School Disaster Management is the process of assessment and planning, physical protection and response capacity development designed

to: 1. Protect students and the staff from physical harm; 2. Minimize disruption and ensure the continuity of education for all children; 3. Develop and maintain a culture of safety.

chool safety and educational continuity require a dynamic, continuous process initiated

by management and involving workers, students, parents, and the local community. School disaster management involves the familiar cycle of steps found in all project management: assess hazards, vulnerabilities, capacities and resources; plan and implement for physical risk reduction, maintenance of safe facilities, standard operating procedures and training for disaster response; test mitigation and preparedness plans and skills regularly, with realistic simulation drills; and revise your plan based on your experience. School disaster management mirrors individual and family disaster prevention, and wider community disaster prevention efforts. This guidance document is organized to help remember and observe the parallel processes for disaster prevention that are taken up at every level of society. The full scope of activities is included as follows: 1. Assessment and planning establishing or empowering your school disaster management committee; assessing your risks, hazards, vulnerabilities and capacities; making contingency plans for educational continuity; communicating your plan. 2. Physical and environmental protection structural safety maintenance, nonstructural mitigation; local infrastructure and environmental mitigation; fire safety. 3. Response capacity development standard operating procedures; response skills and organization; response provisions.

Introduction

ore than 400 national disasters take place every year, affecting more than 230 million

people and causing an average of almost 75,000 deaths annually (CRED, 2008). Worldwide, 450 cities with populations over 1 million face recurring earthquakes. Cyclones, typhoons and hurricanes are among the deadliest and costliest of disasters. Droughts and desertification currently affect 250 million people and threaten 1.2 billion people in 110 countries (UNESCO, 2007). Annually recurring floods regularly prevent millions of children from attending a full year of school. Education is a human right, universal and inalienable. Education is especially important in enabling people to reach their full potential and exercise other rights. This right does not disappear or get suspended because of disasters and emergencies. When education is interrupted or limited, students drop out, with negative and permanent economic and social impacts for students, their families, and their communities. Natural hazards are part of

the context for educational planning. Whether it is annually recurring floods, a once-in-5generations earthquake, the increasing severity of storms and cyclones, water shortages, or the slow onset of rising sea water levels, these known and expected hazards can be mitigated with the determined application of knowledge, education, and ingenuity. We are not able to prevent the earth from shaking, the wind from blowing, or the rain from falling. However, with assessment and planning, physical and environmental protection and response preparedness we can prevent these events from becoming disasters. Since schools are our universal institution for sharing knowledge and skills, the expectations for schools to be role models in disaster prevention is high. Successful disaster mitigation is one of the ultimate tests of the success of the education we provide over generations. This Handbook is written for administrators, teachers, support staff, and other individuals involved in emergency and disaster preparedness atschool. Its purposes are: To guide administrators and staff in assessing risks and planning and carrying out physical protection measures; To develop skills and provisions for disaster and emergency preparedness, response, and rapid recovery; To support schools in developing disaster and emergency plans specific to their local needs and reflecting good practices internationally and nationally. This handbook has been prepared with a primary focus on school safety and thus the language used throughout refers to schools versus universities. However, the underlying tenets in terms of the development of policy, planning and implementation is equally relevant regardless of the type of institution in question.

What are the advantages and disadvantages of chemical fertilizers?

Advantages

Chemical fertilizer can be made much faster unlike the natural fertilizer It has much more NPK, usually around 20 to 60 percent, natural fertilizer usually only has a max. of about 14 percent If it is made according to the soil that it will be used on, it will do nothing but grow a healthy plant

Disadvantages

Puts acid in the soil Strengthens pestecides(they become stronger and more resistant to chemicals that should keep them away) Other than NPK it contains inert filler and maybe some unnesesary chemicals It has very little carbon which is a key element in plants It has no energy, so it can only help the plant when there is enough organic matter around from where it can get the energy, otherwise it burns the roots and destroys the plant

Chemical fertilizer also get a lot of water out of the soil which it contaminated and therfor pollute water It degrades ecosytems It releases a green house gas called nitrous oxide

Benefits of Pesticides and Crop Protection Chemicals

Crop protection technology -- which includes all pesticides, herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, as well as biotechnology products --helps control the thousands of weed species, harmful insects and numerous plant diseases that afflict crops. Without these important crop protection and pest control technologies, U.S. food production would decline, many fruits and vegetables would be in short supply, and the price of food would rise. Whats more, Americas production of important fibers for clothing, such as cotton, would decrease as farmers would lose their harvests and livelihoods to crop pests and diseases. Learn more about the major benefits of pesticides and their role in food production:

Increase food production Crop protection technologies allow U.S. producers to increase crop yields and efficiency of food production processes. Up to 40 percent of the world's potential crop production is already lost annually because of the effects of weeds, pests and diseases. These crop losses would be doubled if existing pesticide uses were abandoned.

