FIRST AID Definition: It is the immediate care given to a person who has been injured or has been suddenly

taken ill. It includes a self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or is delayed. General Directions for Giving First Aid: A. Urgent Care In case of serious injury or sudden illness, while help is being summoned, give immediate attention to the following first aid priorities: 1. Effect a prompt rescue. For example, remove an accident victim from water, from a fire, or from a garage or room containing carbon monoxide, smoke, or noxious fumes. 2. Ensure that the victim has an open airway and give mouthto-mouth or mouth-to-nose artificial respiration, if necessary. 3. Control severe bleeding. 4. Give First aid for poisoning, or ingestion of harmful chemicals. B. Additional First Aid Directions Once emergency measures have been taken to ensure the victims safety, the following procedures should be carried out: 1. Do not move a victim unless it is necessary for safety reasons. Keep the victim in the position best suited to his condition or injuries; do not let him get up or walk about. 2. Protect the victim from unnecessary manipulation and disturbance. 3. Avoid or overcome chilling by using blankets or covers, if available. If the victim is exposed to cold or dampness, place blankets or additional clothing over and under him. 4. Determine the injuries or cause for sudden illness. After immediate problems are under control: a. Find out exactly what happened. Information may be obtained from the victim or from persons who were present and saw the individual collapse in the case of sudden illness. b. Look for an emergency medical identification. 5. Examine the victim methodically but be guided by the kind of accident or sudden illness and the needs of the situation. a. Loosen constricting clothing but do not pull on the victims belt in case spinal injuries are present. b. Note the victims general appearance, including skin discoloration, and check all symptoms that they give a clue to the injury or sudden illness. c. Check the victims pulse. d. Check to see if the victim is awake, stuporous, or unconscious. Does he respond to questions? e. If the victim is unconscious, look for evidence of head injury. In a conscious person, look for paralysis of one side of the face or body. See if the victim shows evidence of a recent convulsion. f. Check the expression of the victims eyes and the size of his pupils. g. Examine the victims trunk and limbs for open and closed wounds or for signs of fractures. h. Check the front of the victims neck to determine whether he has a laryngectomy. i. If poisoning is suspected, check for stains or burns about the victims mouth and a source of

poisoning nearby, such as pills, medicine bottles, household chemicals or pesticides. 6. Carry out the indicated first aid: a. Apply emergency dressings, bandages, and splints, as indicated. b. Do not move the victim unless absolutely necessary. c. Plan action according to the nature of the injury or sudden illness, the needs of the situation, and the availability of human and material resources. d. Remain in charge until the victim can be turned over to qualified persons, or until the victim can take care of himself or can be placed in the care of relatives. e. Do not attempt to make a diagnosis of any sort or to discuss a victims condition with bystanders or reporters. f. Above all, as a first aid worker, you should know the limits of your capabilities and must make every effort to avoid further injury to the victim in your attempt to provide the best possible emergency first aid care. I. WOUNDS Definition: A wound is a break in the continuity of the tissues of the body, either internal or external. BLEEDING Definition: Bleeding is the loss of blood from the body. Bleeding maybe external and internal and can be divided into 3 types. Types of Bleeding 1. Arterial bleeding is the loss of blood from an artery, which is a blood vessel that carries oxygen-rich blood from the heart through the body. This type of bleeding is usually severe and the color is bright red. 2. Venous bleeding loss of blood from a vein which is a vessel that carries blood without oxygen back to the heart. Easier to control than arterial bleeding, the color is dark read, almost maroon. 3. Capillary bleeding loss of blood from capillaries which are the smallest blood vessels. EXTERNAL BLEEDING - occurs in open wounds. Types of open wounds include: 1. Abrasions damage to the skin from a scrape by a hard surface resulting in possible infection but little bleeding. 2. Incisions sharp, even cuts from knives, razor blades, broken glass and other sharp objects, possibly resulting in heavy bleeding and damage to muscles, tendons and nerves. 3. Lacerations jagged torn soft tissues usually caused by objects having sharp, irregular edges with force exerted against the body, tissue damage is greater than incisions. 4. Punctures small holes in the tissues with little external bleeding, caused by bullets and pointed objects such as pins, nails and splinters, possible of internal bleeding and infection particularly tetanus infection.

