device is employed.

However, when a high lift device is employed; such as -40 degrees of flap down; the Do increases to about -12 degrees. The design objective is to have a higher Do (more negative), since it leaves the capacity to have more lift at zero angle of attack. This is essential for a cruising flight, since the fuselage center line is aimed to be level (i.e. zero fuselage angle of attack) for variety of flight reasons such as comfort of passengers. d. The ideal lift coefficient ( Cli ) is the lift coefficient at which the drag coefficient does not vary significantly with the slight variations of angle of attack. The ideal lift coefficient is usually corresponding to the minimum drag coefficient. This is very critical in airfoil selection, since the lower drag coefficient means the lower flight cost. Thus, the design objective is to cruise at flight situation such that the cruise lift coefficient is as close as possible to the ideal lift coefficient. The value of this Cli will be clear when the graph of variation of drag coefficient versus lift coefficient is discussed. The typical value of ideal lift coefficient for GA aircraft is about 0.1 to 0.4, and for a supersonic aircraft is about 0.01 to 0.05. e. The angle of attack corresponding to ideal lift coefficient (DCli) is self explanatory. The wing setting angle is often selected to be the same as this angle, since it will result in a minimum drag. On the other hand, the minimum drag is corresponding to the minimum engine thrust, which means the minimum flight cost. This will be discussed in more details, when wing setting angle is discussed. The typical value of DCli is around 2 to 5 degrees. Thus, such an angle will be a optimum candidate for the cruising angle of attack. f. The lift coefficient at zero angle of attack ( Clo ) is the lift coefficient when angle of attack is zero. From design point of view, the more Clo is the better, since it implies we can produce a positive lift even at zero angle of attack. Thus, the more Clo is the better. g. The lift curve slope ( C lD ) is another important performance feature of an airfoil. The lift curve slope is the slope of variation of lift coefficient with respect to the change in the angle of attack, and its unit is 1/deg or 1/rad. Since the main function of an airfoil is to produce lift, the higher the slope, the better the airfoil. The typical value of lift curve slope of a 2d airfoil is around 2S (or 6.28) per radian (about 0.1 per degrees). It implies that for each 1 degree of change in the airfoil angle of attack, the lift coefficient will be increased by 0.1. The lift curve slope (1/rad) may be found by the following empirical equation:
Cl Cl

gentle abrupt

D Wing Design

D 19