Decrease the cost of food Because the use of pesticides improves crop yields, crop protection technologies also impact the cost of food. Without crop protection chemicals, food production would decline, many fruits and vegetables would be in short supply and prices would rise. Helping to keep food prices in check for the consumer is another large benefit of pesticides.

Consumer benefits Pesticides allow consumers to consume high-quality produce that is free of insect blemishes and insect contamination. Crop protection chemicals that reduce and, in some cases, eliminate, insect damage allow the consumer to purchase high-quality produce free of insect fragments.

What Are the Disadvantages of Pesticides?

Pesticides led to numerous advances in many spheres of human life. However, it is necessary to know what the disadvantages of pesticides are. Pesticides embrace insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides. Pesticides suppress particular species of pests.

These pests may comprise insects, rodents, plants, molds, and fungi. In farming, pesticides are applied on fruit and vegetables to raise yields. Pesticides are used in gardens and homes to destroy insects and weeds. At homes pesticides are used against flies, cockroaches, termites, and wood boring insects. Notwithstanding the beneficial effects of pesticides, they underwent serious reevaluation. Pesticides are toxic and can cause serious health problems. Professionals advocate for reasonable awareness to the dangers of pesticides.

Control
There are other positive aspects of crop protection chemicals, which we often take for granted. The responsible and safe use of pesticides also benefits:

Household Pest Control: Pesticide products are used to control termites, roaches, ants, rats and other pests. Industry and Infrastructure: Herbicides are used to control vegetation that clogs navigable and other waterways or threatens to obstruct highway, utility and railroad rights of way.

Recreation areas: Pesticides are used to protect and enhance lawns, gardens, public parks, playing fields, lakes and ponds for public enjoyment.

Human Health: Many agricultural commodities are vulnerable to attack by aflatoxins and insect control is necessary to prevent its passage from insect to plant. Aflatoxin, a carcinogen, can cause liver and other cancers in humans, lower the bodys normal immune response, and can impair growth in children. Crop protection chemicals are used to control insect damage that leads to aflatoxin contamination.

What are the disadvantages of pesticides for environment?

Pesticides are detrimental for the environment and produce considerable damage to ecosystems. Insecticides and herbicides may be harmful for non-target species. Pesticides pollute air, water and soil. Carried by the wind, pesticide suspensions contaminate other areas. Pesticides affect considerably natural biological equilibrium. Pesticides diminish biodiversity, reduce nitrogen fixation, contribute to the disappearance of pollinators, threaten fish, and destroy bird and animal habitats. Pets may also become affected by strong pesticides.

What is pesticide resistance?

The use of some pesticides may contribute to the development of resistance among the target pests. Extensive herbicide use resulted in genetic modifications in some weeds with resistance to pesticide compounds. The use of the same herbicides in some areas for many years led to the development of immunity to the herbicides among targeted plant species. Resistance makes weed control considerably difficult.

What are the disadvantages of pesticides for health?

Particularities of working conditions expose some people to dangerous concentrations of pesticides. Farmers, pesticide applicators, veterinarians, forestry, horticultural, and park workers may contact with pesticides in their professional environment. Several millions of cases of pesticide poisoning are registered every year. Risks of poisoning depend on toxicity, dose, period of exposure, and sensitivity. Pesticides may cause neurological and psychiatric complications, brain tumors, cancers, spontaneous abortions, stillbirths, and birth defects. Pesticide exposure is damaging to the immune system. The endocrine system is particularly sensitive to pesticides. Many pesticides are endocrine disrupters and can produce detrimental effect upon hormonal balance of human body.

How to circumvent disadvantages of pesticides

To avoid numerous disadvantages of pesticides one can use several approaches:

Consume food grown in ecologically favorable conditions. It is good to wash and peel fruit and vegetables. Grow your own food. Do not consume only raw vegetables, but cook them. Meat must be cooked carefully. Avoid fat foods and trim fat from meat because some pesticides can accumulate in fat tissue. Avoid areas sprayed with pesticides. Those who are exposed to pesticides professionally must use proper protective measures.

Intensive farming
Intensive farming or intensive agriculture is an agricultural production system characterized by a low fallow ratio and the high use of inputs such as capital, labour, or heavy use of pesticides and chemical fertilizers relative to land area.[1][2] This is in contrast to many sorts of traditional agriculture in which the inputs per unit land are lower. With intensification, labor use typically goes up, unless, or until, it gets replaced by machines (energy inputs) at which point labor use can decrease dramatically. Agricultural intensification has been the dominant response to population growth, as it allows for producing more food on the same amount of land. Intensive animal farming practices can involve very large numbers of animals raised on limited land which require large amounts of food, water and medical inputs (required to keep the animals healthy in cramped conditions).[2] Very large or confined indoor intensive livestock operations (particularly descriptive of common US farming practices) are often referred to as factory farming[1][3][4] and are criticised by opponents for the low level of animal welfare standards[4][5] and associated pollution and health issues.[6][7] Modern day forms of intensive crop based agriculture involve the use of mechanical ploughing, chemical fertilizers, plant growth regulators or pesticides. It is associated with the increasing use of agricultural mechanization, which have enabled a substantial increase in production, yet have also dramatically increased environmental pollution by increasing erosion and poisoning water with agricultural chemicals.

