CDMA Fundamentals

2
Agenda
CDMA introduction
CDMA makes use of Diversity
Power control
CDMA Forward Link
CDMA Reverse Link
CDMA call processing
CDMA Measurement
3
Cellular Access Methods
Power
Time
Frequency
FDMA
Power
Time
Frequency
Power
Time
Frequency
TDMA
CDMA
4
User #3
Frequency Domain
User #2
User #1
Synch
Paging
Pilot
1.2288 MHz
freq
Code Domain
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 32 40 63
User
1
User
3
User
2
Walsh Code
Pilot Paging Synch
Code Domain Power (cdma2000/IS-95)
The CDMA Concept
5
CDMA is Also Full Duplex
US Cellular Channel 384 Amplitude
Frequency
AMPS
CDMA
Frequency
Amplitude
Reverse Link
Reverse Link
Forward Link
Forward Link
45 MHz
45 MHz
836.52 MHz
836.52 MHz
881.52 MHz
881.52 MHz
6
Code Division Multiple Access
What is CDMA ?
Spread spectrum technique
Multiple users share the same frequency in one cell
Same frequency in all the cells
Operates under presence of interference
Takes advantage of multipath
Capacity is soft
7
Cellular Frequency Reuse Patterns
3
6
CDMA Reuse FDMA Reuse
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
2
2
1
4
5
7
8
The CDMA Concept
Baseband
Data
Encoding &
Interleaving
Walsh Code
Spreading
Walsh Code
Correlator
Baseband
Data
Decode & De-
Interleaving
0 0
f
c
f
c
f
c
f
c
f
c
f
c
10 Khz BW 1.23 Mhz BW 10 Khz BW 1.23 Mhz BW
1.23 Mhz BW 1.23 Mhz BW Spurious Signals -113 dBm/1.23 Mhz
CDMA
Transmitter
CDMA
Receiver
9.6 kbps 19.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps 9.6 kbps 19.2 kbps 1228.8 kbps
Background Noise External Interference Other Cell Interference Other User Noise
Interference Sources
9
Multiple user data can be spread by using combinations of
this PN code
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Baseband data multiplied by a Pseudo Random Noise (PN)
Code, which is a sequence of chips valued -1 & +1 or 0 & 1
PN code is a noise-like code with certain properties (ex:
orthogonal)
10
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Direct sequence spread
spectrum signal is generated
by multiplying narrowband
user data with a well-defined
wideband pseudo-random
sequence.
Recovering the narrowband
user data is achieved by
multiplying the received
signal by an identical,
accurately timed pseudo-
random sequence.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Power Spectral
Density
Freq
Direct sequence
spread signal
Narrowband user
data
11
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Source Information
Bits
I-Q Modulator
Carrier
Code Generator Bit
Stream
Transmit
DSSS Signal
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread
Spectrum Transmitter
Bits to
I-Q
12
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum
Received
DSSS
signal
Code
Synchronization
Code Generator
Demodulator
Carrier
Data
Block diagram of a Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Receiver
13
What is Correlation ?
Is a Measure of How
Well a Given Signal
Matches a Desired
Code
The Desired Code is
Compared to the
Given Signal at
Various Test times
Received Signal
Time
Correlation = 1
Correlation = 0
Correlation = 0
Correlation = 0
14
Auto-Correlation
Is a Comparison of a Signal
Against Itself
Good Pseudo-Random
Patterns Have:
Strong Correlation at Zero Time
Offset
Weak Correlation at Other
Time Offsets
Pseudo-Random Sequence
Auto-Correlation Versus Time Offset
1
0
1
30 0 5 10 15 20 25
0 10 20 5 15 25 30
0
Chip Offset
15
A
n
a
l
o
g
A
n
a
l
o
g
CDMA Paradigm Shift
Multiple Users on One Frequency
Analog/TDMA Try to Prevent Multiple Users Analog/TDMA Try to Prevent Multiple Users
Interface Interface
Channel is Defined by Code
Analog Systems Defined Channels by Analog Systems Defined Channels by
Frequency Frequency
Traditional FDMA/TDMA are capacity-
limited
Given N timeslots per frame and K Given N timeslots per frame and K
frequency channels, maximum number of frequency channels, maximum number of
users is KN; users is KN;
To increase the number of users in the To increase the number of users in the
system, frequency reuse is used system, frequency reuse is used
Capacity Limit is Soft
Allows Degrading Voice Quality to Allows Degrading Voice Quality to
Temporarily Increase Capacity Temporarily Increase Capacity
Reduce Surrounding Cell Capacity to Reduce Surrounding Cell Capacity to
Increase a Cell Increase a Cell s Capacity s Capacity
C
D
M
A
16
CDMA Capacity Gains
Processing Processing
Gain Gain
AMPS = 1.5 MHz / 30 kHz = 50 Channels
Capacity = 50 Channels / 7 ( 1/7 Frequency Reuse )
AMPS = 7 Calls ( Using 1.5 MHz BW )
CDMA = 42 Calls ( Using 1.5 MHz BW )
(1,230,000) (1) (1)
CDMA = ____________ X _____ X _____ X (0.67)
(9,600) (5.01) (.40)
Capacity = _____________ X _____ X ____ X (Fr)
(Data Rate) (S/N) (Vaf)
(Chan BW) (1) (1)
17
CDMA makes use of Diversity
Spatial Diversity
Making Use of Differences in Position
Frequency Diversity
Making Use of Differences in Frequency
Time Diversity
Making Use of Differences in Time
18
CDMA Spatial Diversity
Diversity Reception:
Multiple Antennas at Base Station
Each Antenna is Affected by Each Antenna is Affected by Multipath Multipath Differently Due to Their Differently Due to Their
Different Location Different Location
Allows Selection of the Signal Least Affected by Allows Selection of the Signal Least Affected by Multipath Multipath
Fading Fading
If Diversity Antennas are Good, Why Not Use Base Stations
as a Diversity Network?
Soft Handoff
19
Spatial Diversity During Soft Handoff
MTSO
Base Station 1
Land Link
Vocoder /
Selector
Base Station 2
20
CDMA Frequency Diversity
Combats Fading, Caused by Multipath
Fading Acts like Notch Filter to a Wide Spectrum
Signal
May Notch only Part of Signal
1.23 MHz BW
Amplitude
Frequency
21
CDMA Time Diversity
Rake Receiver to Find and Demodulate
Multipath Signals
Data is Interleaved
Spreads Adjacent Data in time to Improve
Error Correction Efficiency
Convolutional Encoding
Adds Error Correction and Detection
Viterbi Decoding
Most Likely Path Decoder for
Convolutionaly Encoded Data
22
Why Interleaving Works
1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
1 5 9 13
3 7 11 15
4 8 12 16
1 2 3 4
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
5 6 7 8
Original Data Frame
Interleaved Data Frame
Errors/Time
TX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
Errors/Time
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
RX
Errors/Time
TX
1 5 9 13 2 6 10 14 3 7 11 15 4 8 12 16
Errors/Time
RX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
2 6 10 14
23
The Rake Receiver
Amplitude
Frequency
Time
24
Rake Receiver Design
T
0
T
1
T
4
T
3
T
2
W
0
W
1
W
2
W
3
W
4
Antenna
Output
Delay
Taps
Tap
Weights
+
25
Synchronization
All Direct Sequence, Spread
Spectrum Systems Should be
Accurately Synchronized for
Efficient searching
Finding the Desired Code
Becomes Difficult without
Synchronization
26
Power Control
Near-end Far-end Problem
- 60dBm
- 30dBm
A
B
At the BS receiver,
SNR for A reception = 30 dB, certified
SNR for B reception = -30 dB, not certified
27
Acceptable SNR is at least 7 dB
For B, the signal needs 37 dB gain to meet the condition
What if we increase the processing gain from 21 dB to 37
dB?
