CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

BY:

DR. ANTOINETTE T. LEUTERIO

Circulatory system
Heart, blood vessels, & lymphatic
Pulmonary & systemic circulation

Endothelium Complete Circuit of Closed Tubes - heart, arteries,capillaries,veins - lymphatics

Neovascular bundle

Blood Vascular system

function: conducts nutrients, oxygen, & hormones to all parts of the body

CAPILLARIES
terminal arterioles and venules fundamental vascular unit devoid of layers of its walls allow red blood cells to pass in single file its lumen is lined by single layers of endothelial cells - polygonal endothelial cells -vimentin ( fx) - fasciae occludentes

Capillaries- selective permeability -some diffuse and some actively transported (small & large pores) -diapedesis spongy meshwork pinocytic vesicles transverse sections thin ring (nucleus)

CAPILLARIES
Functionally most important of all blood vessels (nutrients & oxygen) metabolic fxs of cap include the following ( endothelial cells) a. angiotensin I - angiotensin II b. deactivation of active substances c. breakdown of lipoproteins ( triglycerides & cholesterol) d. release of prostacyclin

Types of Capillaries
1.continuous(somatic) capillaries or type I -lack fenestrae (1) -numerous pinocytic vesicles (2) -continuous BL (3) -loc:nervous tissue, muscle, C.T., exocrine glands and lungs (4)

Types of Capillaries
2. Fenestrated(visceral) cap or type II -with fenestrae (1) -few PV (2) -continuous BL (3) -loc:endocrine glands, int., pancreas, glomeruli of kidneys (4)

Types of Capillaries
3. Sinusoidal capillaries -many large fenestrae (1) -lack PV (2) -discontinuous BL (3) -loc:liver, spleen, BM, lymph nodes (4)

Blood flow into cap beds

- from metarterioles or terminal arterioles ( cap) to small venules

bypassing a cap bed

- arteriovenous anastomoses - thermoregulation

False capillaries
definition Sinusoids and rete mirabile
SINUSOIDS

-passages bet larger vessels -BM laking -Reticulo-endothelial system

RETE MIRABLE

-inserted in course of an arteriole or venule -uncommon

Precapillaries & Postcapillaries

definition Larger than capillaries Precapillaries (arterial cap) -arterial side -smallest( endo & smooth M) postcapillaries(venous cap) -venous side -smallest (endo & C.T.)

Precapillaries & Postcapillaries

Fx. -precapillary sphincters ( control flow through capillary beds)

Structural Plan of Blood Vessels

All blood vessels except capillaries Three concentric coats(tunics,layers)of wall 1.tunica intima(internal) 2.tunica media 3.tunica adventitia(external) tunica intima -innermost -lined by endothelium -subendothelial coat (fibroelastic) -internal elastic membrane

Tunica media -middle -smooth muscle (circular) -elastic fibers Tunica adventitia -outermost -external elastic layer -external elastic membrane -remainder fibro-elastic tissue -areolar tissue nearby

VASA VASORUM
Small vessels supply nutrients to large artery or vein vessels of vessels more than 1mm dia

NERVES
vasomotor fibers sensory fibers

ARTERIES
Fx- conduct blood away from the heart to organs & tissues Three groups(types) 1.arterioles(smallest) 2.small to medium-sized arteries(muscular) 3.large arteries(elastic)

Arterioles
Invisible between 0.04mm & 0.3mm dia regulate BP tunica intima internal elastic membrane(always present) tunica media (almost always thickest & most prominent )

Small and medium sized arteries

Muscular A ( distributing A) vasa vasorum (t. adventitia) Smallest (visible) Tunica adventitia elastic layer (collagenous)

Large arteries
Elastic A Conducting A vasa vasorum (T. media / T.adventitia) tunica intima - lined by polygonal endothelial cells tunica media -thickest tunica adventitia -collagenous fib

Metarterioles
Narrow vessels that arise from arterioles

Vasoconstriction
-arterioles -sympathetic stimulation

Vasodilatation
-parasympathetic stim. by release: 1.acetylcholine release EDRF 2.EDRF(endothelial-derived relaxing factor)

Sensory N. endings
1.Baroreceptors BP changes Carotid sinus 2.Chemoreceptors bld levels of O2 & CO2 changes Carotid and aortic bodies

VEINS
Conduct blood away from organs to the heart

Three classes 1.venules 2.small to medium- sized veins 3.large veins also possess three layers
(tunica intima, media & adventitia)

Venules
0.2 to 1mm dia tunica intima no IEL thin (gen) tunica adventitia thickest layer exchange of metabolites & diapedesis

Small and medium sized veins

inc.cutaneous br.; deeper veins of forearm & leg;veins of the head,trunk & viscera(exc main vessels & their tributaries) tunica intima lined by short polygonal endothelial cells tunica adventitia longitudinal smooth m. , no ext. elastic layer

Large veins
Inc. superior & inferior vena cava, portal veins pulomnary vein tunica intima thicker subendothelial layer tunica media smooth muscle reduced tunica adventitia Thickest (vasa vasorum) longitudinal smooth muscle (almost all) no ext. elastic layer three zones:inner,middle & outer

VALVES
Pocket-like in veins Absent (cranium) Occurs in pairs Distal to entry of a tributary vein FxFolding of intimal tunic Covered by endothelium

ARTERIO-VENOUS ANASTOMOSES

Ex. palm,sole,terminal phalanges,lips,nose,eyelids For circulation and BP regulation

Comparison of artery & vein of same size

Transverse sec smaller lumen of A (1) A wall thicker (2) V wall thin with large lumen Media thickest-A (3) A-IEL (4) V valves (5)

HEART
Four-chambered (atria,ventricle) sym & parasym fibers three cardiac layers (tunicae) 1.endocardium 2.myocardium 3.epicardium

Endocardium
T.intima endothelium

Myocardium
middle coat (t. media) Composed of cardiac muscle

Epicardium
Ext. coat (t.advent) outermost Mesothelium

Cardiac Skeleton
Central support main components 1.septum membranaceum 2.annuli fibrous or fibrous ring 3.trigona fibrosa

Heart Valves
Reduplication of endocardium Bicuspid valves tricuspid valves semilunar valves

Impulse-conducting system
Initiate heartbeat comprises SA node seat of impulse pacemaker AV node AV bundle of his purkinje fibers (subendocardium)

VESSELS & NERVES

Coronary A and cardiac V Nerve supply from Vagus LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM lymphatic cap, lymphatic vessels,lymphatic ducts

LYMPHATIC VESSELS
One-way flow lack lymphatic cap ex:brain,spinal cord,eyeball,internal ear,bone marrow lymphatic capillaries -broader -dense network

LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Valves -more closely spaced main lymphatic trunks -thoracic and R.lymphatic ducts FUNCTION OF LYMPHATICS Chief route for uptaking large molecule

CLINICAL CONSIDERATION
Aneurysm Atherosclerosis Rheumatic heart-valve dse (mitral val) Ischemic(coronary) hrt dse Tetralogy of Fallot Varicose Veins (hemorrhoids) Metastasis of malignant tumors occur via lymph vessels or blood vessels