Advantages
Intensive agriculture has a number of benefits:[8]

Significantly increased yield per acre, per person, and per monetary input relative to extensive farming and therefore, Food becomes more affordable to the consumer as it costs less to produce. The same area of land is able to supply food and fibre for a larger population reducing the risk of starvation. The preservation of existing areas of woodland and rainforest habitats (and the ecosystems and other sustainable economies that these may harbour), which would need to be felled for extensive farming methods in the same geographical location. This also leads to a reduction in anthropogenic CO2 generation (resulting from removal of the sequestration afforded by woodlands and rainforests). In the case of intensive livestock farming: an opportunity to capture methane emissions which would otherwise contribute to global warming. Once captured, these emissions can be used to generate heat or electrical energy, thereby reducing local demand for fossil fuels.

Disadvantages
This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2010)

Intensive farming, however, alters the environment in many ways.

Limits or destroys the natural habitat of most wild creatures, and leads to soil erosion.[9] Use of fertilizers can alter the biology of rivers and lakes. Some environmentalists attribute the hypoxic zone in the Gulf of Mexico as being encouraged by nitrogen fertilization of the algae bloom. Pesticides generally kill useful insects as well as those that destroy crops.[9] Is often not sustainable if not properly managedmay result in desertification, or land that is so poisonous and eroded that nothing else will grow there. Requires large amounts of energy input to produce, transport, and apply chemical fertilizers/pesticides The chemicals used may leave the field as runoff eventually ending up in rivers and lakes or may drain into groundwater aquifers. Use of pesticides have numerous negative health effects in workers who apply them, people that live nearby the area of application or downstream/downwind from it, and consumers who eat the pesticides which remain on their food.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Agriculture

Advantage: Increased Food Availability

For millions of years, humans and their evolutionary ancestors roamed savannahs and forests hunting game and gathering edible plants. During this period, the global population changed very little, limited by ecological carrying capacity. With the advent of agriculture, food availability grew exponentially. Starvation decreased significantly, and family sizes increased when early people had enough food to support more offspring. While crop failures were possible, the overall trend of cultivating food instead of searching for it allowed for rapid growth and expansion of humanity.

Advantage: Allows Settlement

Growing crops requires constant attention. Tribes who once traveled with nomadic tendencies quickly changed, as people learned to build basic shelter and irrigation. Agriculture marked the beginning of permanently settled areas, where generations could establish government, store food and raise livestock. Trade between villages commenced, as did cultural milestones such as art, architecture and music. Much of what people associate with society began as an indirect result of the need to stay in one place to grow crops.

Advantage: Job Specialization

Since finding food no longer required the efforts of a whole tribe but instead became the task of a relatively small group of farmers, the concept of free time emerged. With it came cultural activities and also the specialization of trades, such as tool-making, cloth-making and building, among others. People could specialize in a task and use that knowledge to trade for items or services. Social classes and the exchange of ideas emerged from this new society.

Disadvantage: Habitat Loss

As populations grow, so does the need for food. The most agriculturally productive land involves grasslands or forests, which must be cleared of native vegetation to make room for cultivated plants. This destruction of habitat causes declines in wildlife numbers and diversity as species must compete for fewer, and often lower quality, resources. Natural cycles get disrupted when established plant communities are cleared. Carbon is no longer fixed from the atmosphere into biomass or soil; and water runoff increases, while infiltration and aquifer recharge decreases.

Disadvantage: Soil Degradation

High-quality soil is essential for food production. Without it, crops fail and famine ensues. In many cases worldwide, poor soil management is eroding countries' ability to grow their own food. For example, soil planted for too many consecutive years with corn turns from black to brown as the nitrogen is stripped out by the plants. Poorly terraced hillsides and farms with no cover crop experience large amounts of topsoil erosion, which can never be replaced. Large farming implements such as tractors and combines compress the soil beneath them, severely restricting gas exchange, rainfall percolation and microbial activity. These activities have the capability to render land infertile for generations.