P
gain
= 10 log ( W / R )
R is fixed at 9600 bps, W can be increased
Is there another way to improve S/N?
In this case, W = 48 MHz not practical
Power Control
28
In this case, B is the Signal and A is the Noise
Both A and B are transmitting at constant power
Since A is near, it can be asked to transmit at low power
Since B is far, it can increase the power
This is Power Control !
This is Power Control !
Base Station will change power levels based on
the Path loss.
Base Station will also command Mobile to
increase or decrease power levels.
Power Control
29
Maximum System Capacity is Achieved if:
All Mobiles are Power Controlled to the Minimum
Power for Acceptable Signal Quality
As a Result, all Mobiles are Received at About
Equal Power at the Base Station Independent of
Their Location
Two Types of Control
Open Loop Power Control
Closed Loop Power Control
Open & Closed Loop Power Control are
Always Both Active
Always Both Active
Reverse Link Power Control
30
Open Loop Power Control
Assumes Loss is Similar on Forward and Reverse
Paths
Receive Power + Transmit Power = -73(-76dB for
PCS Band
All Powers in dBm
Example:
For a Received Power of -85 dBm
Transmit Power = ( Transmit Power = (- -73) 73) - - ( (- - 85) 85)
Transmit Power = +12 Transmit Power = +12 dBm dBm
Provides an Estimate of Reverse TX Power for Given
Propagation Conditions
31
Directed by Base Station
Updated Every 1.25 msec
Commands Mobile to Change TX
Power in +/- 1 dB Step Size
Fine Tunes Open Loop Power
Estimate
Power Control Bits are Punctured
over the Encoded Voice Data
Puncture Period is Two 19.2 kbps
Symbol Periods = 104.2 usec
Closed Loop Power Control
32
CDMA Variable Rate Speech Coder
DSP Analyzes 20 Millisecond Blocks of Speech for Activity
Selects Encoding Rate Based on Activity:
aHigh Activity Full Data Rate Encoding (9600 bps)
aSome Activity Half Data Rate Encoding (4800 bps)
aLow Activity Quarter Data Rate Encoding (2400 bps)
aNo Activity 1/8 Data Rate Encoding (1200 bps)
How Does This Improve Capacity?
Mobile Transmits in Bursts of 1.25 ms
System Capacity Increases by 1/Voice Activity Factor
33
Mobile Power Bursting
Each Frame is Divided
into 16 Power Control
Groups
Each Power Control
Group Contains 1536
Chips (represents 12
encoded voice bits)
Average Power is
Lowered 3 dB for Each
Lower Data Rate
CDMA Frame = 20 ms
Full Rate
Half Rate
Quarter Rate
Eighth Rate
34
The CDMA2000 evolution path is flexible
and future-proof
Voice
Data up to
14.4 kbps
Voice
Data up to
115 kbps
2x increases in voice capacity
Up to 307 kbps* packet data
on a single (1.25 MHz) carrier
First 3G system for any
technology worldwide
Optimized, very high-speed
data (Phase 1)
Up to 2.4 Mbps* packet data
on a single (1.25 MHz) carrier
Integrated voice and data
(Phase 2); up to 4.8 Mbps
*downlink
From CDG
35
CDMA Protocol Stacks
IS -95 Rev 0
Original System-never actually deployed
ARIB T53
Japan CDMA
System Cellular
Protocol
IS -95 Rev A
Backwards compatible with IS-95. First Deployed Protocol
TBS- 74
Cellular Protocol that adds 14400 Channel Support
J-STD-008
Not Backwards Compatible, PCS only Protocol
EIA/TIA-95 Rev B
Combines TSB-74 & J-STD-008 for a Universal Protocol
EIA/TIA/IS-2000 Rev 0
First release of IS-2000 standard(add QPCH)
EIA/TIA/IS-2000 Rev A
Add BCH,CCCH,CACHnew channel
EIA/TIA/IS-2000 Rev B
Add new functionality and support
EIA/TIA/IS-2000 Rev C(1x EV-DV)
Segment channel between Voice and Data
EIA/TIA/IS-856(1x EV-DO)
Optimized for packet data.
36
The architecture for CDMA2000
IS634
PSDN
MSC
HLR/AUC HLR/AUC
Laptops with
Cell Phones
Cell
Phones
Smartphones
and PDAs
BSC
AAA AAA
Server Server
PSTN
Internet
IWF
IP Router
Core
Elements
Core
Elements
From CDG
37
cdma2000 Key Standards
EIA/TIA/IS-2000 rev. 0 Interoperability Standard for
cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Systems
Defines channel coding, call processing procedures, protocol
and other mobile / base procedures and RF requirements to
ensure interoperability of equipment from multiple vendors
Defines how entire system works together in extreme detail
Revision 0 was first release of standard.
Revision A adds enhanced channels for paging, call set-up and
call control.
Revision B enhanced from the cdma2000 Release A
specifications
38
TIA/ EIA-95-B IS-2000 IS-2000-A
F-Pilot F-Pilot F-Pilot
F-Sync F-Sync F-Sync
F-PCH F-PCH
F-BCCH
F-CCCH
F-QPCH optional F-QPCH optional
F-CACH
F-CPCCH
Forward
Channels
F-Traffic
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-DCCH optional
F-FCH
F-SCH
F-DCCH optional
N/ A R-Pilot R-Pilot
R-ACH R-ACH R-EACHor R-CCCH
Reverse
Channels
R-Traffic
R-FCH
R-SCH
R-DCCH optional
R-FCH
R-SCH
R-DCCH optional
cdma2000 Standards Overview - IS-2000
Release 0 versus Revision A
39
Benefits of cdma2000
Improved Performance and Capacity:
About 2X Voice Capacity of TIA/EIA-95-B
Handles a Wide Range of Data Rates:
Voice and Low Speed Data while Driving Voice and Low Speed Data while Driving
Up to 384 kbps Packet or Circuit Data while Moving Up to 384 kbps Packet or Circuit Data while Moving
Up to 2 Mbps Data Rates for Fixed Installations Up to 2 Mbps Data Rates for Fixed Installations
Meets All IMT-2000 Requirements
Easy Upgrade for Service Providers Who Currently Operate
TIA/EIA-95 Systems
40
cdm
a
2000
Performance Enhancements
Reverse Link Pilot for Each Mobile
True QPSK Modulation
Continuous Reverse Link Waveform
Improved Convolutional Encoding for 14.4
kbps Voice Channels
Fast Forward & Reverse Link Power Control
Supports Auxiliary Pilots for Beam Forming
Forward Link Transmit Diversity - OTD,
STS, Multi-Antenna
41
Reuse of TIA/EIA-95-B
cdma2000 is Fully Backwards Compatible with TIA/EIA-95-B
Reused Aspects of TIA/EIA-95-B:
TIA/EIA TIA/EIA- -95 95- -B Air Interface (RC1, RC2) B Air Interface (RC1, RC2)
IS IS- -127 EVRC 8 kbps 127 EVRC 8 kbps Vocoder Vocoder and IS and IS- -733 13 kbps 733 13 kbps Vocoder Vocoder
All Existing Service Options All Existing Service Options
IS IS- -637 SMS & IS 637 SMS & IS- -683 Over the Air Activation 683 Over the Air Activation
IS IS- -98 and IS 98 and IS- -97 Minimum Performance Standards 97 Minimum Performance Standards
Common Broadcast Channels (Pilot, Sync ,Paging) Common Broadcast Channels (Pilot, Sync ,Paging)
Allows cdma2000 to be Deployed Sooner
42
Terms and Definitions
Chip
Is the period of a data bit at the final spreading rate Is the period of a data bit at the final spreading rate
SR - Spreading Rate
Defines the final spreading rate in terms of 1.2288 Mcps(SR1). Defines the final spreading rate in terms of 1.2288 Mcps(SR1).
