1436

PROCEEDINGS IEEE OF THE

November

TE- and T M - W a v e s in Waveguides of

Very General Cross Section

an alternative, the corresponding pattern can be measuredby using an electrolytic tank. In the latter case two models of identical shape corresponding to the cross section in questionareto be measured. These models differ in thatthe conducting and insulating walls are interchanged thus allowing for measurement of field and equipotential lines. Fig. l ( a ) shows the INTRODUCTION familiar curved field line and equipotential line pattern ITHINthelast decade, the desire for more of two charge line particles. Fig. l(b) shows the corresuitable waveguide shapes for meeting the new spondingstraight line pattern into which thecurved application requirements has often been prelines of Fig. l(a) can be transformed. If the Cartesian sented.Forexample,the problem of the high-power coordinatesxandyareinsertedinto Fig. l(b), then waveguide, the extremely low loss guide, and the most the vertical straight lines, x=const., correspond to the suitable guide for millimeter waves has not yet found a lines, x=const., inFig. l(a). In the same manner the final solution. I t is readily conceivable that the common equivalent to the horizontal straight lines, y =const., rectangularandcircular crosssections do not always in Fig. l(b) can be found in the curved lines, y=const., offer the optimum solution for meeting design requireof Fig. l(a). Each rectangle of Fig. l ( b ) which is ments.Thereforetheinvestigation of different modes bounded by lines, x=const. and y =const., corresponds in waveguides of arbitrary cross section will probably to the area bounded by the curved lines, x = const. and yield aclearpicture of wavebehaviorinwaveguides y = const., o f Fig. l(a). The large rectangle emphasized of general cross section, thus paving the way toward a in Fig. l(b) has the dimensions a . b and the origin of final solution to the above-mentioned problems. the Cartesian coordinates lies in the lower right corner This paper describes a simple method for calculating of thisrectangle.Thereforethisrectangle is bounded all modes in a waveguide of arbitrary cross section if the by the lines x=O, x = a , y=O and y = b in Fig. l(b). cross section in question can be transformed into a The corresponding area in Fig. l ( a ) is considered as the rectangle by conformal transformation. The conformal cross section to be investigated forthe purpose of setting mapping procedure thus enables the calculation of upthetheory.Thereforethebounding lines arethe critical frequencies, fields, wall currents, transported crosssection walls. Thiswaveguide crosssectionhas power and the attenuation of the various modes. beentransformed into the rectangle of Fig. l(b), and the line pattern of Fig. l(a) is the coordinatesystem CONFORMAL TRANSFORMATION OF THE GENERAL in which the wave field is to be calculated. CROSS SECTION If an elementary area d A bounded by the edges dx The coordinatepattern of a giventwo-dimensional and dy is considered [Fig. l(b)], this area corresponds conformal transformation (electrical field lines and to the conformal element dA* bounded by the edges equipotential lines of a plane electrostatic field) can be dx* and dy* [Fig. l(a)]. The fundamental law of conused in the following analysis. Many of these coorformaltransformation is dinatepatternscan beobtainedfrombooksdealing dz* = F(x, y)dx; dy* = F(x, y)dy. (1) with the subject of conformal trans for ma ti or^^^ or, as

Summary-The waveguide of the general cross section is transformed into a waveguide of rectangular cross section by conformal transformation.The electric and magnetic field, the critical frequency, wall current, power transport and attenuation of the different T E and TM-modes are calculated by a series approximation. Examples of numerical evaluation are given for five different cross sections.

* Received July 24, 1963.

f Technische Hochschule, Munich, %many. A. Betz. Konforme Abbildung, Springer-Verlag, Berlin,

Therefore both line elements are multiplied by the samefactor F , where F is position dependent in the general case. This function F can be calculated from F ( x , y)
= -= -

dx*

dy* dy

Ge&iny; 1961. 4 E. Weber, Electromagnetic fields, in Mapping of Fields, vol. 1, John \Viley and Sons, Inc., New York, N. Y.; 1950.

dx

in a pure analytical manner

if the transforming func-

1963

dleinke, et al.: TE- and l,lI-Waves Waveguides in

1437

(b) Fig. 1-Conformal transformation.

