Field Instrumentation Technical Handbook

Technical Handbook
Worldwide Level and Flow SolutionsSM

This Technical Table of Contents
Handbook is the Conversions
Metric Values................................................................................1
result of a combined Metric Prefixes..............................................................................1
effort by the Temperature .................................................................................2
Flow Rate .....................................................................................3
Engineering, Sales, Miscellaneous...............................................................................5
and Marketing Equivalents
Departments. Liquid Measures and Weights....................................................12
Kinematic Viscosity ....................................................................12
Absolute Viscosity ......................................................................13
Electrical Units............................................................................13
Degrees API and Degrees Baumé.............................................14
Kinematic and Saybolt Viscosity ................................................15
Pressure and Head ....................................................................16
Properties
Density and Specific Gravity of Selected Liquids ......................17
Density and Specific Gravity of Selected Gases .......................18
Density and Specific Gravity of Saturated Water.......................19
Density of Superheated Steam and Compressed Water ...........20
Specific Gravity of Petroleum Products .....................................21
All reasonable efforts have Density of Air ..............................................................................22
been made to accurately Speed of Sound .........................................................................22
compile the information Dielectric Constants of Liquids...................................................23
contained in this handbook. Dielectric Constants of Solids ....................................................29
However, no warranty is made Viscosity of Gases and Vapors ..................................................30
with regard to any such Viscosity of Water and Steam ....................................................31
information, and Magnetrol
Viscosity of Various Liquids........................................................31
cannot assume responsibility
Viscosity of Petroleum Products ................................................32
for any possible errors or any
direct or indirect result of the Pipe Data
use of such information. Dimensions of Blind Flanges......................................................33
Flange Ratings by Class ............................................................35
Cast Iron Pipe ............................................................................38
Steel Pipe ...................................................................................39
Conversions: Metric Values
The table below provides a fast and easy means of Example: Convert 0.15 kilowatts to watts. Starting at the
conversion from one metric notation to another. The value “Kilo-” box in the left-hand column, move horizontally to the
labeled “Unit” represents a basic unit of measurement, such column headed by “Unit” (since watt is a basic unit of
as meter, gram, ohm, erg, etc. First, locate the original value measurement), and read 3 . Thus 0.15 kilowatts is the
in the left-hand column. Follow the row horizontally to the equivalent of 150 watts.
vertical column headed by the prefix of the desired value. The Example: Convert 4,500 kilohertz to megahertz, read in the
arrow and figure at this intersection represent the direction in box horizontal to “Kilo-” and under “Mega-” the notation
which the decimal point should be moved and the number of 3, which means a shift of the decimal point three places
places to move it. to the left. Thus, 4,500 kilohertz is the equivalent of 4.5
megahertz.
Original Desired Value

Value Tera- Giga- Mega- Myria- Kilo- Hecto- Deka- Unit Deci- Centi- Milli- Micro- Nano- Pico-
Tera- 3 6 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 18 21 24
Giga- 3 3 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 15 18 21
Mega- 6 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 12 15 18
Myria- 8 5 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 10 13 16
Kilo- 9 6 3 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 9 12 15
Hecto- 10 7 4 2 1 1 2 3 4 5 8 11 14
Deka- 11 8 5 3 2 1 1 2 3 4 7 10 13
Unit 12 9 6 4 3 2 1 1 2 3 6 9 12
Deci- 13 10 7 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 5 8 11
Centi- 14 11 8 6 5 4 3 2 1 1 4 7 10
Milli- 15 12 9 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 3 6 9
Micro- 18 15 12 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 3 6
Nano- 21 18 15 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 3 3
Pico- 24 21 18 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 6 3
Conversions: Metric Prefixes
atto. . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . one-quintillionth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 ..............................10–18

femto . . . . . . . . . . . f. . . . . . . . one-quadrillionth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000 000 000 000 001 ......................................10–15
pico . . . . . . . . . . . . p . . . . . . . one-trillionth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000 000 000 001 ..............................................10–12
nano. . . . . . . . . . . . n . . . . . . . one-billionth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000 000 001.......................................................10–9
micro . . . . . . . . . . . µ . . . . . . . one-millionth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000 001...............................................................10–6
milli. . . . . . . . . . . . . m. . . . . . . one-thousandth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.001 .......................................................................10–3
centi . . . . . . . . . . . . c . . . . . . . one-hundredth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.01 .........................................................................10–2
deci . . . . . . . . . . . . d . . . . . . . one-tenth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 ...........................................................................10–1
uni . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . one . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 ...........................................................................100
deka . . . . . . . . . . . . da . . . . . . ten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.0 ...........................................................................101
hecto . . . . . . . . . . . h. . . . . . . one hundred. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 ...........................................................................102
kilo . . . . . . . . . . . . . k . . . . . . . one thousand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 000.0 ...........................................................................103
mega . . . . . . . . . . . M. . . . . . . one million . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 000 000.0 ...........................................................................106
giga . . . . . . . . . . . . G. . . . . . . one billion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 000 000 000.0 ...........................................................................109
tera. . . . . . . . . . . . . T. . . . . . . one trillion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 000 000 000 000.0 ...........................................................................1012
1
Conversions: Temperature
Locate temperature in middle column. If in degrees Celsius, read Fahrenheit equivalent in right hand column; if in degrees
Fahrenheit, read Celsius equivalent in left hand column.
–459.4° to 0° 1 to 60° 61° to 290° 300° to 890° 900° to 3000°

C C C C C
C F C F C F C F C F
F F F F F
–273.1 –459.7 –17.2 1 33.8 16.1 61 141.8 149 300 572 482 900 1652
–268 –450 –16.7 2 35.6 16.7 62 143.6 154 310 590 488 910 1670
–262 –440 –16.1 3 37.4 17.2 63 145.4 160 320 608 493 920 1688
–257 –430 –15.6 4 39.2 17.8 64 147.2 166 330 626 499 930 1706
–251 –420 –15.0 5 41.0 18.3 65 149.0 171 340 644 504 940 1724
–246 –410 –14.4 6 42.8 18.9 66 150.8 177 350 662 510 950 1742
–240 –400 –13.9 7 44.6 19.4 67 152.6 182 360 680 516 960 1760
–234 –390 –13.3 8 46.4 20.0 68 154.4 188 370 698 521 970 1778
–229 –380 –12.8 9 48.2 20.6 69 156.2 193 380 716 527 980 1796
–223 –370 –12.2 10 50.0 21.1 70 158.0 199 390 734 532 990 1814
–218 –360 –11.7 11 51.8 21.7 71 159.8 204 400 752 538 1000 1832
–212 –350 –11.1 12 53.6 22.2 72 161.6 210 410 770 549 1020 1868
–207 –340 –10.6 13 55.4 22.8 73 163.4 216 420 788 560 1040 1904
–201 –330 –10.0 14 57.2 23.3 74 165.2 221 430 806 571 1060 1940
–196 –320 – 9.4 15 59.0 23.9 75 167.0 227 440 824 582 1080 1976
–190 –310 – 8.9 16 60.8 24.4 76 168.8 232 450 842 593 1100 2012
–184 –300 – 8.3 17 62.6 25.0 77 170.6 238 460 860 604 1120 2048
–179 –290 – 7.8 18 64.4 25.6 78 172.4 243 470 878 616 1140 2084
–173 –280 – 7.2 19 66.2 26.1 79 174.2 249 480 896 627 1160 2120
–169 –273.1 –459.7 – 6.7 20 68.0 26.7 80 176.0 254 490 914 638 1180 2156
–168 –270 –454 – 6.1 21 69.8 27.2 81 177.8 260 500 932 649 1200 2192
–162 –260 –436 – 5.6 22 71.6 27.8 82 179.6 266 510 940 660 1220 2228
–157 –250 –418 – 5.0 23 73.4 28.3 83 181.4 271 520 968 671 1240 2264
–151 –240 –400 – 4.4 24 75.2 28.9 84 183.2 277 530 986 682 1260 2300
–146 –230 –382 – 3.9 25 77.0 29.4 85 185.0 282 540 1004 693 1280 2336
–140 –220 –364 – 3.3 26 78.8 30.0 86 186.8 288 550 1022 704 1300 2372
–134 –210 –346 – 2.8 27 80.6 30.6 87 188.6 293 560 1040 732 1350 2462
–129 –200 –328 – 2.2 28 82.4 31.1 88 190.4 299 570 1058 760 1400 2552
–123 –190 –310 – 1.7 29 84.2 31.7 89 192.2 304 580 1076 788 1450 2642
–118 –180 –292 – 1.1 30 86.0 32.2 90 194.0 310 590 1094 816 1500 2732
–112 –170 –274 – 0.6 31 87.8 32.8 91 195.8 316 600 1112 843 1550 2822
–107 –160 –256 0.0 32 89.6 33.3 92 197.6 321 610 1130 871 1600 2912
–101 –150 –238 0.6 33 91.4 33.9 93 199.4 327 620 1148 899 1650 3002
– 96 –140 –220 1.1 34 93.2 34.4 94 201.2 332 630 1166 927 1700 3092
– 90 –130 –202 1.7 35 95.0 35.0 95 203.0 338 640 1184 954 1750 3182
– 84 –120 –184 2.2 36 96.8 35.6 96 204.8 343 650 1202 982 1800 3272
– 79 –110 –166 2.8 37 98.6 36.1 97 206.6 349 660 1220 1010 1850 3362
– 73 –100 –148 3.3 38 100.4 36.7 98 208.4 354 670 1238 1038 1900 3452
– 68 – 90 –130 3.9 39 102.2 37.2 99 210.2 360 680 1256 1066 1950 3542
– 62 – 80 –112 4.4 40 104.0 37.8 100 212.0 366 690 1274 1093 2000 3632
– 57 – 70 – 94 5.0 41 105.8 43 110 230 371 700 1292 1121 2050 3722
– 51 – 60 – 76 5.6 42 107.6 49 120 248 377 710 1310 1149 2100 3812
– 46 – 50 – 58 6.1 43 109.4 54 130 266 382 720 1328 1177 2150 3902
– 40 – 40 – 40 6.7 44 111.2 60 140 284 388 730 1346 1204 2200 3992
– 34 – 30 – 22 7.2 45 113.0 66 150 302 393 740 1364 1232 2250 4082
– 29 – 20 – 4 7.8 46 114.8 71 160 320 399 750 1382 1260 2300 4172
– 23 – 10 14 8.3 47 116.6 77 170 338 404 760 1400 1288 2350 4262
– 17.8 0 32 8.9 48 118.4 82 180 356 410 770 1418 1316 2400 4352
9.4 49 120.2 88 190 374 416 780 1436 1343 2450 4442
10.0 50 122.0 92 200 392 421 790 1454 1371 2500 4532
10.6 51 123.8 99 210 410 427 800 1472 1399 2550 4622
11.1 62 125.6 100 212 413.6 432 810 1490 1427 2600 4712
11.7 53 127.4 104 220 428 438 820 1508 1454 2650 4802
12.2 54 129.2 110 230 446 443 830 1526 1482 2700 4892
12.8 55 131.0 116 240 464 449 840 1544 1510 2750 4982
13.3 56 132.8 121 250 482 454 850 1562 1538 2800 5072
13.9 57 134.6 127 260 500 460 860 1580 1566 2850 5162
14.4 58 136.4 132 270 518 466 870 1598 1593 2900 5252
15.0 59 138.2 138 280 536 471 880 1616 1621 2950 5342
15.6 60 140.0 143 290 554 477 890 1634 1649 3000 5432
2
Conversions: Flow Rate
Velocity in Feet per Second.

Find the volume flow rate (gallons per minute) in the left hand column, read the velocity flow rate (feet per second) for a specific
line size in the right hand column. (Based on Schedule 40 pipe.)
Line Size
Line Size Line Size
GPM 1" Line Size Line Size
0.03 0.011 1 1/4" 1 1/2" Line Size
0.05 0.019 0.011 0.008 2" 2 1/2" Line Size
0.10 0.037 0.021 0.016 0.010 0.007 3" Line Size
0.25 0.093 0.054 0.039 0.024 0.017 0.011 4" Line Size
5" Line Size
0.50 0.186 0.107 0.079 0.048 0.034 0.022 0.013 Line Size
0.75 0.279 0.161 0.118 0.072 .0050 0.033 0.019 0.012 6"
8"
1 0.371 0.214 0.158 0.095 0.067 0.043 0.025 0.016 0.011
10"
2 0.743 0.428 0.315 0.191 0.134 0.087 0.050 0.032 0.022 0.013
3 1.114 0.643 0.473 0.286 0.201 0.130 0.076 0.048 0.033 0.019 0.012
4 1.485 0.857 0.630 0.382 0.268 0.174 0.101 0.064 0.044 0.026 0.016
5 1.857 1.071 0.788 0.477 0.335 0.217 0.126 0.080 0.056 0.032 0.020
6 2.228 1.285 0.945 0.573 0.402 0.261 0.151 0.096 0.067 0.038 0.024
8 2.971 1.714 1.261 0.764 0.537 0.347 0.202 0.128 0.089 0.051 0.033
10 3.713 2.142 1.576 0.955 0.671 0.434 0.252 0.160 0.111 0.064 0.041
15 5.570 3.213 2.364 1.432 1.006 0.651 0.378 0.240 0.167 0.096 0.061
20 7.427 4.285 3.151 1.910 1.341 0.869 0.504 0.321 0.222 0.128 0.081
25 9.283 5.356 3.939 2.387 1.677 1.086 0.630 0.401 0.278 0.160 0.102
30 6.427 4.727 2.865 2.012 1.303 0.756 0.481 0.333 0.192 .0122
35 7.498 5.515 3.342 2.347 1.520 0.882 0.561 0.389 0.224 0.142
40 8.569 6.303 3.820 2.683 1.737 1.008 0.641 0.444 0.257 0.163
45 9.640 7.091 4.297 3.018 1.954 1.134 0.721 0.500 0.289 0.183
50 10.712 7.878 4.775 3.353 2.172 1.260 0.801 0.555 0.321 0.203
60 9.454 5.730 4.024 2.606 1.512 0.962 0.666 0.385 0.244
70 11.030 6.685 4.695 3.040 1.764 1.122 0.777 0.449 0.285
80 7.640 5.365 3.474 2.016 1.282 0.889 0.513 0.326
100 9.550 6.707 4.343 2.520 1.603 1.111 0.641 0.407
125 8.384 5.429 3.150 2.004 1.388 0.802 0.509
150 10.060 6.515 3.781 2.404 1.666 0.962 0.610
175 11.737 7.600 4.411 2.805 1.944 1.122 0.712
200 8.686 5.041 3.206 2.221 1.283 0.814
225 9.772 5.671 3.606 2.499 1.443 0.916
250 10.858 6.301 4.007 2.777 1.603 1.017
275 11.944 6.931 4.408 3.054 1.764 1.119
300 7.561 4.809 3.332 1.924 1.221
325 8.191 5.209 3.610 2.084 1.323
350 8.821 5.610 3.887 2.245 1.424
375 9.451 6.011 4.165 2.405 1.526
400 10.081 6.412 4.443 2.565 1.628
425 10.712 6.812 4.720 2.726 1.730
450 7.213 4.998 2.886 1.831
475 7.614 5.276 3.046 1.933
500 8.014 5.553 3.207 2.035
550 8.816 6.109 3.527 2.238
600 9.617 6.664 3.848 2.442
650 10.419 7.219 4.169 2.645
700 7.775 4.489 2.849
750 8.330 4.810 3.052
800 8.885 5.131 3.256
850 9.441 5.451 3.459
900 9.996 5.772 3.662
950 10.551 6.093 3.866
1,000 6.413 4.069
1,100 7.055 4.476
1,200 7.696 4.883
1,300 8.337 5.290
1,400 8.979 5.697
1,500 9.620 6.104
1,600 10.261 6.511
1,800 7.325
2,000 8.139
2,500 10.174
3
Conversions: Flow Rate (cont.)
Velocity in Meters per Second

Find the volume flow rate (cubic meters per hour) in the left hand column, read the velocity flow rate (meters per second) for a
specific line size in the right hand column. (Based on Schedule 40 pipe.)
Line Size
m3/hr Line Size Line Size
1" Line Size Line Size
0.02 0.010 1 1/4" 1 1/2" Line Size
0.05 0.025 0.014 0.011 2" 2 1/2" Line Size
0.10 0.050 0.029 0.021 0.013 0.009 3" Line Size
0.15 0.075 0.043 0.032 0.019 0.014 0.009 4" Line Size
5" Line Size
0.20 0.100 0.057 0.042 0.026 0.018 0.012 0.007 Line Size
0.25 0.125 0.072 0.053 0.032 0.023 0.015 0.008 0.005 6"
8"
0.30 0.149 0.086 0.063 0.038 0.027 0.017 0.010 0.006 0.004
10"
0.35 0.174 0.101 0.074 0.045 0.032 0.020 0.012 0.008 0.005 0.003
0.40 0.199 0.115 0.085 0.051 0.036 0.023 0.014 0.009 0.006 0.003 0.002
0.50 0.249 0.144 0.106 0.064 0.045 0.029 0.017 0.011 0.007 0.004 0.003
0.75 0.374 0.216 0.159 0.096 0.068 0.044 0.025 0.016 0.011 0.006 0.004
1.0 0.498 0.287 0.211 0.128 0.090 0.058 0.034 0.022 0.015 0.009 0.005
1.5 0.747 0.431 0.317 0.192 0.135 0.087 0.051 0.032 0.022 0.013 0.008
2.0 0.997 0.575 0.423 0.256 0.180 0.117 0.068 0.043 0.030 0.017 0.011
2.5 1.246 0.719 0.529 0.320 0.225 0.146 0.085 0.054 0.037 0.022 0.014
3.0 1.495 0.862 0.634 0.384 0.270 0.175 0.101 0.065 0.045 0.026 0.016
3.5 1.744 1.006 0.740 0.449 0.315 0.204 0.118 0.075 0.052 0.030 0.019
4.0 1.993 1.150 0.846 0.513 0.360 0.233 0.135 0.086 0.060 0.034 0.022
4.5 2.242 1.294 0.952 0.577 0.405 0.262 0.152 0.097 0.067 0.039 0.025
5.0 2.492 1.437 1.057 0.641 0.450 0.291 0.169 0.108 0.075 0.043 0.027
5.5 2.741 1.581 1.163 0.705 0.495 0.321 0.186 0.118 0.082 0.047 0.030
6.0 1.725 1.269 0.769 0.540 0.350 0.203 0.129 0.089 0.052 0.033
7.0 2.012 1.480 0.897 0.630 0.048 0.237 0.151 0.104 0.060 0.038
8.0 2.300 1.692 1.025 0.720 0.466 0.271 0.172 0.119 0.069 0.044
10 2.875 2.114 1.282 0.900 0.583 0.338 0.215 0.149 0.086 0.055
12 2.537 1.538 1.080 0.699 0.406 0.258 0.179 0.103 0.066
14 1.794 1.250 0.815 0.474 0.301 0.209 0.120 0.076
16 2.050 1.440 0.933 0.541 0.344 0.238 0.138 0.087
18 2.307 1.620 1.049 0.609 0.387 0.268 0.155 0.098
20 2.563 1.800 1.166 0.676 0.430 0.298 0.172 0.109
22 2.819 1.980 1.282 0.744 0.473 0.328 0.189 0.120
24 2.160 1.399 0.812 0.516 0.358 0.207 0.131
26 2.340 1.515 0.879 0.559 0.388 0.224 0.142
28 2.520 1.632 0.947 0.602 0.417 0.241 0.153
30 2.700 1.748 1.015 0.645 0.447 0.258 0.164
32 2.880 1.865 1.082 0.688 0.477 0.275 0.175
34 3.060 1.982 1.150 0.731 0.507 0.293 0.186
36 2.098 1.218 0.774 0.537 0.310 0.197
38 2.215 1.285 0.817 0.566 0.327 0.208
40 2.331 1.353 0.860 0.596 0.344 0.218
45 2.623 1.522 0.968 0.671 0.387 0.246
50 2.914 1.691 1.075 0.745 0.430 0.273
55 3.205 1.860 1.183 0.820 0.473 0.300
60 2.029 1.291 0.894 0.516 0.328
65 2.198 1.398 0.969 0.559 0.355
70 2.368 1.506 1.043 0.602 0.382
75 2.537 1.613 1.118 0.645 0.410
80 2.706 1.721 1.192 0.689 0.437
90 3.044 1.936 1.341 0.775 0.491
100 2.151 1.490 0.861 0.546
120 2.581 1.789 1.033 0.655
140 3.011 2.087 1.205 0.765
160 2.385 1.377 0.874
180 2.683 1.549 0.983
200 1.721 1.092
250 2.152 1.365
300 2.582 1.638
350 3.012 1.911
400 2.184
450 2.457
500 2.730
4
Conversions: Miscellaneous
TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