So a 3.6864 So a 3.6864 Mcps Mcps system is called a SR3 system. system is called a SR3 system.
RC - Radio Configuration
Defines the physical channel configuration based upon a base Defines the physical channel configuration based upon a base
channel data rate. channel data rate.
RCs RCs contain rates derived from their base rate. For example, contain rates derived from their base rate. For example,
RC3 is based on 9.6 kbps and includes 1.5, 2.7, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2, RC3 is based on 9.6 kbps and includes 1.5, 2.7, 4.8, 9.6, 19.2,
38.4, 76.8, 153.6, and 307.200 kbps. 38.4, 76.8, 153.6, and 307.200 kbps.
RCs RCs are coupled to specific Spreading Rates are coupled to specific Spreading Rates
43
IS-2000 SR1 (aka 1xRTT)
Is an Improved TIA/EIA-95-B Narrowband System
Occupies the Same 1.23 MHz Bandwidth as TIA/EIA-95-B
Forward Link:
Adds Fast Power Control Adds Fast Power Control
Quick Paging Channel to Improve Standby Time Quick Paging Channel to Improve Standby Time
Uses QPSK Modulation Rather than Dual BPSK to: Uses QPSK Modulation Rather than Dual BPSK to:
Use 3/8 Rate Convolutional Encoder instead of 3/4 for 14.4 Service
(improves error correction)
128 Walsh Codes to Handle More Soft Handoffs for 9.6 service
Reverse Link:
Uses Pilot Aided BPSK to Allow Coherent Demodulation Uses Pilot Aided BPSK to Allow Coherent Demodulation
Uses 1/4 Rate Uses 1/4 Rate Convolutional Convolutional Encoder Instead of 1/2 or 1/3 Encoder Instead of 1/2 or 1/3
Uses HPSK Spreading Uses HPSK Spreading
Doubles System Voice Capacity
44
SR1 Forward Radio Configurations
Radio Configuration 1 - Required
Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA- -95 95- -B B
Based on 9,600 bps Traffic(RS1) Based on 9,600 bps Traffic(RS1)
Radio Configuration 2
Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA- -95 95- -B B
Based on 14,400 bps Traffic(RS2) Based on 14,400 bps Traffic(RS2)
Radio Configurations 3, 4, and 5
All use new cdma2000 coding for improved capacity All use new cdma2000 coding for improved capacity
RC3 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 153,600 bps RC3 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 153,600 bps
RC4 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 307,200 bps RC4 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 307,200 bps
RC5 is based on 14,400 bps and goes up to 230,400 bps RC5 is based on 14,400 bps and goes up to 230,400 bps
45
SR1 Forward Channels
F-Pilot (Using TIA/EIA-95-B Coding)
F-Sync (Using TIA/EIA-95-B Coding)
Up to 7 F-Paging (Using TIA/EIA-95-B Coding)
IS-2000 Rev.0
0 to 3 F-QPCH (Quick Paging Channel)
IS-2000 Rev.A/B
0 or 8 F-BCH (Broadcast Channel)
0 to 4 F-CPCCH (Common Power Control Channel)
0 to 7 F-CACH (Common Assignment Channel)
0 to 7 F-CCCH (Common Control Channels)
Many F-Traffic Channels, Each Consisting of:
0 or 1 F 0 or 1 F- -DCCH (Dedicated Control Channels) DCCH (Dedicated Control Channels)
1 F 1 F- -FCH (Fundamental Channel) FCH (Fundamental Channel)
0 to 7 F 0 to 7 F- -SCCH (Supplemental Code Channels for RC1 & RC2) SCCH (Supplemental Code Channels for RC1 & RC2)
0 to 2 F 0 to 2 F- -SCH (Supplemental Channel for RC3, 4, 5) SCH (Supplemental Channel for RC3, 4, 5)
46
Base Station Variable Rate Vocoder
Base Stations Do Not Pulse TX Channels
How Does the Base Station Handle Variable
Rate Vocoding?
Repeats Data Bits When Transmitting at
Reduced Rates
Repeating Data Adds 3 dB Coding Gain
Lowers the TX Power 3dB for Each Lower
Rate
47
Walsh Code
Generator
Forward Link Traffic Channel Physical Layer
(RC1,RC2)
1/2
Rate
3/4
Rate
P.C.
Mux
Vocoded
Speech
Data
20 msec
blocks
Convolutional
Encoder
Interleaver
Long Code
Scrambling
Power
Control
Puncturing
800 bps
Walsh
Coder
9.6
kbps
14.4
kbps
19.2
kbps
19.2
kbps
Long Code
19.2
kbps
19.2
kbps
19.2
kbps
19.2
kbps
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288
Mbps
1.2288
Mbps
Short Code Scrambler
800
bps
FIR
FIR
I
Q
I Short Code
Q Short Code
48
Forward FCH Physical Layer
RC3 (9.6 kbps)
Optional
Can be Carried by F-DCCH
8.6 kbps
1228.8 kbps
Long Code
Decimator
Interleaver
38.4 ksps
1/4 Rate Conv.