tion is known in analytical form, or may be obtained tion of the crosssection shape to be investigated. (As from an appropriate electrostatic field pattern by an example the F i k coefficients obtained by the abovegraphicalmeans as the ratio of the lengths dx* to dx mentioned procedure will later be given in Table I or dy* to d y . for the cross section of Fig. 5 . ) In the differential field equation (18) the term F ( x , y ) appears as a fundamental function and has the following meaning: F 2 ( x ,y ) =

dx* dy*
~

dx dy

dA

dd4*

F? is thefactorby which theelementaryarea d A is transformed from one coordinate system to the other. In order to obtain the intended solution for the field equation (19) it isnecessary to give F the series expansion :

Theconstant coefficients F , k canbecalculatedby means of aFourieranalysis of the function F? in the following manner:
1
b

F (2.u)*dXdY
1
b

A* A

In ( 5 ) A* is the total area of the general waveguide cross section found in Fig. l ( a ) ; whereas -4 = a . b gives the total area of the corresponding cross section in Fig. l ( b ) . The equations in the latter part of this paper which describe the fields, criticalwavelengths,etc.relate to the case Foe= 1 to yield short terms; therefore the transformation should be chosen such that A * and A are equal. If the mapped rectangle of Fig. l(b) fulfills the requirement .4* = A then this rectangle is considered as being theequivalentrectangular cross section. The correspondingdimensions of theserectangles will be given in Figs. 5-9 foreachone o f the five examples used.

F(z,u)2 COS -dxdy. a

o ~ ~ o --.dxdv. kTY b ~ ~

iSX

(6)

FIELD EQUATIONS FOR

THE

TE MODES

2
Fok

=~

v (7) ~

The waveguide depicted in Fig. 2the has coordinates x and y within the cross section and the coordinate z in the longitudinaldirectionand is equal to the actual z * length ~ ~ along ~ which the wave propagates. Since

For i > O , k > O :

Frk .

abs.:osulo
4

irx kry F(=,u)2.COS-COS-dx.dY. a b

(8)

Eqs. (6) to (8)canbe evaluated in the generalcaseby zonductingagraphicalFourieranalysis of the FL-func-

no transformation is undertaken in the direction of propagation, the differential line element dz* which exists in the z direction is identical the to infinitesimal length dz if the x-y-z coordinatesystem in which the mapped rectangular guide is located. The electric field of the TE-modes has no components in the longitudinaldirection (z direction)bydefinition.Therefore

1438

PROCEEDIAGS O F T H E IEEE
2u Bo = X0 = w4/Eopo.

November

only the field components E, tangent to the lines y=const. and E, tangent to thelines x =const. exist for theTE-modes.Thecorrespondingmagnetic field has the following componentsbydefinition: Hz inthe x direction, H, in the y direction and Hz in the z direction. The Maxwell Equations for the above fields in the curved-line-coordinate system having the line elements dx* and dy* are given by (9) to (12)33536 when the relationship given by (1) is substituted for dx* and dy*:

If the z dependency is described by the factor e+@, all the field components [in (9) to (12)] can be describedby the realfunctionT(x, y) and the insertion of appropriate the The function T(x, y) is defined by (15). Inserting this equation in (9)-(11) leads to (16) and (17).

jweoEzF

= --

aaz
aY

Faz

aH, aH, jweoE,F = F -- -7 az ax

When (16) and (17) aresubstitutedinto(12), all the field equations are reduced to a single equation

The function T(x, y) must satisfy the following boundary conditions. E, = O a t x = 0 and x = a (conducting boundaries, Fig. 2). Therefore, according to (15),

Fig. 2-Coordinate system

of the waveguide.

