Emerson OLHO

Fisher ® Amine Pump Recirculation Solutions
Technology and Innovation in Process Control
Application Discussion
In many refineries and gas processing facilities acid gas removal systems are present to remove corrosive
gases. The removal, sometimes referred to as sweetening, occurs in a tower called an absorber or contactor.
The absorption process removes the acid gases from the hydrocarbon stream yielding a cleaner product while
also protecting critical downstream equipment from damage.
An amine derivative normally is used to remove the acid gases from the hydrocarbon stream. After the acid
gases have been removed, the amine is regenerated and pumped back to the top of the absorber to repeat the
process.
The amine pumps are a critical asset to a gas processing unit. Each amine pump must be protected from low
flow operation and loss of net positive suction head (NPSH), which are conditions that always occur at plant
startup and shutdown. At low flow the pump can overheat, and the amine flowing through the pump can
separate causing vortices that can cavitate and damage the pump. Protection against overheating and
cavitation is gained by recirculating a minimum amount of flow to the pump inlet.
A control valve is used to recirculate a portion of the total pump flow back to a collection reservoir. Because of
the high pump outlet pressures and low collection vessel pressures, this valve can be exposed to several
challenges.
n Improper valve selection can cause cavitation

damage to the pump
n Cavitation damage due to high differential

pressures across the valve
n Leakage leading to decreased absorber efficiency
n Inadequate seat load to maintain tight shutoff
n Potential plugging during plant startup
The recirculation valve must reduce pressure as

high as 1000 psig while avoiding cavitation
formation. Cavitation formation is eliminated by
unique pressure control of flow through the valve.
Also, the recirculation valve is shut during normal
operation, at which time tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater) is critical. Any leakage results in reduced
absorber efficiency along with damage to the valve.
Emerson offers a variety of Fisher control valve solutions that offer protection against cavitation, erosion,
plugging, and leakage. Also, to ensure proper operation after installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE® Digital Valve
Controller can be used to monitor valve performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews that can
be conducted without interrupting the process in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps to
ensure proper operation and tight shutoff over the normal service life of the valve.
Severe Service Control Hierarchy
Amine Pump Recirculation — Control Valve Solutions

FISHER CUSTOMIZATION
A large gas plant in Kazakhstan required 16” valves with characterized Dirty Service Trim
(DST) to meet capacity needs and to eliminate potential erosion caused by cavitation
and entrained particulate. See D351296X012 at www.Fishersevereservice.com for
additional details.
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
DST Trim ¡ Patented, multi-stage, anti-cavitation control trim

¡ Combines axial and radial flow patterns that can pass particulate without plugging
¡ Features protected seat design that helps avoid clearance flow erosion for long-term
shutoff integrity
NotchFlo® Trim ¡ Utilizes multi-stage, axial flow process to control pressure drop, prevent cavitation and
pass entrained particles
shutoff integrity
¡ Offered in a wide range of materials to accommodate specific applications needs
Cavitrol® Trim ¡ Employs special-shaped orifices and drilled-hole technology in keeping the flowing
media above its vapor pressure
¡ Used in combination with Fisher high-pressure and high-capacity valve bodies to
prevent cavitation, achieve tight shutoff and reduce vibration levels
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ On-off, automated block valve or standard trim control valve with restriction orifice
¡ Restriction orifice downstream to split the total pressure drop; optimum operation is
restricted to one service condition.
¡ Hardened trim materials to extend service life
Emerson. Your partner in instrument and valve reliability.
The way you manage your key production assets directly affects your
plant’s performance and profitability. Emerson’s Asset Optimization
capabilities deliver world-class services and innovative technologies to
increase the availability and performance of mechanical equipment,
electrical systems, process equipment, instruments and valves for
improved bottom-line results. Asset Optimization helps you improve
process availability and attain peak performance, which means
wherever you are in your plant’s life cycle—startup, maximizing
operations or life extension—by relying on Emerson’s Asset
Optimization capabilities, you’ll be on the path to realizing the true
potential of your plant’s instruments and valves.
The Next Step

Contact your local Emerson Process Management sales office or sales
representative location for more information or to make a purchase.
For severe service solutions, see us at www.FisherSevereService.com
© Fisher Controls International LLC 2006 All Rights Reserved.
Fisher, FIELDVUE, Cavitrol and NotchFlo are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson Electric Co.
The Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
The contents of this publication are presented for informational purposes only, and while every effort has been made to ensure their accuracy they are not
to be construed as warranties or guarantees, expressed or implied, regarding the products or services described herein or their use or applicability. All sales
are governed by our terms and conditions, which are available upon request. We reserve the right to modify or improve the designs or specifications of
such products at any time without notice. Fisher does not assume responsibility for the selection, use or maintenance of any product. Responsibility for
proper selection, use and maintenance of any Fisher product remains solely with the purchaser.
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D351235X012 CD140 Printed in U.S.A. / April 2006

Fisher ® Boiler Feedwater Regulator Solutions
U
sed with constant speed, motor-operated feedpumps, the feedwater regulator valve controls flow to the
boiler during normal plant operation when the boiler is under pressure. In this mode the pressure drops
are small, and cavitation is not a concern. The main consideration is stable, reliable throttling operation.
In smaller plants, the feedwater startup and regulator applications often are combined into one control valve.
The combined startup / regulator valve eliminates cumbersome cross-over points and eases operation. During
startup the valve must reduce pressure as high as 6000 psig and prevent cavitation. Upon reaching normal
operating conditions, it then must provide stable control to maintain load and turndown. Turndowns of at
least 75:1 are common. Also, this valve must handle such other conditions as:
n Filling of the boiler prior to firing
n Potential cavitation damage due to high differential pressures
at startup
n Maintaining drum level or plant load during all operating
conditions
n Adequate seat load to prevent leakage while the feedpump is in
recirculation mode
n Control issues that can cause excessive drum level or plant load
swings, potentially tripping the plant during startup
Emerson has specific Fisher-engineered solutions for variations in plant design. These solutions offer
protection from cavitation, erosion, plugging, and leakage while providing high rangeability. Also, to ensure
proper operation after installation, the Fisher FIELDVUE® Digital Valve Controller can be used to monitor valve
performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews without interrupting the process in order to
identify potential performance issues. This helps to ensure proper operation and tight shutoff over the normal
service life of the valve.

Boiler Feedwater Regulator — Control Valve Solutions

An existing feedwater regulator valve experienced excessive noise and vibration due to
inadequate trim design. A new valve was installed with Cavitrol® III trim specially
characterized to match the motor drive pump curve. Also utilized was a high
performance actuation system that allows monitoring the new valve in real time. See
D351190X012 at www.Fishersevereservice.com for additional details.
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ Standard trim control valve

