SOLUCIONARIO DE LOS PROBLEMAS

PRODUCCION - I
25/09/2008 ALUMNO: HECTOR ENRIQUE LEIVA ESTEBAN PROFESOR: ING. LUIS DEL CASTILLO RODRIGUEZ PERIODO ACADEMICO: 2008-I

INDICE

I.

OBJETIVO

II.

CONTENIDO TEORICO

III.

ENUNCIADOS

IV.

SOLUCIONES

V.

BIBLIOGRAFIA

I.

OBJETIVO

Establecer con la preparacin de las curvas IPR la capacidad de produccin de un pozo. Identificar el tipo de rgimen de flujo con el que se trabaja y sus propiedades: Estable, Inestable y Pseudoestable. Considerar la Ley de Darcy para predecir rates de flujo del reservorio al hueco del pozo.

II.

CONTENIDO TEORICO

FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR FLUID FLOW

Flow in porous media is a very complex phenomenon and as such cannot be described as explicitly as flow through pipes or conduits. It is rather easy to measure the length and diameter of a pipe and compute its flow capacity as a function of pressure; in porous media, however, flow is different in that there are no clearcut flow paths which lend themselves to measurement. The analysis of fluid flow in porous media has evolved throughout the years along two fronts he experimental and the analytical. Physicists, engineers, hydrologists, and the like have examined experimentally the behavior of various fluids as they flow through porous media ranging from sand packs to fused Pyrex glass. On the basis of their analyses, they have attempted to formulate laws and correlations that can then be utilized to make analytical predictions for similar systems. The main objective of this chapter is to present the mathematical relationships that are designed to describe the flow behavior of the reservoir fluids. The mathematical forms of these relationships will vary depending upon the characteristics of the reservoir. The primary reservoir characteristics that must be considered include: Types of fluids in the reservoir Flow regimes Reservoir geometry Number of flowing fluids in the reservoir

FLOW REGIMES
There are basically three types of flow regimes that must be recognized in order to describe the fluid flow behavior and reservoir pressure distribution as a function of time. There are three flow regimes: Steady-state flow Unsteady-state flow Pseudosteady-state flow

Steady-State Flow
The flow regime is identified as a steady-state flow if the pressure at every location in the reservoir remains constant, i.e., does not change with time. Mathematically, this condition is expressed as:

Pressure-volume relationship.

Fluid density versus pressure for different fluid types.

The above equation states that the rate of change of pressure p with respect to time t at any location i is zero. In reservoirs, the steady-state flow condition can only occur when the reservoir is completely recharged and supported by strong aquifer or pressure maintenance operations.

Unsteady-State Flow
The unsteady-state flow (frequently called transient flow) is defined as the fluid flowing condition at which the rate of change of pressure with respect to time at any position in the reservoir is not zero or constant. This definition suggests that the pressure derivative with respect to time is essentially a function of both position i and time t, thus

Pseudosteady-State Flow

When the pressure at different locations in the reservoir is declining linearly as a function of time, i.e., at a constant declining rate, the flowing condition is characterized as the pseudosteadystate flow. Mathematically, this definition states that the rate of change of pressure with respect to time at every position is constant, or

It should be pointed out that the pseudosteady-state flow is commonly referred to as semisteady-state flow and quasisteadystate flow. The next figure shows a schematic comparison of the pressure declines as a function of time of the three flow regimes.

Flow regimes.

RESERVOIR GEOMETRY
The shape of a reservoir has a significant effect on its flow behavior. Most reservoirs have irregular boundaries and a rigorous mathematical description of geometry is often possible only with the use of numerical simulators. For many engineering purposes, however, the actual flow geometry may be represented by one of the following flow geometries: Radial flow Linear flow Spherical and hemispherical flow

Radial Flow
In the absence of severe reservoir heterogeneities, flow into or away from a wellbore will follow radial flow lines from a substantial distance from the wellbore. Because fluids move toward the well from all directions and coverage at the wellbore, the term radial flow is given to characterize the flow of fluid into the wellbore. Figure shows idealized flow lines and iso-potential lines for a radial flow system.