In case of a propagating wave in the z direction, the z dependency of all components can be described by the factor e-jBz and any differentiation of the components in respect tothe z directionresults in amultiplication with the factor -jO. fl is the propagation constant and is given by

E, = 0 a t y = 0 and y = b. Therefore, according t o (15),

SOLUTION OF THE TE,,-h$oDEs

A

BY

SERIES EXPANSION

X, is the wavelength within the waveguide, Bo is the free space wavelength, and X, is the critical wavelength of
the mode being investigated. The propagation constant in free space & is given by
P. Frand andR. v. Mises, Die Differential- und Integralgleichungen der Mechanik und Physik, Pt. I, Vieweg and Sohn,New York, N. Y. and Braunschweig, Germany, p. 82; 1961. e S. A. Schelkunoff, Electromagnetic Waves, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., S e w York, N. Y.; 1948.
6

If the common waveguide of rectangular cross section is considered a t first, no transformation is necessary: dx* =dxand dy* =dy.ThereforetheP-function in (18) hasthevalue P ( x , y) = l . T h e solutions of (18) are the familiar TE,,-modes where
m m nay cos - . T(x,y) = Am,-cos-a b
7 G. Goubau Electromagnetic Waveguides and Pergamon Press, London, England; 1961.

(2 1)

Cavities,

1963

Meinke, et al.: TE- and TM- Waves in Waveguides

1439

A , , is aconstant which maybe freelychosen.Each T(x, y) fulfills the boundary conditions of (19) and (20). Eq. (21) is a particular solution which is restricted to a guide of rectangular cross section. However the generalized form which fulfills the boundary conditions and is suitable for describing the Hz field of any TE-mode of the general cross section in Fig. 2 is a series expansion which is givenby
T W

T(x y)

=
s=o
t=O

try sxx A,tcos--.cos-.

a

(22)

The general form of these equations concerning the efficients with COS uax/a.cos vay/b is

CO-

The constant coefficients A n t in the above equation are to be chosensuch thatthefunction T ( x , y) satisfies (18) for the corresponding F'-(x, y)-function.Eq. (18) has an infinite number of such solutions for the function T(x,y)andeach of themdescribesone of the TE,,modes of the general cross section. 1Yhen the function T(x, y ) of (22) a n d P ( x , y) of (4) aresubstitutedintothewaveequation (18),(23) is obtained.

C,,, contains all higher c . i l A tFir, . components in which the following relationships are fulfilled :

52
a=O

t=O

+ (ib")2].COs-.cosa
SAX

txy b

The value of the c factor will be 4, 4 or 1 and is determined by (24). i=O k=O a Eq. (28) is valid for u>O and v>O. In case of u=O, the terms F2u,0 and F2rr,2F, and if v=O, the termsF o .and ~ ~ x ; O Fzu,zr in (28) must be cancelled. A,,cos~.cos~). If the Fie-series expansion converges relatively well, 8=0 t=o a b a finite number of A a t coefficients is sufficient for describing the field of any mode and thus allows the The products of the cosine factors in the above equation restriction to afinitenumber of equationshavinga are treated by using finite number of terms. One of the i l s t magnitudes may be freelychosen andthus fixes theamplitude o f the cos p.cos q = 3 cos ( p q) 3 cos ( p - q ) , (24) wave within the guide. If a specific number of equations (28) is used, then the same number of X, values pertaining to the various and (23) is changed into a form which only contains a modes is obtained. For each X, value the corresponding sum of cosine functions. This equation can be split up A S t magnitudes canbeobtained which pertain to the into an infinite number of equations bl- collecting on both wave field of the respective mode. sides the terms having cosine functions with equal arI n one of these equations (28) u and v have the same guments. vall~es as m and n of the mode to be calculated. The terms withoutany cosine function are I f the interesting cross section is not very different from a rectangle, all higher F i k are very small and (28), with u = m and v = n, is the dominant one for calculating the X, pertaining to the TE,,-mode. Terms with cos a x l a
=
( ) : ?

(52

Fik

cos -cos -

.(

+ +

Terms with cos rx/a-cos ay/b:

1440

PROCEEDINGS O F THE I E E E
of a

Nwember

The first term in (30) is the criticalwavelength

TE,, mode of a rectangular waveguide. If the cross section is nearly a rectangle, A , , is the
dominant part of the field and Cmnmay be neglected. In this case X, can be approximately calculated by inserting the specific F i b in (30). T o calculate X, for arbitrary cross sections, more equations (28) are necessary toobtainthevalue of C,,/A,, which describes the influence of the field distortion.