The Next Step

© Fisher Controls International LLC 2006 All Rights Reserved
Fisher and FIELDVUE are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson Electric Co. The Emerson logo
is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
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Fisher ® Compressor Anti-Surge Solutions
A compressor can be the most critical and expensive component of a process system. Protecting this valuable asset from
damage caused by surge is the function of the anti-surge system, of which a critical part is the anti-surge (or surge relief)
valve.
Surge can be defined as a flow instability that takes place when the compressor cannot produce enough pressure head to
overcome the downstream resistance. Put simply, the compressor discharge pressure is less than the pressure in the
downstream system. This can cause a reversal of flow through the compressor. Surge also can be caused by a lack of suction
flow.
Figure 1 shows a typical set of compressor curves (also know as compressor map, characteristic curves, or wheel map.) The X-
axis typically is flow rate, and the Y-axis discharge pressure. There are separate curves for various machine speeds, and a line
drawn to connect the curves at the zero points defines the surge limit line. Compressors operating to the left of this line are
unstable (in surge), while operating to the right is considered stable. Assuming the compressor is operating at point A in the
stable region, if the load resistance increases while the compressor speed remains constant, the operating point will move to
the left. When the operating point reaches the surge line, the compressor goes into surge.
Surge Characteristics
n Fast flow reversal (measured in milliseconds)
n Excessive compressor vibration
n Increase in flowing media temperature
n Noise
n May cause compressor to “trip”
Consequences of Surge
n Shortened compressor life
n Loss of efficiency
n Reduced compressor output
n Mechanical damage to seals, bearings, impellers, etc. Figure 1. Compressor Surge Control Map
Recirculating some or all of the compressor discharge through the anti-surge valve normally controls surge. Some compressor
systems are designed to recycle a portion of the flow continuously. While this can be an effective way of controlling the
compressor, it wastes energy.
Anti-Surge Valve Selection Criteria

n Capacity — The anti-surge valve must be able to pass the highest possible output capacity of the compressor. However, it is
very common that a multiplying factor is applied to the compressor capacity figure.
n Noise Control — During a surge event the pressure drop and flow rate experienced by the valve can be high, causing excessive
levels of noise. This must be considered in valve selection, although noise control through the entire range of valve travel
may not be required. An extreme surge event that results in the valve moving to its full travel is short in duration (typically
less than 10 seconds.) If it continues much longer, the compressor will shut down for other reasons (high temperature or
excessive vibration are two common reasons.) Therefore, use of a characterized cage may be possible.
n Speed — Anti-surge valves are required to stroke very quickly (typically in the open direction only.) For example, valves with
travels up to 20 inches have been required to stroke in as little as 0.75 seconds. This can necessitate oversized actuator
connections and the use of volume booster(s) and quick exhaust valve(s).
n Fail Direction — Most compressor recycle valves are required to fail open. This is accomplished through use of appropriate
spring-and-diaphragm actuators or piston actuators with trip systems.
n Valve Characteristic — Linear typically is preferred, but equal percentage is used also.
Emerson offers the Fisher Optimized Antisurge Valve, an engineered control valve package specifically designed for the rigors of
compressor antisurge applications. Each component in the system is OPTIMIZED to meet best-available performance as
required by a performance specification and to ensure reliability and availability of the compressor system.
Fisher Severe Service Solutions
Compressor Anti-Surge — Control Valve Solutions

An ethylene plant in Saudi Arabia utilized Fisher Optimized antisurge valves to replace an
existing system. The Fisher Optimized antisurge valves were designed to meet the face
to face of the existing valves and dramatically improved capacity, noise attenuation and
controllability compared to the original equipment. See D351140X012 at
www.Fishersevereservice.com for additional details.
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
Fisher Optimized ¡ Valve trim is characterized with high turndown (100:1 or greater), if required
Antisurge Valve ¡ Eliminates valve noise and vibration utilizing multi-stage, noise attenuating
Whisper® trim
¡ High balance area valve plugs and cushioned actuators on long stroke installations
reduce potential piping vibration
¡ Cuts the number of actuation accessories in half compared to traditional systems
¡ Employs the FIELDVUE-ODV tier that is designed with special antisurge-specific control
and tuning algorithms
¡ Enables setup and tuning to be done remotely and in minutes, rather than hours
¡ Provides online, non-intrusive diagnostics including performance diagnostics,
triggered diagnostics, on-seat diagnostics and partial stroke testing
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ Standard control valve

¡ Startup and operation schemes designed around standard valve flow characteristic
¡ Actuator and instruments selected for fast-stroke open operation; typically less than
two seconds
¡ Noise addressed with path treatments
The Next Step

Fisher, FIELDVUE, PlantWeb, WhisperFlo and ValveLink are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of
Emerson Electric Co. The Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
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FisherSevereService.com FisherSevereService.com FisherSevereService.com FisherSevereService.com FisherSevereService.com

Fisher ® Condensate Recirculation Solutions
T
he condensate pumps are a critical asset to any power plant. Each condensate pump must be protected
from low flow operation and loss of net positive suction head (NPSH), which are conditions that always
occur at plant startup and shutdown. At low flow the pump can overheat, and the water flowing through the
pump can separate causing vortices that can cavitate and damage the pump. Protection against overheating
and cavitation is gained by recirculating a minimum amount of flow to the pump inlet.
A control valve is used to recirculate a portion of the total pump flow back to a collection reservoir such as the
condenser hot well. Because of the high pump outlet pressures and low collection vessel pressures, this valve
is exposed to challenging operating conditions. The main challenges with this application are:
n Improper valve selection can cause cavitation damage to the pump
n Cavitation damage due to high differential pressures across the valve
n Leakage leading to valve damage
n Inadequate seat load to maintain tight shutoff
The recirculation valve must reduce pressure as high as 600 psig
down to vacuum while avoiding cavitation. Also, a recirculation
valve is shut during normal operation, at which time tight shutoff
(ANSI Class V or greater) is critical. Any leakage results in damage
to the valve as well as added power being consumed by the
condensate pump instead of power sold to the plant's customers.
Emerson offers the broadest line of condensate pump control
valves, which utilize a variety of solutions to protect against
cavitation, erosion, plugging and leakage. The Fisher valve
solution eliminates the cavitation potential by unique pressure control of flow through the valve, and the valve
provides tight shutoff. Also, to ensure proper operation after installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE® digital valve
controller can be used to monitor valve performance. Diagnostic reviews can be conducted without
interrupting the process in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps to ensure proper
operation and tight shutoff over the normal service life of the valve.
Condensate Recirculation — Control Valve Solutions

A U.S. nuclear plant in the process of increasing unit output experienced capacity
constraints in their three condensate recirculation valves. Specially characterized Dirty
Service Trim (DST) allowed the plant to utilize the existing valve bodies without
compromising the required cavitation protection. See D351298X012 at
FISHER OPTIMIZATION

¡ Features protected seat design for long-term shutoff integrity
shutoff integrity
¡ Offered in a wide range of materials to accommodate specific applications needs
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ On-off, automated block valve or standard trim control valve with restriction orifice
¡ Restriction orifice downstream or sparger in the condenser to split the total pressure
drop; optimum operation is restricted to one service condition.
The Next Step