A C
acres sq. feet 43,500.0 centares (centiares) sq. meters 1.0

" sq. meters 4,047.0 Centigrade Fahrenheit (C° x 9/5) + 32
" sq. miles 1.562 x 10-³ centigrams grams 0.01
" sq. yards 4,840.0
centiliters liters 0.01
acre-feet cu. feet 43,560.0
" gallons 3.259 x 10⁵ centimeters feet 3.281 x 10-²
" inches 0.3937
amperes/sq. cm. amps./sq. in. 6.452
" kilometers 10-⁵
" amps/sq. meter 10.0
" meters 0.01
amperes/sq. in. amps/sq. cm. 0.1550 " miles 6.214 x 10-⁶
" amps/sq. meter 1,550.0 " millimeters 10.0
amperes/sq. meter amps/sq. cm. 10-⁴ " mils 393.7
" amps/sq. in. 6.452 x 10-⁴ " yards 1.094 x 10-²
ampere-hours coulombs 3,600.0 centimeter-dynes cm.-grams 1.020 x 10-³
" faradays 0.03731 " meter-kgs. 1.020 x 10-⁸
ampere-turns gilberts 1.257 " pound-feet 7.376 x 10-⁸
ampere-turns/cm. amp-turns/in. 2.540 centimeter-grams cm.-dynes 980.7
" amp-turns/meter 100.0 " meter-kgs. 10-⁵
" gilberts/cm. 1.257 " pound-feet 7.233 x 10-⁵
ampere-turns/in. amp-turns/cm. 0.3937 centimeters
" amp-turns/meter 39.37 of mercury atmospheres 0.01310
" gilberts/cm. 0.4950 " feet of water 0.4401
ampere-turns/meter amp-turns/cm. 0.01 " kgs./sq. meter 136.0
" amp-turns/in. 0.0254 " pounds/sq. ft. 27.85
" gilberts/cm. 0.01257 " pounds/sq. in. 0.1934
ares acres 0.02471 centimeters/sec. feet/min. 1.1969
" sq. meters 100.0 " feet/sec. 0.03281
atmospheres cms. of mercury 76.0 " kilometers/hr. 0.036
" ft. of water (at 4°C) 33.90 " knots 0.1943
" in. of mercury (at 0°C) 29.92 " meters/min. 0.6
" kgs./sq. cm. 1.0333 " miles/hr. 0.02237
" kgs./sq. meter 10,332.0 " miles/min. 3.728 x 10-⁴
" pounds/sq. in. 14.70 centimeters/sec./sec. feet/sec./sec. 0.03281
" tons/sq. ft. 1.058 " kms./hr./sec. 0.036
" meters/sec./sec. 0.01
" miles/hr./sec. 0.02237
B circular mils sq. cms. 5.067 x 10-⁶
" sq. mils 0.7854
barrels (oil) gallons (oil) 42.0 " sq. inches 7.854 x 10-⁷
bars atmospheres 0.9869 coulombs faradays 1.036 x 10-⁵
" dynes/sq. cm. 10⁶ coulombs/sq. cm. coulombs/sq. in. 64.52
" kgs./sq. meter 1.020 x 10⁴ " coulombs/sq. meter 10⁴
" pounds/sq. ft. 2,089.0 coulombs/sq. in. coulombs/sq. cm. 0.1550
" pounds/sq. in. 14.50
Btu ergs 1.0550 x 10¹⁰ " coulombs/sq. meter 1,550.0
" foot-lbs. 778.3 coulombs/sq. meter coulombs/sq. cm. 10-⁴
" gram-calories 252.0 " coulombs/sq. in. 6.452 x 10-⁴
" horsepower-hrs. 3.931 x 10-⁴ cubic centimeters cu. feet 3.531 x 10-⁵
" joules 1,054.8 " cu. inches 0.06102
" kilogram-calories 0.2520 " cu. meters 10-⁶
" kilogram-meters 107.5 " cu. yards 1.308 x 10-⁶
" kilowatt-hrs. 2.928 x 10-⁴ " gallons (U.S. liq.) 2.642 x 10-⁴
Btu/hr. foot-pounds/sec. 0.2162 " liters 0.001
" gram-cal./sec. 0.0700 " pints (U.S. liq.) 2.113 x 10-³
" horsepower-hrs. 3.929 x 10-⁴ " quarts (U.S. liq.) 1.057 x 10-³
" watts 0.2931 cubic feet bushels (dry) 0.8036
Btu/min. foot-lbs./sec. 12.96 " cu. cms. 28,320.0
" horsepower 0.02356 " cu. inches 1,728.0
" kilowatts 0.01757 " cu. meters 0.02832
" watts 17.57 " cu. yards 0.03704
" gallons (U.S. liq.) 7.48052
Btu/sq. ft./min. watts/sq. in. 0.1221 " liters 28.32
bushels cu. ft. 1.2445 " pints (U.S. liq.) 59.84
" cu. in. 2,150.4 " quarts (U.S. liq.) 29.92
" cu. meters 0.03524 cubic feet/min. cu. cms./sec. 472.0
" liters 35.24 " gallons/sec. 0.1247
" pecks 4.0 " liters/sec. 0.4720
" pints (dry) 64.0 " pounds of water/min. 62.43
" quarts (dry) 32.0
5
Conversions: Miscellaneous (cont.)
C (cont.) E (cont.)
cubic feet/sec. million gals./day 0.646317 ergs (continued) gram-cms. 1.020 x 10-³
" gallons/min. 448.831 " horsepower-hrs. 3.7250 x 10-¹⁴
cubic inches cu. cms. 16.39 " joules 10-⁷
" cu. feet 5.787 x 10-⁴ " kg.-calories 2.389 x 10-¹¹
" cu. meters 1.639 x 10-⁵ " kg.-meters 1.020 x 10-⁸
" cu. yards 2.143 x 10-⁵ " kilowatt-hrs. 0.2778 x 10-¹³
" gallons (U.S. liq.) 4.329 x 10-³ " watt-hours 0.2778 x 10-¹⁰
" liters 0.01639 ergs/sec. Btu/min. 5,688.0 x 10-⁹
" mil.-ft. 1.061 x 10⁵ " ft.-lbs./min. 4.427 x 10-⁶
" pints (U.S. liq.) 0.03463 " ft.-lbs./sec. 7.3756 x 10-⁸
" quarts (U.S. liq.) 0.01732 " horsepower 1.341 x 10-¹⁰
cubic meters bushels (dry) 28.38 " kg.-calories/min. 1.433 x 10-⁹
" cu. cms. 10⁶ " kilowatts 10-¹⁰
" cu. feet 35.31 F
" cu. inches 61,023.0
" cu. yards 1.308 farads microfarads 10⁶
" gallons (U.S. liq.) 264.2 faradays ampere-hours 26.80
" liters 10³ " coulombs 9.649 x 10⁴
" pints (U.S. liq.) 2,113.0 fathoms feet 6.0
" quarts (U.S. liq.) 1,057.0 feet centimeters 30.48
cubic yards cu. cms. 7.646 x 10⁵ " kilometers 3.048 x 10-⁴
" cu. feet 27.0 " meters 0.3048
" cu. inches 46,656.0 " miles (naut.) 1.645 x 10-⁴
" cu. meters 0.7646 " miles (stat.) 1.894 x 10-⁴
" gallons (U.S. liq.) 202.0 " millimeters 304.8
" liters 764.6 " mils 1.2 x 10⁴
" pints (U.S. liq.) 1,615.9 feet of water atmospheres 0.02950
" quarts (U.S. liq.) 807.9 " in. of mercury 0.8826
cubic yards/min. cubic ft./sec. 0.45 " kgs./sq. cm. 0.03048
" gallons/sec. 3.367 " kgs./sq. meter 304.8
" liters/sec. 12.74 " pounds/sq. ft. 62.43
D feet/min. cms./sec. 0.5080
" feet/sec. 0.01667
days hours 24.0 " kms./hr. 0.01829
" minutes 1,440.0 " meters/min. 0.3048
" seconds 86,400.0 " miles/hr. 0.01136
decigrams grams 0.1 feet/sec. cms./sec. 30.48
deciliters liters 0.1 " kms./hr. 1.097
" knots 0.5921
decimeters meters 0.1 " meters/min. 18.29
degress (angle) minutes 60.0 " miles/hr. 0.6818
" quadrants 0.01111 " miles/min. 0.01136
" radians 0.01745 feet/sec./sec. cms./sec./sec. 30.48
" seconds 3,600.0 " kms./hr./sec. 1.097
degrees/sec. radians/sec. 0.01745 " meters/sec./sec. 0.3048
" revolutions/min. 0.1667 " miles/hr./sec. 0.6818
" revolutions/sec. 2.778 x 10-³ feet/100 feet per cent grade 1.0
dekagrams grams 10.0 foot-pounds Btu 1.286 x 10-³
dekaliters liters 10.0 " ergs 1.356 x 10⁷
dekameters meters 10.0 " grams-calories 0.3238
drams grams 1.7718 " hp-hrs. 5.050 x 10-⁷
" grains 27.3437 " joules 1.356
" ounces 0.0625 " kg.-calories 3.24 x 10-⁴
" kg.-meters 0.1383
dynes grams 1.020 x 10-³
" kilowatt-hrs. 3.766 x 10-⁷
" joules/cm. 10⁷
" joules/meter (newtons) 10-⁵ foot-pounds/min. Btu/min. 1.286 x 10-³
" kilograms 1.020 x 10-⁶ " foot-pounds/sec. 0.01667
" poundals 7.233 x 10-⁵ " horsepower 3.030 x 10-⁵
" pounds 2.248 x 10-⁶ " kg.-calories/min. 3.24 x 10-⁴
" kilowatts 2.260 x 10-⁵
dynes/sq. cm. bars 10-⁴
foot-pounds/sec. Btu/hr. 4.6263
" Btu/min. 0.07717
E
" horsepower 1.818 x 10-³
" kg.-calories/min. 0.01945
ergs Btu 9.480 x 10-¹¹
" dyne-centimeters 1.0 " kilowatts 1.356 x 10-³
" foot-pounds 7.367 x 10-⁸ furlongs rods 40.0
" gram-calories 0.2389 x 10-⁷ " feet 660.0
6
G H
gallons cu. cms. 3,785.0 hectares acres 2.471

" cu. feet 0.1337 " sq. foot 1.076 x 10⁵
" cu. inches 231.0 hectograms grams 100.0
" cu. meters 3.785 x 10-³ hectoliters liters 100.0
" cu. yards 4.951 x 10-³
hectometers meters 100.0
" liters 3.785
hectowatts watts 100.0
" pints 8.0
henries millihenries 10³
" quarts 4.0
horsepower Btu/min. 42.44
gallons (liq. Br. Imp.) gallons (U.S. liq.) 1.20095 " foot-lbs./min. 33,000.0
gallons (U.S.) gallons (Imp.) 0.83267 " foot-lbs./sec. 550.0
gallons of water pounds of water 8.3453 horsepower (metric) horsepower
gallons/min. cu. ft./sec. 2.228 x 10-³ (542.5 ft. lb./sec.) (550 ft. lb./sec.) 0.9863
" liters/sec. 0.06308 horsepower horsepower (metric)
" cu. ft./hr. 8.0208 (550 ft. lb./sec.) (542.5 ft. lb./sec.) 1.014
gausses lines/sq. in. 6.452 horsepower kg.-calories/min. 10.68
" webers/sq. cm. 10-⁸ " kilowatts 0.7457
" webers/sq. in. 6.452 x 10-⁸ " watts 745.7
" webers/sq. meter 10-⁴ horsepower (boiler) Btu/hr. 33.479
gilberts ampere-turns 0.7958 " kilowatts 9.803
gilberts/cm. amp-turns/cm. 0.7958 horsepower-hrs. Btu 2,547.0
" amp-turns/in. 2.021 " ergs 2.6845 x 10¹³
" amp-turns/meter 79.58 " foot-lbs. 1.98 x 10⁶
gils liters 0.1183 " gram-calories 641,190.0
" pints (liq.) 0.25 " joules 2.694 x 10⁶
grains (troy) grains (avdp.) 1.0 " kg.-calories 641.1
" grams 0.06480 " kg.-meters 2.737 x 10⁵
" ounces (avdp.) 2.0833 x 10-³ " kilowatt-hrs. 0.7457
" pennyweight (troy) 0.04167 hours days 4.167 x 10-²
grains/U.S. gal. parts/million 17.118 " minutes 60.0
" pounds/million gal. 142.86 " seconds 3,600.0
" weeks 5.952 x 10-³
grains/Imp. gal. parts/million 14.286
I
grams dynes 980.7
" grains 15.43 inches centimeters 2.540
" joules/cm 9.807 x 10-⁵ " feet 8.333 x 10-²
" joules/meter (newtons) 9.807 x 10-³ " meters 2.540 x 10-²
" kilograms 10-³ " miles 1.578 x 10-⁵
" milligrams 10³ " millimeters 25.40
" ounces (avdp.) 0.03527 " mils 10³
" ounces (troy) 0.03215 " yards 2.778 x 10-²
" poundals 0.07093 inches of mercury atmospheres 0.03342
" pounds 2.205 x 10-³ " feet of water 1.133
" kgs./sq. cm. 0.03453
grams/cm. pounds/inch 5.600 x 10-³ " kgs./sq. meter 345.3
grams/cu. cm. pounds/cu. ft. 62.43 " pounds/sq. ft. 70.73
" pounds/cu. in. 0.03613 " pounds/sq. in. 0.4912
" pounds/mil.-foot 3.405 x 10-⁷ inches of water
grams/liter grains/gal. 58.417 (at 4°C) atmospheres 2.458 x 10-³
" pounds/1,000 gal. 8.345 " inches of mercury 0.07355
" pounds/cu. ft. 0.062427 " kgs./sq. cm. 2.540 x 10-³
" ounces/sq. in. 0.5781
" parts/million 1,000.0
" pounds/sq. ft. 5.204
grams/sq. cm. pounds/sq. ft. 2.0481 " pounds/sq. in. 0.03613
gram-calories Btu 3.9683 x 10-³
" ergs 4.1868 x 10⁷ J
" foot-pounds 3.0880
joules Btu 9.480 x 10-⁴
" horsepower-hrs. 1.5596 x 10-⁶
" ergs 10⁷
" kilowatt-hrs. 1.1630 x 10-⁶
" foot-pounds 0.7376
" watt-hrs. 1.1630 x 10-³
" kg.-calories 2.389 x 10-⁴
gram-calories/sec. Btu/hr. 14.286 " kg.-meters 0.1020
gram-centimeters Btu 9.297 x 10-⁸ " watt-hrs. 2.778 x 10-⁴
" ergs 980.7 joules/cm. grams 1.020 x 10-⁴
" joules 9.807 x 10-⁵ " dynes 10⁷
" kg.-cal. 2.343 x 10-⁸ " joules/meter (newtons) 100.0
" kg-meters 10-⁵ " poundals 723.3
" pounds 22.48
7
K K (cont.)
kilograms dynes 980,665.0 kilowatts (cont.) horsepower 1.341

" grams 10³ " kg.-calories/min. 14.34
" joules/cm. 0.09807 " watts 10³
" joules/meter (newtons) 9.807 kilowatt-hrs. Btu 3,413.0
" poundals 70.93 " ergs 3.600 x 10¹³
" pounds 2.205 " foot-lbs. 2.655 x 10⁶
" tons (long) 9.842 x 10-⁴ " gram-calories 859,850.0
" tons (short) 1.102 x 10-³ " horsepower-hrs. 1.341
kilograms/cu. meter grams/cu. cm. 0.001 " joules 3.6 x 10⁶
" pounds/cu. ft. 0.06243 " kg.-calories 860.5
" pounds/cu. in. 3.613 x 10-⁵ " kg.-meters 3.671 x 10⁵
" pounds/mil.-foot 3.405 x 10-¹⁰ " pounds of water
kilograms/meter pounds/ft. 0.6720 evaporated from and
at 212°F 3.53
kilograms/sq. cm. atmospheres 0.9678
" pounds of water raised
" feet of water 32.81
from 62° to 212°F 22.75
" inches of mercury 28.96
" pounds/sq. ft. 2,048.0 knots feet/hr. 6,080.0
" pounds/sq. in. 14.22 " kilometers/hr. 1.8532
" nautical miles/hr. 1.0
kilograms/sq. meter atmospheres 9.678 x 10-⁵
" statute miles/hr. 1.151
" bars 98.07 x 10-⁶
" yards/hr. 2,027.0
" feet of water 32.81 x 10-³
" feet/sec. 1.689
" inches of mercury 2.896 x 10-³
" pounds/sq. ft. 0.2048
" pounds/sq. in. 1.422 x 10-³ L
kilograms/sq. mm. kgs./sq. meter 10⁶ league miles (approx.) 3.0
kilogram-calories Btu 3.968 lines/sq. cm. gausses 1.0
" foot-pounds 3,088.0 lines/sq. in. gausses 0.1550
" hp-hrs. 1.560 x 10-⁷ " webers/sq. cm. 1.550 x 10-⁹
" joules 4,186.0 " webers/sq. in. 10-⁸
" kg.-meters 426.9 " webers/sq. meter 1.550 x 10-⁵
" kilojoules 4.186
links (engineer’s) inches 12.0
" kilowatt-hrs. 1.163 x 10-³
links (surveyor’s) inches 7.92
kilogram meters Btu 9.294 x 10-³
" ergs 9.804 x 10⁷ liters bushels (U.S. dry) 0.02838
" foot-pounds 7.233 " cu. cm. 10³
" joules 9.804 " cu. feet 0.03531
" kg.-calories 2.342 x 10-³ " cu. inches 61.02
" cu. meters 0.001
" kilowatt-hrs. 2.723 x 10-⁶
" cu. yards 1.308 x 10-³
kilolines maxwells 10³ " gallons (U.S. liq.) 0.2642
kiloliters liters 10³ " pints (U.S. liq.) 2.113
kilometers centimeters 10⁵ " quarts (U.S. liq.) 1.057
" feet 3,281.0 liters/min. cu. ft./sec. 5.886 x 10-⁴
" inches 3.937 x 10⁴ " gals./sec. 4.403 x 10-³
" meters 10³
lumens/sq. ft. foot-candles 1.0
" miles 0.6214
" millimeters 10⁶ lux foot-candles 0.0929
" yards 1,094.0
M
kilometers/hr. cms./sec. 27.78
" feet/min. 54.68 maxwells kilolines 10-³
" feet/sec. 0.9113 " webers 10-⁸
" knots 0.5396
megalines maxwells 10⁶
" meters/min. 16.67
megohms microhms 10¹²
" miles/hr. 0.6214
" ohms 10⁶
kilometers/hrs./sec. cms./sec./sec. 27.78 meters centimeters 10²
" ft./sec./sec. 0.9113 " feet 3.281
" meters/sec./sec. 0.2778 " inches 39.37
" miles/hr./sec. 0.6214 " kilometers 0.001
kilopascals atmospheres 9.87x10-3 " miles (naut.) 5.396 x 10-⁴
" feet of water 0.335 " miles (stat.) 6.214 x 10-⁴
" inches of Hg 0.296 " millimeters 10³
" kgs/sq. meter 1.02x102 " yards 1.094
" pounds/sq. ft. 20.9 " varas 1.179
meters/min. cms./sec. 1.667
" torr 7.5
" feet/min. 3.281
kilowatts Btu/min. 56.92 " feet/sec. 0.5468
" foot-lbs./min. 4.426 x 10⁴ " kms./hr. 0.06
" foot-lbs./sec. 737.6
" knots 0.03238
8
M (cont.) M (cont.)
meters/min. (cont.) miles/hr. 0.03728 mils (cont.) yards 2.778 x 10-⁵

meters/sec. feet/min. 196.8 miner’s inches cu. ft./min. 1.5
" feet/sec. 3.281 minutes (angles) degrees 0.01667
" kilometers/hr. 3.6 " quadrants 1.852 x 10-⁴
" miles/hr. 2.237 " radians 2.909 x 10-⁴
" miles/min. 0.03728 " seconds 60.0 myriagrams
meters/sec./sec. cms./sec./sec. 10² kilograms 10.0
" ft./sec./sec. 3.281 myriameters kilometers 10.0
" kms./hr./sec. 3.6
" miles/hr./sec. 2.237 myriawatts kilowatts 10.0
meter-kilograms cm.-dynes 9.807 x 10⁷
N
" cm.-grams 10⁵
" pound-feet 7.233 nepers decibels 8.686
microfarad farads 10-⁶
O
micrograms grams 10-⁶
microhms megohms 10-¹² ohms megohms 10-⁶
" ohms 10-⁶ ohms microhms 10⁶
microliters liters 10-⁶ ounces drams 16.0
" grains 437.5
microns meters 10-⁶
" grams 28.349527
miles (naut.) feet 6,080.27 " pounds 0.0625
" kilometers 1.853 " ounces (troy) 0.9115
" meters 1,853.00 " tons (long) 2.790 x 10-⁵
" miles (statute) 1.1516 " tons (metric) 2.834 x 10-⁵
" yards 2,027.0
ounces (fluid) cu. inches 1.805
miles (statute) centimeters 1.609 x 10⁵ " liters 0.2957
" feet 5,280.0
ounces (troy) grains 480.0
" inches 6.336 x 10⁴
" grams 31.103481
" kilometers 1.609
" ounces (avdp.) 1.09714
" meters 1,609.0
" pennyweights (troy) 20.0
" miles (naut.) 0.8684
" pounds (troy) 0.08333
" yards 1,760.0
miles/hr. cm./sec. 44.70 ounces/sq. in. pounds/sq. in. 0.0625
" feet/min. 88.0 P
" feet/sec. 1.467
" kms./hr. 1.609 parts/million grains/U.S. gal. 0.0584
" kms./min. 0.02682 " grains/Imp. gal. 0.07016
" knots 0.8684 " pounds/million gal. 8.345
" meters/min. 26.82 pascals millibar 10-2
" miles/min. 0.01667 " pounds/sq. ft. 2.09 x 10-2
miles/hr./sec. cms./sec./sec. 44.70 " pounds/sq. in. 1.45 x 10-4
" feet/sec./sec. 1.467 " torr 7.5 x 10-3
" kms./hr./sec. 1.609 " in.Hg 2.96 x 10-4
" meters/sec./sec. 0.4470 pennyweights (troy) grains 24.0
miles/min. cms./sec. 2,682.0 " ounces (troy) 0.05
" feet/sec. 88.0 " grams 1.55517
" kms./min. 1.609 " pounds (troy) 4.1667 x 10-³
" miles (naut.)/min. 0.8684
pints (dry) cu. inches 33.60
" miles/hr. 60.0
pints (liq.) cu. cms. 473.2
mil-feet cu. inches 9.425 x 10-⁶ " cu. feet 0.01671
milliers kilograms 10³ " cu. inches 28.87
milligrams grams 10-³ " cu. meters 4.732 x 10-⁴
milligrams/liter parts/million 1.0 " cu. yards 6.189 x 10-⁴
" gallons 0.125
millihenries henries 10-³
" liters 0.4732
milliliters liters 10-³ " quarts (liq.) 0.5
millimeters centimeters 0.1 poundals dynes 13,826.0
" feet 3.281 x 10-³ " grams 14.10
" inches 0.03937 " joules/cm. 1.383 x 10-³
" meters 0.001 " joules/meter (newtons) 0.1383
" miles 6.214 x 10-⁷ " kilograms 0.01410
" mils 39.37 " pounds 0.03108
" yards 1.094 x 10-³ pounds drams 256.0
million gals./day cu. ft./sec. 1.54723 " dynes 44.4823 x 10⁴
mils centimeters 2.540 x 10-³ " grains 7,000.0
" feet 8.333 x 10-⁵ " grams 453.5924
" inches 0.001 " joules/cm. 0.04448
" kilometers 2.540 x 10-⁸ " joules/meter (newton) 4.448
9
P (cont.) R (cont.)
pounds (cont.) kilograms 0.4536 radians/sec. (cont.) revolutions/sec. 0.1592

" ounces 16.0 radians/sec./sec. revs./min./min. 573.0
" ounces (troy) 14.5833 " revs./min./sec. 9.549
" poundals 32.17 " revs./sec./sec. 0.1592
" pounds (troy) 1.21528
" tons (short) 0.0005 revolutions degrees 360.0
" quadrants 4.00
pounds (troy) grains 5,760.0
" radians 6.283
" grams 373.24177
revolutions/min. degrees/sec. 6.0
" ounces (avdp.) 13.1657
" radians/sec. 0.1047
" ounces (troy) 12.0 pounds (troy) " revs./sec. 0.01667
" pennyweights (troy) 240.0
" pounds (avdp.) 0.822857 revolutions/min./min. radians/sec./sec. 1.745 x 10-³
" tons (long) 3.6735 x 10-⁴ " revs./min./sec. 0.01667
" revs./sec./sec. 2.778 x 10-⁴
" tons (metric) 3.7324 x 10-⁴
" tons (short) 4.1143 x 10-⁴ revolutions/sec. degrees/sec. 360.0
pounds of water cu. feet 0.01602 " radians/sec. 6.283
" revs./min. 60.0
" cu. inches 27.68
" gallons 0.1198 revolutions/sec./sec. radians/sec./sec. 6.283
" revs./min./min. 3,600.0
pounds of water/min. cu. ft./sec. 2.670 x 10-⁴
" revs./min./sec. 60.0
pounds-feet cm.-dynes 1.356 x 10⁷
" cm.-grams 13,825.0 rods feet 16.5
" meter-kgs. 0.1383
S
pounds/cu. ft. grams/cu. cm. 0.01602
" kgs./cu. meter 16.02
" pounds/cu. in. 5.787 x 10-⁴ seconds (angle) degrees 2.778 x 10-⁴
" pounds/mil.-ft. 5.456 x 10-⁹ " minutes 0.01667
pounds/cu. in. gms./cu. cm. 27.68 " quadrants 3.087 x 10-⁶
" kgs./cu. meter 2.768 x 10⁴ " radians 4.848 x 10-⁶
" pounds/cu. ft. 1,728.0 square centimeters circular mils 1.973 x 10⁵
" pounds/mil.-foot 9.425 x 10-⁶ " sq. feet 1.076 x 10-³
pounds/ft. kgs./meter 1.488 " sq. inches 0.1550
" sq. meters 0.0001
pounds/in. gms./cm. 178.6 " sq. miles 3.861 x 10-¹¹
pounds/mil.-foot gms./cu. cm. 2.306 x 10⁶ " sq. millimeters 100.0
pounds/sq. ft. atmospheres 4.725 x 10-⁴ " sq. yards 1.196 x 10-⁴
" feet of water 0.01602 square feet acre 2.296 x 10-⁵
" inches of mercury 0.01414 " circular mils 1.833 x 10⁸
" kgs./sq. meter 4.882 " sq. cms. 929.0
" pounds/sq. in. 6.944 x 10-³ " sq. inches 144.0
pounds/sq. in. atmospheres 0.06804 " sq. meters 0.09290
" feet of water 2.307 " sq. miles 3.587 x 10-⁸
" inches of mercury 2.036 " sq. millimeters 9.290 x 10⁴
" kgs./sq. meter 703.1 " sq. yards 0.1111
" pounds/sq. ft. 144.0 square inches circular mils 1.273 x 10⁶
" kilopascal 6.8948 " sq. cms. 6.452
" sq. feet 6.944 x 10-³
Q " sq. millimeters 645.2
" sq. mils 10⁶
quadrants (angle) degrees 90.0
" sq. yards 7.716 x 10-⁴
" minutes 5,400.0
" radians 1.571 square kilometers acres 247.1
" seconds 3.24 x 10⁵ " sq. cms. 10¹⁰
" sq. ft. 10.76 x 10⁶
quarts (dry) cu. inches 67.20 " sq. inches 1.550 x 10⁹
quarts (liq.) cu. cms. 946.4 " sq. meters 10⁶
" cu. feet 0.03342 " sq. miles 0.3861
" cu. inches 57.75 " sq.yards 1.196 x 10⁶
" cu. meters 9.464 x 10-⁴ square meters acres 2.471 x 10-⁴
" cu. yards 1.238 x 10-³ " sq. cms. 10⁴
" gallons 0.25 " sq. feet 10.76
" liters 0.9463 " sq. inches 1,550.0
" sq. miles 3.861 x 10-⁷
R
" sq. millimeters 10⁶
radians degrees 57.30 " sq. yards 1.196
" minutes 3,438.0 square miles acres 640.0
" quadrants 0.6366 " sq. feet 27.88 x 10⁶
" seconds 2.063 x 10⁵ " sq. kms. 2.590
radians/sec. degrees sec. 57.30 " sq. meters 2.590 x 10⁶
" revolutions/min. 9.549 " sq. yards 3.098 x 10⁶
10
S (cont.) W
square millimeters circular mils 1,973.0 watts Btu/hr. 3.4192