Therefore the main equation for the critical wavelength of TM,, modes with m>O and u>O is given by

TM,, MODES
The electric field of these modes has components E,, E,, and E , in all three directions; the magnetic field only hascomponents H, and H, within the cross section plane. The Maxwell Equations can be solved by using another function T ( x , y )

If (38) is compared with (30) it can be readily realized that X, of the TE,, and TM,, modes aresomewhat different in the general case where the actual cross section is not rectangular.
THETRANSPORTED POWER
The Poynting Vectorassociatedwithawavepropagatingthrough awaveguide of generalcrosssection describes the energy per cm2 passing through the cross section plane and the value is given by

These equations can be reduced to the wave equation (18), which is valid for TE- and TM-waves. The bound- Therefore the power transported through the cross ary conditions for the conducting walls require E,=O section plane by a propagating wave is given by (40). at the walls.

T ( x , Y)

x=Oandx=a
=

y = 0 and y = b .

(34)

Eq. (31) is fulfilled for any mode if the following statement is made for the T ( x , y)-function:
m m

T ( x ,y )

=
o=o t S O

Batsin--sina

s*x

try
'

(35)

If the function F 2 ( x , y ) according to (4) and T ( x , y ) accordingto (35) is insertedintothe wave equation (18), thenanequationsimilarto (23) is obtained in which the sin u . cos v factors are rearranged according to sin uscos v
= =

If T ( x , y ) , according to (22) or (35), is used, all cosine terms which containone or severalcompleteperiods aboutthe crosssection become zero when integrated about the cross section, and the resulting equations for the power transfer become relatively simple.

PTE=
8WPO
a=O

t=o

3 sin ( u + v )
$sin (u

+ 4 sin (u - v )
(36)

+ v ) - t sin ( v - u).

Therefore equations similar to those of (25) t o (27) are obtained in which the .Isr components are replaced by B S tcomponents and somesignsbecomechanged. The general expression for these equations is given by

WAVEGUIDE WALLS The wall currents always flow normal to the adjacent magnetic field and the maximum surface current density
CURRENTS ON
THE

1963

dleinke, et al.: TE- and TAUTl'aves in Waveguides

1441

i* is equaltothemaximummagnetic field intensity which lies perpendicular to the current. Along the walls x = O and x = a (Fig. 3) the current flowing along the inner walls in the z direction has the following current density for T E modes:

In the above equation P is the transported power according to (41) or (42) and d P is the power absorbed which is considered as being dissipated along the length dz as shown in Fig. 8. The surfaceelement d A 1 = d x * . d z which is located on the top and bottom walls, y =const., absorbs the power

dPr = Q[ i,*

I ('+ 1 i,*

(2]Ro*F*dxd~.

(50)

Referred t o here are the current densities from (45) and (46). Rois the real part of the intrinsic impedance of the conducting walls. The surface element d A 2=dy* .dz which is located along the side walls, x = const., absorbs thepower

dP2 =

a[ I i,*

jz+

I i,*

12]RoF*dy-dz,

(5 1)

Fig. 3-Surtace

current density of a waveguide.

where the current densities refer to (43) and (44).

The current in the y direction has the current density

RESULTS
The properties of severalinteresting crosssections were investigated by the method given. Five examples will be shown to demonstrate the good agreement between the calculated data and the measured values. In all examples not more than three or four suitable equations were used to calculate the critical frequency. Fig. 4 shows five cross sections which we have built as resonators for measuring the critical wavelength and the attenuation factor of these waveguides. For demonstration purposes the end plates of each are removed. Several holes were provided in the walls for finding the mode types by measuring the distribution o f the field strength. The resonators were made of copper or brass. The mechanicaltolerances were in theorder of kO.5 mm. This means that the expected difference between measured and calculated X, values cannot be better than about 0.5 per cent. Fig. 5 shows a cross section for high-power transportatioms Table I gives the F , k of this waveguide type and Table I1 gives thecalculatedand measuredvalues of X, for five modes. In Figs. 6 and 7 two types of ridgewaveguides for high power are given. In Tables I11 and IV the results of calculation and measurements are given. If the function T(x, y ) of a special mode is calculated, the direction of the resultant electric field can be obtained for any point of the cross section. Because the coordinate system is known, the dynamic field lines can be drawn. The electric field lines of the fundamental mode are shown in Figs. 6 and 7.