10 ADVANTAGES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY:

Easy Access to information: It has become very easy to get access to relevant information at any time anywhere. This has been possible because of modern technologies like broadband internet. Lots of data is being published and indexed online, sites like Wikipedia and Youtube have great original content which can be used in research or entertainment. Information is power, and those who find information and use it well always succeed. With smart gadgets like the ipad , iphone , galaxy tablet , users can easily have access to information through these smart gadgets because they use internet. So a user on a train can easily read breaking news while traveling, they can also buy and sell stocks while in the bedroom using the internet. These smart gadgets make it easy to access internet and this simplifies the way we get information.

Encourages innovation and creativity Since technology is challenging, it sparks the brain to work to its full potential. In the past, it used to be very difficult to start a business, one had to have lots of capital and they even had limited access to business information. Today, it is very easy to start a business while at home. Lets look at companies like Etsy.com which enable creative people sell their works online, this encourages creativity. Another good example is kickstarter.com which helps creative people get funds for their projects through crowd funding. On this platform, creative developers post projects seeking for funding from the community, this helps them generate lots of cash for their good ideas which latter leads to creation of new Jobs. The other creative works which have been facilitated by modern technology include Google , Apple , Facebook , Microsoft , Amazon , etc

Improved communication: Communication is like water to life. We can not develop without communication. Modern technology has blessed us with advanced communication technology tools. These can include e-fax machines, electronic mail, mobile phones, videoconferencing, instant text messaging applications, social networking applications. All these modern communication technology tools have simplified the way humans and businesses communicate. I can easily talk to my relative oversees using a mobile phone or video chatting services like Skype.

Convenience of Traveling: Modern transportation technology makes it very easy to travel long distances. Transport is a very important both in our lives and in the business world. Transportation technology has evolved with years. In the past it used to be slow and expensive to move long distances. Now days, I can cover a 10 miles distance with in a few minutes or hours using electric trains or airplanes.

Improved housing and lifestyle: This is another great way how modern technology has simplified our lives. If you compare the type of housing we used to have in 1900 and the architecture of houses today, the difference is very big. New architectural technology has improved the types of housed we build now days. People with money can afford town floating housed and glass homes. Most of the items in our house are now automated, for example, doors use finger prints which guarantee security. Remote webcams which you can use to monitor what goes on at your home.

Improved Entertainment: Modern technology has played a big role in changing the entertainment industry. Home entertainment has improved with the invention of video games and advance music and visual systems like smart televisions which can connect live to internet so that a user can share what theyre watching with friends. Easy access and storage of music, services like iTunes allow users to purchase and download music on their ipods at a small cost, this is a win win situation for both musicians and the users. Because musicians can easily sell

their music via iTunes and the user can also have a wide selection of which music to buy without having troubles of going to a physical music store.

Efficiency and Productivity: Modern technology has helped businesses increase production. Humans are slow and some times they fail to deliver on time. So many businesses have integrated modern technology in their production line, most of the hard work has become so simple and the results are better than those of humans. Lets look at a farmer who uses modern technology right from the day of preparing the farm land to the day of harvesting. They save a lot of time and money during this process.

Convenience in Education: Learning is a process and it is part of our daily lives. Modern technology has made it simple for students to learn from any where through online education and mobile education. Also students now use modern technology in classrooms to learn better. For example, students use ipads to share visual lessons and examples with peers in the classroom. This has made learning more convenient and fan. Also new modern educational technologies support individual learning which gives a chance to students to learn on their own with no need of tutors.

Social Networking: Modern technology has made it simple to discover our old friends and also discover new people to network with. This is a benefit to both individuals and businesses. Many businesses have embraced the social networking technology to interact with their customers. Users of social networks can share information with friends, live chat with them and interact in all sorts of ways.

Changed the health industry: Now days most hospitals have implemented modern technology in surgical rooms, this has reduced on mistakes made by doctors. Humans can easily make mistakes because of work overload and stress factors. Also the business community has developed health applications which can enable us monitor our health and weight. These applications can be used on mobile phones, so users can have them at any time of the day.

6 DISADVANTAGES OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY:

Increased loneliness Social Isolation is on the increase, people are spending more time playing video games, learning how to use new modern technologies, using social networks and they neglect their real life. Technology has replaced our old way of interacting. If a user can easily

interact with 100 friends online, they will feel no need to going out to make real friends which at a later stage leads to loneliness.

Job Loss: Modern technology has replaced many humans; robots are doing of the jobs which used to be done by humans. Many packing firms have employed robots on production lines to increase on production and efficiency, this is good news for businesses because it helps them make more money and serve customers in time, but it is bad news to employees because they get replaced by a robot. Competency - Increased dependency on modern tools like calculators has reduced on our creativity. You can find a student when they can solve a very simple mathematical equation without using a calculator. This affects the way this student uses their brains and reduces on the level of creativity. World destruction weapons: Modern technology has been the main aid in the increasing and endless wars. It aids the manufacturing of modern war weapons which will require testing. So when these weapons get into the hands of criminals, they will use them for their selfish reasons