" sq. cms. 0.01 " Btu/min. 0.05688
" sq. feet 1.076 x 10-⁵ " ergs/sec. 107.0
" sq. inches 1.550 x 10-C " foot-lbs./min. 44.27
square mils circular mils 1.273 " foot-lbs./sec. 0.7378
" sq. cms. 6.452 x 10-⁶ " horsepower 1.341 x 10-³
" sq. inches 10-⁶ " horsepower (metric) 1.360 x 10-³
square yards acres 2.066 x 10-⁴ " kg.-calories/min. 0.01433
" sq. cms. 8,361.0 " kilowatts 0.001
" sq. ft. 9.0 watt-hours Btu 3.413
" sq. inches 1,296.0 " ergs 3.60 x 10¹⁰
" sq. meters 0.8361 " foot-pounds 2,656.0
" sq. miles 3.228 x 10-⁷ " gram-calories 859.85
" sq. millimeters 8.361 x 10⁵ " horsepower-hrs. 1.341 x 10-³
" kilogram-calories 0.8605
T
" kilogram-meters 367.2
temperature absolute temperature 1.0 " kilowatt-hrs. 0.001
(°C) + 273 (°C) webers maxwells 10⁸
temperature temperature (°F) 1.8 " kilolines 10⁵
(°C) + 17.78 webers/sq. in. gausses 1.550 x 10⁷
" lines/sq. in. 10⁸
temperature absolute temperature 1.0
" webers/sq. cm. 0.1550
(°F) + 460 (°F) " webers/sq. meter 1,550.0
temperature temperature (°C) 0.555 webers/sq. meter gausses 10⁴
(°F) - 32 " lines/sq. in. 6.452 x 10⁴
tons (long) kilograms 1,016.0 " webers/sq. cm. 10-⁴
" pounds 2,240.0 " webers/sq. in. 6.452 x 10-⁴
" tons (short) 1.120
tons (metric) kilograms 1,000.0 Y
" pounds 2,205.0
tons (short) kilograms 907.1848 yards centimeters 91.44
" ounces 32,000.0 " feet 3.0
" ounces (troy) 29,166.66 " inches 36.0
" pounds 2,000.0 " kilometers 9.144 x 10-⁴
" pounds (troy) 2,430.56 " meters 0.9144
" tons (long) 0.89287 " miles (naut.) 4.934 x 10-⁴
" tons (metric) 0.9078 " miles (stat.) 5.682 x 10-⁴
tons (short)/sq. ft. kgs./sq. meter 9,765.0 " millimeters 914.4
" pounds/sq. in. 2,000.0
tons of water/24 hrs. pounds of water/hr. 83.333
" gallons/min. 0.16643
" cu. ft./hr. 1.3349
11
Equivalents: Liquid Measures and Weights
TO OBTAIN U.S.
U.S. Imperial U.S. Pound U.S. U.S. Cubic
MULTIPLY Liter
Gallon Gallon Pint Water* Cubic Foot Cubic Inch Meter
BY
U.S. Gallon 1 0.833 8.0 8.337 0.13368 231.0 3.78533 0.003785
Imperial Gallon 1.2009 1 9.60762 10.0 0.16054 277.42 4.54596 0.004546
U.S. Pint 0.125 0.1041 1 1.042 0.01671 28.875 0.473166 0.000473
U.S. Pound Water* 0.11995 0.1 0.9596 1 0.016035 27.708 0.45405 0.000454
U.S. Cubic Foot 7.48052 6.22888 59.8442 62.365 1 1728.0 28.31702 0.028317
U.S. Cubic Inch 0.004329 0.00361 0.034632 0.03609 0.0005787 1 0.016387 0.0000164
Liter 0.2641779 0.2199756 2.113423 2.202 0.0353154 61.02509 1 0.001000
Cubic Meter 264.170 219.969 2113.34 2202.0 35.31446 61023.38 999.972 1
*Water at 60°F (15.6°C) EXAMPLE:

1 Barrel = 42 gallons (petroleum measure) (8 Imperial gallons) (4.54596) = 36.36768 liters
Equivalents: Kinematic Viscosity
To convert kinematic viscosity from one set of units to another, As an example, suppose a given kinematic viscosity of 0.5
locate the given set of units in the left hand column and multiply square foot/second is to be converted to centistokes. By refer-
the numerical value by the factor shown horizontally to the right, ring to the table, we find the conversion factor to be 92,900.
under the set of units desired. Then, 0.5 (sq ft/sec) times 92,900 = 46,450 centistokes.
centistokes stokes ft2

sec
cm2
sec
Kinematic
Viscosity (v) (100 v) (v')
centistokes (v) 1 0.01 1.076 (10–5)
stokes
cm2 (100 v) 100 1
1.076 (10–3)
sec
ft2
(v') 92,900 929 1
sec
12
Equivalents: Absolute Viscosity
To convert absolute or dynamic viscosity from one set of units As an example, suppose a given absolute viscosity of 2 poise is
to another, locate the given set of units in the left hand column to be converted to slugs/foot second. By referring to the table,
and multiply the numerical value by the factor shown we find the conversion factor to be 2.09 (10–³). Then, 2 (poise)
horizontally to the right under the set of units desired. times 2.09 (10–³) = 4.18 (10–³) = 0.00418 slugs/foot second.
centipoise poise slugs †poundsm

ft sec ft sec
Absolute gram
or cm sec pounds f poundal sec
Dynamic ft2 ft2
Viscosity dyne sec
cm2
(µ) (100 µ) (µ' e) (µ e)

centipoise (µ) 1 0.01 2.09 (10 ) –5
6.72 (10–4)
poise
gram
cm sec (100 µ) 100 1 2.09 (10–3) 0.0672
dyne sec
cm2
slugs
ft. sec
(µ'e) 47,900 479 1 g or 32.2
*poundsf sec
ft2
†pounds m
ft. sec
(µe) 1,487 14.87 1 or .0311 1
poundal sec g
ft2
*Poundf = Pound of Force †Poundm = Pound of Mass
Equivalents: Electrical Units
Practical Unit Cgs Electromagnetic Unit Cgs Electrostatic Unit

volt = 108 abvolts abvolt = 10–8 volt statvolt = 300 volts (approx.)
Emf volt = 3.3 x 10–3 statvolt abvolt = 3.3 x 10–11 statvolt statvolt = 3 x 1010 abvolts
ohm = 109 abohms abohm = 10–9 ohm statohm = 9 x 1011 ohms
Resistance ohm = 1.1 x 10–12 statohm abohm = 1.1 x 10–21 statohm statohm = 9 x 1020 abohms
ampere = 10–1 abampere abampere = 10 amperes statampere = 3.3 x 10–10 ampere
Current ampere = 3 x 109 statamperes abampere = 3 x 1010 statamperes statampere = 3.3 x 10–11 abampere
coulomb = 10–1 abcoulomb abcoulomb = 10 coulombs statcoulomb = 3.3 x 10–10 coulomb
Quantity coulomb = 3 x 109 statcoulombs abcoulomb = 3 x 1010 statcoulombs statcoulomb = 3.3 x 10–11 abcoulombs
farad = 10–9 abfarads abfarad = 109 farads statfarad = 1.1 x 10–12 farads
Capacitance farad = 9 x 1011 statfarads abfarad = 9 x 1020 statfarads statfarad = 1.1 x 10–21 abfarads
henry = 109 abhenries abhenry = 10–9 henry stathenry = 9 x 1011 henries
Inductance henry = 1.1 x 10–12 stathenry abhenry = 1.1 x 10–21 stathenries stathenry = 9 x 1020 abhenries
Energy joule = 107 ergs erg = 10-7 joule erg = 10–7 joule
watt = 10 ____
ergs
7
erg = 10–7 watt erg = 10–7 watt
Power ––– –––
sec sec sec
13
Equivalents: Degrees API and Degrees Baumé
Values for API Scale Values for Baumé Scale

Oil Liquids Lighter Than Water Liquids Heavier Than Water
Degrees on API Weight Pounds Weight Pounds Weight Pounds
or Baumé Scale Specific Density per Specific Density per Specific Density per
Gravity Lb/Ft3 Gallon Gravity Lb/Ft3 Gallon Gravity Lb/Ft3 Gallon
S p S p S p
0 – – – – – – 1.0000 62.36 8.337

2 – – – – – – 1.0140 63.24 8.454
4 – – – – – – 1.0284 64.14 8.574
6 – – – – – – 1.0432 65.06 8.697
8 – – – – – – 1.0584 66.01 8.824
10 1.0000 62.36 8.337 1.0000 62.36 8.337 1.0741 66.99 8.955
12 0.9861 61.50 8.221 0.9859 61.49 8.219 1.0902 67.99 9.089
14 0.9724 60.65 8.108 0.9722 60.63 8.105 1.1069 69.03 9.228
16 0.9593 59.53 7.998 0.9589 59.80 7.994 1.1240 70.10 9.371
18 0.9465 59.03 7.891 0.9459 58.99 7.886 1.1417 71.20 9.518
20 0.9340 58.25 7.787 0.9333 58.20 7.781 1.1600 72.34 9.671
22 0.9218 57.87 7.736 0.9211 57.44 7.679 1.1789 73.52 9.828
24 0.9100 56.75 7.587 0.9091 56.70 7.579 1.1983 74.73 9.990
26 0.8984 56.03 7.490 0.8974 55.97 7.482 1.2185 75.99 10.159
28 0.8871 55.32 7.396 0.8861 55.26 7.387 1.2393 77.29 10.332
30 0.8762 54.64 7.305 0.8750 54.57 7.295 1.2609 78.64 10.512
32 0.8654 53.97 7.215 0.8642 53.90 7.205 1.2832 80.03 10.698
34 0.8550 53.32 7.128 0.8537 53.24 7.117 1.3063 81.47 10.891
36 0.8448 52.69 7.043 0.8434 52.60 7.031 1.3303 82.96 11.091
38 0.8348 52.06 6.960 0.8333 51.97 6.947 1.3551 84.51 11.297
40 0.8251 51.46 6.879 0.8235 51.36 6.865 1.3810 86.13 11.513
42 0.8155 50.86 6.799 0.8140 50.76 6.786 1.4078 87.80 11.737
44 0.8063 50.28 6.722 0.8046 50.18 6.708 1.4356 89.53 11.969
46 0.7972 49.72 6.646 0.7955 49.61 6.632 1.4646 91.34 12.210
48 0.7883 49.16 6.572 0.7865 49.05 6.557 1.4948 93.22 12.462
50 0.7796 48.62 6.499 0.7778 48.51 6.484 1.5263 95.19 12.725
52 0.7711 48.09 6.429 0.7692 47.97 6.413 1.5591 97.23 12.998
54 0.7628 47.57 6.359 0.7609 47.45 6.344 1.5934 99.37 13.284
56 0.7547 47.07 6.292 0.7527 46.94 6.275 1.6292 101.60 13.583
58 0.7467 46.57 6.225 0.7447 46.44 6.209 1.6667 103.94 13.895
60 0.7389 46.08 6.160 0.7368 45.95 6.143 1.7059 106.39 14.222
62 0.7313 45.61 6.097 0.7292 45.48 6.079 1.7470 108.95 14.565
64 0.7238 45.14 6.034 0.7216 45.00 6.016 1.7901 111.64 14.924
66 0.7165 44.68 5.973 0.7143 44.55 5.955 1.8354 114.46 15.302
68 0.7093 44.23 5.913 0.7071 44.10 5.895 1.8831 117.44 15.699
70 0.7022 43.79 5.854 0.7000 43.66 5.836 1.9333 120.57 16.118
72 0.6953 43.36 5.797 0.6931 43.22 5.788 – – –
74 0.6886 42.94 5.741 0.6863 42.80 5.722 – – –
76 0.6819 42.53 5.685 0.6796 42.38 5.666 – – –
78 0.6754 42.12 5.631 0.6731 41.98 5.612 – – –
80 0.6690 41.72 5.577 0.6667 41.58 5.558 – – –
82 0.6628 41.33 5.526 0.6604 41.19 5.506 – – –
84 0.6566 40.95 5.474 0.6542 40.80 5.454 – – –
86 0.6506 40.57 5.424 0.6482 40.42 5.404 – – –
88 0.6446 40.20 5.374 0.6422 40.05 5.354 – – –
90 0.6388 39.84 5.326 0.6364 39.69 5.306 – – –
92 0.6331 39.48 5.278 0.6306 39.33 5.257 – – –
94 0.6275 39.13 5.231 0.6250 38.98 5.211 – – –
96 0.6220 38.79 5.186 0.6195 38.63 5.165 – – –
98 0.6166 38.45 5.141 0.6140 38.29 5.119 – – –
100 0.6112 38.12 5.096 0.6087 37.96 5.075 – – –
14
Equivalents: Kinematic and Saybolt Viscosity
Equivalents of Kinematic and Equivalents of Kinematic and

Saybolt Furol Viscosity Saybolt Universal Viscosity
Kinematic Equivalent Saybolt Kinematic Equivalent Saybolt

Viscosity, Furol Viscosity, Sec Viscosity, Universal Viscosity, Sec
Centistokes At 122°F (50°C) Centistokes At 100°F (37.8°C)
Basic Values At 210°F (99°C) Basic Values At 210°F (99°C)
v v
48 25.3 1.83 32.01 32.23
50 26.1 25.2 2.0 32.62 32.85
60 30.6 29.8 4.0 39.14 39.41
70 35.1 34.4 6.0 45.56 45.88
80 39.6 39.0 8.0 52.09 52.45
90 44.1 43.7 10.0 58.91 59.32
100 48.6 48.3 15.0 77.39 77.93
125 60.1 60.1 20.0 97.77 98.45
150 71.7 71.8 25.0 119.3 120.1
175 83.8 83.7 30.0 141.3 142.3
200 95.0 95.6 35.0 163.7 164.9
225 106.7 107.5 40.0 186.3 187.6
250 118.4 119.4 45.0 209.1 210.5
275 130.1 131.4 50.0 232.1 233.8
300 141.8 143.5 55.0 255.2 257.0
325 153.6 155.5 60.0 278.3 280.2
350 165.3 167.6 65.0 301.4 303.5
375 177.0 179.7 70.0 324.4 326.7
400 188.8 191.8 75.0 347.6 350.0

425 200.6 204.0 80.0 370.8 373.4
450 212.4 216.1 85.0 393.9 396.7
475 224.1 228.3 90.0 417.1 420.0
95.0 440.3 443.4
500 235.9 240.5
525 247.7 252.8 100.0 463.5 466.7
550 259.5 265.0 120.0 556.2 560.1
575 271.3 277.2 140.0 648.9 653.4
160.0 741.6
600 283.1 289.5 180.0 834.2
625 294.9 301.8
650 306.7 314.1 200.0 926.9
675 318.4 326.4 220.0 1019.6
240.0 1112.3
700 330.2 338.7 250.0 1205.0
725 342.0 351.0 280.0 1297.7
750 353.8 363.4
775 365.5 375.7 300.0 1390.4
320.0 1483.1
800 377.4 388.1 340.0 1575.8
825 389.2 400.5 360.0 1668.5 Saybolt Seconds
850 400.9 412.9 380.0 1761.2 =
875 412.7 425.3 Centistokes
400.0 1853.9 x 4.6673
900 424.5 437.7 420.0 1946.6
925 436.3 450.1 440.0 2039.3
950 448.1 462.5 460.0 2132.0
975 459.9 474.9 480.0 2224.7
1000 471.7 487.4 500.0 2317.4
1024 483.5 499.8 Over 500 Saybolt Seconds
1050 495.2 512.3 =
1075 507.0 524.8 Centistokes
1100 518.8 537.2 x 4.6347
1125 530.6 549.7 Note: To obtain the Saybolt Universal viscosity equivalent to a
1150 542.4 562.2 kinematic viscosity determined at t, multiply the equivalent Saybolt
1175 554.2 574.7 Universal viscosity at 100°F (37.8°C) by 1+(t - 100) 0.000 064.
1200 566.0 587.2 For example, 10 v at 210°F (99°C) are equivalent to 58.91 multiplied
1225 577.8 599.7 by 1.0070 or 59.32 sec Saybolt Universal at 210°F (99°C).
1250 589.9 612.2
1275 601.3 624.8 These tables are reprinted with the permission of the American Society
1300 613.1 637.3 for Testing Materials (ASTM). The table at the left was abstracted from
Over 1300 Saybolt Furol Log (Saybolt Furol Table 1,D2161-63T. The table at the right was abstracted from Table 3,
Seconds = Seconds - 2.87) = D2161-63T.
Centistokes x 1.0276 [Log
0.4717 (Centistokes)] -
0.3975
15
16
To convert from one set of units to another, locate the given unit in the left hand column, and multiply the numerical value by the factor shown horizontally to the right,
under the set of units desired.
TO OBTAIN in. ft. in. mm Mega- mm

Atmospheres water water mercury mercury Bars Pascals water
MULTIPLY lb/in2 lb/ft2 kg/cm2 kg/m2 kPa
(68°F)* (68°F)* (32°F)† (32°F)† ‡ (MPa)‡ (68°F)
BY
lb/in.2 1 144.0 0.068046 0.070307 703.070 27.7300 2.3108 2.03602 51.7149 0.068948 0.0068948 6.8948 704.342
2
lb/ft. 0.0069444 1 0.000473 0.000488 4.88243 0.019257 0.016048 0.014139 0.35913 0.0004788 0.0000479 0.04788 4.89127
Equivalents: Pressure and Head
Atmospheres 14.696 2116.22 1 1.0332 10332.0 407.520 33.9600 29.921 760.00 1.01325 0.101325 101.325 10351.0
2
kg/cm 14.2233 2048.16 0.96784 1 10000.0 394.41 32.868 28.959 735.558 0.98066 0.098066 98.066 10018.1
2
kg/m 0.001422 0.204816 0.0000968 0.0001 1 0.03944 0.003287 0.002896 0.073556 0.000098 0.0000098 0.0098 1.00181
in./water* 0.036062 5.1929 0.002454 0.00253 25.354 1 0.08333 0.073423 1.8649 0.002486 0.000249 0.24864 25.4
ft./water* 0.432744 62.315 0.029446 0.030425 304.249 12.0 1 0.88108 22.3793 0.29837 0.0029837 2.9837 304.800
in. mercury† 0.491154 70.7262 0.033420 0.03453 345.319 13.6197 1.1350 1 25.4 0.033864 0.0033864 3.3864 345.94
mm mercury† 0.0193368 2.78450 0.0013158 0.0013595 13.595 0.53621 0.044684 0.03937 1 0.001333 0.0001333 0.13332 13.6197
Bars‡ 14.5038 2088.54 0.98692 1.01972 10197.2 402.190 33.5158 29.5300 750.061 1 0.10 100.0 10215.6
MPa‡ 145.038 20885.4 9.8692 10.1972 101972.0 4021.90 335.158 295.300 7500.61 10.0 1 1000.0 102156.0
kPa 0.145038 20.8854 0.0098692 0.0101972 101.972 4.02190 0.33516 0.2953 7.50061 0.01 0.001 1 102.156
mm water
column .0014198 .20445 .0000966 .0000998 .99819 .039370 .003281 .002891 .073423 .0000979 .0000098 .0097889 1
*Water at 68°F (20°C) †mercury at 32°F (0°C) ‡MPa (MegaPascal) = 10 Bars = 1,000,000 N/m2 (Newtons/meter2)
EXAMPLE:
(5 kg/cm2) (2048.16) = 10,240.8 lb./ft.2
Properties: Density and Specific Gravity of Selected Liquids
Temperature Density➀ Specific➁ Temperature Density➀ Specific➁

Liquid Liquid
°F °C lb/ft3 Gravity °F °C lb/ft3 Gravity
Acetaldehyde 64 17.8 38.9 0.8 Lard Oil 60 15.6 57.4 0.9