Thecurrent flowing along the inner walls y=O and y = b has two components i , * and i,* and they are given by (45) and (46).

'I31 modes have currents in the z direction only; along

the walls x = 0 and x = a we have

y = O and y = b the current density

is

When these current densities are calculated, then the a can waveguide losses or theattenuationconstant also be calculated by
1

dP

* H. H. Meinke, 'A survel on the use of conformal mapping for solving wave-field problems, presented at URSI Symposium on Electromagnetic Theory and Antennas, Copenhagen; June, 1962.

1442

PROCEEDINGS O F T H E I E E E

November

Fig. +Five examples

of waveguides which were investigated.

L--~cKJ
Fig. 5-High

mm

4 -

power waveguide cross section. TABLE I1

C.4LCULA4TEDASD hIEASCRED

DATA OF A \vAVEGUIDE WITH CROSSSECTION ACCORDING TO FIG.5

Dimensions of equivalent rectangle: a = 100.5 cm, b =90.5 cm

Mode

X , calculated

1
I

X, measured Difference

[emf

[emf

Fig. 6-LVaveguide

with trapezoidal ridges.

TXBLE 111 CALCULATED ASD MEASURED DATA OF A LVAVEGUIDE WITH CROSS SECTIOX . ~ C O R D I S G TO FIG.6 Dimensions of equivalent rectangle: n = 10.55 cm, b = 5.5 cm

TABLE IV CALCULATED AND MEASURED DATA OF A ~VAVEGCIDE WITH CROSSSECTION ACCORDIXG TO FIG.7 Dimensions of equivalent rectangle: a = 10.6 cm, b x 5 . 9 cm

TE1o

TE?o
TEo, TEII TMu

24.80 24.84 9.80 12.75 12.54 8.25

'

10.10 12.82 12.67 7.90

+0.2 -2.7 -0.6

TElo

-1

.o

+4.4

TEor TEu TMn

TEO

24.85 9.64 13.57 13.12 8.65

25 .oo 9.76 13.70 13.27 8.68

-0.6 -1.2 -0.9 -1 .o -0.4

1963

Aieinke, et al.: TE- and TM-Waves in Waveguides

1443

68 rnm

Fig. 8-Lunar

guide.

Fig. 9-Inverted lunar

guide.

TABLE V CALCULATED AXD

MEASURED DATA OF A WAVEGUIDE WITH CROSS SECTION ACCORDING TO FIG.8

TABLE VI C.4LCULATED A S D MEASURED DATA OF A WAVEGUIDE -CROSS SECTION ACCORDING TO FIG.9

WITH

Dimensions of equivalent rectangle: u =20.20 cm. b= 1.214 cm Mode

Xe measured

Dimensions of equivalent rectangle: a=20.20 cm, b= 1.214 cm Difference

[cd

Difference

[%I

CONCLUSIONS
Fig. 8 shows the so-called l u n a r - g ~ i d e and ~ Fig. 9 The standard rectangular waveguides do not satisfy the inverted lunar-guide and the results forseveral all present and future requirements. For new applicamodes. The inverted lunar-guide is a very interesting tions, new cross-sectional shapes must be investigated. waveguide type, because the cutoff frequencyisvery With the method presented it is possible to calculate all low and there is a large frequency gap to the next higher interesting data of waveguides with arbitrary cross secorder mode. There are no sharp edges in the waveguide tion if a suitable coordinate system exists. This can be cross section which could cause arcing under highfound in an cas). way by the use of an electrolytic tank. power conditions. The examples given show a very good agreement between the calculated values of the cutoff wavelength for several modes and the attenuation factors and confirm 9 A . Y. Hu and .4.Ishimaru, The dominantcutoff wavelength the usefulness of this method for calculations of waveof a lunar line, IRE TRANS.ON MICROWAVE THEORY AND TECHguide characteristics. NIQUES, vol. MTT-9, pp. 552-556; November, 1961.