EW 2

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FINAL PROJECT REPORT

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Submitted by
1) V.S.Rao Veeravasarapu - 200731010 2) K.Gowtham Raghunath- 200730015

AIM:

To build a circuit for Emergency Lamp.

ABSTRACT: Our circuit will have an emergency lamp

which uses white LEDs as lamp and rechargeable battery.In our circuit, the connection is in such a way that when the mains is ON the power is used for charging the rechargeable batteries and when the mains is OFF the lamp turns on immediately by using the current from the rechargeable battery..Also during charging of the battery, when the battery gets completely charged since any further flow of current through it may damage the battery we have kept a zener diode in such a way that all the current passes through the zener diode when the rechargeable battery is completely charged.

INTRODUCTION:

Our white LED based

Emergency light has its own battery charger and rechargeable battery in it.It uses the mains supply for charging battery and it automatically stops charging when the battery is fully charged.This helps in protecting the battery from being damaged.When the mains is on battery gets charged and when the mains is off the battery discharges for glowing the lights.We use a Relay for switching ON or OFF the lamp.Relay is an electrical switch that opens and closes under the control of another electrical circuit.

COMPONENTS USED:

Serial No. 1.

Name 12v Transformer

No.of components 1

2.

1N4007 diode

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.

3904 NPN transistor Zener diode Capacitor(1000micro F) Resistances(of required values) Relay switch Rechargeable batteries(1.2v,1000mAhr) Battery case Potentiometer(5K)

4 2 1 ------1 4 1 1

CIRCUIT EXPLANATION:
Our circuit mainly consists of two parts.They are charger power supply and Led driver.LED driver actually consists of a Relay and some white LEDS where Relay is used as a swith for lamp.Inturn Charger power supply consists of two sections.They are Voltage stabilizer and Constant current source.Thus different sections of our circuit are

1)Voltage stabilizer 2)Constant current source 3)LED Driver

VOLTAGE STABILIZER:
First of all we have to convert AC to DC.This is done by the voltage stabilizer.The different stages involved in converting AC to DC are shown in a block diagram.

The block diagram is as follows

AC mains

Transformer

Rectifier

Filter

Constant voltage

Voltage Regulator

This gives us constant output voltage which is required for constant current source which inturn is required for charging the battery.The input of voltage stabilizer is AC mains.Since its voltage is around 220v which is not safe for us.First we will reduce that to 12v using a step-down transformer.The input and output waveforms for transformer are shown below.

Now the transformer output is fully-rectified by using a full-wave rectifier.A rectifier is an electrical device that converts Alternating current(AC) to pulsating DC.Here the two diodes back-to-back(i.e., anode to anode) form a full wave rectifier.It converts the negative cycle also into positive cycle so that the rms value is increased.The input and output waveforms for rectifier are shown below.

Now the rectified output is given to a filter whose output is almost a dc but with some ripples.The output of the filter is shown below.

The voltage regulator uses a zener-diode of break-down voltage 5.3 v.In the voltage regulator circuit transistor(npn) Q2 is called pass transistor because all the load current passes through it.The circuit consists a voltage divider Rx and Ry(Actualy a potentiometer R3).The voltage divider consists of two resistors and samples the output voltage and delivers a negative feedback voltage to the base of Q1.This negative feedback voltage VF controls the collector current of transistor(npn) Q1.Let VB be base voltage of Q1.From the figure it can be easily seen that

VB=VZ+VBE where VZ=Break-down voltage of zener diode VBE=Base-Emitter voltage of Q1 ~0.7v

The circuit diagram of voltage regulator is as follows.

BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL

Q2 V1 T1 R2 R1
1500 DIODE_VIRTUAL 1k

D2
1000uF

C1

220 V 50 Hz 0Deg

D1
10

R9
DIODE_VIRTUAL 1k

Q1

R3
+

Key = A 50% 1k BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL

6.092m A DC 1e-009
-

U1

XMM1

1000

R8

XSC1

Ext Trig +

D3
5.3 V
+ A

The voltage across Ry=VB=VZ+VBE.The output voltage Vo across load resistance is equal to the voltage across (Rx+Ry). Vo/(Rx+Ry)=(VZ+VBE)/Ry V0=(VZ+VBE)(1+Rx/Ry) Since Rx and Ry is actually a potentiometer , the resistances are adjusted in such a way that the output Vo equals approximately 15v. i.e., Rx=300 ohm,Ry=200 ohm The operation of the circuit is as follows. 1)suppose ,if the output voltage increases due to any reason the base voltage of Q1 i.e., voltage across Ry increases and collector current increases most of which is coming from the R2.So the base voltage of Q2 decreases keeping the output voltage constant as the previous. 2)In the same way if the output voltage decreases due to any reason the feedback voltage VF decreases.This reduces the current through R2 and Q1.This implies that base voltage of Q2 increases and thereby increasing the output voltage to our constant value.