Encoder
38.4 ksps
9.6 kbps
Long Code
Generator
38.4 kbps
Power
Control
Puncture
Walsh 64
Generator
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kbps
1228.8kbps
Q
I
S -P
800 bps
PC
User Long
Code Mask
Q
I
PC
Dec
1228.8 kcps
Q Short Code
I
Q
1228.8 kcps
Complex
Scrambling
Q
I
FIR
FIR
I Short Code
Orthogonal
Spreading
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
+
+
+
-
38.4
ksps
19.2 ksps
19.2 ksps
P.C. Bits
Decimate by
Walsh Length/2
Gain
Gain
Puncture
Timing
Full Rate
Data Bits
Add CRC and
Tail Bits
800 bps
49
CDMA Vocoders
Vocoders Convert Voice to/from Analog Using Data
Compression
There are Three CDMA Vocoders:
IS-96A Variable Rate (8 kbps maximum)
CDG Variable Rate (13 kbps maximum)
EVRC Variable Rate (improved 8 kbps)
Each has Different Voice Quality:
IS-96A - moderate quality
EVRC - near toll quality
CDG - toll quality
50
15
24 bits in a ms frame
39
79
171 266
124
54
20
1200 bps
Frame
8
Mixed Mode Bit
Information Bits
1-bit
Reserved
8
8
8 8
12 12 8
10 8
6
8 8
8
Mixed Mode Bit
Mixed Mode Bit
Mixed Mode Bit
Information Bits
Information Bits
Information Bits
2400 bps
Frame
9600 bps
Frame
4800 bps
Frame
192 bits in a ms frame
96 bits in a ms frame
48 bits in a ms frame
1800 bps
Frame
3600 bps
Frame
7200 bps
Frame
14400 bps
Frame
288 bits in a ms frame
144 bits in a ms frame
72 bits in a ms frame
36 bits in a ms frame
1-bit
Reserved
1-bit
Reserved
1-bit
Reserved
Mixed
Mode Bit
Mixed
Mode Bit
Mixed
Mode Bit
Mixed
Mode Bit
Encoder
Tail Bits
CRC
CRC
Encoder
Tail Bits
Encoder
Tail Bits
Encoder
Tail Bits
Information Bits
Information Bits
Information Bits
Information Bits
Encoder
Tail Bits
Encoder
Tail Bits
Encoder
Tail Bits
Encoder
Tail Bits
CRC
CRC CRC
CRC
CDMA Frame Formats
51
Forward Error Protection
Uses Half-Rate Convolutional Encoder
Outputs Two Bits of Encoded Data for Every Input Bit
Data Out
9600 bps
Data Out
9600 bps
D D D D D D D D
+
+
Data In
9600
bps

52
14.4 Traffic Channel Forward Link
Modifications
Replaces 8 kbps Vocoder with a
13 kbps Vocoder(both Variable
Rate)
Effects:
Provides Toll Quality Speech
Uses a 3/4 Rate Encoder
Reduces Processing Gain 1.76 dB
Results in Reduced Capacity or
Smaller Cell Sizes
3/4
rate
Vocoded
Speech
Data
Convolutional
Encoder
20 msec
blocks
14.4
kbps
19.2
kbps
53
384 symbols are sequentially written in an input array
Interleaved symbols are then read from the output array
19.2 ksps
9.6 ksps
4.8 ksps
2.4 ksps
Symbol
Repetition
19.2 ksps
384 Symbols
20 ms
Block
Interleaver
Input
Array
/
output
Array
16 x 24 Array
Interleaved
Output
16
24
Interleaver
Process of permuting a sequence of symbols to achieve time
diversity
CDMA uses block interleaving with 20 ms blocks
54
CDMA System Time
How Does CDMA Achieve
Synchronization for Efficient
searching?
Use GPS Satellite System
Base Stations Use GPS Time
via Satellite Receivers as a
Common Time Reference
GPS Clock Drives the Long
Code Generator
1
12
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
55
Modulo-2 Addition
Long Code Output
Long Code Generator
1
User Assigned
Long Code Mask
42 bits
2
4 3
42 41 5
Long Code Generation
56
Long Code Generation
Modulo-2 Addition
Long Code Output
3 4 1 2
User Assigned
Long Code Mask
42 bits
41 42
5
Long Code Generator
(Driven by System Time)
1100011000 Permuted ESN
41 32 31 0
Long Code Mask
57
Long Code Scrambling
Users Long Code Mask is
Applied to the Long Code
Masked Long Code is
Decimated Down to 19.2 kbps
Decimated Long Code is
XORed with Voice Data Bits
Scrambles the Data to Provide
Voice Security
Encoded
Voice Data
Long Code
Generator
Long Code
Decimator
XOR
1.2288 Mbps
19.2 kbps
19.2 kbps
19.2 kbps
58
19.2 kbps
Closed Loop Power Control Puncturing
Long Code is Decimated
Down to 800 bps
Decimated Long Code
Controls the Puncture
Location
Power Control Bits Replace
Voice Data
Voice Data is Recovered by
the Mobiles Viterbi Decoder
Long Code
Scrambled
Voice Data
Long Code
Decimated
Data
Closed Loop
Power
Control Bits
P. C.
Mux
Long Code
Decimator
800 bps
800 bps
19.2 kbps
19.2 kbps
59
Power Control Bit Puncturing
19.2 ksps: 384 symbols / 20ms frame
Each 20ms frame is divided into 16 power control
group (1.25 ms each)
24 modulation symbols in each power control group
Long Code Decimat ed
Dat a
Decimat or
19.2 ksps
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23
4 symbols = 16 combinations
20ms
1.25ms
If [20,21,22,23]=[1,1,0,1],then puncture bit 11,12
60
Payload
Data Bits
1228.8 kbps
Long Code
Decimator
Interleaver
1/2 Rate
Convolutional
Encoder
307.2 ksps
Channel
Coder
Add CRC and
Tail Bits
153.6 kbps
Long Code
Generator
User Long
Code Mask
Decimate by
Walsh Length/2
307.2 ksps
307.2 ksps
307.2 ksps
Gain
Walsh 8
Generator
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kbps
1228.8kbps
Q
I
S -P
Q
I
1228.8 kcps
Q Short Code
I
Q
1228.8 kcps
Complex
Scrambling
FIR
FIR
I Short Code
Orthogonal
Spreading
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
+
+
+
-
153.6 ksps
153.6 ksps
152.4 kbps
SR1, RC4 (152.4 kbps) F-SCH
61
Walsh Codes
W
=
0 0
0 1
W
=
0
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
W
=
1
2
4

=
n
n
n n
n
W W
W W
W
2
62
2 Match - 2 dont = 0
Checking for Orthogonality
W
=
4
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1
Y Y N N
Cross
Correlation
=
N agreements- N disagreements
N total_number_of_digits
63
SF=16 SF=2 SF=4 SF=8
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1
1 1
1 -1
1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1
1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1
1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1
1 1 -1 -1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 1 1 -1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1
1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1
Effects of Using Variable Length Walsh Codes
for Spreading
Using Shorter
Walsh Codes
Precludes Using
all Longer Codes
Derived from the
Original
Shorter Codes on
a Branch map
into Longer
Codes
64
Walsh Code Spreading
Encoded
Voice Data
Walsh Code
Generator
19.2 kbps
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288 Mbps
What is the
Spreading Rate
Increase ?