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Fisher ® Deaerator Level Control Solutions
A
deaerator removes non-condensable gases that can corrode boiler internals. It does so by heating
incoming condensate to the saturation point in order to reduce the solubility of any entrained gases.
These are mainly oxygen, carbon dioxide and ammonia that become very corrosive at elevated temperatures.
The deaerator level control valve is used to control level in the deaerator to maximize elimination of entrained
gases. Because of condensate pump rangeability, the deaerator level control valve has to control a wide range
of process conditions. This valve provides startup and regulating functions in one valve eliminating
cumbersome cross over points and easing operation. During initial operation, this valve must address the
potential for cavitation formation and provide adequate rangeability to address the entire condensate
requirements. Turndowns of at least 75:1 are common.
The deaerator level control valve has to provide high rangeability and stable throttling control. However, this
valve must be designed to handle other conditions such as:
n Filling of the deaerator prior to plant startup

n Cavitation potential due to high differential pressures
at startup
n Maintaining deaerator level during all operating
conditions
n Adequate seat load to prevent leakage while the
condensate pump is in recirculation mode
n Providing availability for high plant turndown
Since the deaerator valve is shut during plant startup,

tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater) is critical. Any
leakage can cause the deaerator level to rise, risking a
plant trip during startup along with damaging to the
valve.
At startup the valve must reduce pressure as high as 600

psig while avoiding cavitation. The cavitation potential
in the deaerator level control valve subsides with the decay in condensate pump pressure. As this occurs and
as system capacity demands increase, the valve must affect a smooth transition from anti-cavitation
protection to that of providing higher flow rates. It also must provide stable control to maintain load and the
turndown required (at times, greater than 75:1) during normal plant operation.
Emerson offers specific Fisher-engineered solutions for the variations encountered in plant design. These
solutions provide protection against cavitation, erosion, plugging and leakage while providing the necessary
rangeability. Also, to ensure proper operation after valve installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE® Digital Valve
Controller can be used to monitor valve performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews that can
be conduced without interrupting the process in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps to
Deaerator Level — Control Valve Solutions

Lack of control and recurring cavitation damage were constant problems with a
combination rotary valve/attenuator, typically requiring costly trim replacement every
year. The Fisher solution was a high capacity globe valve with characterized Cavitrol® III,
two-stage trim along with the unmatched stem sealing capabilities of ENVIRO-SEAL®
packing. See www.Fishersevereservice.com for additional details.
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
BASIC TECHNOLOGY

The Next Step

Fisher, FIELDVUE, Cavitrol and Micro-Flat are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson Electric Co.
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Fisher ® Expander Bypass Valve Solutions
T urboexpanders typically are used in natural gas processes that have high feed pressures (greater than 400 psig),
varying feed products and where a large amount (greater than 30%) of ethane recovery is desired. Consisting of
alternate sets of nozzles and rotating blades through which vapor or gas flows in a steady-state expansion process, the
turboexpander is utilized also to convert the energy of an expanding gas stream into mechanical work.
The use of a turboexpander, however, does not eliminate the need for the Joule Thompson expansion valve that is used in
a conventional refrigeration system. In a turboexpander system the valve typically is referred to as the expander bypass
valve (Figure 1). It enables a more efficient startup and shutdown of the turboexpander. The valve also allows continuing
the process should the turboexpander go offline or if flow increases beyond the full speed capability of the
turboexpander.
There are many factors to consider when selecting the proper valve for expander bypass service:
n Proper valve trim must be chosen to offset the damaging noise and vibration that can occur as process inlet pressures
can vary between 700 and 1500 psig and outlet pressures between 200 and 700 psig.
n At the low temperatures encountered, proper body and trim material selection is important and use of an extension
style bonnet should be considered. Cryogenic temperatures can exist
n To protect the turboexpander in the event of a system upset, the valve

must open quickly.
n Ideally, the valve possesses the same capacity and

flow characteristic as the turboexpander to provide
a seamless transition between the devices.
n The turboexpander is a much more efficient

device than the valve, making tight shutoff
important to avoid the loss of energy.
n The possibility of hydrate formation in the

line must be considered. Hydrates are solid
compounds formed by the chemical combination
of gas and water under pressure that can cause
deposits to form on the pipe and valve trim. Most
facilities utilize dehydration units to prevent
hydrate formation, and the turboexpanders Figure 1. Natural Gas Process Including Turboexpander
and Expander Bypass Valve
are usually installed at the end of the
process. However, this should be explored when selecting the expander bypass valve. If hydrates are present, trims
with small passages can plug and render the valve useless.
Emerson has developed Fisher valve solutions that address the potential for excessive noise at high pressure drops as well
as the need for materials suited to cryogenic service. Additional Fisher control valve solutions offer protection against
erosion, plugging and leakage. Also, to ensure proper operation after installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE® Digital Valve
Controller can be used to monitor performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews that can be conducted
without interrupting the process in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps to ensure proper operation
over the normal service life of the valve.
Fisher Severe Service Solutions
Expander Bypass — Control Valve Solutions

Corrosion protection and adequate noise attenuation required specially designed valves
for specialty chemical plants in China and Taiwan. The solution consisted of Hastelloy
cladding of the entire valve body coupled with high performance actuation and specially
characterized valve trim to address noise attenuation and capacity concerns. See
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
easy-e® ¡ Provides throttling or on-off control of liquids and gases at cryogenic temperatures as
Cryogenic Valve low as –198°C (–325°F)
¡ Unique metal-to-metal seat provides repeatable tight shutoff, reducing maintenance
costs
¡ Optional ENVIRO-SEAL packing systems provide a superior stem seal to prevent loss of
valuable or hazardous process fluids
¡ Quick-change trim, with a clamped-in seat ring, reduces disassembly/assembly time
WhisperFlo® Trim ¡ Incorporates patented, three-dimensional flow path, pressure staging and special
passage shapes that uniquely combine to achieve up to a 40 dBA noise reduction
¡ Provides greater capacity than tortuous path designs
¡ Can be characterized to meet specific pressure staging, travel and flow requirements
Whisper Trim® ¡ Utilizes multiple orifices of special shape, size and spacing to achieve noise reductions
to 30 dBA
¡ Process flow-up technique keeps energy sources away from critical trim parts
¡ Trim parts furnished in hardened materials to extend service life
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ Standard trim control valve with 316 SST body and trim at low pressure operation
¡ Tight shutoff construction
¡ Optional extension bonnet to prevent frost formation on valve stem and instruments
The Next Step

Fisher, FIELDVUE, PlantWeb, WhisperFlo and ValveLink are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of
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Fisher ® Feedpump Recirculation Solutions
A
power plant’s operating pressure and efficiency are highly dependent upon the performance of its
feedwater pumps. Each feedwater pump must be protected from low flow operation and loss of net
positive suction head (NPSH), which are conditions that always occur at plant startup and shutdown. At low
flow the pump can overheat, and the water flowing through the pump can separate, causing vortices that
cavitate and damage the pump. Protection against overheating and cavitation is gained by recirculating a
minimum amount of flow to the pump inlet.
Maintaining this minimum flow is the task of the boiler feedpump recirculation valve. It recirculates a portion
of the total pump flow back to a collection reservoir, such as a deaerator or condenser hot well. Because of the
differential between the high pump outlet pressure and the low pressure at the collection vessel, the
recirculation valve is exposed to some of the most difficult operating conditions in the plant. The main
challenges with this application are:
n Improper valve selection that can result in cavitation damage to the pump
n Cavitation damage at the valve and immediate downstream piping due to high
differential pressures across the valve
n Valve leakage due to inadequate seat load, with the leakage causing increased
heat rate and decreased plant efficiency
n Potential valve plugging during plant startup
The feedpump recirculation valve must reduce pressure as high as 6000 psig
down to 50 psig while avoiding cavitation. The Fisher valve solution eliminates
the cavitation potential by unique pressure control of flow through the valve.
Also, the recirculation valve is shut during normal operation, at which time tight
shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater) is critical. Any leakage results in damage to the
valve as well as added power being consumed by the feedwater pump instead of
being sold to the plant’s customers.
Emerson offers the broadest line of boiler feedpump recirculation control valves, which utilize a variety of
solutions to protect against cavitation, erosion, plugging and leakage. Also, to ensure proper operation after
installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE® digital valve controller can be used to monitor valve performance. The
FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews that can be conducted without interrupting the process in order to
identify potential performance issues. This helps to ensure proper operation and tight shutoff over the normal
service life of the valve.
Boiler Feedpump Recirculation — Control Valve Solutions