Acetone 60 15.6 49.4 0.8 Linolenic Acid 77 25.0 56.3 0.9
Acetic Anhydride 68 20.0 67.5 1.1 Linseed Oil 60 15.6 58.0 0.9
Acid, Acetic Conc. 68 20.0 65.5 1.1 M. C. Residuum 60 15.6 58.3 0.9
Acid, Benzoic 59 15.0 79.0 1.3 Mercury 20 -6.7 849.7 13.6
Acid, Butyric, Conc. 68 20.0 60.2 1.0 Mercury 40 4.4 848.0 13.6
Acid, Hydrochloric, 42.5% 64 17.8 92.3 1.4 Mercury 60 15.6 846.3 13.6
Acid, Hydrocyanic 64 17.8 43.5 0.8 Mercury 80 26.7 844.6 13.5
Acid, Nitric, Conc. Boil. 64 17.8 93.7 1.5 Mercury 100 37.8 842.9 13.5
Acid, Ortho-phosphoric 65 18.3 114.4 1.8 Methane -2.66 -16.3 29.1 0.5
Ammonia, Saturated 10 -12.2 40.9 0.7 Methyl Alcohol 77 25.0 49.2 0.8
Aniline 68 20.0 63.8 1.0 Methylene Chloride 68 20.0 83.4 1.3
Argon 60 15.6 102.9 1.7 Methyl Ethyl Ketone 72 22.2 49.9 0.8
Asphalt 75 23.9 61.1 1.0 Methyl Propyl 58 14.4 50.5 0.8
Beer 60 15.6 63.0 1.0 Milk 60 15.6 64.8 1.0
Benzene 32 0.0 56.1 0.9 Mineral Oil 80 26.7 56.1 0.9
Brine, 10% CaCl 32 0.0 68.1 1.1 Naphtha, Petroleum 59 15.0 41.6 0.7
Brine, 10% NaCl 32 0.0 67.2 1.1 Naphtha, Wood 77 25.0 43.7 0.7
Bromine 60 15.6 182.7 3.0 Naphthalene 77 25.0 60.1 1.0
Bunkers C Fuel Max 60 15.6 63.3 1.0 Nonane-n 60 15.6 64.8 1.0
Butane-n 60 15.6 36.4 0.6 Nonanol 77 25.0 51.3 0.8
Carbon Disulphide 32 0.0 80.6 1.3 Ocimene 77 25.0 49.9 0.8
Carbon Monoxide 60 15.6 49.9 0.8 Octane-n 60 15.6 44.1 0.7
Carbon Tetrachloride 68 20.0 99.6 1.6 Oil, Olive 69 15.0 57.3 0.9
China Wood Oil 60 15.6 58.8 1.0 Palmitic Acid 77 25.0 53.2 0.9
Chloride 77 25.0 97.3 1.6 Pentane 59 15.0 38.9 0.6
Chlorobenzene 68 20.0 69.1 1.1 Petroleum Ether 60 15.6 39.9 0.6
Chloroform 68 20.0 92.9 1.5 Phenol 77 25.0 66.8 1.1
Chromic Acid 60 15.6 75.5 1.2 Phosgene 32 0 86.1 1.4
Citric Acid 60 15.6 96.1 1.5 Phosphorus 93 33.9 108.5 1.7
Cocoanut Oil 60 15.6 57.9 0.9 Propane 0 -17.7 30.1 0.5
Corn syrup 86.4 Brix 60 15.6 91.1 1.5 Propanol 77 25.0 50.3 0.8
Corn syrup 78.4 Brix 60 15.6 87.9 1.4 Propyl Alcohol 77 25.0 50.0 0.8
Creosote 60 15.6 66.7 1.1 Propylene 77 25.0 32.2 0.5
Cresol, Meta 68 20.0 64.5 1.0 Propylene Glycol 77 25.0 60.4 1.0
Decane-n 60 15.6 45.5 0.7 Pyridine 68 20.0 61.3 1.0
Diesel Fuel grade 1-D 60 15.6 51.5 0.8 Resorcinol 77 25.0 79.3 1.3
Diesel Fuel grade 2-D 60 15.6 54.0 0.9 Rosin Oil 60 15.6 61.1 1.0
Diesel Fuel grade 4-D 60 15.6 57.3 0.9 Sabiname 77 25.0 50.8 0.8
Diphenyl 163 72.8 61.9 1.0 SAE 10 Lube 60 15.6 54.6 0.9
Distallate 60 15.6 63.0 0.9 SAE 30 Lube 60 15.6 56.0 0.9
Dowtherm A 700 371.1 45.5 0.7 SAE 70 Lube 60 15.6 57.1 0.9
Ethanol 77 25.0 48.6 0.8 Salt Creek Crude 60 15.6 53.8 0.9
Ether 77 25.0 44.7 0.7 Silane 77 25.0 44.8 0.7
Ethyl Acetate 68 20.0 56.1 0.9 Sorbaldehyde 77 25.0 56.0 0.9
Ethyl Alcohol 77 25.0 49.1 0.8 Sperm Oil 60 15.6 86.7 1.4
Ethylamine 61 16.1 42.6 0.7 Starch 60 15.6 93.6 1.5
Ethyl Benzene 68 20.0 53.6 0.9 Stearic Acid 77 25.0 58.7 0.9
Ethyl Chloride 68 20.0 78.0 1.3 Styrene 77 25.0 56.5 0.9
Ethyl Oxide 30 -1.1 54.9 0.9 Sucrose 60 Brix 60 15.6 80.5 1.3
Ethylene Glycol 60 15.6 70.5 1.1 Sucrose 76 Brix 60 15.6 86.7 1.4
Fluorine 60 15.6 69.7 1.1 Sulphur Dioxide 32 0.0 89.2 1.4
Formaldehyde 113 45.0 50.8 0.8 Sulphuric Acid 68 20.0 116.0 1.9
Formic Acid 100 37.8 56.1 0.9 Sulphuric Acid 60 15.6 114.1 1.8
Fuell 3 Max 60 15.6 56.0 0.9 Sulphur Trioxide 70 21.1 119.8 1.9
Fuel 5 Min 60 15.6 60.2 1.0 32.6° API Crude 60 15.6 53.8 0.9
Fuel 5 Max 60 15.6 61.9 1.0 35.6° API Crude 60 15.6 52.8 0.8
Fuel 6 Min 60 15.6 61.9 1.0 40° API Crude 60 15.6 51.4 0.8
Fuel Oil (Bunker C) 59 15.6 62.3 1.0 48° API Crude 60 15.6 49.2 0.8
Furfural 68 20.0 72.3 1.2 Tar, Road RT-4 60 15.6 67.4 1.1
Gasoline 60 15.6 46.8 0.8 Tar, Road RT-8 60 15.6 70.5 1.1
Gasoline, Natural 60 15.6 42.4 0.7 Tar, Road RT-12 60 15.6 71.7 1.2
Glucose 60 15.6 87.3 1.4 Terpinene 212 100.0 53.0 0.9
Glycerol (Glycerine) 122 50.0 78.6 1.3 Toluene (Toluol) 68 20.0 54.1 0.9
Glycol 68 20.0 69.2 1.1 Transmission Oil 80 26.7 58.6 0.9
Helium 60 15.6 8.7 0.1 Trichloroethylene 68 20.0 91.5 1.5
Heptane 68 20.0 42.7 0.7 Turpentine 60 15.6 53.9 0.9
Heptane-n 60 15.6 42.9 0.7 Varnish, spar 60 15.6 56.1 0.9
Hexane-n 60 15.6 41.4 0.7 Vegetable Oil 60 15.6 56.8 0.9
Hexanol 77 25.0 50.7 0.8 Water 60 15.6 62.4 1.0
Hydrofluoric Acid 60 15.6 57.4 0.9 Water 100 37.8 61.9 1.0
Hydrogen Chloride 60 15.6 53.6 0.9 Water, Distilled 70 21.1 61.7 1.0
Hydrogen Sulfide 60 15.6 49.3 0.8 Water, sea 60 15.6 64.2 1.0
Ink, printers 60 15.6 74.8 1.2 Whale Oil 60 15.6 57.7 0.9
Ionene 77 25.0 58.3 0.9 Xylol (Xylene) 68 20.0 55.0 0.9
Isobutyl Alcohol 68 20.0 50.5 0.8
➀ Density is shown for the temperature listed.
Isopropyl Alcohol 68 20.0 49.9 0.8
Jet Fuel, grade JP-4 60 15.6 53.0 0.0 ➁ Specific gravity uses water at 60°F as base conditions.
Kerosene 60 15.6 50.8 0.8
Lard 60 15.6 59.9 1.0
17
Properties: Density and Specific Gravity of Selected Gases
Gas Chemical Molecular Density➀ Density➁ Specific➁

Formula Weight lb/ft3 kg/m3 Gravity
Acetylene C2H2 26.04 .0673 1.1459 0.899

Air – 28.96 .0748 1.2740 1.000
Ammonia NH3 17.03 .0440 0.7491 0.588
Argon Ar 39.95 .1032 1.7572 1.379
Bio Gas (65% Methane, 35% CO2) – 25.83 .0668 1.1363 0.892
Butane-N C4H10 58.12 .1502 2.5567 2.007
Butylene C4H8 56.11 .1450 2.4681 1.937
Carbon Dioxide CO2 44.11 .1137 1.9359 1.520
Carbon Monoxide CO 28.01 .0724 1.2321 0.967
Chlorine Cl2 70.91 .1833 3.1205 2.499
Ethane C2H6 30.07 .0777 1.3227 1.038
Ethylene C2H4 28.05 .0725 1.2340 0.969
Helium He 4.00 .0103 0.1761 0.138
Hextane, Average C6H14 86.18 .2227 3.7908 2.976
Hydrogen H2 2.02 .0052 0.0887 0.070
Hydrogen Sulfide H2S 34.08 .0881 1.4997 2.125
Methane CH4 16.04 .0415 0.7057 0.554
Nitric Oxide NO 30.00 .0776 1.3202 1.071
Nitrogen N2 28.01 .0724 1.2323 0.967
Nitrous Oxide N2O 44.01 .1138 1.9367 1.376
Oxygen O2 32.00 .0827 1.4076 1.105
Pentane C5H12 72.15 .1865 3.1738 2.491
Propane C3H8 44.10 .1140 1.9397 1.523
Propylene C3H6 42.08 .1088 1.8510 1.453
Sulphur Dioxide SO2 64.06 .1656 2.8191 2.213
➀ Density is given for gas at 14.7 psia @ +70° F.

➁ Density is given for gas at 1 bar @ +0° C.
18
Properties: Density and Specific Gravity of Saturated Water
Temperature Pressure Density Temperature Pressure Density

S.G. S.G.
°F °C PSI lbs/ft3 °F °C PSI lbs/ft3
32 0 0.09 62.42 1.00 210 99 14.13 59.88 0.96

35 2 0.10 62.42 1.00 212 100 14.70 59.81 0.96
40 4 0.12 62.42 1.00 220 104 17.19 59.63 0.96
45 7 0.15 62.42 1.00 230 110 20.78 59.35 0.95
50 10 0.18 62.42 1.00 240 116 24.97 59.10 0.95
52 11 0.19 62.38 1.00 250 121 29.82 58.82 0.94
54 12 0.21 62.38 1.00 260 127 65.42 58.55 0.94
56 13 0.22 62.38 1.00 270 132 41.83 58.24 0.93
58 14 0.24 62.38 1.00 280 138 49.18 57.94 0.93
60 16 0.26 62.34 1.00 290 143 57.53 57.64 0.92
62 17 0.28 62.34 1.00 300 149 66.98 57.31 0.92
64 18 0.30 62.34 1.00 310 154 77.64 56.98 0.91
66 19 0.32 62.34 1.00 320 160 89.60 56.66 0.91
68 20 0.34 62.31 1.00 330 166 103.00 56.34 0.90
70 21 0.36 62.31 1.00 340 171 117.93 55.96 0.90
72 22 0.39 62.27 1.00 350 177 134.53 55.59 0.89
74 23 0.42 62.27 1.00 360 182 152.92 55.22 0.88
76 24 0.45 62.27 1.00 370 188 173.23 54.85 0.88
78 26 0.48 62.23 1.00 380 193 195.60 54.47 0.87
80 27 0.51 62.23 1.00 390 199 220.20 54.05 0.87
82 28 0.54 62.19 1.00 400 204 247.10 53.65 0.86
84 29 0.58 62.19 1.00 410 210 276.50 53.25 0.85
86 30 0.62 62.15 1.00 420 216 308.50 52.80 0.85
88 31 0.66 62.15 1.00 430 221 343.30 52.38 0.84
90 32 0.70 62.11 1.00 440 227 381.20 51.92 0.83
92 33 0.74 62.07 0.99 450 232 422.10 51.47 0.82
94 34 0.79 62.07 0.99 460 238 466.30 50.99 0.82
96 36 0.84 62.03 0.99 470 243 514.10 50.51 0.81
98 37 0.89 62.03 0.99 480 249 565.50 50.00 0.80
100 38 0.95 62.00 0.99 490 254 620.70 49.48 0.79
110 43 1.28 61.84 0.99 500 260 680.00 48.95 0.78
120 49 1.70 61.69 0.99 520 271 811.40 47.82 0.77
130 54 2.23 61.54 0.99 540 282 961.50 46.62 0.75
140 61 2.89 61.39 0.98 560 293 1131.80 45.31 0.73
150 66 3.72 61.20 0.98 580 304 1324.30 43.90 0.70
160 71 4.74 60.98 0.98 600 316 1541.00 42.32 0.68
170 77 6.00 60.79 0.97 620 327 1784.40 40.57 0.65
180 82 7.52 60.57 0.97 640 338 2057.10 38.57 0.62
190 88 9.34 60.35 0.97 660 349 2362.00 36.14 0.58
200 92 11.53 60.13 0.96 680 360 2705.00 32.98 0.53
700 371 3090.00 27.28 0.44
705 374 3204.00 19.79 0.32
19
Properties: Density of Superheated Steam and Compressed Water
Temperature Superheated Steam and Compressed Water Density lbm/ft3

1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 750 1000
°F °C PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA
32 0 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.46 62.54 62.58 62.62
40 4 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.42 62.46 62.54 62.58 62.62
60 16 62.37 62.37 62.37 62.37 62.37 62.37 62.37 62.42 62.46 62.50 62.58
80 27 62.23 62.23 62.23 62.23 62.23 62.23 62.23 62.27 62.31 62.38 62.42
100 38 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.00 62.04 62.07 62.15 62.19
120 49 .002901 61.73 61.73 61.73 61.73 61.73 61.73 61.77 61.81 61.84 61.88
140 60 .002804 .005619 61.39 61.39 61.39 61.39 61.39 61.43 61.46 61.50 61.58
160 71 .002713 .005435 60.98 60.98 61.01 61.01 61.01 61.01 61.09 61.13 61.20
180 82 .002628 .005263 .01321 60.55 60.57 60.57 60.57 60.61 60.68 60.72 60.75
200 93 .002548 .005101 .01280 .02575 60.10 60.13 60.13 60.13 60.21 60.24 60.31
220 104 .002472 .004950 .01241 .02495 59.59 59.60 59.60 59.67 59.70 59.77 59.81
240 116 .002402 .004807 .01205 .02420 .04885 59.10 59.10 59.10 59.17 59.24 59.28
260 127 .002334 .004672 .01171 .02351 .04738 58.51 58.55 58.55 58.62 58.69 58.72
280 138 .002271 .004545 .01139 .02285 .04602 57.94 57.94 57.97 58.04 58.07 58.14
300 149 .002211 .004425 .01108 .02223 .04473 .1140 57.31 57.34 57.41 57.57 57.54
320 160 .002154 .004311 .01079 .02165 .04352 .1107 56.63 56.66 56.75 56.82 56.88
340 171 .002100 .004203 .01052 .02109 .04239 .1076 .2213 55.96 56.05 56.12 56.18
360 182 .002049 .004100 .01026 .02057 .04131 .1047 .2146 55.22 55.31 55.40 55.46
380 193 .002000 .004002 .01002 .02007 .04029 .1019 .2084 54.47 54.56 54.65 54.71
400 204 .001954 .003908 .009781 .01960 .03933 .09938 .2026 .4238 53.74 53.82 53.91
420 216 .001909 .003819 .009557 .01914 .03841 .09696 .1973 .4104 52.88 52.97 53.08
440 227 .001866 .003734 .009343 .01871 .03753 09466 .1923 .3982 51.98 52.08 52.17
460 238 .001826 .003653 .009139 .01830 .03670 .09249 .1876 .3870 50.99 51.13 51.23
480 249 .001787 .003575 .008944 .01791 .03590 .09042 .1832 .3766 1.049 50.08 50.20
500 260 .001750 .003500 .008756 .01753 .03514 .08845 .1790 .3670 1.008 48.97 49.12
520 271 .001714 .003429 .008576 .01717 03441 .08657 .1750 .3580 .9728 1.603 47.94
540 282 .001680 .003360 .008405 .01682 .03371 .08477 .1712 .3496 .9413 1.530 46.64
560 293 .001647 .003294 .008239 .01649 .03304 .08305 .1676 .3416 .9128 1.468 2.142
580 304 .001615 .003230 .008080 .01617 .03240 .08140 .1642 .3341 .8870 1.415 2.035
600 316 .001585 .003169 .007927 .01587 .03178 .07982 .1609 .3270 .8633 1.367 1.947
620 327 .001555 .003111 .007780 .01557 .03119 .07830 .1577 .3202 .8413 1.325 1.871
640 338 .001527 .003054 .007638 .01529 .03061 .07683 .1547 .3137 .8209 1.287 1.804
660 349 .001499 .002999 .007501 .01501 .03006 .07543 .1518 .3076 .8019 1.252 1.746
680 360 .001473 .002947 .007369 .01475 .02953 .07408 .1490 .3017 .7840 1.219 1.693
700 371 .001448 .002896 .007242 .01449 .02902 .07278 .1464 .2960 .7671 1.189 1.645
720 382 .001423 .002847 .007119 .01425 .02852 .07152 .1438 .2906 .7510 1.161 1.601
740 393 .001400 .002799 .007000 .01401 .02804 .07030 .1413 .2854 .7359 1.135 1.560
760 404 .001376 .002753 .006885 .01378 .02758 .06913 .1389 .2804 .7215 1.111 1.523
780 416 .001354 .002709 .006774 .01355 .02713 .06800 .1366 .2755 .7077 1.087 1.488
800 427 .001333 .002666 .006666 .01334 .02670 .06690 .1344 .2709 .6946 1.065 1.455
820 438 .001312 .002624 .006562 .01313 .02628 .06584 .1322 .2664 .6820 1.045 1.424
840 449 .001292 002584 .006461 .01293 .02587 .06482 .1301 .2621 .6700 1.025 1.394
860 460 .001272 .002545 .006363 .01273 .02548 .06382 .1281 .2579 .6584 1.006 1.367
880 471 .001253 .002507 .006268 .01254 .02509 .06286 .1261 .2539 .6473 .9877 1.340
900 482 .001235 .002470 .006175 .01235 .02472 .06192 .1242 .2500 .6366 .9703 1.315
920 493 .001217 .002434 .006086 .01217 .02436 .06101 .1224 .2462 .6263 .9537 1.291
940 504 .001199 .002399 .005998 .01200 .02401 .06013 .1206 .2425 .6163 .9377 1.269
960 516 .001182 .002365 .005914 .01183 .02367 .05928 .1187 .2389 .6068 .9223 1.247
980 527 .001166 .002332 .005832 .01167 .02334 .05845 .1172 .2355 .5976 .9075 1.226
1000 538 .001150 .002300 .005752 .01151 .02302 .05764 .1155 .2321 .5885 .8933 1.206
Saturated Steam .002998 .005755 .01360 .02603 .04978 .1175 .2257 .4372 1.078 1.641 2.242
Saturated Water 61.96 61.61 60.94 60.28 59.42 57.90 56.37 54.38 50.63 48.33 46.32
Tsat °F 101.74 126.07 162.24 193.21 227.96 281.02 327.82 381.80 467.01 510.84 544.58
20
Properties: Specific Gravity of Petroleum Products
Temperature Relationship for Petroleum Oils

(Reproduced by permission from the Oil and Gas Journal)
1.0
S – Specific Gravity of Oil at any Temperature (Referred to water at 60° F)

Specific Gravity
0.9 60/60
1.04
API Gravity
1.00
.98 at 60° F
0.8 .96
.94 7
.92 10 .1
.90 12.9 .0
.88 1 5
19.0 .9
.86
0.7 22.3
.84 25.7
.82
.80 29
.3
.7 33.
0
.7 8 37
0.6 .74 6 41 . 0
.7 45 .1
.7 2 49 .4
.6 0 5 .9
.6 8
6 59 4.7
. 6 24
.7
0.
0.5
4
6
65 .6
0. 564
.0
70 .6
58
76 .9
0.
82 .5
4
89 H 12
C5
0.5
0.4
09
C4
C4
H 10
H 10
0.37
C 3H
8
0.3
C 2H 6
CRITICAL TEMPERATURE
0.2
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
Temp. (°F)
C₂H₆ = Ethane Example: The specific gravity of an oil at 60°F is 0.85. The
C₃H₈ = Propane specific gravity at 100°F = 0.83.
C₄H₁₀ = Butane To find the weight density of a petroleum oil at its flowing
iC₄H₁₀ = Isobutane temperature when the specific gravity at 60°F is known,
iC₅H₁₂ = Isopentane multiply the specific gravity of the oil at flowing temperature
(see chart above) by 62.4, the density of water at 60°F.
*Reprinted from Crane Company’s Technical Paper 410.
Specific Gravity versus API Gravity

(for hydrocarbon based products and water gravity °A.P.I.)
°API
1.00
0.90
Specific Gravity
0.80
0.70
0.60 141.5
°API = – 131.5
G
0.50
150 130 110 90 70 50 30 10 0
21
Properties: Density of Air
Temperature Air Density lbm/ft3

14.73 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
°F °C PSIA PSIA
PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA
–40 –40 0.0949 0.6488 1.3087 1.9796 2.661 3.3525 4.0533 4.7628 5.4768 6.2031 6.9315 7.6632
–20 –29 0.0905 0.6182 1.245 1.8799 2.5227 3.1728 3.8295 4.492 5.1594 5.8308 6.5051 7.1811
0 –18 0.0866 0.5905 1.1875 1.7906 2.3995 3.0135 3.6321 4.2547 4.8805 5.5086 6.1382 6.7684
20 – 7 0.0830 0.5652 1.1353 1.71 2.2887 2.8711 3.4567 4.0447 4.6347 5.2258 5.8175 6.409
40 4 0.0797 0.5421 1.0878 1.6368 2.1886 2.7429 3.2992 3.857 4.4157 4.9748 5.5338 6.092
60 16 0.0765 0.5208 1.0442 1.5699 2.0974 2.6266 3.1569 3.6879 4.2191 4.7502 5.2805 5.8098
80 27 0.0737 0.5012 1.0041 1.5085 2.0141 2.5205 3.0275 3.5347 4.0416 4.5478 5.0529 5.5567
100 38 0.0711 0.4829 0.9670 1.4519 1.9375 2.4234 2.9093 3.3949 3.8798 4.3637 4.8464 5.3274
120 49 0.0687 0.4660 0.9327 1.3997 1.8668 2.3339 2.8006 3.2666 3.7316 4.1954 4.6577 5.1184
140 60 0.0664 0.4503 0.9007 1.3511 1.8013 2.2511 2.7001 3.1482 3.5951 4.0406 4.4845 4.9265
160 71 0.0641 0.4356 0.871 1.3061 1.7406 2.1744 2.6073 3.0391 3.4695 3.8985 4.3257 4.7509
180 82 0.0621 0.4218 0.8432 1.264 1.684 2.103 2.521 2.938 3.3529 3.7665 4.1783 4.5882
200 93 0.0602 0.4089 0.8171 1.2246 1.6311 2.0364 2.4405 2.8432 3.2444 3.6439 4.0417 4.4375
220 104 0.0585 0.3967 0.7927 1.1877 1.5815 1.9741 2.3654 2.7551 3.1432 3.5296 3.9144 4.2972
240 116 0.0568 0.3853 0.7697 1.1529 1.5349 1.9156 2.2948 2.6725 3.0485 3.4228 3.7953 4.1658
260 127 0.0552 0.3745 0.7480 1.1202 1.4911 1.8606 2.2288 2.5956 2.9608 3.3239 3.6846 4.0424
280 138 0.0537 0.3644 0.7275 1.0893 1.4497 1.8088 2.1666 2.5231 2.8779 3.2306 3.4803 3.9264
300 149 0.0523 0.3547 0.7081 1.0601 1.4107 1.7599 2.1078 2.4546 2.7997 3.1424 3.4819 3.8174
320 160 0.0510 0.3456 0.6898 1.0325 1.3737 1.7136 1.9997 2.3897 2.7256 3.059 3.389 3.7147
340 171 0.0497 0.3369 0.6724 1.0063 1.3388 1.6698 2.0523 2.6553 2.6553 2.98 3.3013 3.6184
Properties: Speed of Sound
Gases m/sec ft/sec Vapors m/sec ft/sec

air, dry 331 1086 acetone 230 755
ammonia 415 1362 benzene 202 663
argon 308 1010 carbon tetrachloride 145 476
carbon dioxide 259 850 chloroform 171 561
carbon monoxide 338 1109 ethanol 269 883
chlorine 206 676 ethyl ether 206 676
deuterium 890 2920 methanol 335 1099
ethane 308 1010 water 494 1621
ethylene 317 1040
helium 965 3166
hydrogen 1284 4213 Note: the speed of sound in gases is measured at 32°F (0°C)
except ethane and nitric oxide which is measured at 50°F (10°C).
hydrogen bromide 200 656 The speed of sound in vapors is measured at 206°F (97°C) except
hydrogen chloride 206 676 water which is measured at 270°F (134°C).
hydrogen iodide 157 515
hydrogen sulfide 289 948
illuminating (coal gas) 453 1486
methane 430 1411
neon 435 1427
nitric oxide 324 1063
nitrogen 334 1096
nitrous oxide 263 863
oxygen 316 1037
sulfur dioxide 213 699
22
Properties: Dielectric Constants of Liquids
This listing contains dielectric values for the most commonly Non-conductive materials are those with dielectric values less
used materials. This information can be used to help select a than 10. Conductive materials are those with dielectric values
probe, establish how much capacitance information your greater than 10.
particular application will develop, or determine the effect of a
coating on the probe.
Temperature Dielectric Temperature Dielectric