65
Why Spread Again with the Short Sequence
Provides a Cover to Hide the
64 Walsh Codes
Each Base Station is Assigned
a Time Offset in its Short
Sequences
Time Offsets Allow Mobiles to
Distinguish Between Adjacent
Cells
Also Allows Reuse of All Walsh
Codes in Each Cell
Walsh Coded
Data at
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288 Mbps
I Channel Short
Sequence Code
Generator
Q Channel Short
Sequence Code
Generator
To I/Q
Modulator
66
Multi-Layer Code Assignment
Walsh Code layer (spreading code)
Full code
set per cell
W
64,1
W
64,2
W
64,0
Cells A/Sector A
W
64,1
W
64,2
W
64,0
Cells B/Sector B
PN 0
PN 1
Convolutional
Encoder
Long code
Walsh Code
Short Code
CDMA as an Onion
CDMA as an Onion
67
Short Code (PN) Generation
PN sequence codes are generated using 15-bit shift
registers
PN sequence pattern repeats every 26.666 ms
75 PN sequences repetition occur every 2 seconds
On every even second clock, MS will get PN sequence
initial state
Jan 6, 1980 00:00:00
1, 0, 0, 0.............. 0
R1,R2,R3,R4..........R15
( initial state of 15 registers )
PN Code Combinations: 2
15
= 32768
Clock Rate = 1.2288 Mcps
Return of Initial State = 26.666 ms
3
2
7
6
8
3
2
7
6
8
1
2
74
75
3
2
7
6
8
2 sec
2
6
.
6
6
6
m
s
68
PN Offsets
Each BS scrambles PN sequence with data by some
time offset
Time offsets are in intervals of 64 clock chips (52.08
us) from even second clock
512 unique offsets are
created (32768/64 = 512)
Each BS is allotted
an offset for PN
sequence scrambling
PN 0
PN 120
PN 237
PN 511
PN 489
69
Short Code Correlation
Short Codes are Designed to
Have:
Strong Auto-Correlation at Zero
Time Offset
Weak Auto-Correlation at Other
Offsets
Good Auto-Correlation in Very
Poor Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Environments
Allows Fast Acquisition in Real
World Environment
Auto-Correlation Versus
Time Offset With 17 dB Noise Added
0 10 20 5
15 25 30
Chip Offset
70
Convert to I/Q
& PN
Spreading
FIR LP Filter &
D/A Conversion
I Data
Q Data
1228.8 kbps
Walsh Code 0
Pilot Channel
All 0s
Convert to I/Q
& PN
Spreading
FIR LP Filter &
D/A Conversion
I Data
Q Data
1228.8 kbps
Walsh Code 32
Sync Channel
4.8 kbps
Convert to I/Q
& PN
Spreading
FIR LP Filter &
D/A Conversion
I Data
Q Data
1228.8 kbps
Walsh Codes 1 to 7
Paging Channels
1 up to 7 Channels
19.2 kbps
Convert to I/Q
& PN
Spreading
FIR LP Filter &
D/A Conversion
I Data
Q Data
1228.8 kbps
Walsh Codes 8-31,33-63
Traffic Channels
1 up to 55 Channels
19.2 kbps
I
Q
Forward Link Channel Format

71
Walsh Coding Example
W
2
=
0 0 - User A
0 1 - User B
-1
-2
+1
+2
-1
+1
Channel A
Walsh Encoded
Voice Data
+1
-1
Channel A
Voice Data
For a 1 Input
Use Code 11
+1
-1
For a 0 Input
Use Code 00
User A
User B
For a 0 Input
Use Code 01
For a 1 Input
Use Code 10
Channel B
Voice Data
Channel B
Walsh Encoded
Voice Data
Sum of A & B
Walsh Encoded
Data Streams
0 0
1 1
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
+1
-1
+1
-1
0 1
1 0
-1
+1
1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0
+
0
+1
1 0 0 1
+1
0
1 0 0 1
72
Walsh Decoding Example
Correlation Coefficient
f
i
(t) r f
j
(t) dt z
i j
=
1
T
+1
0
1 0 0 1
+1
-1
+2
-2
Original User B Voice Data
User A & B Walsh Data
Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code
+1
0
1 0 0 1
+1
-1
+2
-2
Original User A Voice Data
User A & B Walsh Data
Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code
+1
-1
+2
-2
X
+1
-1
1 1
+1
-1
+2
-2

-1
+1
-1
+2
-2
+1
-1
1 0
1
+1
-1
+2
-2
= = = = +

0
T

73
What if Walsh Codes are Not Time Aligned ?
Channel B
Walsh
Encoded
Voice Data
-1
+1
1 0 0 1
0 1 1 0
-1
+1
Channel A
Walsh
Encoded
Voice Data
0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
-1
-2
+1
Sum of A & B
Walsh Encoded
Data Streams
Original Data Was
0 (-1), We Have
Interference Now!
Multiply Summed Data with Desired Walsh Code
+1
-1
+2
-2
+1
-1
1 1
+1
-1
+2
-2
-0.75
Original Time Delayed
+
X = =

74
Pilot Channel Physical Layer
Walsh
Modulator
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288 Mbps
1.228
8
Mbps
1.228
8
Mbps
Short Code Scrambler
FIR
FIR
I
Q
Walsh Code
Generator
Q Short Code
I Short Code
All 0
Inputs
19.2
kbps
Walsh
Code 0
Uses Walsh Code 0:
All 64 bits are 0
All Data into Walsh
Modulator is 0
Output of Walsh
Modulator is therefore all
0s
Pilot Channel is just the
Short Codes
75
1/2
Rate
2x
Convolutional
Encoder
Interleaver
Walsh
32
Coder
1.2
kbps
2.4
kbps
4.8
kbps
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288
Mbps
1.2288
Mbps
Short Code Scrambler
FIR
FIR
I
Q
Sync Channel Physical Layer
Sync
Channel
Message
Data
Symbol
Repetition
4.8
kbps
Walsh Code
Generator
Q Short Code
I Short Code
76
Paging Channel Physical Layer
Paging Channel
Long Code
1/2
Rate
Convolutional
Encoder
Interleaver
4.8
kbps
9.6
kbps
19.2
kbps
Paging
Channel
Message
Data
2x
Symbol
Repetition
19.2
kbps
Walsh
1 to 7
Coder
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288
Mbps
1.2288
Mbps
Short Code Scrambler
I
Q
Walsh Code
Generator
QShort Code
Long Code
Scrambling
19.2
kbps
19.2
kbps
FIR
I Short Code
FIR
77
SR1 Reverse Radio Configurations
Radio Configuration 1 - Required
Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA- -95 95- -B B
Based on 9,600 bps Traffic Based on 9,600 bps Traffic
Radio Configuration 2
Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA Backwards compatible mode with TIA/EIA- -95 95- -B B
Based on 14,400 bps Traffic Based on 14,400 bps Traffic
Radio Configurations 3 and 4
All use new IS All use new IS- -2000 coding for improved capacity 2000 coding for improved capacity
RC3 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 307,200 bps RC3 is based on 9,600 bps and goes up to 307,200 bps
RC4 is based on 14,400 bps and goes up to 230,400 bps RC4 is based on 14,400 bps and goes up to 230,400 bps
78
SR1 Reverse Channels
Each Mobile Transmits Several
Channels:
