MENDELIAN GENETICS MUGSHEET

I. Definitions to Memorise
Either asked for explicitly, or required when explaining phenomenon in Punnett problems

One who carries the recessive allele but appears just as normal as homozygous dominant genotypes phenotype where one genes 2 alleles are different, but equally dominant and cannot mask each other. Both alleles are expressed in heterozygotes phenotype. where single characteristic appears in >2 alleles, of which only 2 occupy same gene locus in homologous chromosomes in each individual.

CARRIE R

homozygous TRUE BREED INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE POLYGENIC INHERITNCE Where one allele is not completely dominant over the other, creating a new phenotype for the heterozygous individual, not expressed in either parent 2 gene pairs (different loci) affect single phenotype and have additive effect

MULTIPLE ALLELE

CO DOMINANCE

II. Variation Answer Scheme

CONTINUOUS Shape DISCONTINUOUS

How do you tell? Factor s

E.G.

Hand width follows normal distribution curve No distinct phenotype; there are intermediate forms of Hand width is a polygenic trait, influenced by many genes, each having a little overall additive effect on hand width Influenced by environment: factors like space and nutrients affect growth and differential expression of genes that code for the structure Height, Seed Size, Greenness of plants, Skin shade

There are few, distinct phenotypes No intermediate forms of blood group 1 ALLELE PAIR Not influenced by env

Tongue rolling, natrl hair color

Benefits of Variatio n Mutatn: ultimate variatio n source

Adaptation to env: if conditions change, more variations available for natural selection to act on. Increase survival: accumlatn of favourable heritable traits increases fitness Creation of new allele due to change in DNAmore genotypes and phenotypesnew possible combinations Gene shuffling: only different combinations of existing alleles. 1

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III. Mendels Laws

INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT SEGREGATION Each allele pair separates Each allele pair independent of others. separates into 2 alleles, each in a different gamete. Metaphase I: arrangement of Anaphase II: sister chromosomes in each pair of chromatids separate homologous chromosomes is to opposite poles of independent of other cell chromosomes. Anaphase I: chromosome of 1 homologous pair separates independently of other pair. Significance: Diff recombination maternal/paternal chromosomes of Child receives 1 allele from each parent.

IV. Intuition
Cross Aa X aa Ratio 1:1 Remarks Test Cross: test unknown with recessive, if recessive phenotype appears in offspring, unknown is Aa Pedigree Analysis 1. Is it Autosomal or Sex-linked? Autosomal Around 50/50 between females and males Sex-linked Most Males Affected X: most males affected Y: only males affecte d

AA X aa Aa X Aa AB X AB

All Dom 3:1 1:2:1 Codominance/I ncomplete dominance ratio Test Cross

2. Recessive or Dominant? Dominant Each affected kid has affected parent Recessive Affected kid with healthy parents X-linked Dominant Affected daughter with affected dad X-linked Recessive -same as domOR Affected son w/ affected mum -nil-

AaBb X aabb AaBb X AaBb

1:1:1: 1 9:3:3: 1

V. Punnett Square
5 parts (A) KEY, (B) PARENTAL, (C) F1, (D) Genotype/Phenotype Ratios, (E) Conclusion/ANS Write all 5 parts for prediction of genotypes questions too. When writing explanations, write key at start if you refer to the letters/alleles 2

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Trick Qn

(after calculating probability of offsprings phenotype in Punnett): Why all daughters express only this phenotype? 1m for explaining sample size too small; 1m for explaining her phenotype + where each of the alleles came from Punnett Square Protocol Need not write out repeated gametes. Punnett Square does not have to be 2x2 or 4x4. E.g.() The Parent line in Parental Generation is optional, but compulsory for Sex-linked. Monohybrid (NNxnn) Dihybrid

Sex Linkage

Co-dominance/Multiple Allele Series

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Incomplete Dominance / Codominan ce [Only difference is F1Phenotyp e]

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