Liquids Liquids Constant
°F °C Constant °F °C
Acenaphthene 70 21 3.0 Arsenic Trichloride 70 21 12.4
Acetal 70 21 3.6 Arsenic Triiodide 302 150 7.0
Acetaldehyde 50 10 22.2 Arsine -58 -50 2.7
Acetaldoxime 70 21 3.4 Asphalt 75 24 2.7
Acetamide 68 20 4.0 Azoxyanisole 122 50 2.3
Acetanilide 71 22 2.9 Azoxybenzene 104 40 5.1
Acetic Acid 65 18 6.1 BPA 68 20 5.0
Acetic Anhydride 70 21 22.0 Beef Talo 70 21 2.8
Acetone 75 24 20.7 Benzal Chloride 68 20 6.9
Acetone 80 27 20.7 Benzaldehyde 68 20 17.0
Acetone 130 54 17.7 Benzaldoxime 68 20 3.8
Acetonitrile 70 21 37.5 Benzene 68 20 2.3
Acetophenone 75 24 17.3 Benzil 202 95 13.0
Acetoxime 75 24 3.0 Benzonitrile 68 20 26.0
Acetylacetone 68 20 23.1 Benzonitrile 160 71 22.0
Acetylbromide 68 20 16.5 Benzophenone 68 20 13.0
Acetylchloride 68 20 15.8 Benzophenone 122 50 11.4
Acetylmethyl Hexyl Ketone 66 19 27.9 Benzotrichloride 68 20 7.4
Acrylic Resin 70 20 3.0 Benzoylacetone 68 20 3.8
Aliphatic Amine 195 90 7.2 Benzoyl Chloride 158 70 22.1
Allyl Alcohol 70 21 21.0 Benzoyl Chloride 75 24 19.0
Allyl Bromide 66 19 7.0 Benzyl Acetate 70 21 5.0
Allyl Chloride 68 20 8.2 Benzyl Alcohol 68 20 13.0
Allyl Iodide 66 19 6.1 Benzylamine 68 20 4.6
Allyl Isothiocyanate 64 18 17.5 Benzyl Benzoate 68 20 4.8
Alluminum Bromide 212 100 3.4 Benzyl Chloride 68 20 6.4
Alluminum Oleate 68 20 2.4 Benzyl Cyanide 68 20 18.3
Alox 600 130 54 4.1 Benzyl Ethylamine 68 20 4.3
Aminox 275 135 2.4 Benzyl Methylamine 67 19 4.4
Ammonia -30 -34 22.4 Benzyl Salicylate 68 20 4.1
Ammonia -104 -75 25.0 Bornyl Acetate 70 21 4.6
Ammonia 75 24 16.9 Boron Bromide 32 0 2.6
Ammonia, Aqueous 70 21 16.8 Boronyl Chloride 202 95 5.2
Amyl Acetate 68 20 5.0 Bromal 70 21 7.6
Amyl Alcohol -180 -118 35.5 Bromocotyl Bromide 68 20 12.6
Amyl Alcohol 68 20 15.8 Bromohexadecane 76 24 3.7
Amyl Alcohol 140 60 11.2 Bromine 68 20 3.1
Amylamine 72 22 4.6 Bromo-2-Ethoxyheptane 68 20 5.5
Amyl Benzoate 68 20 5.1 Bromoaniline 66 19 13.0
Amyl Bromide 50 10 6.3 Bromoanisole 86 30 7.1
Amyl Chloride 52 11 6.6 Bromobenzene 68 20 5.4
Amylene 70 21 2.0 Bromobutylene 68 20 5.8
Amylene Bromide 58 14 5.6 Bromobutyric Acid 68 20 7.2
Amyl Ether 60 16 3.1 Bromodecane 76 24 4.4
Amyl Formate 66 19 5.7 Bromodocosane 130 54 3.1
Amyl Iodide 62 17 6.9 Bromododocane 76 24 4.1
Amylmercapton 68 20 4.7 Bromo-2-Othoxypentane 76 24 6.5
Amyl Nitrate 62 17 9.1 Bromoform 68 20 4.4
Amyl Thiocyanate 68 20 17.4 Bromoheptane 76 24 5.3
Aniline 32 0 7.8 Bromohexane 76 24 5.8
Aniline 68 20 7.3 Bromolsovoleric Acid 68 20 6.5
Aniline 212 100 5.5 Bromonaphtholene 66 19 5.1
Anisaldehyde 68 20 15.8 Bromooctodecane 86 30 3.5
Anisoldoxine 145 63 9.2 Bromopentaeocane 68 20 3.9
Anisole 68 20 4.3 Bromoproplonic Acid 68 20 11.0
Antimony Pentachloride 68 20 3.2 Bromotoluene 68 20 5.1
Antimony Tribromide 212 100 20.9 Bromotridecone 50 10 4.2
Antimony Trichloride 166 74 33.0 Bromoundecone 15 –9 4.7
Antimony Tricodide 347 175 13.9 Butane 30 –1 1.4
Arsenic Tribromide 98 37 9.0 N-Butylacetate 66 19 5.1
23
Properties: Dielectric Constants of Liquids (cont.)

Liquids Constant Liquids Constant
°F °C °F °C
Iso-Butylacetate 68 20 5.6 Cresol 75 24 5.0
Iso-Butylamine 70 21 4.5 Crisco Oil 130 54 2.2
N-Butyl Alcohol 66 19 7.8 Crotonic Nitrice 68 20 28.0
Iso-Butyl Alcohol 112 45 31.7 Cumaldehyde 59 15 11.0
Iso-Butyl Alochol 32 0 20.5 Cumene 68 20 2.4
Iso-Butyl Alcohol 68 20 18.7 Cumicaldehyde 58 14 10.7
Butylomine 70 21 5.4 Cupric Oxide 60 16 18.1
N-Butyl Bromide 68 20 6.6 Cyanoacetic Acid 40 4 33.0
Butyl Chlorol 64 18 10.0 Cyanoethyl Acetate 68 20 19.3
Butyl Chloride 68 20 9.6 Cyanogen 73 23 2.6
N-Butyl Formate 317 158 2.4 Cyclohedane 68 20 2.0
N-Butyl Iodide 77 25 6.1 Cyclohexane 68 20 2.0
Iso-Butyl Iodide 68 20 5.8 Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acid 88 31 2.6
Iso-Butyl Nitrate 66 19 11.9 Cyclohexanone oxime 192 89 3.0
Butyric Anhydride 68 20 12.0 Cyclohexanemethanol 140 60 9.7
Butyroldehyda 79 26 13.4 Cyclohexanone 68 20 18.2
Butyric Acid 68 20 2.8 Cyclohexylomine –5 –21 5.3
N-Butyricacid 68 20 2.9 Cyclohexylphenol 130 54 4.0
Iso-Butyric Acid 68 20 2.7 Cyclohexyltrifluoromethane -120 -84 11.0
Butyric Anhydride 68 20 12.9 Cyclohexanol 77 25 15.0
Butyronitrile 70 21 20.7 Cyclopentane 68 20 2.2
Iso-Butyronitrile 75 24 20.8 P-Cymene 63 17 2.3
Cable Oil 75 24 2.2 Cymene 62 17 2.3
Camphanedione 398 203 16.0 Decahydronaphthalene 68 20 2.2
Camphene 68 20 2.7 Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane 68 20 2.5
Camphorpinacane 68 20 3.6 Decamethyltetrasiloxane 68 20 2.4
Caproic Acid 160 71 2.6 Decane 68 20 2.0
Caprolactum 180 82 13.1 Decane 340 171 1.8
Caprylic Acid 65 18 3.2 Decylene 62 17 2.7
Carbon Dioxide 32 0 1.6 Decyne 68 20 2.2
Carbon Dioxide -110 -80 2.1 Decanol 68 20 8.1
Carbon Disulfide 68 20 2.6 Deuterium 68 20 1.3
Carbon Tetrachloride 68 20 2.2 Deuterium Oxide 76 24 78.3
Carvenone 68 20 18.4 Diacetoxybutane 76 24 6.6
Carveol 64 18 11.2 Diallyl Sufide 68 20 4.9
Carvone 71 22 11.0 Dibenzyl Sebacate 68 20 4.6
Castor Oil 58 14 4.8 Dibroheptane 24 -4 5.1
Castor Oil 75 24 2.6 Dibromobenzene 68 20 8.8
Camphene 104 40 2.3 P-Dibromobenzene 190 88 4.5
Camphoric Imide 480 249 5.5 Dibromobutane 68 20 5.7
Cetyl Iodide 68 20 3.3 Dibromoethylene 32 0 7.7
Chloral Hydrate 59 15 5.5 Dibromomethane 50 10 7.8
Chlorocetic Acid 140 60 12.3 Dibromoheptane 76 24 5.1
Chlorine 32 0 2.0 Dibromohexane 76 24 5.0
Chloroocelle Acid 68 20 21.0 Dibromopropane 68 20 4.3
Chloroacetone 68 20 29.8 Dibromopropyl Alcohol 70 21 9.1
Chlorobenzene 68 20 5.9 Dibenzylomine 68 20 3.6
Chlorobenzene 212 100 4.7 Dibutyl phtolote 86 30 6.4
Chlorocyclohexane 76 24 7.6 Dibutyl tartrote 109 43 9.4
Chloroheptane 71 22 5.5 Dichlorocetic Acid 68 20 10.7
Chloroform 32 0 5.5 Dibutyl sebacote 86 30 4.5
Chlorohexanone oxime 192 89 3.0 Dichlorocotone 68 20 14.0
Chlorohydrate 68 20 3.3 O-Dichlorobenzone 77 25 7.5
Chloronophtholene 76 24 5.0 P-Dichlorobenzone 68 20 2.9
O-Chlorophenol 66 19 8.2 O-Dichlorobenzene 68 20 7.5
3-Chloro-1, Dihydroxprone 68 20 31.0 Dichlorobenzene 127 53 2.8
Chlorooctane 76 24 5.1 1, 2-Dichloroethane 77 25 10.7
Chlorotoluene 68 20 4.7 Dichloroethane 68 20 16.7
Cholestrol 80 27 2.9 Dichlorostyrene 76 24 2.6
Chorine 170 77 1.7 Dichlorotoluene 68 20 6.9
Chromyl Chloride 68 20 2.6 Dicyclohexyladipate 95 35 4.8
Cis-3-Hexene 76 24 2.1 1-Diethoxyethane 76 24 3.8
Cinnamaldehyde 75 24 16.9 Diethyloniline 66 19 5.5
Citranconic Anhydride 68 20 40.3 Diethyl Benzalmalamate 32 0 8.0
Cocaine 68 20 3.1 Diethyl Di-malmate 64 18 10.2
Copper Oleate 68 20 2.8 Diethyl Disulfide 64 18 15.9
Creosol 62 17 10.6 Diethyl Glutarate 86 30 6.7
O-Cresol 75 24 5.8 Diethyl Ketone 58 14 17.3
M-Cresol 75 24 5.0 Diethyl-L-malate 68 20 9.5
P-Cresol 75 24 5.6 Diethyl Malanate 70 21 7.9
24

°F °C °F °C
Diethylamine 68 20 3.7 Ethyl Acetate 68 20 6.4
Diethyl Oxalate 70 21 8.2 Ethyl Acetoacetate 71 22 15.9
Diethyl Oxalacetate 66 19 6.1 Ethyl Acetoneoxalate 66 19 16.1
Diethyl Racemote 68 20 4.5 Ethyl Acetophenoneoxalate 66 19 3.3
Diethyl Sebacate 86 30 5.0 Ethyl Alcohol 77 25 24.3
Diethyl Succinate 86 30 6.6 Ethyl Acrylate 257 125 11.7
Diethyl Succinosuccinate 66 19 2.5 Ethylamine 70 21 6.3
Diethyl Sulfide 68 20 7.2 Ethyl Amyl Ether 68 20 4.0
Diethyl Sulfite 68 20 15.9 Ethyloniline 68 20 5.9
Diethyl Tortrate 68 20 4.5 Ethyl Benzene 68 0 5.5
Diethyl Disulfide 66 19 15.9 Ethyl Benzoate 68 20 6.0
Dihydrocoroane 66 19 8.7 Ethyl Benzoylacetate 68 20 12.8
Dihydrocorvane 66 19 8.5 Ethyl Benzoylacetoacetate 70 21 8.6
Diimylamine 64 18 2.5 Ethyl Benzyl Ether 68 20 3.8
Diioomylene 62 17 2.4 Ethyl 1-Brombutyrate 68 20 8.0
Diiodoethylene 180 82 4.0 Ethyl Bromide 64 18 4.9
Diiodomethane 76 24 5.3 Ethyl Bromoisobutyrate 68 20 7.9
Diisoomyl 62 17 2.0 Ethyl Bromoproprionate 68 20 9.4
Diisobutylomine 71 22 2.7 Ethyl Butyrate 68 20 5.1
Dimethoxybenzene 73 23 4.5 Ethyl Carbonate 68 20 3.1
Dimethylbromoethylene 68 20 6.7 Ethyl Chloracetate 68 20 11.6
Dimethyldichloro Silane 68 20 12.3 Ethyl Chloroformate 68 20 11.3
Dimethyleyclohexyomine 180 82 4.4 Ethyl Chloropropionate 68 20 10.1
Dimethyloniline 68 20 4.4 Ethyl Cinnamate 66 19 5.3
Dimethyl Ethyl 68 20 11.7 Ethyl Cyanoacetate 68 20 27.0
Dimethyl Ethyl Carbinol 68 20 11.7 Ethyl Cyclobutane 68 20 2.0
Dimethylheptane 68 20 1.9 Ethyl Dodeconoate 68 20 3.4
Dimethyl-2-hexane 68 20 2.4 Ethylene Chloride 68 20 10.5
Dimethyl-1-Hydroxybenzene 62 17 4.8 Ethylene Chlorohydrin 75 24 25.0
Dimethyl Malanate 68 20 10.4 Ethylene Cyanide 136 58 58.3
Dimethyl Oxalate 68 20 3.0 Ethylenediamine 64 18 16.0
Dimethylpentane 68 20 1.9 Ethylene Glycol 68 20 37.0
Dimethylquinoxaline 76 24 2.3 Ethylene Oxide 30 –1 13.9
Dimethyl Sulfide 68 20 6.3 Ethyl Ether –148 –100 8.1
Dimethyl Sulfate 68 20 55.0 Ethyl Ether –40 –40 5.7
D imethyltoluidine 68 20 3.3 Ethyl Ether 68 20 4.3
M-Dinitro Benzene 68 20 2.8 Ethyl Ethoxybenzoate 70 21 7.1
Dinitrogen Oxide 32 0 1.6 Ethyl Formate 66 19 8.4
Dinitrogen Tetroxide 58 14 2.5 Ethyl Formylphenylacetate 68 20 3.0
Dioctyl phthalate 76 24 5.1 Ethyl Fumorate 73 23 6.5
Dioxane 1,4 77 25 2.2 Ethyl Iodide 68 20 7.4
Dipolmitin 161 72 3.5 Ethyl 2-Iodoproprionate 68 20 8.8
Dipentene 68 20. 2.3 Ethyl Iso-Thioconate 68 20 19.7
Diphenyl 166 74 2.5 Ethyl Isothiocyanate 68 20 19.7
Diphenylomine 125 52 3.3 Ethyl Levulinate 70 21 12.1
Diphenylethane 230 110 2.4 Ethyl Maleate 73 23 8.5
Diphenyl Ether 82 28 3.9 Ethyl Mercoptan 68 20 8.0
Diphenylmethane 62 17 2.6 Ethyl Nitrate 68 20 19.7
Diproppylomine 70 21 2.9 Ethyl Oleate 80 27 3.2
Dipropyl Ketone 62 17 12.6 Ethyl Polmitate 68 20 3.2
Distearin 172 78 3.3 Ethyl Pentane 68 20 1.9
Docosane 122 50 2.0 Ethyl Phenylacetate 70 21 5.4
Dodeanol 76 24 6.5 Ethyl Propionate 68 20 5.7
Dodecamethylcyclohexisolox 68 20 2.6 Ethyl Solicylate 70 21 8.6
Dodecamethylpentasiloxane 68 20 2.5 Ethyl Silicate 68 20 4.1
Dodecyne 76 24 2.2 Ethyl Stearate 104 40 3.0
Dowtherm 70 21 3.4 Ethyl Toluene 76 24 2.2
Epichlorohydrin 68 20 22.9 Ethyl Trichloroacetate 68 20 7.8
Epon Resin 75 24 13.3 Ethyl Thiocyanate 68 20 29.6
Ethonediomine 68 20 14.2 Ethyl Undeconoate 68 20 3.6
Ethanethiol 58 14 6.9 Ethyl Volerate 68 20 4.7
Ethanethiolic Acid 68 20 13.0 Ethyl Benzene 76 24 3.0
Ethanol 77 25 24.3 Etibine –58 –50 2.5
Ether 75 25 4.3 Eugenol 64 18 6.1
Ethoxybenzene 68 20 4.2 Fenchone 68 20 12.0
Ethoxyethyl Acetate 86 30 7.6 Ferric Oleate 68 20 2.6
Ethoxypentane 73 23 3.6 Ferrous Oxide 60 16 14.2
Ethoxy-3-metylbutane 68 20 4.0 Ferrous Sulfate 58 14 14.2
Ethoxytoluene 68 20 3.9 Flexol 75 24 5.3
Ethoxynaphthalene 66 19 3.3 Flourine -332 -20 1.5
25

°F °C °F °C
Fluorotoluene 86 30 4.2 Isoamyl Volerate 66 20 3.6
Formamide 68 20 84.0 Isobutyl Acetate 68 20 5.6
Formic Acid 60 16 58.5 Isobutyl Alcohol 68 20 18.7
Freon 12 70 21 2.4 Isobutylamine 70 21 4.5
Freon 11 70 21 3.1 Isobutyl Benzene 62 17 2.3
Freon 113 70 21 2.6 Isobutyl Benzoate 68 20 5.9
Furan 76 24 2.9 Isobutyl Bromide 68 20 6.6
Furfuraldehyde 68 20 41.9 Isobutyl Bulyrate 68 20 4.0
Furmanium Tetrachloride 76 24 2.4 Isobutyl Chloride 68 20 7.1
Furfural 70 21 42.0 Isobutyl Cyanide 74 23 13.3
Gasoline 70 21 2.0 Isobutyl Chloroformate 68 20 9.2
Germanium Tetrachloride 77 25 2.4 Isobutyl Formate 66 18 6.5
Grapeseed Oil 60 16 2.9 Isobutylene Bromide 68 20 4.0
Glycerine 68 20 47.0 Isobutyl Iodide 68 20 5.8
Glycerol 68 20 43.0 Isobutyl Nitrate 66 19 11.9
Glycerol 32 0 47.2 Isobutyl Rininoleate 70 21 4.7
Glycerol Triacetate 70 21 6.0 Isobutyl Volerate 66 19 3.8
Glycol 68 20 42.2 Isobutryic Acid 68 20 2.6
Glycol 122 50 35.6 Isobutryic Anhydride 68 20 13.9
Glycolic Nitrile 68 20 27.0 Isobutyronitrila 75 24 20.8
Guaiacol 0 –18 11.0 Isocopronitrilo 68 20 15.7
Glucohepititol 248 120 27.0 Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA) 68 20 18.3
Hagemannic Ester 68 20 10.6 Isopropylamine 68 20 5.5
Helium-3 58 14 1.1 Isopropyl Benzene 68 20 2.4
Heptadecconome 140 60 5.3 Isopropylether 77 25 3.9
Heptane 68 20 1.9 Isopropyl Nitrate 66 19 11.5
Heptanone 68 20 11.9 Isoquinoline 76 24 10.7
Heptanoic Acid 160 71 2.6 Isonofrol 70 21 3.4
Heptyl Alcohol 70 21 6.7 IsoValeric Acid 68 20 2.7
Hexamethylene 75 24 14.1 Jet Fuel (Military—JP4) 70 21 1.7
Hexamethylene Diamine 150 66 6.0 Kerosene 70 21 1.8
Hexomethyldisiloxane 68 20 2.2 Lactic Acid 66 19 19.4
Hexane 68 20 1.9 Lactonitrilla 68 20 38.4
Hexanol 76 24 13.3 Lead Carbonate 60 16 18.1
Hexanone 59 15 14.6 Lead Nomoxide 60 16 25.9
Hexdecamethylcyloheptasiloxane 68 20 2.7 Lead Oleate 64 18 3.2
Hexyl Iodide 68 20 6.6 Lead Tetrachloride 68 20 2.8
Hexylene 62 17 2.0 Lemon Oil 70 21 2.3
Hydrocyanic Acid 70 21 2.3 Limonene 68 20 2.3
Hydrofluoric Acid 32 0 83.6 Linseed Oil 55 13 3.4
Hydrogen -423 -253 1.2 Linoleic Acid 32 0 2.9
Hydrogen Bromide 76 24 3.8 Lonone 65 18 10.0
Hydrogen Chloride 82 28 4.6 Malonic Nitrate 97 36 47.0
Hydrogen Cyanide 70 21 95.4 Maleic Anhydride 140 60 51.0
Hydrogen Fluoride 32 0 84.0 Mannitol 71 22 3.0
Hydrogen Iodide 72 22 2.9 Mandelic Nitrile 73 23 18.1
Hydrogen Peroxide 32 0 84.2 Mandenitrile 73 23 17.0
Hydrogen Sulfide –120 –84 9.3 Menthol 107 42 4.0
Hydrogen Sulfide 48 9 5.8 Menthenol 110 43 2.1
Hydroxy-4-Methyl-2-Pentanone 76 24 18.2 Methallmine 77 25 9.4
Hydroxymethylene Camphor 86 30 5.2 Methoxyethyl Stearate 140 60 3.4
Hydroxymethylenebenzyl Cyanide 68 20 6 Mercury Diethyl 68 20 2.3
Hydrazine 68 20 52.9 Mesitylene 68 20 2.4
Indanol 140 60 7.8 Mesitylene 68 20 3.4
Ido-Iedohexodecane 68 20 3.5 Mesityl Oxide 68 20 15.4
Iodine 284 140 11.0 Methal Cyanacetate 69 21 29.4
Iodohexane 68 20 5.4 Methane 32 0 1.6
Iodoheptane 71 22 4.9 Methane -280 -173 1.7
Iodomethane 68 20 7.0 Methanol 77 25 33.6
Iodotoluene 68 20 6.1 Methoxybenzene 76 24 4.3
Isoamyl Alcohol 74 23 15.3 Methoxytoluene 68 20 3.5
Iodooctane 76 24 4.6 Methoxy-4-Methylphenol 60 16 11.0
Isoamyl Bromide 76 24 6.1 Methyl Acetate 68 20 7.3
Isoamyl Butyrate 68 20 3.9 Methyl Acetopheononoaxalate 64 18 2.8
Isoamyl Chlorocetate 68 20 7.8 Methylal 68 20 2.7
Isoamyl Chloride 64 18 6.4 Methyl Alcohol –112 –80 56.6
Isoamyl Chloroformate 68 20 7.8 Methyl Alcohol 32 0 37.5
Isoamyl Iodide 65 18 5.6 Methyl Alcohol 68 20 33.1
Isoamyl Propionate 68 20 4.2 Methylamine 70 21 10.5
Isoamyl Solicylate 68 20 5.4 Methyl Benzoate 68 20 6.6
26

