters in our region. There are many organisms in water that may cause diseases, but the most important ones are those that pass through undestroyed by the digestive system. In order to make water safe for drinking, you should start with improving the physical parameters and in special instances also the chemical parameters where possible. Bacteriological quality must be addressed as the last in the process in order to make the treatment effective and avoid re-contamination. Water disinfection Disinfecting water involves the use of physical and chemical and biological means to kill any harmful micro-organisms. This may be achieved through boiling, filtering, solar dis-infection, use of chlorine compounds etc. Chlorine is the most common disinfectant for most water treatment works in our region. It is used either in solution or gas. Its cheap, easily produced, fairly stable and has a residual effect. The right quantity of Chlorine to be used must be determined through tests, how ever through experience, relatively clear and lightly contaminated water sources require about 2parts of chlorine per 1 million parts of water. This is expressed as 2ppm. This dose can also be expressed as 2mg of Chlorine per Litre of Water or 1 million milligrams of water. After dosing chlorine and waiting for 30

Noor B. Pwani.

minutes, the water is usually ready for drinking, and must have a residual amount of chlorine of 0.2-0.5 mg per Liter. The residual level can under normal circumstances remain active for up to 18 hours and therefore ensures water safety against post treatment contamination. Use of Chlorine tabs is most preferred as they are easy to administer for a pre-determined quantity of water. Most of aquatabs are for 20 Litre volumes, for normal household use. Other tabs are available for 10 Litre, 5 Litre and even up to 1 Litre quantities.

Simple Procedure for use of Chlorine Tabs. 1. Take quantity of water as required (20 Litres), which must be clear enough, if water is turbid and has suspended matter, these must be filtered out and water left to settle. (in turbid waters the effectiveness of chlorine is greatly impaired) 2. Take a Chlorine tab and drop into the water, letting it dissolve on its own through an effervescence action. 3. Leave treated water standing for at least 30 minutes. 4. Water is ready for drinking. 5. Use treated water for drinking, washing hands, washing fruits and vegetables, brushing teeth etc. 6. Keep treated water in containers with narrow necks to restrict contact with contaminated cups and fingers during use. Preparing Chlorine Solutions from Chlorine Granules, Pellets and tablets. to be undertaken by a well trained technician or qualified personnel. Mass application 1. Prepare a Mother Solution which will have a much higher concentration value, say 1%- equivalent to 10,000 parts per million (10,000ppm). Which means 10,000 milligrams or 10 grammes of available chlorine have been mixed with 1 litre of water. (see point 7) 2. The mother solution can then be used in very small quantities to treat 20 litre volumes of water in order to obtain the required dosage of 2ppm as discussed earlier. Noor B. Pwani.

3. Firstly consider that our mother solution is 10,000 mg of chlorine in 1000 millilitres (cc or ml) of water. You can then accurately say that each cc of the mother solution has 10 milligrams of chlorine. 4. Since the concentration is expressed as the ratio of solute (chlorine) to solvent (water), we therefore must ask ourselves how many cc of the Mother solution must be mixed with 20 litres of water in order to have a 2ppm dose. If we take 1cc which is equivalent to 1 Millilitre, then mix it with 20 litres of water, we will have a dose of 10mg in 20 litres, which will then result in a dose of 10parts per 20 million. We therefore then say that this results into 0.5 parts per million. 5. It is therefore simple to say that if we use 4cc, then we will have a dose of 40mg per 20 million mg of water. Dividing by 20 through out results into a dosage of 2mg per 1 million mg of water. This can be expressed as 2ppm. !!!! 6. Hence if you have a 1% solution, then use 4cc of the mother solution to treat 20 litres of water, if the Chlorine demands require that the initial dose should be 2ppm in order to have a residual Chlorine value of between 0.2-0.5 mg/Litre!!!! OW, here is the LAST thing, which MUST be done first!. We know chlorine is supplied in a compound form, and therefore occur as a percentage of the compound. In most cases the % will be provided on the manufactures instructions and would be 65 or 70%. In our case HTH has a % of 70 of available chlorine. We therefore ask our selves , what weight of the compound HTH will give us an available pure Chlorine weight of 10grammes. The answer is quite simple, divide 10gm by 0.7 and therefore we need to measure 14.28grammes, OR say 15grammes of the HTH and proceed as in step 1. above

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Currently active branches are :- Wau, Malakal, Bentu and Juba. Plans to open new branches in Rumbek, Torit and Yambio. In Malakal a needs assessment to strengthen the branch disaster response, especially in epidemic response is required. In long term perspective, WatSan and Health activities need to be developed. In Raja the GRC funding is ending in March 2007 and the Secretariat is planning to travel to Raja on the 12 th March 2007 to undertake an assessment in food security, health, WatSan and livestock in order to develop a proposal for the next 2 years. For new branches, Rumbek, the Norwegian RC will support the national society in branch development, food security and health, including WatSan.

Noor B. Pwani.

In Yambio, the GRC have applies for 1,000,000 EURO proposal to the EU and will cover WatSan, Health, Livelihoods and OD over the next two years. Activities and scope for each sector will be elaborated once an in depth assessment is done in the field.

Noor B. Pwani.

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