Absorption is the uptake of materials by a cell from the external surroundings.

Secretion is the discharge of materials into the external surroundings. Molecules being exchanged between cells and their surrounding have to pass through the cell membrane and in plants they also have to pass through the cell wall. PLANT CELL WALL

Layer 1 Cellulose fibres Layer 2

Structure Made up of bundles of cellulose fibres laid down in layers The cellulose fibres are glued together by calcium pectate Features Strong Elastic Hydrophilic water is attracted to cellulose Non-living Freely permeable presents no barrier to the movement of molecules. Provides a continuous water conducting channel

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The Plasma Membrane .

Channel protein

Phospholipid bilayer

protein
The general structure of cell membranes is described by the fluid mosaic model where a variety of proteins are closely associated with a lipid bilayer. This model is called the fluid mosaic model : It is fluid due to the rapid movement of the lipids The term mosaic describes the proteins which are embedded into the lipids in a random fashion Functions Lipid layer The phospholipids have a water soluble hydrophilic head and waterinsoluble hydrophobic tail The phospholipids form boundary which only allow tiny molecules such as gases and water to pass through into the lipids in a random fashion

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Proteins

Provides structural support ( strength ) Enzymes to speed up reaction Receptors for cell signalling Channels for movement of larger molecules such as glucose Antigenic markers for cell recognition Carriers by active transport

The cell membrane is said to be selectively permeable allowing the free movement of small molecules, limited movement of larger molecules and prevents the movement of very large molecules

Movement of substances into or out of cells Substances enter or leave a cell in one of 5 ways:-

1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Active transport 4. Phagocytosis 5. Pinocytosis

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1.

Diffusion

Diffusion is the movement of molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of lower concentration
The plasma membrane is selectively permeable Allows rapid diffusion of gases and water through phospholipid bilayer Allows slower diffusion of larger molecules such as glucose through membrane proteins Does not allow diffusion of very large molecules such as starch and proteins

2.

Osmosis

The unequal movement of water and solutes results in osmosis Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from regions of high concentration to regions of low concentration through selectively permeable membranes A solution is produced when a solute dissolves in a solvent The greater the solute concentration the lower the solvent concentration An increase in the solute concentration causes a decease in the solvent concentration Cells may find themselves in a variety of solutions

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Animal cells in solution

In 0.05% salt Soln

Type of solution HYPOTONIC X

Appearance Swollen and Burst

Appearance of RBC at time zero

Haemolysed

Y Type of solution HYPERTONIC

Crenated Appearance Shrivelled

In 5% salt Soln

Plant cells in solution

Type of solution In 0.05% salt Soln HYPOTONIC X Appearance Swollen and Firm

Appearance PLANT CELL at time zero

TURGID PLASMOLYSED Y

Type of solutionIn 5% salt Soln HYPERTONIC

Appearance Cell membrane detached from wall

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TYPES OF SOLUTION

a) Hypertonic ( Higher solute conc. /lower water conc. ) i) Water passes out ii) Cell loses weight iii) Cell contents shrink b) Hypotonic ( lower solute conc. /higher water conc. ) i) Water passes in ii) Cell increases in weight iii) Cell swells c) Isotonic ( same solute conc. /same water conc.) Equal net movement of water and solutes between cell and solution resulting in no weight change or change in cell contents

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COMPULSORY PRACTICAL Design and carry out an investigation to measure the water concentration of cell sap using plant tissue. You will now use your knowledge of cells in solution to help you calculate the cell sap concentration of potato tissue Your teacher will explain this practical to you and give you handouts to help you. The following may be asked in the exam so it is important to understand the design properly and why you have to set things up the way you do. The following table shows important design procedures Design feature Potato cut into thin slices Results converted to % change in mass Cylinders blotted before weighing All factors other than sucrose concentration kept equal Class results pooled Reason Increase surface area This ensures valid comparison between samples if starting weights are not identical Removes excess liquid from the outside of the cell as this may vary between samples To ensure that only one variable is being investigated, experiment is fair and results are valid To improve the reliability of the results

Key terms Results can always be made more reliable by repeating the experiment a number of times and calculating the average. The results are only valid if the experimental design ensures only one variable is altered. Think of the V as a big tick which shows the experiment is well designed Accuracy is always improved by taking more samples which have smaller intervals between them You must write this up as part of your course and hand in the finished lab report.

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3. ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Active transport is the movement of molecules and ions against the concentration gradient It requires energy supplied by respiration It is controlled by carrier proteins (pumps) in the membrane Ions may be actively pumped into the cell from the environment or out of the cell to the environment Ion uptake is selective i.e. each ion is concentrated to a specific level Active transport questions revolve around graphs. You can spot them as one axis gives an ion value and the other a factor associated with respiration SEE GRAPHS AND EXPLANATIONS ON PAGE 9 You must learn to describe and explain what happens in graphs at higher level. Your teacher will help you practice. Top Tip! You must mention both axis and a number when describing graphs. This is very easy to learn! Explaining or accounting for trends is more difficult and you must talk your way from one axis to the other using your knowledge of Biology 4. and 5 - PHAGOCYTOSIS AND PINOCYTOSIS Large particles require gross movements of the whole cell membrane e.g. 1. Endocytosis involves infolding of the membrane to form vesicles and includes : Phagocytosis cell eating where large solid particles are engulfed - PAGE 10 Pinocytosis cell drinking where water droplets are engulfed - PAGE 11 2 .Exocytosis . Vesicles inside the cell fuse with the membrane and secrete their contents e.g. enzymes , hormones.

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During active transport ions or molecules are moved against the concentration gradient. Active transport requires energy supplied by respiration. Any factor affecting respiration therefore affects the rate of active transport

GLUCOSE + OXYGEN Enzymes

Substrate Concentration

ENERGY +
For active transport

WATER + CARBON DIOXIDE

a) Increased light in plants increases the rate of photosynthesis which produces higher sugar levels. This in turn increases the rate of respiration and Active Transport b) A further increase in light gives no further increase in Active Transport due to other limiting factors e.g. temperature

a) As oxygen levels increase the rate of active transport increases b) A further increase in oxygen gives no further increase in Active Transport due to other limiting factors e.g. temperature

Increasing Oxygen Concentration

a) As temperature increases the

Increasing Temperature

enzymes controlling respiration work more efficiently and the rate of Active Transport increases b) Further increases in temperature denature the enzymes and Active Transport decreases

b a a

b a

Increasing light intensity (lux)

Increasing oxygen concentration (%)

Increasing temperature (C)

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Phagocytosis
Food

Pseudopodia

Food vacuole

Lysosome

Senses chemical from food

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Engulfs food

Food vacuole forms

Lysosome secretes enzymes into vaculole

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Pinocytosis
1. 2.

1. Membrane enfolds droplet of water 2. Droplet moves into folds in the membrane which gradually lengthens into interior of cell. 3 4. Membrane start to isolate water droplet in vacuole.
4. 5.

3.

5. Vacuole detaches and moves into cell

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