1 R 1 R- -Pilot Pilot (Reverse Pilot)
Includes Power Control Sub Includes Power Control Sub- -Channel Channel
1 R 1 R- -ACH or R ACH or R- -EACH EACH (Access or Enhanced Access Channel)
Used to Initiate Calls Used to Initiate Calls
0 or 1 R 0 or 1 R- -CCCH CCCH (Common Control Channel)
Used to Initiate Calls in the Reservation Access Mode Used to Initiate Calls in the Reservation Access Mode
0 or 1 R 0 or 1 R- -DCCH DCCH (Dedicated Control Channel)
Provides Signaling while a Traffic Channel is Active Provides Signaling while a Traffic Channel is Active
0 or 1 R 0 or 1 R- -FCH FCH (Reverse Fundamental Channel)
Primary Channel, usually Voice Primary Channel, usually Voice
0 to 2 R 0 to 2 R- -SCHs SCHs (Reverse Supplemental Channels)
Carries High Speed Data Carries High Speed Data
79
R-FCH Coding for SR1(RC1,RC2)
1/2
Rate
Vocoded
Speech
Data
20 msec
blocks
Convolutional
Encoder
Interleaver
9.6
kbps
14.4
kbps
28.8
kbps
28.8
kbps
28.8
kbps
1.2288 Mbps
1.2288
Mbps
Short Code Scrambler
I
Q
1/3
Rate
Long Code
64-ary
Modulator
1 of 64
Walsh Codes
Walsh
Code 2
Walsh
Code 63
Walsh
Code 62
Walsh
Code 61
Walsh
Code 1
Walsh
Code 0
Long Code
Modulator
307.2
kbps
1.2288
Mbps
1.2288 Mbps
Q Short Code
FIR
I Short Code
FIR
t/ 2
1/2 Chip Delay
80
Reverse Error Protection
Uses Third-Rate Convolutional Encoder
Outputs Three Bits for Every Input Bit
Data Out
9600 bps
D D D D D D D D
+
+
Data
Out
9600
bps
+
Data In
9600
kbps
Data Out
9600 bps

81
14.4 Traffic Channel Reverse Link
Modifications
Replaces 8 kbps Vocoder with
a 13 kbps Vocoder (both
Variable Rate)
Effects:
Provides Toll Quality Speech
Uses a 1/2 Rate Encoder
Reduces Processing Gain 1.76
dB
Results in Reduced Capacity
or Smaller Cell Sizes
1/2
Rate
Vocoded
Speech
Data
20 msec
blocks
Convolutional
Encoder
14.4
kbps
28.8
kbps
82
64-ary Modulation
Every 6 Encoded Voice Data
Bits Points to one of the 64
Walsh Codes
Spreads Data from 28.8 kbps to
307.2 kbps
(28.8 kbps * 64 bits) / 6 bits =
307.2 kbps)
Is Not the Channelization for
the Reverse Link
307.2
kbps
28.8
kbps
>
Walsh
Code 2
Walsh
Code 1
Walsh
Code 0
Walsh
Code 63
Walsh
Code 62
Walsh
Code 61
83
Why Arent Walsh Codes Used for Reverse
Channelization ?
All Walsh Codes Arrive
Together in Time to All Mobiles
From the Base Station
However, Transmissions from
Mobiles DO NOT Arrive at the
Same Time at the Base Station
84
Reverse Channel Long Code Spreading
Long Code Spreading
Provides Unique Mobile
Channelization
Mobiles are Uncorrelated but
not Orthogonal with Each Other
Long Code
Generator
Walsh
Modulated
Voice Data
XOR
307.2 kbps 1.2288 kbps
1.2288 kbps
85
Data Burst Randomizer
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
576 code symbols (28.8ksps)
96 modulation symbols (576 / 6)
20 ms =
1.25 ms =
36 code symbols
6 modulation symbols
12 13 14 15
b0 b1 b2 b3 b4 b5 b6 b7 b8 b9 b10 b11 b12 b13
Long Code Bits used for spreading PCG14
Previous Frame
Algorithm
At 4800 bps rate,
Transmission should occur on the PCG's numbered:
b0, 2 + b1, 4 + b2, 6 + b3, 8 + b4,10 + b5, 12 + b6, 14 + b7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
(Example)
(50% Gated-On, 50% Gated-Off)
86
Data Burst Randomizer
Algorithm
At 2400 bps rate ,
Transmission should occur on the PCG's numbered:
b0 if b8 = 0, or 2 + b1 if b8 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 0...3)
4 + b2 if b9 = 0, or 6 + b3 if b9 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 4...7)
8 + b4 if b10 = 0, or 10 + b5 if b10 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 8...11)
12+b6 if b11 = 0, or 14 + b7 if b11 = 1 (i.e. 1 out of PCG 12..15)
(Example)
( 25% Gated-On, 25% Gated-Off )
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
At 1200 bps rate ,
Transmission should occur on the PCG's numbered:
b0 if (b8 = 0 and b12=0), or 2 + b1 if (b8 = 1 and b12=1)
or 4 + b2 if (b9 = 0 and b12=0), or 6 + b3 if (b9 = 1 and b12=1) (i.e. 1 out of PCG 0...7)
8 + b4 if (b10 = 0 and b13=0), or 10 + b5 if (b10 = 1 and b13=1)
or 12 + b6 if (b11 = 0 and b13=0), or 14 + b7 if (b11 = 1 and b13=1) (i.e. 1 out of PCG 8..15)
(Example)
(12.5% Gated-On, 12.5% Gated-Off)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
87
Gated-On and Gated-Off Power
7 us
7 us
20 dB or to
the noise
floor (-60dBm)
3 dB
1.247 ms
Mean output of the
ensemble average
Ensemble average: Average of power control groups,
all with the same output power
88
Reverse Channel Short Sequence Spreading
Same PN Short Codes Are
Used by Mobiles
Short Sequence spreading Aids
Base Station Signal Acquisition
Extra 1/2 Chip Delay is Inserted
into Q Path to Produce OQPSK
Modulation to Simplify Power
Amplifier Design
1.2288 Mbps
Short Code Scrambler
I
Q
1.2288 Mbps
I Short Code
FIR
I Short Code
FIR
t/ 2
1/2 Chip Delay
1.2288
Mbps
89
OQPSK Modulation
QPSK Makes one
Symbol Change Every
Period
OQPSK Makes two
Symbol Changes Every
Period if Q Data
Changes
Example Symbol Pattern
is:
- 00,10,01,11
I
Q
n
n n
n
00 01
10 11
I
Q
n
n n
n
00 01
10 11
90
CDMA Modulation Formats
Filt ered Offset QPSK
Filt ered QPSK
I I
Q Q
Mobile Station TX
Base Station
Pilot Channel TX
91
MUX
Pilot Data
Power
Control Bits
To I Channel
Summer
One Power Control Group
Pilot Pilot Pilot PC Bits
312.5 us 312.5 us 312.5 us 312.5 us
1.25 ms
Reverse Pilot/Power Control Multiplexing
(RC3,4)
There are 16 Power Control Groups per 20 ms Frame
Each Power Control Group is Split into 4 Sub-Groups
1 Power Control Bit is Sent per Power Control Group
Pilot and Power Control are Multiplexed Together
92
R-FCH
Data Bits
8.6 kbps
Walsh Code
Generator
1 Frame 1/4 Rate
Convolutional
Encoder
38.4 ksps
Channel
Coder
Add CRC and
Tail Bits
9.6 kbps
Interleaver
1,1, 1, 1,-1, -1, -1, -1, 1,1, 1, 1,-1, -1, -1, -1
R-FCH Coding for a 20 ms Frame
Orthogonal
Spreading
Spread
Factor = 16
2 Reps
Symbol
Repeat
38.4 ksps 76.8 ksps 1228.8 kcps
SR1, RC3 R-FCH Coding(RC3,RC4)
