BSC1010:

Honors Biological Principles

Exam 2 Test Review: Chapter 8 Name the following:

a. manages the material and energy resources of the cell

metabolism

b. biology that concerns energy ow through living organisms

bioenerge-cs

c. unable to exchange energy or ma9er with surroundings

isolated system gas

d. greatest entropy e. least entropy

solid

f. the law that comes from the concept of entropy

second law of thermodynamics ATP

g. mediates energy coupling in the cell and is source that powers cellular work h. releases 7.3kcal of energy

exergonic reac-on of ATP and its hydrolysis

i. ATP drives mechanical work by phosphorylaAng these

motor proteins endergonic

j. ADP to ATP reacAon type k. breaks down the disaccharide lactose into the simple sugars glucose and galactose

B- galactosidade apoenzyme

l. polypepAde or protein part of the enzyme m. cells converAng energy stored in certain organic molecules to light

bioluminescence

BSC1010: Honors Biological Principles

n. unstable condiAon of reactants of enzymes

transi-on state

Give short answers to the following:

What happens in a catabolic reacAon? How is the engine of a car an example of a catabolic reacAon?

During a catabolic reac-on, some bonds are broken and others formed, releasing energy and resul-ng in lower-energy breakdown products. In the engine of a car, the hydrocarbons of gasoline react explosively with oxygen, releasing the energy that pushes the pistons and producing exhaust.
According to thermodynamics, what could make a room crowded with people uncomfortably warm?

In the process of carrying out chemical reac-ons that perform various kinds of work, living cells unavoidably convert other forms of energy to heat. Each person is carrying out a mul-tude of chemical reac-ons, which contributes to the heat.

Is cellular respira,on spontaneous or not? What happens to the energy released from glucose? Cellular respira-on is a spontanerous and exergonic process. The energy released from glucose is used to do work in the cell or is lost as heat. How does ATP typically transfer energy from exergonic reac,ons in the cell? ATP usually transfers energy to endergonic processes by phosphorla-ng (adding phosphate) to other molecules
In ATP, why is the term high energy phosphate bonds misleading?

The phosphate bonds of ATP are not unusually strong bonds, as high energy may imply; rather, the reactants (ATP and water) themselves have high energy rela-ve to the energy of the products (ADP and P). The release of energy during the hydrolysis of ATP comes from the chemical change to a state of lower free energy, not from the phosphate bonds themselves.
Serin released by terrorists in the Tokyo subway in 1995. What is serin? How does it work? And what was the eect of the release?

Serin is an irreversible enzyme inhibitor and a nerve gas. This small molecule binds covalently to the R group on the amino acid serine, which is found in the ac-ve site of acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme important in the nervous system. It caused the death of several people and injury to many others

BSC1010: Honors Biological Principles

How is pepsin dierent from most enzymes? Pepsin works best at pH 2, where most enzymes work best at pH 6-8. Pepsin has adapted to its 3d structure and acidity in the stomach.

State one signicant dierence, as menBoned in parenthesis, between the following:

a. anabolism and catabolism (energy and molecules)

anabolism- consume energy to build complex molecules from simpler ones catabolism- release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler ones
b. rst law and second law of thermodynamics (energy)

rst law- Energy can be transferred and transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed second law- Every energy transfer or transforma-on increases the entropy of the universe and during energy transfer, some amount of energy becomes unavailable, gets converted to heat.
c. exergonic reacAon endergonic reacAon (examples)

exergonic- cellular respira-on (spontaneous) endergonic- photosynthesis (synthe-c, non-spontaneous reac-ons)

d. transport work and mechanical work (examples)

transport work- pumping of substances across membranes. mechanical work- bea-ng of cilia
e. induced t and lock & key models (enzyme)

induced t- Ac-ve site changes to accommodate the substrate (Broad substrate specicity) lock & key- substrate ts perfectly into the ac-ve site
f. noncompeAAve inhibitor and compeAAve inhibitor (acAve site)

noncompe--ve- changes the shape of enzyme so the substrate cannot t on the ac-ve site compe--ve inhibitor- seVles on the ac-ve site of the enzyme so the substrate cannot bind
g. coenzyme and prostheAc (binding)

coenzyme- loosely bound prosthe-c- -ghtly bound

BSC1010: Honors Biological Principles

Make sure to review and know: *Equilibrium and removal of end products.. slide 12 on Goshals powerpoint Enzymes cannot convert endergonic reac-on to exergonic one. Enzymes can only hasten a reac-on *feedback inhibi-on *free energy G *allosteric inhibi-on/ac-va-on *ac-va-on energy