A combined cycle power plant experienced repeated leakage issues in boiler feedpump
recirculation valves. The answer was to install specially characterized Cavitrol® IV trim
with protected seats in the existing valve bodies. See D351136X012 at
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
shutoff integrity
CAV4 Valve with ¡ Employs special-shaped orifices and drilled-hole technology in keeping the flowing
Cavitrol® IV Trim media above its vapor pressure
¡ Separation of throttling and shutoff locations avoids clearance flow erosion for long-
term shutoff integrity
¡ Patented pressure-staging design avoids cavitation and its resultant damage and noise
shutoff integrity
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ On-Off or automated block valve or standard control valve with restriction orifice
¡ Operate to supply only the required minimum flow for pump protection
¡ Single or multiple restriction orifices downstream to split the total pressure drop;
optimum operation is restricted to one service condition
¡ Cr-Mo body material to resist cavitation erosion
The Next Step

Fisher, FIELDVUE, and Cavitrol are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson Electric Co. The
Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
T 1 (641) 754-3011 T +(55)(15)238-3788 T +(33) (0)3 89 37 64 00 T +971 4 883 5235 T +(65) 6777 8211
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Fisher ® Feedwater Startup Solutions
T he boiler feedwater startup valve is used in many power plants to provide higher rangeability of the
feedwater system, which favorably impacts plant flexibility. However, this valve is used for numerous other
functions as well, including:
n Filling of the boiler prior to firing
n Maintaining drum level during startup conditions
n Properly transferring drum level control to a variable speed pump or feedwater regulator valve
n Providing availability for high plant turndown
During filling and plant startup, there is the potential for high pressure differentials across the startup valve.
This condition continues until downstream pressure rises, at which time drum level control transfers to the
variable speed pump or feedwater regulator. Common issues seen with the feedwater regulator valve are:
n Cavitation damage due to high differential pressures across the valve
n Inadequate seat load to maintain tight shutoff, with leakage leading to valve damage
n Poor controllability can cause excessive drum level swings, potentially tripping the plant during startup
The feedwater startup valve must reduce pressure as

high as 6000 psig while eliminating the cavitation
potential and providing stable control to maintain
drum level. Since this valve is shut during normal
plant operation, tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater)
is critical. Any leakage can make drum level control
difficult and can damage valve trim.
The function of the startup valve can be combined

with the feedwater regulator into one valve.
Combining these valves minimizes piping costs and
eases installation and configuration.
Emerson offers the broad line of Fisher solutions to address the tough feedwater conditions of cavitation,
erosion, plugging and leakage while providing high rangeability. To ensure proper operation after valve
installation, the Fisher FIELDVUE® Digital Valve Controller can be used to monitor valve performance. The
FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews without interrupting the process in order to identify potential
performance issues. This helps to ensure proper operation and tight shutoff over the normal operating life of
the valve.
Boiler Feedwater Startup — Control Valve Solutions

Corroded boiler components and piping caused repeated plugging of an aging plant's
feedwater startup valve. The answer was to install specially-designed Dirty Service Trim,
which has the ability to pass large particulate. See D351068X012 at
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
shutoff integrity
CAV4 Valve with ¡ Employs special-shaped orifices and drilled-hole technology in keeping the flowing
Cavitrol® IV Trim media above its vapor pressure
¡ Separation of throttling and shutoff locations avoids clearance flow erosion for long-
term shutoff integrity
¡ Patented pressure-staging design avoids cavitation and its resultant damage and noise
shutoff integrity
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ On-Off, automated block valve or standard trim control valve with restriction orifice
¡ Restriction orifices downstream to split the total pressure drop; optimum operation is
restricted to one service condition
¡ Valve without the restriction orifice could be used if startup length is short and
infrequent
The Next Step

Fisher, FIELDVUE and Cavitrol are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson Electric Co. The
Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
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Fisher Oil Sands Solutions
®
Steam Separator Letdown

E
xtracting oil from the oil sands that are too deep to mine, that are beneath impermeable rock or are unrecoverable due to
environmental issues, presents challenges to the oil and gas industry. Under severe conditions such as these, conventional oil
extraction methods are often ineffective. In-situ thermal recovery, Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) in particular, is extremely
successful for recovery of heavy and extra-heavy oil (bitumen).
A typical SAGD process consists of two horizontal wells placed near the base of an oil sands deposit. A steam injection well is placed a
short vertical distance above a producing well. Steam is injected into the upper well and rises in the formation, creating a steam
chamber. The bitumen surrounding the steam chamber is heated and becomes mobile. Gravity causes the mobilized bitumen and
condensed steam to drain to the producing well and is subsequently brought to the surface via natural steam lift, gas lift or down hole
pump.
Most SAGD facilities generate steam using once-through steam generators, or OTSGs. OTSGs generate steam at a quality of
approximately eighty percent. In order to increase the steam quality for the best thermal efficiency, the low quality steam passes
through a steam separator, which separates the water droplets from the steam and increases the quality to approximately 97 percent
or higher. The level of the condensate that collects in the bottom of the steam separator is controlled by a letdown valve. The letdown
valve may be located directly at the bottom of the steam separator, or it may be placed downstream after multiple heat exchangers.
This valve is exposed to a number of challenges depending on the location:
Erosion damage caused by cavitation and/or flashing
Vibration due to high pressure drops

STEAM DISTRIBUTION
STEAMER TO WELLS
SAGD STEAM
Inadequate seat load to maintain tight shutoff

BLOWDOWN WELLHEAD
Reduced capacity
Plugging
STEAMER due
BFW PUMP to entrained particulate
RECYCLE
Flooding of the steam separator
Packing leakage and stem corrosion
E
STEAM
CONDENSATE
merson has specific Fisher
MAIN valve and valve trim solutions
®
for steam
SEPARATOR STEAM
STEAMER STEAMER WELL
separator letdown systems that offer protection from erosion due to
FLOW CONTROL
flashing, plugging and leakage while providing excellent control.

BOILER
FEEDWATER PUMP
Flashing damage is eliminated by utilizing the correct passage shape and

hardened materials. Also, since the letdown valve controls condensate STEAM SEPARATOR
LEVEL
LEVELLETDOWN
STEAM SEPARATER
levels in the steam separator, tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater) is

LETDOWN
critical. Any leakage results in a decrease of steam injection, which in

turn affects production and can potentially
BALANCE cause valve trim damage.
STEAMER PASS
Steam System
To ensure proper operation after installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE digital valve controller can be used to monitor valve performance. The
®
FIELDVUE instrument provides diagnostic reviews without interrupting the process in order to identify potential performance issues.
This helps to ensure proper operation and tight shutoff over the normal service life of the valve.
Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage – Control Valve Solutions