Ideal radial flow into a wellbore.

Linear Flow
Linear flow occurs when flow paths are parallel and the fluid flows in a single direction. In addition, the cross sectional area to flow must be constant. Figure shows an idealized linear flow system. A common application of linear flow equations is the fluid flow into vertical hydraulic fractures as illustrated in Figure.

Linear flow.

Ideal linear flow into vertical fracture.

Spherical and Hemispherical Flow

Depending upon the type of wellbore completion configuration, it is possible to have a spherical or hemispherical flow near the wellbore. A well with a limited perforated interval could result in spherical flow in the vicinity of the perforations as illustrated in Figure. A well that only partially penetrates the pay zone, as shown in Figure, could result in hemispherical flow. The condition could arise where coning of bottom water is important.

Spherical flow due to limited entry.

Hemispherical flow in a partially penetrating well.

NUMBER OF FLOWING FLUIDS IN THE RESERVOIR

The mathematical expressions that are used to predict the volumetric performance and pressure behavior of the reservoir

vary in forms and complexity depending upon the number of mobile fluids in the reservoir. There are generally three cases of flowing systems: Single-phase flow (oil, water, or gas) Two-phase flow (oil-water, oil-gas, or gas-water) Three-phase flow (oil, water, and gas) The description of fluid flow and subsequent analysis of pressure data becomes more difficult as the number of mobile fluids increases.

III.

ENUNCIADOS PROB. 11 a) : POZO EN INFINITE ACTING Para un flujo de una sola fase.

Datos: Pi =3000 psi = 0.09 g = 0.65 o = 1.12 cp re = 1500 h= 70 Ct = 2E-6 psi-1 T = 175F Ko = 4 md API = 28 Bo =1.18 rb/stb rw = 0.33 S=3

Calcular: 1)El comienzo del perodo pseudoestable. 2)Plotear el rate de flujo vs tiempo, para presin constante de fondo fluyente de 2000 psi. 3)Construir la curva IPR para Infinite Acting.

IV.

SOLUCIONES PROB. 11 a) : 1) De:

: Cte. De fusibilidad (ft2/hr)

2) Ecuacin Flujo (Estado Transitorio):

Tiempo (Hrs.) 1 5 10 15 20

Rate (bl/d) 170.84 156.49 151.03 148.01 145.94

25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100 108

144.37 143.12 142.07 141.18 140.40 139.71 139.09 138.54 138.03 137.56 137.12 136.72 136.34 135.99 135.66 135.34 134.87

Ecuacin Flujo (Estado Pseudoestable), cuando p = pi pwf :

134.20 bl/d

108 Hrs.

3) IPR Pwf 3000 2800 2600 2400 2200 2000 1800 1600 1400 1200 t=10 0 10.07 20.14 30.21 40.28 50.35 60.42 70.49 80.56 90.63 t=20 0 9.73 19.46 29.19 38.92 48.66 58.39 68.12 77.85 87.59 97.32 t=40 0 9.41 18.83 28.24 37.66 47.08 56.49 65.91 75.32 84.74 94.16 t=50 0 9.31 18.63 27.94 37.26 46.57 55.89 65.20 74.52 83.83 93.15 t=80 0 9.11 18.23 27.34 36.46 45.57 54.69 63.81 72.92 82.04 91.15 Pseudoestable 0 8.99 17.98 26.97 35.97 44.96 53.95 62.94 71.94 80.93 89.92

1000 100.70

800 600 400 200 0

110.77 107.05 103.57 102.46 100.27 120.84 116.78 112.99 111.78 109.38 130.91 126.52 122.41 121.09 118.50 140.98 136.25 131.82 130.41 127.62 151.05 145.98 141.24 139.72 136.73

98.92 107.91 116.89 125.89 134.89

V.

BIBLIOGRAFIA Reservoir Engineering Handbook Tarek Ahmed (pgs. 321 330)

Petroleum Production Systems Michael Economides (pgs. 17-31) Fundamentals of Reservoir Engineering LP. Dake (pgs. 148-161)