°F °C °F °C
Methyl Benzylamine 65 18 4.4 Octic Acid 68 20 2.5
Methyl Butane 68 20 1.8 Oil, Almond 68 20 2.8
Methyl Butyl Ketone 62 17 12.4 Oil, Cottonseed 57 14 3.1
Methyl Butyrate 68 20 5.6 Oil, Grapeseed 61 16 2.9
Methyl Chloracetate 68 20 12.9 Oil, Lemon 70 21 2.3
Methyl Chloride 77 25 12.9 Oil, Linseed 55 13 3.4
Methyl Cyclohexonal 68 20 13.0 Oil, Olive 68 20 3.1
Methyl Cyclohexanone 192 89 18.0 Oil, Paraffin 68 20 2.2–4.7
Methyl Cyclopentane 68 20 2.0 Oil, Peanut 52 11 3.0
Methyl-1-Cyclopentanol 95 35 6.9 Oil, Petroleum 68 20 2.1
Methylene Chloride 70 20 9.3 Oil, Pyranol 68 20 5.3
Methylene Iodide 70 21 5.1 Oil, Sesame 55 13 3.0
Methyl Ether 78 26 5.0 Oil, Sperm 68 20 3.2
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 72 22 18.4 Oil, Terpentine 68 20 2.2
Methyl Ethyl Ketoxime 68 20 3.4 Oil, Transformer 68 20 2.2
Methyl Heptanol 68 20 5.3 Oleic Acid 68 20 2.5
Methyl Hexane 68 20 1.9 Palmitic Acid 160 71 2.3
Methyl Kezyl Ketone 62 17 10.7 Paraldehyde 68 20 14.5
Methyl Iodide 68 20 7.1 Peanut Oil 110 43 3.5
Methyl-5 Ketocyclohexylene 68 20 24.0 Pentochloroethane 60 16 3.7
Methyl Nitrobenzoate 80 27 27.0 Pentane 68 20 1.8
Methyl Octane 69 21 30.0 Phenethiene 68 20 2.8
Methoxyphenol 82 28 11.0 Phenenthrene 230 110 2.7
Methyl O-Methoxybenzoate 70 21 7.8 Phenetidine 70 21 7.3
Methyl-2, 4-Pentonddiol 86 30 24.4 Phenetole 70 21 4.5
Methyl-2-Pentoene 68 21 13.1 Phenol 130 54 8.8
Methylphenyl Hydrazin 66 19 7.3 Phenol Ether 85 29 9.8
Methyl Propionate 66 19 5.4 Phenol Isobuthyl 85 29 14.9
Methyl Propyl Ketone 58 14 16.8 Phenoxyacetylene 76 24 4.8
Methyl p-toluate 91 33 4.3 Phenylacetaldehyde 68 20. 4.8
Methyl Salicylate 68 20 9.0 Phenylacetanitrile 80 27 18.0
Methyl Thiocyanate 68 20 35.9 Phenylacetate 68 20 6.9
Methyl Trichloro Silane 68 20 6.8 Phenylacetic 68 20 3.0
Methyl Volorate 66 19 4.3 Phenylethanol 68 20 13.0
Metilox 160 71 4.5 Phenylethyl Acetate 58 14 4.5
Mineral Oil 80 27 2.1 Phenylisocyanate 68 20 8.9
Monomyristin 158 70 6.1 Phenyliso-Thiocyanate 68 20 10.7
Monopalmitin 152 67 5.3 Phosgene 32 0 4.7
Monostearin 170 77 4.9 Phenyl-1-Iropane 68 20 2.7
Nanene 50 10 2.0 Phosphine –76 –60 2.5
Napthalene 185 85 2.3 Phosphorus 93 34 4.1
Napthalene 68 20 2.5 Phenylsolicylate 122 50 6.3
Napthonitrile 70 21 6.4 Phtholide 166 75 36.0
Napthtyl Ethyl Ether 67 19 3.2 Pinocolin 62 17 12.8
Nitric Acid 57 14 40.0 Pinocone 75 24 7.4
Nitroenisole 68 20 24.0 Pinane 68 20 2.7
Nitrobenzol Doxime 248 120 48.1 Piperidine 68 20 5.9
Nitrobenzene 68 20 36.1 Propane 32 0 1.6
Nitrobenzene 77 25 34.9 Propionoldehyde 62 17 18.9
Nitrobenzene 176 80 26.3 Propionic Acid 66 19 3.1
Nitrobenzyl Alcohol 68 20 22.0 Propionic Anhydride 60 16 18.0
Nitroethane 68 20 19.7 Propionitrile 68 20 27.7
Nitrogen -203 -130 1.5 Propyl Acetate 68 20 6.3
Nitromethane 68 20 39.4 Propyl Alcohol 68 20 21.8
Nitroglycerin 68 20 19.0 Propyl Benzene 68 20 2.4
Nitrosodimethylamine 68 20 54.0 Propyl Bromide 68 20 7.2
Nitrosyl Bromide 4 -16 13.4 Propyl Butyrate 68 20 4.3
Nitrosyl Chloride 10 -12 18.2 Propyl Cholorformate 68 20 11.2
Nitrotoluene 68 20 25.0 Propyl Ether 78 26 3.4
Nitrous Oxide 32 0 1.6 Propyl Formate 66 19 7.9
Nonane 68 20 2.0 Propyl Nitrate 64 18 14.2
O-Chlorophenol 66 19 8.2 Propyl Propionate 68 20 4.7
Octadecanol 136 58 3.4 Propyl Volerate 65 18 4.0
Octamethyltrisiloxane 68 20 2.3 Pseudocumene 60 16 2.4
Octanone 68 20 10.3 Pulegone 68 20 9.5
Octane 68 20 2.0 Pulezone 66 19 9.7
Octane 76 24 2.1 Pyridine 68 20 12.5
Octyl Alcohol 64 18 3.4 Pyroanol Oil 68 20 5.3
Octylene 65 18 4.1 Quinoline 77 25 9.0
Octyl Iodide 68 20 4.9 Quinoline 460 238 5.1
27

°F °C °F °C
Safrol 70 21 3.1 Trifluoroacetic Acid 68 20 39.0
Salicyladehyde 68 20 13.9 Trinitrotoluene 68 20 22.0
Santowax 70 21 2.3 Triethyl Ethanetricarbox 66 19 6.5
Selenium 482 250 5.4 Trimethyl-3-Heptane 68 20 2.2
Sesame Oil 55 13 3.0 Tribomopropane 68 20 6.4
Silicon Tetrachloride 60 16 2.4 Tributylphosphate 86 30 8.0
Sodium Hydroxide 70 20 80.0 Trichloroacetic Acid 141 61 4.5
Sodium Oleate 68 20 2.7 Trichlorotoluene 70 21 6.9
Sorbitol 176 80 33.5 Trichloroethylene 61 16 3.4
Stannic Chloride 72 22 3.2 Trichloropropane 76 24 2.4
Stearic Acid 71 160 2.3 Tricosanane 176 80 4.0
Styrene (phenylethene) 77 25 2.4 Tricosyl Phosphate 104 40 6.9
Succinamide 72 22 2.9 Triethyl Aconitate 68 20 6.4
Succinic Acid 78 26 2.4 Triethylamine 70 21 3.2
Sulfur Dioxide -4 -20 17.6 Triethyl Aluminum 68 20 2.9
Sulfurous Oxychloride 72 22 9.1 Triethyl Isoaconitate 68 20 7.2
Sulfur Monochloride 58 14 4.8 Trifluoroactic Acid 68 20 39.0
Sulfur Trioxide 64 18 3.1 Trifluorotoluene 86 30 9.2
Sulfuryl Chloride 72 22 10.0 Triethylomine 39 4 2.9
Sulfur 752 400 3.4 Trimethylbenzene 68 20 2.3
Sulfur 245 118 3.5 Trimethylborate 68 20 8.2
Sulfur Dioxide 32 0 15.6 Trimethylbutane 68 20 1.9
Sulfuric Acid 68 20 84.0 Trimethylpentane 68 20 2.0
Sulfuric Oxychloride 72 22 9.2 Trimethylsulfanilic Acid 64 18 89.0
Sulfur Trioxide 70 21 3.6 Trinitrobenzene 68 20 2.2
Tartaric Acid 68 20 6.0 Trinitrotoluene 69 21 22.0
Tartaric Acid 58 14 35.9 Tripolmitin 140 60 2.9
Terpinene 70 21 2.7 Triphenylmethane 212 100 2.5
Terpineol 68 20 2.8 Tistearin 158 70 2.8
Tetrobromiethone 68 20 7.1 Triolein 76 24 3.2
Tetrachloroethylene 70 21 2.5 Turpentine 68 20 2.2
Tetradecamethylcycloheptas 68 20 2.7 Undecane 68 20 2.0
Tetraethyl Silicate 68 20 4.1 Undecanone 58 14 8.4
Tetradecanal 100 38 4.7 Urea 71 22 3.5
Tetraethyl Amylenetetrarar 66 189 4.4 Urethane 74 23 3.2
Tetraethyl Propane Tetracarboxylate 66 19 5.2 Valaraldehyde 58 14 11.8
Tetraethyl Propylene Tetracarboxylate 66 19 5.2 Valeric Acid 62 17 2.6
Tetrahydro-B-Naphthol 68 20 11.0 Valeronitrile 70 21 17.7
Tetratriocontadiene 70 21 2.8 Vanadium Oxybromide 78 26 3.6
Tetronitrimethane 68 20 2.2 Vanadium Oxychloride 78 26 3.4
Thioacetic Acid 68 20 13.0 Vanadium Tetrachloride 78 26 3.0
Thionyl Bromide 68 20 9.1 Vegetable Oil 100 38 4.0
Thionyl Chloride 68 20 9.3 Vegetable Oil 230 110 3.3
Thiophene 68 20 2.8 Veratrol 73 23 4.5
Thiophosphoryl Chloride 70 21 5.8 Vinyl Ether 68 20 3.9
Tin Tetrochloride 68 20 2.9 Water 32 0 88.0
Titanium Tetrochloride 68 20 2.8 Water 68 20 80.0
Thujone 32 0 10.0 Water 212 100 48.0
Toluene 68 20 2.4 Water (Ultra-Clean, DI) 68 20 12–15
Toluidine 68 20 6.0 Wax 100 38 7.5
Tolunitrile 73 23 18.8 Xylene 68 20 2.4
Totane 111 44 5.5 Xylenol 62 17 3.9
Tolyl Methyl Ether 68 20 3.5 Xylidine 68 20 5.0
Trans-3-Hexane 76 24 2.0
Transformer Oil 68 20 2.2
Transmission Oil 80 27 2.2
Trichloroethane 68 20 7.5
Tallowamine 108 42 2.6
Triethylamine 75 24 2.4
Triethylamine 39 4 2.9
28
Properties: Dielectric Constants of Solids
Dielectric Dielectric
Material Constant Material Constant
Acetamide 41.0 Nylon 3.7
Acetanilide 2.8 Paper 2.0
Acetic Acid 4.1 Paraffin 2.2
Aluminum Phosphate 6.0 Phenonthrene 2.8
Ammonium Bromide 7.2 Phenol 4.3
Ammonium Chloride 7.0 Phosphorus, Red 4.1
Antimony Trichloride 5.3 Phosphorus, Yellow 3.6
Asbestos 4.8 Polyethylene 4.0–5.0
Asphalt 2.7 Polypropylene 1.5
Bakelite 5.0 Porcelain 5.0–7.0
Barium Chloride 11.0 Potassium Aluminum Sulphate 3.8
Barium Chloride 9.4 Potassium Carbonate 5.6
Barium Nitrate 5.8 Potassium Chlorate 5.1
Barium Sulfate 11.4 Potassium Chloride 5.0
Calcium Carbonate 9.1 Potassium Chloronate 7.3
Calcium Fluoride 7.4 Potassium Iodide 5.6
Calcium Sulfate 5.6 Potassium Nitrate 5.0
Cellulose 4.0 Potassium Sulfate 5.9
Cellulose Acetate 3.6–7.5 Quartz 4.4
Cement 1.5–2.1 Resorcinol 3.2
Cereals 3.0–5.0 Rice 3.5
Charcoal 1.2–1.8 Rubber 3.0
Cupric Oleafe 2.8 Sand 3.0–5.0
Cupric Oxide 18.1 Selinium 11.0
Cupric Sulfate 10.3 Shellac 3.5
Diamond 10.0 Silver Bromide 12.2
Diphenylethane 2.7 Silver Chloride 11.2
Dolomite 8.0 Silver Cyanide 5.6
Ferrous Oxide 14.2 Slate 7.0
Fly Ash 1.9–2.6 Sodium Carbonate 8.4
Glass 3.7–4.2 Sodium Carbonate 5.3
Iodine 4.0 Sodium Chloride 6.1
Lead Acetate 2.5 Sodium Nitrate 5.2
Lead Carbonate 18.1 Sodium Oleate 2.8
Lead Chloride 4.2 Sodium Perchlorate 5.4
Lead Nomoxide 25.9 Sulfur 3.4
Lead Nitrate 37.7 Sugar 3.0
Lead Oleate 3.3 Sucrose 3.3
Lead Oxide 25.9 Tantalum Oxide 11.6
Lead Sulfate 14.3 Thallium Chloride 46.9
Magnesium Oxide 9.7 Thorium Oxide 10.6
Malachite 7.2 P-Toluidine 3.0
Mercuric Chloride 3.2 Urea 3.5
Mercurous Chloride 9.4 Zinc Sulfide 8.2
Mica 7.0 Zirconium Oxide 12.5
Napthalane 2.5 Teflon 2.0
29
Properties: Viscosity of Gases and Vapors
The curves for hydrocarbon vapors and natural gases in the Viscosity of various gases
chart at the upper right are taken from Maxwell; the curves for
all other gases (except helium) in the chart are based upon
Sutherland’s formula, as follows: Viscosity of Various Gases
O2
³⁄₂
µ = µo
(0.555 To + C
0.555 T + C
)( )T
To
.040
Helium
Air
.036
where: N2
CO2
µ = viscosity, in centipoise at temperature T. SO2
.032
µo = viscosity, in centipoise at temperature To.
T = absolute temperature, in degrees Rankine (460 + deg. F)
µ – Viscosity in Centipose
for which viscosity is desired. .028 Sg = .5 HYDRO
CARBON
NH3 VAPOR
To = absolute temperature, in degrees Rankine, for which CO Sg = .75 AND
NATURAL
viscosity is known. .024 Sg =1.00 GASES
C = Sutherland’s constant.
Note: The variation of viscosity with pressure is small for most .020
gases. For gases given on this page, the correction of viscosi-
ty for pressure is less than 10% for pressures up to 500 pounds H2
per square inch. .016
Approximate .012
Fluid Values of “C”
O2 127
Air 120 .008
N2 111 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
CO2 240 t – Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit

CO 118
SO2 416
NH3 370
H2 72
Viscosity of Refrigerant Vapors
Upper chart example: The viscosity of sulphur dioxide gas (saturated and superheated vapors)
(SO2) at 200°F (93°C) is 0.016 centipoise. .019
CO
2
.018
Lower chart example: The viscosity of carbon dioxide gas
(CO2) at about 80°F (26.7°) is 0.015 centipoise. .017
.016
SO
µ – Viscosity in Centipoise
.015
.014 F-12
.013 F-11 I
C
CH 3
.012 F -114
-1 1 3
F
.011
.010
.009
.008 NH 3
.007
-40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240
t – Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit
30
Properties: Viscosity of Water and Steam
Viscosity of Water and Steam – in Centipoise (µ)

Temperature
°F (°C) 1 2 5 10 20 50 100 200 500 1000
PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA PSIA
Saturated
Water .667 .524 .388 .313 .255 .197 .164 .138 .111 .094
Saturated
Steam .010 .010 .011 .012 .012 .013 .014 .015 .017 .019
1000 (538) .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .030 .031
950 (510) .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .029 .030
900 (482) .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028 .028
850 (454) .026 .026 .026 .026 .026 .026 .027 .027 .027 .027
800 (427) .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .025 .026 .026
750 (399) .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .024 .025 .025
700 (371) .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .023 .024
650 (343) .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .022 .023 .023
600 (316) .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021 .021
550 (288) .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .020 .019
500 (260) .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .019 .018 .018 .103
450 (232) .018 .018 .018 .018 .017 .017 .017 .017 .115 .116
400 (204) .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .016 .131 .132
350 (177) .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .015 .152 .153 .154
300 (149) .014 .014 .014 .014 .014 .014 .182 .183 .183 .184
250 (121) .013 .013 .013 .013 .013 .228 .228 .228 .228 .229
200 ( 93) .012 .012 .012 .012 .300 .300 .300 .300 .300 .301
150 ( 66) .011 .011 .427 .427 .427 .427 .427 .427 .427 .428
100 (37.8) .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680 .680
50 ( 10) 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.299 .1299 1.299 1.299 1.299 1.298
32 ( 0) 1.753 1.763 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.753 1.752 1.751 1.749
Values below the line are for water.

10
6.0 19 13 14
5.0
17
Properties: Viscosity of Various Liquids 4.0
3.0 18
11
16
1. Carbon Dioxide ......................................................CO₂ 2.0 9
2. Ammonia ................................................................NH₃
8
3. Methyl Chloride ......................................................CH₃CI 15
4. Sulphur Dioxide ......................................................SO₂ 12
1.0 7
5. Freon 12 .................................................................F-12 .9
.8
6. Freon 114 ...............................................................F-114 .7
6
7. Freon 11 .................................................................F-11 .6
.5 4
8. Freon 113 ...............................................................F-113 5
9. Ethyl Alcohol...........................................................C₂H₅OH .4 3
10. Isopropyl Alcohol ....................................................(CH₃)₂ CH₂0 .3 2
11. 20% Sulphuric Acid ................................................20% H₂SO₄
12. Dowtherm E .2
13. Dowtherm A
14. 20% Sodium Hydroxide..........................................20% NaOH
1
15. Mercury ..................................................................Hg
.1
16. 10% Sodium Chloride Brine ...................................10% NaCl .09
.08
17. 20% Sodium Chloride Brine ...................................20% NaCl .07
18. 10% Calcium Chloride Brine ..................................10% CaCl₂ .06
19. 20% Calcium Chloride Brine ..................................20% CaCl₂ .05
.04
Example: The viscosity of ammonia at 40°F is 0.14 centipoise. .03
-40 0 40 80 120 160 200 240 280 320 360
31
Properties: Viscosity of Liquid Petroleum Products
4000
20
3000 21
19
2000
18
17
1000 1. Ethane (C₂H₆)

800 2. Propane (C₃H₈)
600 3. Butane (C₄H₁₀)
400 4. Natural Gasoline

300 5. Gasoline
16
6. Water
200
7. Kerosene
8. Distillate
13
100 9. 48 Deg. API Crude
80
10. 40 Deg. API Crude
60
11. 35.6 Deg. API Crude
12
40 12. 32.6 Deg. API Crude
30 13. Salt Creek Crude
11
20 15 14. Fuel 3 (Max.)

14 15. Fuel 5 (Min.)
16. SAE 10 Lube (100 V.I.)
10
10
17. SAE 30 Lube (100 V.I.)
8
18. Fuel 5 (Max.) or
6 8 Fuel 6 (Min.)
4 19. SAE 70 Lube (100 V.I.)
9
3 7 20. Bunker C Fuel (Max.)
and M.C. Residuum
2
6 21. Asphalt
1.0
.8 5
.6
.4 4
.3
3
.2
2
.1
.8 1
.6
.4
.3
10 20 30 40 60 80 100 200 300 400 600 800 1000
Example: The viscosity of water at 125°F is 0.52 centipoise (Curve No. 6).
Note: Consult factory whenever viscosity of fluid exceeds 300 centipoise.
32
Pipe Data: Dimensions of Blind Flanges
"O.D"
"B.C"
"D"
"T"
NOTE: Pressure ratings shown for forged steel flanges apply to all ASA/ANSI standard flanges.
Cast Iron–125# Cast Iron–250#

Nominal Outside Dia. of Dia. of Nominal Outside Dia. of Dia. of
Pipe Dia. of Thickness Bolt Circle No. of Bolt Holes Pipe Dia. of Thickness Bolt Circle No. of Bolt Holes
Size Flange “O.D” “T” “BC” Holes “D” Size Flange “O.D” “T” “BC” Holes “D”
1" 4¹⁄₄" ⁷⁄₁₆" 3¹⁄₈" 4 ⁵⁄₈" 1" 4⁷⁄₈" ¹¹⁄₁₆" 3¹⁄₂" 4 ³⁄₄"
1¹⁄₂" 5" ⁹⁄₁₆" 3⁷⁄₈" 4 ⁵⁄₈" 1¹⁄₂" 6¹⁄₈" ¹³⁄₁₆" 4¹⁄₂" 4 ⁷⁄₈"
2" 6" ⁵⁄₈" 4³⁄₄" 4 ³⁄₄" 2" 6¹⁄₂" ⁷⁄₈" 5" 8 ³⁄₄"
2¹⁄₂" 7" ¹¹⁄₁₆" 5¹⁄₂" 4 ³⁄₄" 2¹⁄₂" 7¹⁄₂" 1" 5⁷⁄₈" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
3" 7¹⁄₂" ³⁄₄" 6" 4 ³⁄₄" 3" 8¹⁄₄" 1¹⁄₈" 6⁵⁄₈" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
3¹⁄₂" 8¹⁄₂" ¹³⁄₁₆" 7" 8 ³⁄₄" 3¹⁄₂" 9" 1³⁄₁₆" 7¹⁄₄" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
4" 9" ¹⁵⁄₁₆" 7¹⁄₂" 8 ³⁄₄" 4" 10" 1¹⁄₄" 7⁷⁄₈" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
5" 10" ¹⁵⁄₁₆" 8¹⁄₂" 8 ⁷⁄₈" 5" 11" 1³⁄₈" 9¹⁄₄" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
6" 11" 1" 9¹⁄₂" 8 ⁷⁄₈" 6" 12¹⁄₂" 1⁷⁄₁₆" 10⁵⁄₈" 12 ⁷⁄₈"
8" 13¹⁄₂" 1¹⁄₈" 11³⁄₄" 8 ⁷⁄₈" 8" 15" 1⁵⁄₈" 13" 12 1"
Forged Steel – 150# Forged Steel – 300#

Size Flange “O.D.” “T” “BC” Holes “D” Size Flange “O.D.” “T” “BC” Holes “D”
¹⁄₂" 3¹⁄₂" ⁷⁄₁₆" 2³⁄₈" 4 ⁵⁄₈" ¹⁄₂" 3³⁄₄" ⁹⁄₁₆" 2⁵⁄₈" 4 ⁵⁄₈"
³⁄₄" 3⁷⁄₈" ¹⁄₂" 2³⁄₄" 4 ⁵⁄₈" ³⁄₄" 4⁵⁄₈" ⁵⁄₈" 3¹⁄₄" 4 ³⁄₄"
1" 4¹⁄₄" ⁹⁄₁₆" 3¹⁄₈" 4 ⁵⁄₈" 1" 4⁷⁄₈" ¹¹⁄₁₆" 3¹⁄₂" 4 ³⁄₄"
1¹⁄₂" 5" ¹¹⁄₁₆" 3⁷⁄₈" 4 ⁵⁄₈" 1¹⁄₂" 6¹⁄₈" ¹³⁄₁₆" 4¹⁄₂" 4 ⁷⁄₈"
2" 6" ³⁄₄" 4³⁄₄" 4 ³⁄₄" 2" 6¹⁄₂" ⁷⁄₈" 5" 8 ³⁄₄"
2¹⁄₂" 7" ⁷⁄₈" 5¹⁄₂" 4 ³⁄₄" 2¹⁄₂" 7¹⁄₂" 1" 5⁷⁄₈" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
3" 7¹⁄₂" ¹⁵⁄₁₆" 6" 4 ³⁄₄" 3" 8¹⁄₄" 1¹⁄₈" 6⁵⁄₈"" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
3¹⁄₂" 8¹⁄₂" ¹⁵⁄₁₆" 7" 8 ³⁄₄" 3¹⁄₂" 9" 1³⁄₁₆" 7¹⁄₄"" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
4" 9" ¹⁵⁄₁₆" 7¹⁄₂" 8 ³⁄₄" 4" 10" 1¹⁄₄" 7⁷⁄₈" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
5" 10" ¹⁵⁄₁₆" 8¹⁄₂" 8 ⁷⁄₈" 5" 11" 1³⁄₈" 9¹⁄₄" 8 ⁷⁄₈"
6" 11" 1" 9¹⁄₂" 8 ⁷⁄₈" 6" 12¹⁄₂" 1⁷⁄₁₆" 10⁵⁄₈" 12 ⁷⁄₈"
8" 13¹⁄₂" 1¹⁄₈" 11³⁄₄" 8 ⁷⁄₈" 8" 15" 1⁵⁄₈" 13" 12 1"
33
Pipe Data: Dimensions of Blind Flanges