A SAGD facility in Northern Alberta needed a solution to address a notoriously difficult

and damaging steam separator letdown application and requested a reliable Fisher
solution. The valve trim materials were selected to combat the erosive effects of the
flashing condensate, and the valve sizing required special attention so that the valve
would not be oversized. A drilled-hole cage was custom designed to suit the sizing
requirements of the application and to reduce the vibration typically caused by
flashing applications.
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
NotchFlo Trim
®
Utilizes multi-stage, axial flow process to control pressure drop, prevent cavitation and
Features protected seat design that helps avoid clearance flow erosion for long-term
shutoff integrity
Offered in a wide range of materials to accommodate specific application needs
Cavitrol Trim
®
Employs special-shaped orifices and drilled-hold technology in keeping the flow media
above its vapor pressure
Used in combination with Fisher high-pressure and high-capacity valve bodies to
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
On-off, automated block valve or standard trim control valve with restriction orifice
Hardened trim materials to extend service life
Angle valves to extend body life
Tight shutoff construction
The Next Step
Contact your local Emerson Process Management sales office or
sales representative location for more information. Their highly
skilled and experienced applications personnel are ready to help
you take advantage of the many benefits of SAGD solutions.
For severe service solutions, see us at

www.FisherSevereService.com
Fisher, FIELDVUE, NotchFlo, and Cavitrol are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson Electric Co.
Emerson Process Management, Emerson, and the Emerson logo are trademarks and service marks of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of
their respective owners.
such products at any time without notice. Neither Emerson, Emerson Process Management, nor any of their affiliated entities assumes responsibility for
the selection, use or maintenance of any product. Responsibility for proper selection, use and maintenance of any product remains solely with the
purchaser and end user.
Marshalltown, Iowa 50158 USA Sorocaba, Sao Paulo 18087 Brazil Chatham, Kent ME4 4QZ England Dubai, United Arab Emirates Singapore 128461 Singapore
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D351711X012 / MU19-CD200 / 10-2008

®
Steam Distribution and Injection

E
A typical SAGD process consists of two horizontal wells placed near the base of an oil sands deposit. A steam injection well is placed a
short vertical distance above a producing well. Steam is injected into the upper well and rises in the formation, creating a steam
chamber. The bitumen surrounding the steam chamber is heated and becomes mobile. Gravity causes the mobilized bitumen and
condensed steam to drain to the producing well and is subsequently brought to the surface via natural steam lift, gas lift or down hold
pump.
Most SAGD facilities generate steam using once-through steam generators, or OTSGs. The steam is piped to a well pad where the
pressure is reduced by a steam distribution valve and directed to a manifold. The manifold splits the steam into several different
injection wells.
The steam distribution and injection valves are exposed to a number of challenges depending upon the steam quality and pressure.
These challenges include:
Erosion damage to the trim and body due to low quality steam
High pressure differential can lead to noise generation and piping vibration STEAM DISTRIBUTION
TO WELLS

STEAMER SAGD STEAM
BLOWDOWN WELLHEAD
Packing leakage and stem corrosion
E
STEAMER BFW PUMP
merson has specific Fisher valve and valve trim solutions for steam
RECYCLE ®
distribution and injection systems that offer protection from

cavitation, erosion, plugging and leakage while providing reliable steam
injection. Aerodynamic noise is attenuated by utilizing a unique trim
STEAM
CONDENSATE
passage size and shape. Also,

MAINbecause these valves can be exposed to full
SEPARATOR STEAM
STEAMER STEAMER WELL
pump pressure during plant startup, tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or

FLOW CONTROL
BOILER
greater) is critical. Any leakage results in a decrease of quality steam
FEEDWATER PUMP
injection, which in turn affects steam flow rate and efficiency along with
potentially causing valve trim damage. STEAM
STEAM SEPARATOR
LEVEL
LEVEL LETDOWN
SEPARATER
LETDOWN
STEAMER PASS
BALANCE
Steam System
®

A SAGD plant in Northern Alberta was having process issues and needed a valve that
could handle their low quality steam. The high pressure steam and condensate was very
erosive and was causing erosion damage to the rim. The valve trim materials were
selected to combat the erosive effects of the condensate entrained in the steam and a
customized Fisher Whisper Trim® III cage was designed to suit the sizing requirements of
the application and to reduce the vibration typically caused by high pressure drop steam
applications.
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
Whisper Trim® Cage For selected process pressure drops, Whisper Trim cage utilizes multiple orifices of
special shape, size and spacing to achieve noise reductions to 30 dBA.
Process flow-up techniques keeps energy sources away from critical trim parts
Trim parts furnished in hardened materials to extend service life
WhisperFlo® Trim Incorporates patented, three-dimensional flow path, pressure staging and special
Process flow-up technique keeps energy sources away from critical trim parts
Trim parts furnished in hardened materials to extend service life
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
The Next Step
For more severe service solutions, see us at

Fisher, FIELDVUE, Whisper Trim, and WhisperFlo are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson
Electric Co. Emerson Process Management, Emerson, and the Emerson logo are trademarks and service marks of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the
property of their respective owners.
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D351713X012 / MU47-CD200 / 10-2008

®
Steam Generator Blowdown

E
A typical SAGD process consists of two horizontal wells placed near the base of an oil sands. A steam injection well is placed a short
vertical distance above a producing well. Steam is injected into the upper well and rises in the formation, creating a steam chamber.
The bitumen surrounding the steam chamber is heated and becomes mobile. Gravity causes the mobilized bitumen and condensed
steam to drain to the producing well and is subsequently brought to the surface via natural steam lift, gas lift or down hole pump.
Most SAGD facilities generate steam using once-through steam generators or OTSGs. Boiler blowdown systems are installed onto these
OTSGs to control start-up and shut-down of the boiler as well as manage blowdown maintenance requirements.
These blowdown valves are exposed to a number of challenges:
Erosion damage caused by low quality steam and particulate
Cavitation damage at start-up

STEAMER
BLOWDOWN
Plugging due to entrained particulate
Special sizing due to flashing

STEAMER BFW PUMP
Packing leakage and stem corrosion RECYCLE
E
merson has specific Fisher valve and valve trim solutions for steamer
®
blowdown systems that offer protection from cavitation, erosion,

C
plugging and leakage while providing reliable performance. Cavitation

STEAMER MAIN STEAMER
FLOW CONTROL
formation is eliminated by unique pressure BOILER
control of flow through the
valve. Also, since this valve controls condensate level in the steam
FEEDWATER PUMP
separator, tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater) is critical. Any leakage

results in a decrease of the steam injection, which in turn affects
production and can potentially cause valve trim damage.
STEAMER PASS
BALANCE
®
Steam System

Most SAGD facilities have had problems with leaking OTSG blowdown valves at some
point in their operating history because of the wide range of conditions this valve
experiences during start-up of the steam generation. Emerson has developed a special
combination of materials and control valve trim to extend the shutoff performance of
this valve at the request of the customer.
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
DST Trim Patented, multi-stage, anti-cavitation control trim

Combines axial and radial flow patterns that can pass particulate without plugging
Compensates for volume expansion of flashing fluids via expanded area staging
shutoff integrity
NotchFlo Trim
®
Utilizes multi-stage, axial flow process to control pressure drop, prevent cavitation
and pass entrained particles
shutoff integrity
Offered in a wide range of materials to accommodate specific application needs
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
The Next Step
For severe service solutions, see us at

Fisher, FIELDVUE, NotchFlo, and Cavitrol are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson Electric Co.
Emerson Process Management, Emerson, and the Emerson logo are trademarks and service marks of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their
respective owners.
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D351712X012 / MU46-CD200 / 10-2008