R-FCH Carries Voice Information
Uses a 20 ms Frames Length
Using rate convolutional coding
93
1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1,-1
I Channel
Short Code
Generator
User Long
Code Mask
Complex
Scrambling
Q
I
+
+
+
-
R-DCCH
R-Pilot +
Power
Control
R-SCH 1
or
R-EACH
or
R-CCCH
R-FCH
Walsh 16
Generator
1,1, 1, 1 -1,-1, -1, -1, 1, 1, 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1
Walsh 2/4/8
Generator
1,-1 or 1 -1 1,-1, or 1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1
Walsh 16
Generator
1228.8 kcps
R-SCH 2
Walsh 4/8
Generator
1, 1, -1, -1 or 1, 1, -1, -1, -1, -1, 1, 1
Walsh 2
Generator
1,-1
Gain
Scale
Gain
Scale
Gain
Scale
Gain
Scale
Deci
by 2
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
1228.8 kcps
Q Channel
Short Code
Generator
1228.8 kcps
1-Chip
Delay
Long Code
Generator
1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1 for
R-EACH or R-CCCH
SR1 Reverse Channel Spreading(RC3,RC4)
94
Channelization Summary
Function
9.6 kbps
Convolutional Encoder
14.4 kbps
Convolutional Encoder
Walsh Coding
Long Code
Spreading
Short Code
Spreading
Forward Link
(Base to Mobile)
1/2 Rate
(9600 in 19200 out)
3/4 Rate
(14400 in 19200 out)
Channelization
Voice Privacy
Base Station
Identification
Reverse Link
(Mobile to Base)
1/3 Rate
(9600 in 28800 out)
1/2 Rate
(14400 in 28800 out)
64-ary
Modulation
Channelization
Aid Base Station
Searching
95
CDMA Multiplex Sublayer
Layer 1
Physical Layer
Channel Data - 9600 bps or 14400 bps
Multiplex Sublayer
Traffic Channel
Layer 2
Link Layer
Paging & Access
Channels
Layer 2
Primary Traffic
Layer 2
Signaling
Layer 3
Call Processing & Control
96
Station Class Mark (SCM)
Extended SCM
Indicator
7 Band Class 0 0XXXXXXX
Band Class 1 1XXXXXXX
Dual Mode 6 CDMA Only X0 XXXXXX
Dual Mode X1XXXXXX
Slotted Class 5 Non-Slotted XX0XXXXX
Slotted XX1XXXXX
IS- 54 Power Class 4 Always 0 XXX0XXXX
25 MHz Bandwidth 3 Always 1 XXXX1XXX
Transmission 2 Continous XXXXX0XX
Discontinous XXXXX1XX
Power Class for Band
Class "0" Analog
Operation
( For CDMA only "00")
1- 0 Class I XXXXXX00
Class II XXXXXX01
Class III XXXXXX10
Reserved XXXXXX11
Function Bit(s) Setting
97
Ten Minutes in the Life of a CDMA Mobile
Phone
Turn-on
System Access
Travel
Idle State Hand-Off
Initiate Call
System Access
Continue Travel
Initiate Soft Handoff
Terminate Soft Handoff
End Call
98
CDMA Turn On Process
Find All Receivable Pilot Signals
Choose Strongest One
Establish Frequency and PN Time
Reference (Base Station I.D.)
Demodulate Sync Channel
Establish System Time
Determine Paging Channel Long Code
Mask
99
Sync Channel Message
Contains the Following Data:
Base Station Protocol Revision
Min Protocol Revision
Supported
SID, NID of Cellular System
Pilot PN Offset of Base Station
Long Code State
System Time
Leap Seconds From Start of
System Time
Local Time Offset from System
Time
Daylight Savings Time Flag
Paging Channel Data Rate
Channel Number
S
Y
N
C
100
Read the Paging Channel
Demodulate the Paging
Channel:
Use Long Code Mask Derived
from the Pilot PN Offset Given
in Sync Channel Message
Decode Messages
Register, if Required by Base
Station
Monitor Paging Channel
P
a
g
i
n
g
101
CDMA Idle State Handoff
No Call In Progress
Mobile Listens to New Cell
Move Registration Location if
Entering a New Zone
102
Access Procedures
Controlled by BS by broadcasting Access Parameters
Message on the paging channel
Access attempt is the process of sending one message and
receiving (or failing to receive) an ACK for that message
= groups of access probe sequence
Access probe sequence = groups of access probes
Access probe = each transmission in an access attempt
103
Access Probe
Access Channel Message
40 - 880 bits
Padding
as reqd
Frame Body
88 bits
T
8
Frame Body
88 bits
T
8

Access Channel Message Capsule

Access
Chan Frame
96 b/20ms
Access
Chan Frame
96 b/20ms
Access
Chan Frame
96 b/20ms
Access
Chan Frame
96 b/20ms
Access
Chan Frame
96 b/20ms
Access
Chan Frame
96 b/20ms
Access Probe (or Access Channel Slot)
( 4 + PAM_SZ + MAX_CAP_SZ) x 20ms [ Max value = 26 frames ]
Preamble
(1 + PAM_SZ) x 20ms
[ max = 16 frames ]
Access Channel Message Capsule
(3 + MAX_CAP_SZ) x 20 ms
[ Max = 10 frames ]
Preamble
96 bits 0s
Preamble
96 bits 0s
PAM_SZ = No. of preamble frames
MAX_CAP_SZ = No. of message capsule frames
104
Access Probe Sequence
Access Probe Sequence
Access
Probe 1
Access
Probe 2
Access
Probe 3
Access
Probe n
TA TA TA RT RT RT
Preamble + Access Message Capsule
Max = 26 frames
RN RN RN RN
IP
P1
P2
P3
IP = Open Loop Power + NOM_PWR + INIT_PWR
where Open Loop Power = -( Received Power ) - 73
105
Access Attempt
RS : Backoff delay, which is random value between 0 to BKOFF slots
Process for Response Messages Process for Response Messages
message ready for
transmission
Access
Probe
Sequence
Access
Probe
Sequence
Access
Probe
Sequence
Access
Probe
Sequence
Access Attempt
MAX_RSP_SEQ
RS
RS
RS
106
Access Attempt
PD: (Persistence Delay) resulted from a pseudo-random test by MS; the first access probe of the
sequence begins in the slot only if the test passes within that slot
The test result depends on the ESN, reason for attempt (call origination, register, etc.) and the
access overload class of the MS, and a PSSIST value broadcasted by BS for that access class. If
the PSSIST is all 1s for some access class, the test for that access class will always fail
Process for Request Messages Process for Request Messages
message ready for transmission
Access
Probe
Sequence
Access
Probe
Sequence
Access
Probe
Sequence
Access
Probe
Sequence
Access Attempt
MAX_REQ_SEQ
RS PD RS PD RS PD PD
107
Access Channel Messages
Registration Message - for registration as well as Global
Challeng Authentication Process
Order Message - for transmission of order messages (e.g., BS
challenge
order, SSD update confirmation, MS
acknowledgement order, etc.)