¹⁄₂" 3³⁄₄" ⁹⁄₁₆" 2⁵⁄₈" 4 ⁵⁄₈" ¹⁄₂" 4³⁄₄" ⁷⁄₈" 3¹⁄₄" 4 ⁷⁄₈"
³⁄₄" 4⁵⁄₈" ⁵⁄₈" 3¹⁄₄" 4 ³⁄₄" ³⁄₄" 5¹⁄₈" 1" 3¹⁄₂" 4 ⁷⁄₈"
1" 4⁷⁄₈" ¹¹⁄₁₆" 3¹⁄₂" 4 ³⁄₄" 1" 5⁷⁄₈" 1¹⁄₈" 4" 4 1"
1¹⁄₂" 6¹⁄₈" ⁷⁄₈" 4¹⁄₂" 4 ⁷⁄₈" 1¹⁄₂" 7" 1¹⁄₄" 4⁷⁄₈" 4 1¹⁄₈"
2" 6¹⁄₂" 1" 5" 8 ³⁄₄" 2" 8¹⁄₂" 1¹⁄₂" 6¹⁄₂" 8 1"
2¹⁄₂" 7¹⁄₂" 1¹⁄₈" 5⁷⁄₈" 8 ⁷⁄₈" 2¹⁄₂" 9⁵⁄₈" 1⁵⁄₈" 7¹⁄₂" 8 1¹⁄₈"
3" 8¹⁄₄" 1¹⁄₄" 6⁵⁄₈" 8 ⁷⁄₈" 3" 9¹⁄₂" 1¹⁄₂" 7¹⁄₂" 8 1"
3¹⁄₂" 9" 1³⁄₁₆" 7¹⁄₄" 8 1" 4" 11¹⁄₂" 1³⁄₄" 9¹⁄₄" 8 1¹⁄₄"
4" 10³⁄₄" 1¹⁄₂" 8¹⁄₂" 8 1" 5" 13³⁄₄" 2" 11" 8 1¹⁄₄"
5" 13" 1³⁄₄" 10¹⁄₂" 8 1¹⁄₈" 6" 15" 2³⁄₁₆" 12¹⁄₂" 12 1¹⁄₄"
6" 14" 1⁷⁄₈" 11¹⁄₂" 12 1¹⁄₈" 8" 18¹⁄₂" 2¹⁄₂" 15¹⁄₂" 12 1¹⁄₂"
8" 16¹⁄₂" 2³⁄₁₆" 13³⁄₄" 12 1¹⁄₄"

¹⁄₂" 4³⁄₄" ⁷⁄₈" 3¹⁄₄" 4 ⁷⁄₈" ¹⁄₂" 5¹⁄₄" 1³⁄₁₆" 3¹⁄₂" 4 ⁷⁄₈"
³⁄₄" 5¹⁄₈" 1" 3¹⁄₂" 4 ⁷⁄₈" ³⁄₄" 5¹⁄₂" 1¹⁄₄" 3³⁄₄" 4 ⁷⁄₈"
1" 5⁷⁄₈" 1¹⁄₈" 4" 4 1" 1" 6¹⁄₄" 1³⁄₈" 4¹⁄₄" 4 1"
1¹⁄₂" 7" 1¹⁄₄" 4⁷⁄₈" 4 1¹⁄₈" 1¹⁄₂" 8" 1³⁄₄" 5³⁄₄" 4 1¹⁄₄"
2" 8¹⁄₂" 1¹⁄₂" 6¹⁄₂" 8 1" 2" 9¹⁄₄" 2" 6³⁄₄" 8 1¹⁄₈"
2¹⁄₂" 9⁵⁄₈" 1⁵⁄₈" 7¹⁄₂" 8 1¹⁄₈" 2¹⁄₂" 10¹⁄₂" 2¹⁄₄" 7³⁄₄" 8 1¹⁄₄"
3" 10¹⁄₂" 1⁷⁄₈" 8" 8 1¹⁄₄" 3" 12" 2⁵⁄₈" 9" 8 1³⁄₈"
4" 12¹⁄₄" 2¹⁄₈" 9¹⁄₂" 8 1³⁄₈" 4" 14" 3" 10³⁄₄" 8 1⁵⁄₈"
5" 14³⁄₄" 2⁷⁄₈" 11¹⁄₂" 8 1⁵⁄₈" 5" 16¹⁄₂" 3⁵⁄₈" 12³⁄₄" 8 1⁷⁄₈"
6" 15¹⁄₂" 3¹⁄₄" 12¹⁄₂" 12 1¹⁄₂" 6" 19" 4¹⁄₄" 14¹⁄₂" 8 2¹⁄₈"
8" 19" 3⁵⁄₈" 15¹⁄₂" 12 1³⁄₄" 8" 21³⁄₄" 5" 17¹⁄₄" 12 2¹⁄₈"
34
Pipe Data: Flange Ratings
Flanges DIN versus ANSI

Pressure Rating Sizes Type
Flat Face = Form B flange
ANSI DIN ANSI DIN
Raised Face = Form C flange (Form E is
125 lbs. PN 6 / PN 10 1" DN 25 smoother facing finish)
150 lbs. PN 16 1¹⁄₂" DN 40 Ring Joint Flange = Only for ANSI flanges
300 lbs. PN 25 / PN 40 2" DN 50
400 lbs. PN 64 2¹⁄₂" DN 65 A DIN flange is never identical to an ANSI
600 lbs. PN 100 3" DN 80 flange; the table at left is a guideline to find
900 lbs. PN 150 4" DN 100 the most equivalent ANSI/DIN flange. DIN
1500 lbs. PN 250 5" DN 125 increments differ from country to country, the
2500 lbs. PN 320 / PN 400 6" DN 150 table refers to the German DIN standard.
Class 150 pressure-temperature ratings (pressure-PSIG)

Materials
Hast. C
Temp. 347/ A105 Grade Grade Grade Grade & Monel Temp.
°F 304 304L/ 310 316 321 Carp. F11 F22 F91 Hast. Inconel Incoloy Inconel 400 & Nickel
348 Carbon F1 C- °F.
SS 316L SS SS SS 20SS B2 625 & 800 600 200
SS Steel ¹⁄₂ Mo 1¹⁄₄ Cr- 2¹⁄₄ Cr- 9 Cr- Incoloy 405
SS ¹⁄₂ Mo 1 Mo 1 Mo-V 825
-20 to 100 275 230 260 275 275 275 285 290 265 290 290 290 290 290 275 290 230 140 -20 to 100
200 230 195 235 235 245 255 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 260 255 260 200 140 200
300 205 175 220 215 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 230 190 140 300
400 190 160 200 195 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 200 185 140 400
500 170 145 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 170 140 500
600 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 140 600
650 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 125 - 650
700 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 110 - 700
750 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 95 - 750
800 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 - 800
850 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 - 65 65 65 65 - 65 65 65 65 - 850
900 50 - 50 50 50 50 50 - 50 50 50 50 - 50 50 50 50 - 900
950 35 - 35 35 35 35 35 - 35 35 35 35 - 35 35 35 - - 950
1000 20 - 20 20 20 20 20 - 20 20 20 20 - 20 20 20 - - 1000

Materials
Hast. C
SS 316L SS SS SS 20SS B2 625 & 800 600 200
SS ¹⁄₂ Mo 1 Mo 1 Mo-V 825
-20 to 100 720 600 670 720 720 720 740 750 695 750 750 750 750 750 720 750 600 360 -20 to 100
200 600 505 605 620 645 660 675 720 680 750 750 750 750 750 660 750 530 360 200
300 540 455 570 560 595 615 655 715 655 720 730 730 730 730 625 730 495 360 300
400 495 415 535 515 550 575 635 675 640 695 705 705 705 705 600 705 480 360 400
500 465 380 505 480 515 540 600 655 620 665 665 665 665 665 580 665 475 360 500
600 435 360 480 450 485 515 550 605 605 605 605 605 605 605 575 605 475 360 600
650 430 350 470 445 480 505 535 590 590 590 590 590 590 590 570 590 475 - 650
700 425 345 455 430 465 495 535 570 570 570 570 570 570 570 565 570 475 - 700
750 415 335 450 425 460 490 505 530 530 530 530 530 530 530 530 530 470 - 750
800 405 330 435 420 450 485 410 510 510 510 510 510 510 510 505 510 460 - 800
850 395 320 425 420 445 485 270 - 485 485 485 485 - 485 485 485 340 - 850
900 390 - 420 415 440 450 170 - 450 450 450 450 - 450 450 450 245 - 900
950 380 - 385 385 385 385 105 - 280 320 375 385 - 385 385 325 - - 950
1000 320 - 345 350 355 365 50 - 165 215 260 365 - 365 365 215 - - 1000
1050 310 - 335 345 315 360 - - - 145 175 360 - 360 360 140 - - 1050
1100 255 - 260 305 270 325 - - - 95 110 300 - 325 325 95 - - 1100
1150 200 - 190 235 235 275 - - - 60 70 225 - 275 275 70 - - 1150
1200 155 - 135 185 186 170 - - - 40 40 145 - 186 205 60 - - 1200
1250 115 - 105 145 140 125 - - - - - - - 146 130 - - - 1250
1300 85 - 75 115 110 95 - - - - - - - 110 60 - - - 1300
1350 60 - 60 95 85 70 - - - - - - - - 50 - - - 1350
1400 50 - 45 75 65 66 - - - - - - - - 35 - - - 1400
1450 35 - 35 60 50 40 - - - - - - - - 30 - - - 1450
1500 25 - 25 40 40 35 - - - - - - - - 25 - - - 1500
35
Pipe Data: Flange Ratings (cont.)
Materials
Hast. C
304 304L/ 310 321 Carp. Hast. Inconel Incoloy Inconel
°F 316
348 Carbon F1 C- F11 F22 F91 400 & Nickel °F.
SS 316L SS SS SS 20SS 1¹⁄₄ Cr- 2¹⁄₄ Cr- 9 Cr- B2 625 & 800 600 200
SS Steel ¹⁄₂ Mo Incoloy 405
SS ¹⁄₂ Mo 1 Mo 1 Mo-V 825
-20 to 100 1440 1200 1345 1440 1440 1440 1480 1500 1390 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1440 1500 1200 720 -20 to 100
200 1200 1015 1215 1240 1290 1320 1350 1440 1360 1500 1500 1500 1500 1500 1325 1500 1055 720 200
300 1080 910 1140 1120 1190 1230 1315 1425 1305 1445 1455 1455 1455 1455 1250 1455 990 720 300
400 995 825 1070 1025 1105 1145 1270 1345 1280 1385 1410 1410 1410 1410 1200 1410 955 720 400
500 930 765 1015 955 1030 1080 1200 1310 1245 1330 1330 1330 1330 1330 1155 1330 950 720 500
600 875 720 960 900 975 1025 1095 1210 1210 1210 1210 1210 1210 1210 1145 1210 950 720 600
650 860 700 935 890 955 1010 1075 1175 1175 1175 1175 1175 1175 1175 1140 1175 950 - 650
700 850 685 910 870 930 990 1065 1135 1135 1135 1135 1135 1135 1135 1130 1135 950 - 700
750 830 670 900 855 915 985 1010 1065 1065 1065 1065 1065 1065 1065 1065 1065 935 - 750
800 805 660 875 845 900 975 825 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 1015 915 - 800
850 790 645 855 835 895 970 535 - 975 975 975 975 - 975 975 975 680 - 850
900 780 - 835 830 885 900 345 - 900 900 900 900 - 900 900 900 495 - 900
950 765 - 775 775 775 775 205 - 560 640 755 775 - 775 775 655 - - 950
1000 640 - 685 700 715 725 105 - 330 430 520 725 - 725 725 430 - - 1000
1050 615 - 670 685 625 720 - - - 290 350 720 - 720 720 280 - - 1050
1100 515 - 520 610 545 645 - - - 190 220 605 - 645 645 185 - - 1100
1150 400 - 375 475 475 550 - - - 125 135 445 - 550 550 135 - - 1150
1200 310 - 275 370 320 345 - - - 75 80 290 - 370 405 125 - - 1200
1250 225 - 205 295 280 245 - - - - - - - 295 260 - - - 1250
1300 170 - 150 235 220 185 - - - - - - - 215 125 - - - 1300
1350 125 - 115 190 170 135 - - - - - - - - 100 - - - 1350
1400 90 - 90 150 130 110 - - - - - - - - 70 - - - 1400
1450 70 - 65 115 105 80 - - - - - - - - 60 - - - 1450
1500 55 - 50 85 75 70 - - - - - - - - 50 - - - 1500
Materials
Hast. C
°F 316
SS 316L SS SS SS 20SS B2 625 & 800 600 200
SS ¹⁄₂ Mo 1 Mo 1 Mo-V 825
-20 to 100 2160 1800 2015 2160 2160 2160 2220 2250 2085 2250 2250 2250 2250 2250 2160 2250 1800 1080 -20 to 100
200 1800 1520 1820 1860 1935 1980 2025 2160 2035 2250 2250 2250 2250 2250 1990 2250 1585 1080 200
300 1620 1360 1705 1680 1785 1845 1970 2140 1955 2165 2185 2185 2185 2185 1870 2185 1485 1080 300
400 1490 1240 1605 1540 1655 1720 1900 2020 1920 2080 2115 2115 2115 2115 1800 2115 1435 1080 400
500 1395 1145 1520 1435 1545 1620 1795 1965 1865 1995 1995 1995 1995 1995 1735 1995 1435 1080 500
600 1310 1080 1440 1355 1460 1540 1640 1815 1815 1815 1815 1815 1815 1815 1720 1815 1435 1080 600
650 1290 1050 1405 1330 1435 1510 1610 1765 1765 1765 1765 1765 1765 1765 1705 1765 1435 - 650
700 1275 1030 1370 1305 1395 1485 1600 1705 1705 1705 1705 1705 1705 1705 1690 1705 1435 - 700
750 1245 1010 1345 1280 1375 1475 1510 1595 1595 1595 1595 1595 1595 1595 1595 1595 1405 - 750
800 1210 985 1310 1265 1355 1460 1235 1525 1525 1525 1525 1525 1520 1520 1520 1520 1375 - 800
850 1190 985 1280 1255 1340 1455 805 - 1460 1460 1460 1460 - 1460 1460 1460 1020 - 850
900 1165 - 1255 1245 1325 1350 515 - 1350 1350 1350 1350 - 1350 1350 1350 740 - 900
950 1145 - 1160 1160 1160 1160 310 - 845 955 1130 1160 - 1160 1160 980 - - 950
1000 965 - 1030 1050 1070 1090 155 - 495 650 780 1090 - 1090 1090 965 - - 1000
1050 925 - - 1010 1030 940 1080 - - 430 525 1080 - 1080 1080 415 - - 1050
1100 770 - 780 915 815 985 - - - 290 330 905 - 965 965 280 - - 1100
1150 595 - 565 710 710 825 - - - 185 205 670 - 825 825 205 - - 1150
1200 465 - 410 555 555 515 - - - 115 125 430 - 555 610 185 - - 1200
1250 340 - 310 440 420 370 - - - - - - - 440 390 - - - 1250
1300 255 - 225 350 330 280 - - - - - - - 325 185 - - - 1300
1350 185 - 175 290 255 205 - - - - - - - - 150 - - - 1350
1400 145 - 135 225 195 165 - - - - - - - - 100 - - - 1400
1450 105 - 100 175 155 125 - - - - - - - - 95 - - - 1450
1500 80 - 75 125 115 105 - - - - - - - - 75 - - - 1500
36
Pipe Data: Flange Ratings (cont.)
Materials
Hast. C
°F 316
SS 316L SS SS SS 20SS B2 625 & 800 600 200
SS ¹⁄₂ Mo 1 Mo 1 Mo-V 825
-20 to 100 3600 3000 3360 3600 3600 3600 3705 3750 3470 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3600 3750 3000 1800 -20 to 200
200 3000 2530 3035 3095 3230 3300 3375 3600 3395 3750 3750 3750 3750 3750 3310 3750 2640 1800 200
300 2700 2270 2845 2795 2975 3070 3280 3565 3260 3610 3640 3640 3640 3640 3120 3640 2740 1800 300
400 2485 2065 2675 2570 2760 2870 3170 3365 3200 3465 3530 3530 3530 3530 3000 3530 2390 1800 400
500 2330 1910 2530 2390 2570 2570 2700 3275 3105 3325 3325 3325 3325 3325 2890 3325 2375 1800 500
600 2185 1800 2400 2255 2435 2570 2735 3025 3025 3025 3025 3025 3025 3025 2870 3025 2375 1800 600
650 2150 1750 2340 2220 2390 2520 2685 2940 2940 2940 2940 2940 2940 2940 2845 2940 2375 - 650
700 2125 1715 2280 2170 2330 2470 2665 2840 2840 2840 2840 2840 2840 2840 2840 2840 2375 - 700
750 2075 1680 2245 2135 2290 2460 2520 2660 2660 3660 2660 2660 2660 2660 2650 2660 2340 - 750
800 2015 1645 2185 2110 2255 2435 2060 2540 2540 2540 2540 2540 2540 2540 2535 2540 2290 - 800
850 1980 1810 2135 2090 2230 2425 1340 - 2435 2435 2435 2435 - 2435 2435 2435 1695 - 850
900 1945 - 2090 2075 2210 2245 860 - 2245 2245 2245 2245 - 2245 2245 2245 1235 - 900
950 1910 - 1930 1930 1930 1930 515 - 1405 1595 1885 1930 - 1930 1930 1635 - - 950
1000 1605 - 1720 1740 1785 1820 260 - 825 1080 1305 1820 - 1820 1820 1080 - - 1000
1050 1545 - 1680 1720 1580 1800 - - - 720 875 1800 - 1800 1800 695 - - 1050
1100 1285 - 1305 1525 1360 1610 - - - 480 550 1510 - 1610 1610 465 - - 1100
1150 995 - 934 1185 1185 1370 - - - 310 345 1115 - 1370 1370 340 - - 1150
1200 770 - 685 925 925 855 - - - 190 205 720 - 925 1020 310 - - 1200
1250 565 - 515 735 705 615 - - - - - - - 735 650 - - - 1250
1300 430 - 375 585 660 465 - - - - - - - 640 310 - - - 1300
1350 310 - 290 480 430 345 - - - - - - - - 245 - - - 1350
1400 240 - 225 380 325 275 - - - - - - - - 170 - - - 1400
1450 170 - 165 290 255 205 - - - - - - - - 155 - - - 1450
1500 135 - 130 205 190 170 - - - - - - - - 125 - - - 1500
Materials
Hast. C
SS 316L SS SS SS 20SS B2 625 & 800 600 200
SS ¹⁄₂ Mo 1 Mo 1 Mo-V 825
-20 to 100 6000 5000 5600 6000 6000 6000 6170 6250 5785 6250 6250 6250 6250 6250 6000 6250 5000 3000 -20 to 100
200 5000 4220 5060 5160 5380 5500 5625 6000 5660 6250 6250 6250 6250 6250 5520 6250 4400 3000 200
300 4500 3780 4740 4660 4960 5120 5470 5940 5435 6015 6070 6070 6070 6070 5200 6070 4120 3000 300
400 4140 3440 4460 4280 4600 4780 5280 5610 5330 5775 5880 5880 5880 5880 5000 5880 3980 3000 400
500 3880 3180 4220 3980 4285 4500 4990 5460 5180 5540 5540 5540 5540 5540 4820 5540 3960 3000 500
600 3640 3000 4000 3760 4060 4280 4560 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 5040 4780 5040 3960 3000 600
650 3580 2920 3900 3700 3980 4200 4475 4905 4905 4905 4905 4905 4905 4905 4740 4905 3960 - 650
700 3540 2860 3800 3620 3880 4120 4440 4730 4730 4730 4730 4730 4730 4730 4700 4730 3960 - 700
750 3460 2800 3740 3560 3820 4100 4200 4430 4430 4430 4430 4430 4430 4430 4430 4430 3900 - 750
800 3360 2740 3640 3520 3760 4060 3430 4230 4230 4230 4230 4230 4230 4230 4230 4230 3820 - 800
850 3300 2680 3560 3480 3720 4040 2230 - 4060 4060 4060 4060 - 4060 4060 4060 2830 - 850
900 3240 - 3480 3460 3680 3745 1430 - 3745 3745 3745 3745 - 3745 3745 3745 2055 - 900
950 3180 - 3220 3220 3220 3220 860 - 2345 2655 3145 3220 - 3220 3220 2725 - - 950
1000 2675 - 2865 2915 2970 3030 430 - 1370 1800 2170 3030 - 3030 3030 1800 - - 1000
1050 2570 - 2800 2865 2605 3000 - - - 1200 1455 3000 - 3000 3000 1155 - - 1050
1100 2145 - 2170 2545 2255 2685 - - - 800 915 2515 - 2685 2685 770 - - 1100
1150 1655 - 1570 1970 1970 2285 - - - 515 570 1855 - 2285 2285 565 - - 1150
1200 1285 - 1145 1545 1545 1430 - - - 315 345 1200 - 1545 1695 515 - - 1200
1250 945 - 855 1230 1170 1030 - - - - - - - 1220 1080 - - - 1250
1300 715 - 630 970 915 710 - - - - - - - 900 515 - - - 1300
1350 515 - 485 800 715 570 - - - - - - - - 410 - - - 1350
1400 400 - 370 630 545 455 - - - - - - - - 285 - - - 1400
1450 285 - 275 485 430 345 - - - - - - - - 255 - - - 1450
1500 230 - 215 345 315 285 - - - - - - - - 205 - - - 1500
37
Pipe Data: Cast Iron Pipe
Cast Iron Pipe–ASA Standard
Class 50 Class 100 Class 150 Class 200 Class 250 Class 300 Class 350
Pipe Pipe 50 PSIG 100 PSIG 150 PSIG 200 PSIG 250 PSIG 300 PSIG 350 PSIG
Size O.D.
WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D. WALL I.D.
3 3.96 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32 0.32 3.32
4 4.80 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10 0.35 4.10
6 6.90 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14 0.38 6.14
8 9.05 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23 0.41 8.23
10 11.10 0.44 10.22 0.44 10.22 0.44 10.22 0.44 10.22 0.44 10.22 0.48 10.14 0.52 10.06
12 13.20 0.48 12.24 0.48 12.24 0.48 12.24 0.48 12.24 0.52 12.16 0.51 12.16 0.56 12.08
14 15.30 0.48 14.34 0.51 14.28 0.51 14.28 0.55 14.20 0.59 14.12 0.59 14.12 0.64 14.02
16 17.40 0.54 16.32 0.54 16.32 0.54 16.32 0.58 16.24 0.63 16.14 0.68 16.04 0.68 16.04
18 19.50 0.54 18.42 0.58 18.34 0.58 18.34 0.63 18.24 0.68 18.14 0.73 18.04 0.79 17.92
20 21.60 0.57 20.46 0.62 20.36 0.62 20.36 0.67 20.26 0.72 20.16 0.78 20.04 0.84 19.92
24 25.80 0.63 24.54 0.68 24.44 0.73 24.34 0.79 24.22 0.79 24.22 0.85 24.10 0.92 23.96
Cast Iron Pipe–AWWA Standard
Class A Class B Class C Class D

Pipe 100 Ft. 43 PSIG 200 Ft. 86 PSIG 300 Ft. 130 PSIG 400 Ft. 173 PSIG
Size
O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D.
3 3.80 0.39 3.02 3.96 0.42 3.12 3.96 0.45 3.06 3.96 0.48 3.00
4 4.80 0.42 3.96 5.00 0.45 4.10 5.00 0.48 4.04 5.00 0.52 3.96
6 6.90 0.44 6.02 7.10 0.48 6.14 7.10 0.51 6.08 7.10 0.55 6.00
8 9.05 0.46 8.13 9.05 0.51 8.03 9.30 0.56 8.18 9.30 0.60 8.10
10 11.10 0.50 10.10 11.10 0.57 9.96 11.40 0.62 10.16 11.40 0.68 10.04
12 13.20 0.54 12.12 13.20 0.62 11.96 13.50 0.68 12.14 13.50 0.75 12.00
14 15.30 0.57 14.16 15.30 0.66 13.98 15.65 0.74 14.17 15.65 0.82 14.01
16 17.40 0.60 16.20 17.40 0.70 16.00 17.80 0.80 16.20 17.80 0.89 16.02
18 19.50 0.64 18.22 19.50 0.75 18.00 19.92 0.87 18.18 19.92 0.96 18.00
20 21.60 0.67 20.26 21.60 0.80 20.00 22.06 0.92 20.22 22.06 1.03 20.00
24 25.80 0.76 24.28 25.80 0.89 24.02 26.32 1.04 24.22 26.32 1.16 24.00
30 31.74 0.88 29.98 32.00 1.03 29.94 32.40 1.20 30.00 32.74 1.37 30.00
36 37.96 0.99 35.98 38.30 1.15 36.00 38.70 1.36 39.98 39.16 1.58 36.00
42 44.20 1.10 42.00 44.50 1.28 41.94 45.10 1.54 42.02 45.58 1.78 42.02
48 50.50 1.26 47.98 50.80 1.42 47.96 51.40 1.71 47.98 51.98 1.96 48.06
54 56.66 1.35 53.96 57.10 1.55 54.00 57.80 1.90 54.00 58.40 2.23 53.94
60 62.80 1.39 60.02 63.40 1.67 60.06 64.20 2.00 60.20 64.82 2.38 60.06
72 75.34 1.62 72.10 75.00 1.95 72.10 76.88 2.39 72.10 – – –
84 87.54 1.72 84.10 88.54 2.22 84.10 – – – – – –
Class E Class F Class G Class H