Fisher ® Rich Amine Letdown Solutions
A
mines and other chemicals are used selectively to remove acid gases (H2S, CO2) from raw natural gas
streams. This makes the gas composition acceptable for sale or for use in other parts of a given process.
The gas stream is fed into the bottom of an absorption tower while the absorption liquid is fed into the top of
the tower to create a counter flow contact system. The level valve, also known as the rich amine letdown
valve, controls the liquid level in the tower. Clean gas flows from the top of the absorber.
At the bottom of the absorption tower, the rich amine leaves through the level control valve. The rich amine
then goes to a flash tank where large portions of the absorbed gases are off-gassed. From there, the rich
amine goes through various processes to be regenerated. The control challenge with this application is
created by the entrained gas in the rich-amine solution. As the fluid passes through the letdown valve it takes
a pressure drop due to the pressure differential between the tower and the flash tank. As this pressure drop
takes place, some of the entrained gas comes out of solution; this is called outgassing.
As a result of this outgassing, two-phase flow will develop in the valve. One phase is the liquid amine, the
other involves the CO2 or H2S that come out of solution. This two-phase flow can produce excessive vibration
and erosion problems. Outgassing requires special consideration in the selection of valve type, trim style and
materials. Generally speaking, the overall approach is dependent on the severity of the pressure drop and the
amount of gas released. Other effects that need to be considered are:
n Vibration due to outgassing of entrained gases in the

process streams
n Erosion due to outgassing, cavitation and flashing
n Valve internal corrosion due to entrained corrosive gases
Emerson has developed specific Fisher valve and trim

selections based on the pressure drop and outgassing for
each installation. These solutions offer protection against
cavitation, erosion, plugging and leakage. Cavitation formation and outgassing effects are eliminated by
unique pressure control of flow through the valve. The valves can be exposed to high pressure when closed so
tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater) is critical as any leakage results in extensive damage to the valve.
Also, to ensure proper operation after installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE® Digital Valve Controller can be used to
monitor valve performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews can be conducted without
interrupting the process in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps to ensure proper
operation and tight shutoff over the normal service life of the valve.
Rich Amine Letdown — Control Valve Solutions

The liquid amine solution within a large gas plant in Kazakstan contained a substantial
volume of entrained gas. Special-design, high-capacity Fisher valves were utilized to
address the need for expansion of the gases as well as the erosive effects associated with
outgassing. See D351296X012 at www.Fishersevereservice.com for additional details.
FISHER OPTIMIZATION

shutoff integrity
shutoff integrity
to 30 dBA
BASIC TECHNOLOGY

¡ Flow direction to accommodate rapid gas expansion
¡ Downstream pipe designed to accommodate rapid fluid expansion
The Next Step

Fisher, FIELDVUE, Whisper Trim and ENVIRO-SEAL are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson
Electric Co. The Emerson logo is a trademark and service mark of Emerson Electric Co. All other marks are the property of their respective owners.
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Fisher ® Separator Letdown
(HHPS & CHPS) Solutions
T he hydrotreating process removes undesirable materials (sour gases) from a feedstock and converts heavy
feedstocks into lighter components by selective reactions with hydrogen in a heated catalyst bed. This
process typically is most used in the production of gasoline and diesel fuel to remove sulfur, nitrogen and
certain metal contaminants.
The hydrotreating reactor operates at high temperature to convert 40 to 50 percent (volume) of the reactor
effluent to a material that boils below 400 degrees. The effluent goes through heat exchangers to the hot high
pressure separator (HHPS) where the
hydrogen-rich gases flash off. The
hydrogen rich gases undergo
additional separation in the cold high
pressure separator (CHPS).
Remaining hydrogen rich gases are

sent to the first stage of the process
for mixing with additional hydrogen
and the fresh feed. The liquid effluent
from both the HHPS and CHPS is sent
to a fractionation column where the
lighter gases are taken off overhead.
Light and heavy naphtha, jet fuel and
diesel fuel are removed as liquid side
streams.
The HHPS and CHPS each have two

letdown valves that maintain
separator level to ensure proper
separation of liquid and gas products. Generic Hydrocracking Process Flow Diagram
Because of the multiple constituents
involved along with the entrained gases and catalyst, these valves
are exposed to a number of challenges:
n Special sizing due to flashing and outgassing
n Vibration due to outgassing of entrained gases
n Erosion due to outgassing, cavitation, flashing and entrained

catalyst
n High temperatures requiring thermally-compensated trim
n Internal corrosion due to entrained corrosive gases
The valves also can be exposed to high pressure when closed, so Cold High Pressure Separator and Sour Water Flash Drum
tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater) is critical. Any leakage can
result in extensive damage to the valve.
Emerson has specific Fisher sizing and engineered solutions for all separator letdown applications. These
solutions are designed to address outgassing effects that can occur in most HHPS letdown valves and some
CHPS letdown valves. They offer protection against cavitation, erosion, plugging and leakage.
Also, to ensure proper operation after installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE® Digital Valve Controller can be used to
monitor valve performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews without interrupting the process
in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps to ensure proper operation and tight shutoff over
the normal service life of the valve.
Separator Letdown — Control Valve Solutions

A U.S. refinery chose correctly to address the effects of erosion, cavitation and
outgassing by utilizing the Fisher DST-G valve. The DST-G was custom designed to
negate the damaging effects of outgassing by staging the pressure drop yet still allowing
particulate such as catalyst fines to pass through the valve. See D351144X012 at
FISHER OPTIMIZATION

¡ Compensates for volume expansion of flashing fluids via expanded area staging
shutoff integrity
shutoff integrity
¡ Offered in a wide range of materials to accommodate specific application needs
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ Standard control valve, angle pattern sliding stem

¡ Valve installed flow down to minimize valve body erosion
¡ Hardened or special trim materials to extend service life
The Next Step

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Fisher ® Sky Vent Solutions
V
alves within the sky vent system of a combined cycle plant serve one of the more important control
functions. During initial operation of the HRSG, these valves bypass steam (HP/HRH/LP) around the
steam turbine to ensure that the unit doesn't come up to temperature too quickly. This is done as the process
lines are warmed prior to admitting steam through the turbine bypass valves that dump to the condenser.
The large pressure differential across the sky vent valve can cause high noise levels that need to be attenuated.
To reduce the noise potential, the pressure drop is split between the valve and a downstream diffuser or
silencer. The pressure split also serves to optimize the size of each component. Other key challenges to this
application are:
n High temperatures (1065°F) require the use of high-alloy materials and thermally compensated trim designs
n Valve leakage due to inadequate seat load, with the leakage causing reduced plant load and efficiency as
well as valve damage
n Fast opening in case of a plant upset condition
n Properly addressing noise for two separate noise sources (valve and diffuser or silencer)
Emerson offers specific Fisher-engineered solutions for various sky vent designs. The sky vent system is
optimized for each application to maximize performance from the valve and diffuser or silencer, while
minimizing size and weight. Noise attenuation is accomplished by utilizing unique pressure control of flow
through the valve and diffuser or silencer. Also, since the valve is closed after startup, tight shutoff (ANSI Class
V or greater) is critical. Any leakage can reduce unit capacity and increase heat rate, along with causing
damage to the valve.
To ensure proper operation after installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE® Digital Valve Controller can be utilized on the
sky vent valve to monitor valve performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews that can be
conducted without interrupting the process in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps to
Sky Vent — Control Valve Solutions