Data Burst Message - to get a trigger from the user to send a
message to BS (information message like
SMS)
Origination Message-MS information
Page Response message
Authentication Challenge Response Message
Status Response Message - response to BS status request
order which may include MS terminal
information, station class mark, service option
supported, multiplex option support, IMSI, ESN,
etc.
108
CDMA Call Initiation
Dial Numbers, Then Press Send
Mobile Transmits on a Special Channel Called the
Access Channel
The Access Probe Uses a Long Code Mask
Based On:
bAccess & Paging Channel Numbers
bBase Station ID
bPilot PN Offset
109
CDMA Call Completion
Base Answers Access Probe using the
Channel Assignment Message
Mobile Goes to A Traffic Channel Based on
the Channel Assignment Message
Information
Base Station Begins to Transmit and
Receive Traffic Channel
110
CDMA Soft Handoff Initiation
Mobile Finds Second Pilot of Sufficient Power (exceeds
T_add Threshold)
Mobile Sends Pilot Strength Message to First Base Station
Base Station Notifies MTSO
MTSO Requests New Walsh Assignment from Second Base
Station
If Available, New Walsh Channel Info is Relayed to First
Base Station
111
Hard, Soft, and Softer Handoffs
Hard Handoff
Break before make.
Soft Handoff
Make before break.
MS communicates with more
than one BS at a time.
Improves reception on cell
boundaries.
MS will receive different power
control from the two BSs.
Softer Handoff
MS communicates with more
than one sector of a cell.
MS will receive identical power
control from both sectors.
f
1
f
2
Hard Handoff
f
1
f
1
Soft Handoff
f
1
Softer Handoff
112
Pilot E
c
/ I
0
T_ADD
BS1
BS2
Pilot E
c
/ I
0
T_DROP
BS1 BS2
cdma2000 CONCEPT: Soft Handoff
Terms:
Active Set: MS is in soft
handoff.
Candidate Set: MS identifies as
strong.
Parameters:
T_ADD
T_COMP
T_DROP
T_TDROP
Pilot E
c
/ I
0
0.5xT_COMP
BS1
BS2
113
CDMA Soft Handoff Completion
First Base Station Orders Soft Handoff with new Walsh
Assignment
MTSO Sends Land Link to Second Base Station
Mobile Receives Power from Two Base Stations
MTSO Chooses Better Quality Frame Every 20 Milliseconds
MTSO
Base Station 1
Land Link
Vocoder/ Selector
Base Station 2
114
Ending CDMA Soft Handoff
First BS Pilot Power Goes Low at Mobile Station (drops
below T_drop)
Mobile Sends Pilot Strength Message
First Base Station Stops Transmitting and Frees up Channel
Traffic Channel Continues on Base Station Two
115
CDMA End of Call
Mobile or Land Initiated
Mobile and Base Stop Transmission
Land Connection Broken
116
cdma2000 Standards Overview - TIA/EIA-98-
D/E
I.e.3GPP2 C.S0011-A/B:
Recommended Minimum Performance Standards for
cdma2000 Spread Spectrum Mobile Stations.
Important test sections:
2 Standard Radiated Emissions Measurement Procedure
3 CDMA Receiver Minimum Standards
4 CDMA Transmitter Minimum Standards
Covers both SR1 and SR3
No Minimum Standards specified for SR3.
This presentation only covers SR1 testing.
117
CDMA Service Options
Service Options Are:
1 1- - Voice Using 9600 bps IS Voice Using 9600 bps IS- -96 96- -A A Vocoder Vocoder
2 2- - Rate Set 1 Rate Set 1 Loopback Loopback (9600 bps) (9600 bps)
3 3- - Voice Using 9600 bps (EVRC) Voice Using 9600 bps (EVRC)
4 4- - Asynchronous Data Service (circuit switched) Asynchronous Data Service (circuit switched)
5 5- - Group 3 Fax Group 3 Fax
6 6- - Short Message Service (9600 bps) Short Message Service (9600 bps)
7 7- - Internet Standard PPP Packet Data Internet Standard PPP Packet Data
8 8- - CDPD Over PPP Packet Data CDPD Over PPP Packet Data
9 9- - Rate Set 2 Rate Set 2 Loopback Loopback (14400 bps) (14400 bps)
14 14- -Short Message Service (14400 bps) Short Message Service (14400 bps)
32,768 32,768- - Voice Using 14400 bps (CDG) Voice Using 14400 bps (CDG)
118
Section 3 - Receiver Test
Receiver Test
3.1 Frequency Coverage Requirements
3.4.1 Demod of Fwd Traffic Channel with AWGN
3.4.2 Demod of Fwd Traffic Channel with Multipath Fading
3.5.1 Receiver Sensitivity and Dynamic Range
3.5.2 Single Tone Desensitization
3.5.3 Intermodulation Spurious Response Attenuation
3.5.4 Adjacent Channel Selectivity
3.5.5 Receiver Blocking Characteristics
3.7.1 Supervision Paging Channel
119
Section 4 - Transmitter Test
Transmitter Test
4.1 Frequency Accuracy
4.2 Handoff
4.3 Modulation Requirements
4.4 RF Output Power Requirements
4.4.1 4.4.1 Range of Open Loop Output Power Range of Open Loop Output Power
4.4.2 Time Response of Open Loop Power Control 4.4.2 Time Response of Open Loop Power Control
4.4.3 Access Probe Output Power 4.4.3 Access Probe Output Power
4.4.4 Range of Closed Loop Power Control 4.4.4 Range of Closed Loop Power Control
4.4.5 Maximum RF Output Power 4.4.5 Maximum RF Output Power
4.4.6 Minimum Controlled Output Power 4.4.6 Minimum Controlled Output Power
4.4.7 Standby Output Power and Gated Output Power 4.4.7 Standby Output Power and Gated Output Power
4.4.8 Power Up Function Output Power 4.4.8 Power Up Function Output Power
4.4.9 Code Channel to Reverse Pilot Channel Output Power Accurac 4.4.9 Code Channel to Reverse Pilot Channel Output Power Accuracy y
4.4.10 Reverse Pilot Channel Transmit Phase Discontinuity 4.4.10 Reverse Pilot Channel Transmit Phase Discontinuity
4.4.11 Reverse Traffic Channel Output Power During Changes in Da 4.4.11 Reverse Traffic Channel Output Power During Changes in Data ta
Rate Rate
120
CDMA Conclusions
New Access Method
Code Based
Designed for Use in Interfering Environment
Uses Multipath to Improve Reception in Fading Conditions
cdma2000 is Backwards Compatible with TIA/EIA-95-B
Provides 2x Capacity Improvement Over TIA/EIA-95-B
Improved Coding Improved Coding
Improved Modulation Improved Modulation
Coherent Reverse Link Demodulation (Mobile Pilot) Coherent Reverse Link Demodulation (Mobile Pilot)
Fast Forward Link Power Control Fast Forward Link Power Control
Has Options for Green Field and Overlay Operation:
Direct Spread for Green Field Spectrum Applications Direct Spread for Green Field Spectrum Applications
Supports High Speed Data for New Applications