Pipe 500 Ft. 217 PSIG 600 Ft. 260 PSIG 700 Ft. 304 PSIG 800 Ft. 347 PSIG
Size
O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D. O.D. WALL I.D.
6 7.22 0.58 6.06 7.22 0.61 6.00 7.38 0.65 6.08 7.38 0.69 6.00
8 9.42 0.66 8.10 9.42 0.71 8.00 9.60 0.75 8.10 9.60 0.80 8.00
10 11.60 0.74 10.12 11.60 0.80 10.00 11.84 0.86 10.12 11.84 0.92 10.00
12 13.78 0.82 12.14 13.78 0.89 12.00 14.08 0.97 12.14 14.08 1.04 12.00
14 15.98 0.90 14.18 15.98 0.99 14.00 16.32 1.07 14.18 16.32 1.16 14.00
16 18.16 0.98 16.20 18.16 1.08 16.00 18.54 1.18 16.18 18.54 1.27 16.00
18 20.34 1.07 18.20 20.34 1.17 18.00 20.78 1.28 18.22 20.78 1.39 18.00
20 22.54 1.15 20.24 22.54 1.27 20.00 23.02 1.39 20.24 23.02 1.51 20.00
24 26.90 1.31 24.28 26.90 1.45 24.00 27.76 1.75 24.26 27.76 1.88 24.00
30 33.10 1.55 30.00 33.46 1.73 30.00 – – – – – –
36 39.60 1.80 36.00 40.04 2.02 36.00 – – – – – –
38
Pipe Data: Steel Pipe
Outside Cross-sectional Area Circumference, ft., or Capacity at 1-ft/s Weight of

Nominal Schedule Wall Inside surface, ft2/ft of length velocity
Pipe Diameter, Thickness, Diameter, plain-end
No. U.S. gal/ lb/h water pipe, lb/ft
Size, in. in. in. in. Metal, in2 Flow, ft2 Outside Inside min
¹⁄₈ 0.405 10S .049 .307 .055 .00051 .106 .0804 .231 115.5 .19
40ST, 40S .068 .269 .072 .00040 .106 .0705 .179 89.5 .24
80XS, 80S .095 .215 .093 .00025 .106 .0563 .113 56.5 .31
¹⁄₄ 0.540 10S .065 .410 .097 .00092 .141 .107 .412 206.5 .33
40ST, 40S .088 .364 .125 .00072 .141 .095 .323 161.5 .42
80XS, 80S .119 .302 .157 .00050 .141 .079 .224 112.0 .54
³⁄₈ 0.675 10S .065 .545 .125 .00162 .177 .143 .727 363.5 .42
40ST, 40S .091 .493 .167 .00133 .177 .129 .596 298.0 .57
80XS, 80S .126 .423 .217 .00098 .177 .111 .440 220.0 .74
¹⁄₂ 0.840 5S .065 .710 .158 .00275 .220 .186 1.234 617.0 .54
10S .083 .674 .197 .00248 .220 .176 1.112 556.0 .67
40ST, 40S .109 .622 .250 .00211 .220 .163 0.945 472.0 .85
80XS, 80S .147 .546 .320 .00163 .220 .143 0.730 365.0 1.09
160 .188 .464 .385 .00117 .220 .122 0.527 263.5 1.31
XX .294 .252 .504 .00035 .220 .066 0.155 77.5 1.71
³⁄₄ 1.050 5S .065 .920 .201 .00461 .275 .241 2.072 1036.0 0.69
10S .083 .884 .252 .00426 .275 .231 1.903 951.5 0.86
40ST, 40S .113 .824 .333 .00371 .275 .216 1.665 832.5 1.13
80XS, 80S .154 .742 .433 .00300 .275 .194 1.345 672.5 1.47
160 .219 .612 .572 .00204 .275 .160 0.917 458.5 1.94
XX .308 .434 .718 .00103 .275 .114 0.461 230.5 2.44
1 1.315 5S .065 1.185 .255 .00768 .344 .310 3.449 1725 0.87
10S .109 1.097 .413 .00656 .344 .287 2.946 1473 1.40
40ST, 40S .133 1.049 .494 .00600 .344 .275 2.690 1345 1.68
80XS, 80S .179 0.957 .639 .00499 .344 .250 2.240 1120 2.17
160 .250 0.815 .836 .00362 .344 .213 1.625 812.5 2.84
XX .358 0.599 1.076 .00196 .344 .157 0.878 439.0 3.66
1¹⁄₄ 1.660 5S .065 1.530 0.326 .01277 .435 .401 5.73 2865 1.11
10S .109 1.442 0.531 .01134 .435 .378 5.09 2545 1.81
40ST, 40S .140 1.380 0.668 .01040 .435 .361 4.57 2285 2.27
80XS, 80S .191 1.278 0.881 .00891 .435 .335 3.99 1995 3.00
160 .250 1.160 1.107 .00734 .435 .304 3.29 1645 3.76
XX .382 0.896 1.534 .00438 .435 .235 1.97 985 5.21
1¹⁄₂ 1.900 5S .065 1.770 0.375 .01709 .497 .463 7.67 3835 1.28
10S .109 1.682 0.614 .01543 .497 .440 6.94 3465 2.09
40ST, 40S .145 1.610 0.800 .01414 .497 .421 6.34 3170 2.72
80XS, 80S .200 1.500 1.069 .01225 .497 .393 5.49 2745 3.63
160 .281 1.338 1.429 .00976 .497 .350 4.38 2190 4.86
XX .400 1.100 1.885 .00660 .497 .288 2.96 1480 6.41
2 2.375 5S .065 2.245 0.472 .02749 .622 .588 12.34 6170 1.61
10S .109 2.157 0.776 .02538 .622 .565 11.39 5695 2.64
40ST, 40S .154 2.067 1.075 .02330 .622 .541 10.45 5225 3.65
80ST, 80S .218 1.939 1.477 .02050 .622 .508 9.20 4600 5.02
160 .344 1.687 2.195 .01552 .622 .436 6.97 3485 7.46
XX .436 1.503 2.656 .01232 .622 .393 5.53 2765 9.03
2¹⁄₂ 2.875 5S .083 2.709 0.728 .04003 .753 .709 17.97 8985 2.48
10S .120 2.635 1.039 .03787 .753 .690 17.00 8500 3.53
40ST, 40S .203 2.469 1.704 .03322 .753 .647 14.92 7460 5.79
80XS, 80S .276 2.323 2.254 .02942 .753 .608 13.20 6600 7.66
160 .375 2.125 2.945 .02463 .753 .556 11.07 5535 10.01
XX .552 1.771 4.028 .01711 .753 .464 7.68 3840 13.69
3 3.500 5S .083 3.334 0.891 .06063 .916 .873 27.21 13,605 3.03
10S .120 3.260 1.274 .05796 .916 .853 26.02 13,010 4.33
40ST, 40S .216 3.068 2.228 .05130 .916 .803 23.00 11,500 7.58
80XS, 80S .300 2.900 3.016 .04587 .916 .759 20.55 10,275 10.25
160 .438 2.624 4.213 .03755 .916 .687 16.86 8430 14.32
XX .600 2.300 5.466 .02885 .916 .602 12.95 6475 18.58
3¹⁄₂ 4.0 5S .083 3.834 1.021 .08017 1.047 1.004 35.98 17,990 3.48
10S .120 3.760 1.463 .07711 1.047 0.984 34.61 17,305 4.97
40ST, 40S .226 3.548 2.680 .06870 1.047 0.929 30.80 15,400 9.11
80XS, 80S .318 3.364 3.678 .06170 1.047 0.881 27.70 13,850 12.50
4 4.5 5S .083 4.334 1.152 .10245 1.178 1.135 46.0 23,000 3.92
10S .120 4.260 1.651 .09898 1.178 1.115 44.4 22,200 5.61
40ST, 40S .237 4.026 3.17 .08840 1.178 1.054 39.6 19,800 10.79
80XS, 80S .337 3.826 4.41 .07986 1.178 1.002 35.8 17,900 14.98
120 .438 3.624 5.58 .07170 1.178 0.949 32.2 16,100 19.00
160 .531 3.438 6.62 .06647 1.178 0.900 28.9 14,450 22.51
XX .674 3.152 8.10 .05419 1.178 0.825 24.3 12,150 27.54
39
Pipe Data: Steel Pipe (cont.)

5 5.563 5S .109 5.345 1.87 .1558 1.456 1.399 69.9 34,950 6.36
10S .134 5.295 2.29 .1529 1.456 1.386 68.6 34,300 7.77
40ST, 40S .258 5.047 4.30 .1390 1.456 1.321 62.3 31,150 14.62
80SX, 80S .375 4.813 6.11 .1263 1.456 1.260 57.7 28,850 20.78
120 .500 4.563 7.95 .1136 1.456 1.195 51.0 25,500 27.04
160 .625 4.313 9.70 .1015 1.456 1.129 45.5 22,750 32.96
XX .750 4.063 11.34 .0900 1.456 1.064 40.4 20,200 38.55
6 6.625 5S .109 6.407 2.23 .2239 1.734 1.677 100.5 50,250 7.60
10S .134 6.357 2.73 .2204 1.734 1.664 98.9 49,450 9.29
40ST, 40S .280 6.065 5.58 .2006 1.734 1.588 90.0 45,000 18.97
80XS, 80S .432 5.761 8.40 .1810 1.734 1.508 81.1 40,550 28.57
120 .562 5.501 10.70 .1650 1.734 1.440 73.9 36,950 36.39
160 .719 5.187 13.34 .1467 1.734 1.358 65.9 32,950 45.34
XX .864 4.897 15.64 .1308 1.734 1.282 58.7 29,350 53.16
8 8.625 5S .109 8.407 2.915 .3855 2.258 2.201 173.0 86,500 9.93
10S .148 8.329 3.941 .3784 2.258 2.180 169.8 84,900 13.40
20 .250 8.125 6.578 .3601 2.258 2.217 161.5 80,750 22.36
30 .277 8.071 7.265 .3553 2.258 2.113 159.4 79,700 24.70
40ST, 40S .322 7.981 8.399 .3474 2.258 2.089 155.7 77,850 28.55
60 .406 7.813 10.48 .3329 2.258 2.045 149.4 74,700 35.64
80XS, 80S .500 7.625 12.76 .3171 2.258 1.996 142.3 71,150 43.39
100 .594 7.437 14.99 .3017 2.258 1.947 135.4 67,700 50.95
120 .719 7.187 17.86 .2817 2.258 1.882 126.4 63,200 60.71
140 .812 7.001 19.93 .2673 2.258 1.833 120.0 60,000 67.76
XX .875 6.875 21.30 .2578 2.258 1.800 115.7 57,850 72.42
160 .906 6.813 21.97 .2532 2.258 1.784 113.5 56,750 74.69
10 10.75 5S .134 10.482 4.47 .5993 2.814 2.744 269.0 134,500 15.19
10S .165 10.420 5.49 .5922 2.814 2.728 265.8 132,900 18.65
20 .250 10.250 8.25 .5731 2.814 2.685 257.0 128,500 28.04
30 .307 10.136 10.07 .5603 2.814 2.655 252.0 126,000 34.24
40ST, 40S .365 10.020 11.91 .5475 2.814 2.620 246.0 123,000 40.48
80S, 60XS .500 9.750 16.10 .5185 2.814 2.550 233.0 116,500 54.74
80 .594 9.562 18.95 .4987 2.814 2.503 223.4 111,700 64.43
100 .719 9.312 22.66 .4729 2.814 2.438 212.3 106,150 77.03
120 .844 9.062 26.27 .4479 2.814 2.372 201.0 100,500 89.29
140, XX 1.000 8.750 30.63 .4176 2.814 2.291 188.0 94,000 104.13
160 1.125 8.500 34.02 .3941 2.814 2.225 177.0 88,500 115.64
12 12.75 5S 0.156 12.438 6.17 .8438 3.338 3.26 378.7 189,350 20.98
10S 0.180 12.390 7.11 .8373 3.338 3.24 375.8 187,900 24.17
20 0.250 12.250 9.82 .8185 3.338 3.21 367.0 183,500 33.38
30 0.330 12.090 12.88 .7972 3.338 3.17 358.0 179,000 43.77
ST, 40S 0.375 12.000 14.58 .7854 3.338 3.14 352.5 176,250 49.56
40 0.406 11.938 15.74 .7773 3.338 3.13 349.0 174,500 53.52
XS, 80S 0.500 11.750 19.24 .7530 3.338 3.08 338.0 169,000 65.42
60 0.562 11.626 21.52 .7372 3.338 3.04 331.0 165,500 73.15
80 0.688 11.374 26.07 .7056 3.338 2.98 316.7 158,350 88.63
100 0.844 11.062 31.57 .6674 3.338 2.90 299.6 149,800 107.32
120, XX 1.000 10.750 36.91 .6303 3.338 2.81 283.0 141,500 125.49
140 1.125 10.500 41.09 .6013 3.338 2.75 270.0 135,000 139.67
160 1.312 10.126 47.14 .5592 3.338 2.65 251.0 125,500 160.27
14 14 5S 0.156 13.688 6.78 1.0219 3.665 3.58 459 229,500 23.07
10S 0.188 13.624 8.16 1.0125 3.665 3.57 454 227,000 27.73
10 0.250 13.500 10.80 0.9940 3.665 3.53 446 223,000 36.71
20 0.312 13.376 13.42 0.9750 3.665 3.50 438 219,000 45.61
30, ST 0.375 13.250 16.05 0.9575 3.665 3.47 430 215,000 54.57
40 0.438 13.124 18.66 0.9397 3.665 3.44 422 211,000 63.44
XS 0.500 13.000 21.21 0.9218 3.665 3.40 414 207,000 72.09
60 0.594 12.812 25.02 0.8957 3.665 3.35 402 201,000 85.05
80 0.750 12.500 31.22 0.8522 3.665 3.27 382 191,000 106.13
100 0.938 12.124 38.49 0.8017 3.665 3.17 360 180,000 130.85
120 1.094 11.812 44.36 0.7610 3.665 3.09 342 171,000 150.79
140 1.250 11.500 50.07 0.7213 3.665 3.01 324 162,000 170.21
160 1.406 11.188 55.63 0.6827 3.665 2.93 306 153,000 189.11
16 16 5S 0.165 15.670 8.21 1.3393 4.189 4.10 601 300,500 27.90
10S 0.188 15.624 9.34 1.3314 4.189 4.09 598 299,000 31.75
10 0.250 15.500 12.37 1.3104 4.189 4.06 587 293,500 42.05
20 0.312 15.376 15.38 1.2985 4.189 4.03 578 289,000 52.27
30, ST 0.375 15.250 18.41 1.2680 4.189 3.99 568 284,000 62.58
40, XS 0.500 15.000 24.35 1.2272 4.189 3.93 550 275,000 82.77
60 0.656 14.688 31.62 1.1766 4.189 3.85 528 264,000 107.50
40
Pipe Data: Steel Pipe (cont.)

80 0.844 14.312 40.19 1.1171 4.189 3.75 501 250,500 136.61

100 1.031 13.938 48.48 1.0596 4.189 3.65 474 237,000 164.82
120 1.219 13.562 56.61 1.0032 4.189 3.55 450 225,000 192.43
140 1.438 13.124 65.79 0.9394 4.189 3.44 422 211,000 223.64
160 1.594 12.812 72.14 0.8953 4.189 3.35 402 201,000 245.25
18 18 5S 0.165 17.670 9.25 1.7029 4.712 4.63 764 382,000 31.43
10S 0.188 17.624 10.52 1.6941 4.712 4.51 760 379,400 35.76
10 0.250 17.500 13.94 1.6703 4.712 4.58 750 375,000 47.39
20 0.312 17.376 17.34 1.6468 4.712 4.55 739 369,500 58.94
ST 0.375 17.250 20.76 1.6230 4.712 4.52 728 364,000 70.59
30 0.438 17.124 24.16 1.5993 4.712 4.48 718 359,000 82.15
XS 0.500 17.000 27.49 1.5763 4.712 4.45 707 353,500 93.45
40 0.562 16.876 30.79 1.5533 4.712 4.42 697 348,500 104.67
60 0.750 16.500 40.64 1.4849 4.712 4.32 666 333,000 138.17
80 0.938 16.124 50.28 1.4180 4.712 4.22 636 318,000 170.92
100 1.156 15.688 61.17 1.3423 4.712 4.11 602 301,000 207.96
120 1.375 15.250 71.82 1.2684 4.712 3.99 569 284,500 244.14
140 1.562 14.876 80.66 1.2070 4.712 3.89 540 270,000 274.22
160 1.781 14.438 90.75 1.1370 4.712 3.78 510 255,000 308.50
20 20 5S 0.188 19.624 11.70 2.1004 5.236 5.14 943 471,500 39.78
10S 0.218 19.564 13.55 2.0878 5.236 5.12 937 467,500 46.06
10 0.250 19.500 15.51 2.0740 5.236 5.11 930 465,000 52.73
20, ST 0.375 19.250 23.12 2.0211 5.236 5.04 902 451,000 78.60
30, XS 0.500 19.000 30.63 1.9689 5.236 4.97 883 441,500 104.13
40 0.594 18.812 36.21 1.9302 5.236 4.92 866 433,000 123.11
60 0.812 18.376 48.95 1.8417 5.236 4.81 826 413,000 166.40
80 1.031 17.938 61.44 1.7550 5.236 4.70 787 393,500 208.87
100 1.281 17.438 75.33 1.6585 5.236 4.57 744 372,000 256.10
120 1.500 17.000 87.18 1.5763 5.236 4.45 707 353,500 296.37
140 1.750 16.500 100.3 1.4849 5.236 4.32 665 332,500 341.09
160 1.969 16.062 111.5 1.4071 5.236 4.21 632 316,000 397.17
24 24 5S 0.218 23.564 16.29 3.0285 6.283 6.17 1359 679,500 55.37
10, 10S 0.250 23.500 18.65 3.012 6.283 6.15 1350 675,000 63.41
20, ST 0.375 23.250 27.83 2.948 6.283 6.09 1325 662,500 94.62
XS 0.500 23.000 36.90 2.885 6.283 6.02 1295 642,500 125.49
30 0.562 22.876 41.39 2.854 6.283 5.99 1281 640,500 140.68
40 0.688 22.624 50.39 2.792 6.283 5.92 1253 626,500 171.29
60 0.969 22.062 70.11 2.655 6.283 5.78 1192 596,000 238.35
80 1.219 21.562 87.24 2.536 6.283 5.64 1138 569,000 296.58
100 1.531 20.938 108.1 2.391 6.283 5.48 1073 536,500 367.39
120 1.812 20.376 126.3 2.264 6.283 5.33 1016 508,000 429.39
140 2.062 19.876 142.1 2.155 6.283 5.20 965 482,500 483.12
160 2.344 19.312 159.5 2.034 6.283 5.06 913 456,500 542.13
30 30 5S 0.250 29.500 23.37 4.746 7.854 7.72 2130 1,065,000 79.43
10, 10S 0.312 29.376 29.10 4.707 7.854 7.69 2110 1,055,000 98.93
ST 0.375 29.259 34.90 4.666 7.854 7.66 2094 1,048,000 118.65
20, XS 0.500 29.000 46.34 4.587 7.854 7.59 2055 1,027,500 157.53
30 0.625 28.750 57.68 4.508 7.854 7.53 2020 1,010,000 196.08
5S, 10S, and 40S are extracted from Stainless Steel Pipe, ANSI B36.19–1976, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York.
ST = standard wall, XS = extra strong wall, XX = double extra strong wall, and Schedules 10 through 160 are extracted from Wrought-Steel and
Wrought-Iron Pipe, ANSI B36.10–1975. Decimal thicknesses for respective pipe sizes represent their nominal or average wall dimensions. Mill
tolerances as high as ± 12¹⁄₂ percent are permitted.
41
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Copyright © 2003 Magnetrol International. All rights reserved. Printed in the USA.
Bulletin: 41-600.3 • Effective: February 2003

Field Instrumentation Technical Handbook

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Original Desired Value

Conversions: Metric Prefixes

atto. . . . . . . . . . . . . a . . . . . . . one-quintillionth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 ..............................10–18

–459.4° to 0° 1 to 60° 61° to 290° 300° to 890° 900° to 3000°

Velocity in Feet per Second.

Velocity in Meters per Second

TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

acres sq. feet 43,500.0 centares (centiares) sq. meters 1.0

TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

gallons cu. cms. 3,785.0 hectares acres 2.471

TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

kilograms dynes 980,665.0 kilowatts (cont.) horsepower 1.341

TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

meters/min. (cont.) miles/hr. 0.03728 mils (cont.) yards 2.778 x 10-⁵

TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

pounds (cont.) kilograms 0.4536 radians/sec. (cont.) revolutions/sec. 0.1592

TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY TO CONVERT INTO MULTIPLY BY

square millimeters circular mils 1,973.0 watts Btu/hr. 3.4192

U.S. Gallon 1 0.833 8.0 8.337 0.13368 231.0 3.78533 0.003785

Imperial Gallon 1.2009 1 9.60762 10.0 0.16054 277.42 4.54596 0.004546

U.S. Pint 0.125 0.1041 1 1.042 0.01671 28.875 0.473166 0.000473

Liter 0.2641779 0.2199756 2.113423 2.202 0.0353154 61.02509 1 0.001000

Cubic Meter 264.170 219.969 2113.34 2202.0 35.31446 61023.38 999.972 1

*Water at 60°F (15.6°C) EXAMPLE:

Equivalents: Kinematic Viscosity

centistokes stokes ft2

centipoise poise slugs †poundsm

(µ) (100 µ) (µ' e) (µ e)

*Poundf = Pound of Force †Poundm = Pound of Mass

Equivalents: Electrical Units

Practical Unit Cgs Electromagnetic Unit Cgs Electrostatic Unit

Values for API Scale Values for Baumé Scale

0 – – – – – – 1.0000 62.36 8.337

Equivalents of Kinematic and Equivalents of Kinematic and

Kinematic Equivalent Saybolt Kinematic Equivalent Saybolt

400 188.8 191.8 75.0 347.6 350.0

TO OBTAIN in. ft. in. mm Mega- mm

Temperature Density➀ Specific➁ Temperature Density➀ Specific➁

Acetaldehyde 64 17.8 38.9 0.8 Lard Oil 60 15.6 57.4 0.9

Gas Chemical Molecular Density➀ Density➁ Specific➁

Acetylene C2H2 26.04 .0673 1.1459 0.899

➀ Density is given for gas at 14.7 psia @ +70° F.

Temperature Pressure Density Temperature Pressure Density

32 0 0.09 62.42 1.00 210 99 14.13 59.88 0.96

Temperature Superheated Steam and Compressed Water Density lbm/ft3

Temperature Relationship for Petroleum Oils

S – Specific Gravity of Oil at any Temperature (Referred to water at 60° F)

Specific Gravity versus API Gravity

Temperature Air Density lbm/ft3

Properties: Speed of Sound

Gases m/sec ft/sec Vapors m/sec ft/sec

Temperature Dielectric Temperature Dielectric

Temperature Dielectric Temperature Dielectric

Temperature Dielectric Temperature Dielectric

Temperature Dielectric Temperature Dielectric

Temperature Dielectric Temperature Dielectric

Temperature Dielectric Temperature Dielectric

CO2 240 t – Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit

t – Temperature in Degrees Fahrenheit