A specially-designed sky vent system that uniquely combined a control valve, diffuser and downstream silencer met the
criteria of maximum noise attenuation, minimum valve size and least total weight. See D351054X012 at
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
HP Sky Vent — Whisper Trim® III or ¡ Whisper Trim utilizes multiple orifices of special shape, size and spacing to achieve
WhisperFlo® Trim with C-Seal noise reductions to 30 dBA
¡ WhisperFlo incorporates patented, three-dimensional flow path, pressure staging and
special passage shapes that combine to achieve up to a 40 dBA noise reduction
¡ Utilizes 4”-8” Class 2500 EH valve constructed of C12A chrome-moly steel and
equipped with high-temperature C-seal
¡ Additional attenuation secured using a downstream diffuser/silencer
IP/HRH Sky Vent — Whisper Trim® III ¡ Whisper Trim utilizes multiple orifices of special shape, size and spacing to achieve
or WhisperFlo® Trim with C-Seal noise reductions to 30 dBA
¡ IP utilizes 6”-8” ED valve constructed of WC9 chrome-moly steel and equipped with
high-temperature C-seal
¡ HRH utilizes 6”-12” EH or EU valve constructed of C12A chrome-moly steel and
equipped with high-temperature C-seal
LP Sky Vent — Whisper Trim® III ¡ Whisper Trim features multiple orifices of special shape, size and spacing to achieve
or WhisperFlo® Trim noise reductions to 30 dBA
¡ Utilizes 6”-12” Class 600 ET valve constructed of WCC steel and equipped with high-
temperature shutoff trim
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ Standard trim control valve or automated block valve
¡ Reinforced parts to resist vibration damage
The Next Step

Fisher, FIELDVUE, WhisperFlo and Whisper Trim are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson
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Fisher ® Sootblower Solutions
F
ouling of the boiler tubes becomes a concern when firing fuels such as coal, oil, biomass or other waste
products. Deposits from the combustion process can collect on the heat exchanging tubes, reducing
thermal efficiency and causing operational difficulties. To keep the unit operating an online cleaning method
must be used. This is usually accomplished by using what are called sootblowers. There are several types of
sootblowing media with steam being the most common.
Steam sootblowing systems present a control challenge due to the combination of high pressure (2400 - 3600
psig) and temperature (650°F - 950°F). Others challenges include:
n Noise and vibration due to high pressure differential and small pipe size
n Thermal cycling caused by on/off operation
n Tight shutoff to protect trim and to minimize steam loss
Emerson offers specific Fisher-engineered solutions for various sootblower designs. Fisher sootblower trim
offers protection from noise, vibration, erosion, thermal cycling and leakage while providing high rangeability.
Noise generation is limited via frequency shifting using drilled-hole trim. A heavy-duty, plug to stem
connection protects against thermal cycling and fatigue. Since this valve is closed after startup, tight shutoff
(ANSI Class V or greater) is critical as any leakage can reduce unit capacity, increase heat rate and cause
damage the valve trim.
To ensure proper operation after installation, a Fisher FIELDVUE® Digital Valve Controller can be used to
monitor valve performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews that can be conducted without
interrupting the process in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps ensure proper operation
and tight shutoff over the normal service life of the valve.
Sootblower — Control Valve Solutions

Most sootblower applications experience vibration due to high pressure drop, high flow
rates and small piping. Fisher sootblower trim consisting of Whisper Trim® III and
specially constructed valve internals eliminates damage due to these effects. At one U.S.
plant this solution has yet to experience leakage or failure after 25,000 cycles. See
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
to 30 dBA
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ On-off or throttling standard control valve

¡ Reinforced parts to resist vibration damage
The Next Step

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Fisher ® Superheater and Reheater
Attemperator Solutions
A s with any superheated steam cycle, the temperature of the superheat needs to be controlled to ensure
that it does not exceed the material limits of the steam turbine and boiler. Temperature control is
accomplished by use of an attemperator or desuperheater that injects a controlled amount of cooling water
into the superheated steam flow.
There are two types of attemperation systems in power plants: superheat attemperation and reheat
attemperation. Superheat attemperation occurs in the superheater section prior to steam introduction into
the high-pressure steam turbine. Reheat is applied to steam that is exhausted from the high-pressure turbine.
The steam is sent through the boiler again to gain more heat before being admitted into the IP/LP turbine.
Attemperator spray water flow is regulated by an external control valve. For proper temperature control, the
spray water valve must react quickly to downstream temperature variations, and at low flows, provide the
rangeability needed to handle multiple operating loads. Critical performance criteria are:
n Accurate control at low flow and wide rangeability to maintain superheater outlet temperature
n Adequate seat load to prevent leakage during plant startup
n Fast-acting response to steam temperature changes
The reheat attemperator uses water from the main boiler

feedwater line to control reheat steam temperature. Because
the spray water is taken from the main feedwater line and the
cold reheat is at a much lower pressure than high pressure
steam, cavitation concerns arise, in addition to those above.
Emerson offers specific Fisher-engineered solutions for

variations in plant design for both superheat and reheat
attemperators. These solutions offer protection from
cavitation, erosion, plugging and leakage while providing high rangeability. The reheat attemperator spray
valve in particular can be exposed to the potential for cavitation. Cavitation formation is eliminated by unique
pressure control of flow through the valve. Also, since these valves can be exposed to full pump pressure
during plant startup, tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater) is critical. Any leakage can have an effect on steam
temperature, which in turn affects heat rate and efficiency along with potentially causing valve trim damage.
monitor valve performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews without interrupting the process
in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps to ensure proper operation and tight shutoff over
the normal service life of the valve.
Superheater & Reheater Attemperator Spray — Control Valve Solutions

Original valves in a supercritical power plant experienced repeated packing failures and
trim erosion. Replacements using Fisher customized valve plugs and drilled-hole cages
provide the required high turndown and also prevent the valves from continually
operating near the seat, thereby eliminating trim erosion. Packing failure was solved by
using Fisher High-Seal™ live-loaded packing. See D351191X012 at
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
Reheater Attemperator Spray ¡ Eliminates cavitation at higher flow rates

Cavitrol® III, ¡ Prevents cavitation damage to the valve seat at low flow conditions
Micro-Flat™ Trim ¡ Maintains Class V shutoff capability
¡ Standard hardened trim materials provide excellent wear resistance
BASIC TECHNOLOGY

¡ Trims designed for low-flow control
¡ Angle valves to extend body life
The Next Step

Fisher, FIELDVUE, Cavitrol, Micro-Flat and Micro-Form are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of
T 1 (641) 754-3011 T +(55)(15)238-3788 T +(33) (0)3 89 37 64 00 T +971 4 883 5235 T +(65) 6777 8211
F 1 (641) 754-2830 F +(55)(15)228-3300 F +(33) (0)3 89 37 65 18 F +971 4 883 5312 F +(65) 6777 0947

Fisher ® Turbine Bypass Solutions
T
he turbine bypass valves isolate the steam turbine from the boiler during startup, shutdown and load
disturbances. This protects the turbine from water carry-over and protects additional plant equipment
from large thermal transients. Also, by isolating the boiler and steam turbine it is possible to reduce fuel
consumption during startup and shutdown. In the event of a load rejection, reloading times through the
turbine bypass system are improved by allowing the boiler to remain online.
The turbine bypass system is designed to provide the quickest startup time by controlling both boiler pressure
and temperature. This requires accurate throttling performance to control steam pressure and accurate
temperature control to protect downstream equipment by matching conditions normally experienced exiting
the turbine. Other critical concerns are:
n High pressure differential can lead to noise generation and piping vibration
n Steam temperature control to prevent damage to downstream equipment
n High temperature gradient across the valve
n High temperatures (1065°F) require the use of high-
alloy materials and thermally compensated trim
designs
n Inadequate seat load can reduce plant load and
efficiency while causing valve damage
n Fast opening in case of a plant upset condition
Emerson offers specific Fisher engineered solutions for

various turbine bypass designs. Each incorporates
accurate throttling and noise control within the valve
trim and accurate temperature control within the steam
conditioning section. Noise attenuation is accomplished
by utilizing unique pressure control of flow through the valve. The specially designed spray nozzles in the
steam conditioning section provide accurate temperature control with wide rangeability. Since this valve is
closed after startup, tight shutoff (ANSI Class V or greater) is critical as any leakage can reduce unit capacity,
increase heat rate and damage the valve trim.
monitor valve performance. The FIELDVUE DVC provides diagnostic reviews that can be conducted without
interrupting the process in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps ensure proper operation
and tight shutoff over the service life of the valve.
Turbine Bypass — Control Valve Solutions

