EE-2192

CURRENT TRANSFORMER OPERATION

Instructed by : Miss. G.N.T.Silva Group members : M.H.C.Lakshan 090228T K.A.T.Lasangani 090292B L.H.H.Madurangi 090304R M.K.B.S.Munasinghe 090337U M.A.V.J.Muthugala 090339D

Name Index no Group Field Conducted on Submitted on

: M.K.B.S.Munasinghe : 090337U : G8 : Electrical Engineering : 09/08/2011 : 23/08/2011

OBSERVATION SHEET
Name Index no Group Conducted on : M.K.B.S.Munasinghe : 090337U : G8 : 09/08/2011

Practical Name: Current Transformer Operation (i) Familiarization With CT Name plate data: Type Measuring Transformer Protection Transformer Class 0.2 10P10 Current ratio 400/5 400/5

(ii) Secondary Resistance Measurement Type Measuring transformer (class 0.2) Protection Transformer(class 10P10) (iv) Ratio Check 0.2 10P10 50/0.6 50/0.6 Secondary Resistance 0.5 0.5

(v) Magnetization Curve Measuring Transformer (class 0.2) Secondary Voltage(V) 5.17 7.14 9.00 11.24 13.00 Secondary Current (A) 0.05 0.22 0.88 2.40 3.80 Protection Transformer (class 10P10) Secondary Voltage(V) 5.30 7.30 9.22 11.06 13.07 15.03 17.10 19.00 21.05 Secondary Current (mA) 29 36 43 49 55 63 72 83 91

(vi) Burden Class 0.2 0.400 0.6 Class 10P10 0.392 0.6

Voltage Across Burden (V) Burden Current (A)

Voltage Across Burden (V) Burden Current (A)

Class 0.2 0.400 0.6

Burden = impedance in the metering circuit before its output current is no longer a fixed ratio to the Primary current From V= IR, 0.400 R = = 0.6 (R) 0.6667 gives the burden

Burden = impedance in the metering circuit before its output current is no longer a fixed ratio to the Primary current From V= IR, 0.392 R = = 0.6 (R) 0.6533 gives the burden

Voltage Across Burden (V) Burden Current (A)

Class 10P10 0.392 0.6

Magnetization curve for measuring transformer

14

13

V = 9.562I0.205
12

11

10

Secondary Voltage(V)

0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 Secondary Current (A)

Protection Transformer (class 10P10) Secondary Voltage(V) 5.30 7.30 9.22 11.06 13.07 15.03 17.10 19.00 21.05 Secondary Current (mA) 29 36 43 49 55 63 72 83 91

Knee point = point at which a Voltage increase of 10% would result in a Current increase of 50% At the knee point, Gradient of the Magnetization curve Therefore, at the knee point,
)

By substitution in magnetizing curve equation, ) (Knee point voltage)

Burden = impedance in the metering circuit before its output current is no longer a fixed ratio to the Primary current From V= IR, 0.392 R = = 0.6 (R) 0.6533 gives the burden

Magnetization curve for protection transformer

23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 Secondary Voltage(V) 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Secondary Current (mA)

V = 13.94ln(1000I) - 42.56

DISCUSSION
1. Reason for secondary resistance of a protective transformer being lower compared to that of a measuring transformer. In a protection when a fault occurs it has to be detected quickly and a quick response should be given. So these transformers are designed to allow high currents to flow through the secondary circuit to the relay mechanism under fault conditions (which can be as high as 20 or 30 times the rated current). Because of this the secondary resistance of a protection transformer is very small. But in the case of measuring transformers what is needed is not a high current in the secondary but a current proportional to the primary current throughout a given voltage range. So the secondary resistance value here is larger compared to that of a protection transformer. 2. Significance of the knee point Voltage of the magnetization curve. The knee-point voltage of a current transformer is the magnitude of the secondary voltage after which the output current ceases to follow linearly the input current. This means that the one-toone or proportional relationship between the input and output is no longer within declared accuracy. In testing, if a voltage is applied across the secondary terminals the magnetizing current will increase in proportion to the applied voltage up until the knee point. The knee point is defined as the point at which an increase of applied voltage of 10% results in an increase in magnetizing current of 50%. From the knee point upwards, the magnetizing current increases abruptly even with small increments in the voltage across the secondary terminals. The knee-point voltage is less applicable for metering current transformers as their accuracy is generally much tighter but constrained within a very small bandwidth of the current transformer rating, typically 1.2 to 1.5 times rated current. However, the concept of knee point voltage is very pertinent to protection current transformers, since they are necessarily exposed to currents of 20 or 30 times rated current during faults. It must always be ensured that a current transformer used for measuring purpose does not exceed the knee point while in operation. 3. Selection of a current transformer for a given application. An ideal current transformer should be able to proportionally scale down the value of the power system current to a useable known value and to faithfully reproduce the power system current waveform, over the range of a few amps up through tens of thousands amps. In reality, a current transformer has limitations. So when selecting a current transformer for a given application there are some facts that should be given special attention. Accuracy -whether the accuracy of the CT suits the scenario Knee point -whether knee point voltage is sufficient Burden -whether the CT can handle the required load Rating factor -whether the maximum current passable through the primary is enough