Constant Current Source:

Charging of a battery requires constant current.The constant current source requires a zener-diode and a constant voltage Vcc which we got from voltage stabilizer .

VCC

15V R2 1.3k Q2 BJT_NPN_VIRTUAL Constant Current

D1 5V

R1 100

A switch is prepared using BJT which is used to switch on and off depending on the potential difference across the battery. This switch is used to change the current to zero through the constant current source when the battery is fully charged and the entire current flows through the zener-diode.When the battery is charging, the transistor will be in active-mode since the driving force is coming from Vcc.When the battery is completely charged, since the maximum voltage that the battery can be charged is kept almost equal to

breakdown voltage of zener diode the voltage across R1 equals to 0 which inturn makes the transistor to turn from active

mode to satuaration mode.This switching of transistor from active mode to satuaration mode acts as a switch and makes the current 0 through the battery when its charging is completed.

LED DRIVER:The third part of our circuit is LED driver. In this circuit LEDs are connected to rechargeable battery through relay switch. if more current is flow through a LED , then it will damage so We used more than one LED in parallel connection because current divides to all LEDs that is reducing current through one LED. LEDs glows when main power supply is not available then current is flows through LEDs because of battery voltage. In LED driver section, we use a total of three 10 mm white LEDs. All the LEDs are connected in parallel with 100 ohms resistances in series with each. We used a relay switch to connect the common anode junction of all LEDs to battery. Relay switch is an electrically operated switch. This relay switch has a total of terminals. In those, two are input terminals and one is common terminal. current flowing through the coil of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two positions and they are double throw or change over switches. So we used a 12 volt relay switch, for this if we apply a voltage greater than or equal to 12 volts between two input terminals, then two of remaining three terminals will short and other terminal doesnt connect to any terminal. If the voltage between two input terminals is zero then the common terminal and second (other terminal) terminal will shorted and the first terminal doesnt connect to any terminal. So we choose the two terminals of the relay switch such that these terminals can short when voltage between input terminals is

zero and open when voltage between two input terminals is greater than 12 volts. So we connected common terminal to anode of battery and the other terminal to common anode junction of all LEDs. And the cathodes of all LEDs are connected to the cathode terminal of battery. we applied the filtered output voltage in first part our circuit between the input two terminals of the relay switch. If the main power supply is not available then the two terminals of relay switch, which we used, are closed i.e. LED driver circuit is closed, therefore LEDs will glow using the battery voltage. And if the mains is available then the two terminals of relay switch are open i.e. LED driver circuit is open , therefore LEDS doesnt glow until mains is off. Then we connected a LDR (light dependent resistor) in parallel to all LED. A LDR has zero resistance when light is falling on it otherwise infinite resistance. Therefore, in the nights LDR has infinite resistance and during day times it has zero resistance. So LEDs glows when the mains is not present in the nights only, not in day time.

Application:
Our circuit can be used as an emergency lamp during nights. In household appliances when there is sudden power cut this lamp automatically turns on itself.

Alternative Approach tried:

Here in the LED driver circuit, since our aim is LEDs should glow when there is no power and not to glow when there is mains we can use a PNP transistor inplace of Relay switch.Once the base of a PNP transistor is low the transistor turns ON and if base goes high the transistor will be in OFF position.we connected the constant coltage to base of the PNP and LEDs to its emitter and output of rechargeable battery to collector.So when power is OFF, base is low =>current flows from collector to emitter and LEDs glow.And when power is ON no current flows through collector , LEDs will not glow.

Advantages:
No need of any battery charger since our circuit itself has a inbuilt battery charger. During nights if the power is cut suddenly, there is no need of searching the lamp for switching it ON since the lamp will turn on automatically when mains is OFF. There will be no wastage of power in over charging the battery once the charging is completed since in our circuit once the battery is completely charged the current through battery goes to 0 and all the current passes through zener diode.

What We Have Learnt:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. Conversion of AC to DC. Working of a Relay(switch) Design of a constant voltage source. Design of a constant current source. Information about some batteries(Ni-Cd,....) Charging of a battery requires a constant current Working of LDR Using NPN transistor as a switch Usage of a zener diode to stop the charging of the battery immediately after its complete charging. 10. Slow charging of batteries is more preferable than fast charging because due to fast charging the durability(life span) i.e., number of times the battery can be recharged decreases.