A combined cycle power plant installed Fisher TBX valves to address turbine bypass
needs. The valve trim and actuation system were specially matched to the startup
profile of the facility to minimize startup times and address such critical issues as
vibration and shutoff. See D351138X012 at www.Fishersevereservice.com for additional
details.
FISHER OPTIMIZATION
WhisperFlo® Trim ¡ Incorporates patented, three-dimensional flow path, pressure staging and special
¡ Provides greater capacity than tortuous path designs
¡ Can be characterized to meet specific pressure staging, travel and flow
requirements
Whisper Trim® ¡ Utilizes multiple orifices of special shape, size and spacing to achieve noise
reductions to 30 dBA
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ Standard trim control valve with separate desuperheater

¡ Restrict operation to limits of standard valve characteristics and standard
desuperheater turndown capability
¡ Actuator sized to open valve in less than two seconds
The Next Step

Fisher, FIELDVUE, WhisperFlo and Whisper Trim are marks owned by one of the companies in the Emerson Process Management business division of Emerson
T 1 (641) 754-3011 T +(55)(15)238-3788 T +(33) (0)3 89 37 64 00 T +971 4 883 5235 T +(65) 6777 8211
F 1 (641) 754-2830 F +(55)(15)228-3300 F +(33) (0)3 89 37 65 18 F +971 4 883 5312 F +(65) 6777 0947

Fisher ® Water Flood Solutions
P
ractically all crude oil streams have some gas and water content that must be removed as the oil moves
toward further processing. As oil wells mature, the ratio of water to oil increases, and produced water
becomes a significant byproduct of oil and gas production.
Subsurface injection is the primary method for disposal of produced water at land-based oil and gas
operations. Produced water may be injected for disposal to shallower saltwater formations, or it may be
injected into older, depleted producing formations. By injecting the water into the producing formation, called
Water Flood, well pressure and crude oil flow are maintained by replacing the produced oil.
There are two valves in the water injection process that have special requirements. The first is the injection
valve at the wellhead, and the second is the minimum-flow bypass for the injection pump. These valves will be
exposed to these challenges:
n Cavitation caused by large pressure drops
n Erosion damage caused by sand and other particulate
Emerson offers specific Fisher-

engineered solutions for various
water injection that offer protection
against cavitation, erosion,
plugging and leakage. The valves
reduce high pressures while
preventing the formation of
cavitation by unique pressure
control of flow through the valve.
Both valves are exposed to high
pressure when closed, and since
leakage can cause extensive
damage to the valve, tight shutoff
(ANSI Class V or greater) is critical.
monitor valve performance. The FIELDVUE DVC can provide diagnostic reviews without interrupting the
process in order to identify potential performance issues. This helps to ensure proper operation and tight
shutoff over the service life of the valve.
Water Flood — Control Valve Solutions

Water injection valves on two offshore platforms near Thailand repeatedly failed due to
erosion. The answer was to utilize characterized, Dirty Service Trim (DST) with its ability
to pass entrained particulate while eliminating the potential for cavitation damage. See
FISHER OPTIMIZATION

shutoff integrity
shutoff integrity
BASIC TECHNOLOGY
¡ On-off, automated choke valve or standard trim control valve with restriction orifice
¡ Single or multiple restriction orifices downstream to split the total pressure drop;
optimum operation is restricted to one service condition
¡ Hardened or special trim materials to extend service life
¡ Angle pattern, flow down to minimize erosion on valve body
¡ Hub-style line connections to facilitate frequent replacement
The Next Step

T 1 (641) 754-3011 T +(55)(15)238-3788 T +(33) (0)3 89 37 64 00 T +971 4 883 5235 T +(65) 6777 8211
F 1 (641) 754-2830 F +(55)(15)228-3300 F +(33) (0)3 89 37 65 18 F +971 4 883 5312 F +(65) 6777 0947

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Fisher ® Amine Pump Recirculation Solutions

Technology and Innovation in Process Control

n Improper valve selection can cause cavitation

n Cavitation damage due to high differential

n Leakage leading to decreased absorber efficiency

n Inadequate seat load to maintain tight shutoff

n Potential plugging during plant startup

The recirculation valve must reduce pressure as

Severe Service Control Hierarchy

Amine Pump Recirculation — Control Valve Solutions

DST Trim ¡ Patented, multi-stage, anti-cavitation control trim

The Next Step

For severe service solutions, see us at www.FisherSevereService.com

© Fisher Controls International LLC 2006 All Rights Reserved.

D351235X012 CD140 Printed in U.S.A. / April 2006

n Filling of the boiler prior to firing

n Potential cavitation damage due to high differential pressures

n Maintaining drum level or plant load during all operating

n Adequate seat load to prevent leakage while the feedpump is in

swings, potentially tripping the plant during startup

service life of the valve.

Severe Service Control Hierarchy

Boiler Feedwater Regulator — Control Valve Solutions

¡ Standard trim control valve

The Next Step

For severe service solutions, see us at www.FisherSevereService.com

© Fisher Controls International LLC 2006 All Rights Reserved

D351254X012 CD140 Printed in U.S.A. / April 2006

Anti-Surge Valve Selection Criteria

Fisher Severe Service Solutions

Compressor Anti-Surge — Control Valve Solutions

¡ Standard control valve

The Next Step

For severe service solutions, see us at www.FisherSevereService.com

© Fisher Controls International LLC 2006 All Rights Reserved.

D351239X012 CD140 Printed in U.S.A. / April 2006

n Improper valve selection can cause cavitation damage to the pump

n Cavitation damage due to high differential pressures across the valve

n Leakage leading to valve damage

n Inadequate seat load to maintain tight shutoff

n Potential plugging during plant startup

The recirculation valve must reduce pressure as high as 600 psig

down to vacuum while avoiding cavitation. Also, a recirculation

valve is shut during normal operation, at which time tight shutoff

(ANSI Class V or greater) is critical. Any leakage results in damage

to the valve as well as added power being consumed by the

condensate pump instead of power sold to the plant's customers.

Emerson offers the broadest line of condensate pump control

valves, which utilize a variety of solutions to protect against

cavitation, erosion, plugging and leakage. The Fisher valve

Severe Service Control Hierarchy

Condensate Recirculation — Control Valve Solutions

DST Trim ¡ Patented, multi-stage, anti-cavitation control trim

The Next Step

For severe service solutions, see us at www.FisherSevereService.com

© Fisher Controls International LLC 2006 All Rights Reserved

D351243X012 CD140 Printed in U.S.A. / April 2006

n Filling of the deaerator prior to plant startup

Since the deaerator valve is shut during plant startup,

At startup the valve must reduce pressure as high as 600

Severe Service Control Hierarchy

Deaerator Level — Control Valve Solutions

¡ Standard trim control valve

The Next Step