5. Avulsions tissues torn or hanging from the body accompanied by heavy bleeding and resulting from accidents involving motor vehicles or machinery, explosions and animal bites. In many cases, the tissue can be reattached to the body by a surgeon. 6. Amputations complete removal of body extremities, such as fingers or legs, often with less bleeding than one might expect. Removed part should be wrapped in a moist dressing and placed in plastic bag. The bag should then be placed in ice water and transported with the victim since it may be possible to reattach it. 7. Crushing injuries parts of the body caught in between heavy objects (such as industrial machinery) or thrown against them (as in motor vehicle accidents). Includes bone fractures as well as injuries to internal organs and possible heavy external and internal bleeding. FIRST AID FOR EXTERNAL BLEEDING Purpose: 1. Stop the bleeding. 2. Prevent infection. 3. Prevent shock. To Control Bleeding: 1. Apply direct pressure on the wound with a dressing. (Use your hand alone if no dressing available.) 2. If bleeding continues and you do not suspect a fracture, elevate the wound above the level of the heart and continue to apply direct pressure. 3. If the bleeding does not stop, the next step is to apply pressure at a pressure point. 4. Apply a pressure bandage. A bandage is used to hold a dressing in place, restrain movement and help stop bleeding. a. Apply pressure while wrapping the bandage over the dressing to keep pressure on the wound and slow the bleeding. b. Take the pulse and examine the fingertips in the injured limb after wrapping the bandage to make sure that the bandage is not to tight that it slows or stops circulation. If it is too tight, pulse rate maybe slowed or absent and the fingertips on toes may look bluish. INTERNAL BLEEDING Ranges from small bruises to conditions serious enough to cause shock, heart failure, or lung failure. It can result from crushing injuries, punctures, injuries from blunt objects, tears in organs and blood vessels, bruised tissues and fractured bones. Signs and Symptoms - bruised, swollen, tender or rigid abdomen. - bruises on chest or signs of fractured ribs. - blood in vomitus. - wounds that have penetrated the chest or abdomen. - bleeding from the rectum or vagina. - fractures of the pelvis. - abnormal pulse and difficult breathing - cool, moist skin First Aid: 1. If the injury appears to be simple bruise, apply cold packs (do not put ice directly on the skin) to the area to prevent tissues from swelling and to slow internal bleeding. 2. If you suspect more severe internal injury, get medical help immediately. While waiting for help:

- monitor ABC. - reassure the victim and keep him still. - control all external bleeding. - care for shock. - if the victim is vomiting, place victim lying down on his side so that any fluids can drain from the mouth easily. SHOCK The first hour after a severe injury is the most important. The major problem is that onset of shock. Definition: Shock is the failure of the cardiovascular system to keep adequate blood circulating to the vital organs of the body (such as the brain, heart and lungs). Shock develops as a result of the bodys attempts to correct damage from severe injury. Common Causes - Bleeding - Electric shock attack & other medical problem - Poisoning - Burns - Severe injuries - Snakebites - Psychological trauma bites and stings Signs and Symptoms 1. Confused behavior 2. Very fast or very slow pulse rate 3. Very fast or very slow breathing 4. Trembling and weakness in arms and legs 5. Cool and moist skin 6. Pale and bluish skin, lips and fingernails 7. Enlarged pupils

- Heart

- Insect

First Aid for Shock Putting a victim in lying down position improves circulation. Exact position depends on the victims injuries. 1. If you do not suspect head or neck injury or leg fractures, place the victim on his back, and elevate the feet and legs 8 to 12 inches. Using available objects like blanket, pieces of wood, boxes and books. 2. If you suspect head or neck injury, keep him lying flat. Do not move the victim unless there is immediate danger from extreme hazards such as fire, toxic fumes, heavy traffic, electrical wires. If you must move him, try not to bend or twist the body. 3. If the victim vomits, place him on one side to avoid blocking the airway with any fluids. 4. If the victim has trouble breathing, place him in a semireclining position, with boxes, pillows, or blankets raising the head and back. This makes breathing easier. In caring for shock: - maintain victims body temperature. - keep the victim warm enough to keep him from chilling. II. RESCUE BREATHING AND CPR Definition: Rescue breathing air into someones lungs when natural breathing has stopped on a person cannot breathe properly on his own. This is also known as Artificial Respiration. Common Causes of Breathing Emergencies

a. airway obstructions b. poisonous substances c. injury to chest and lungs d. near-drowning e. electrocution f. certain drugs g. burns h. certain diseases and illness i. reactions to insect bites and stings j. shock A. Objectives 1. To maintain an open airway thru the mouth or nose. 2. To restore breathing by maintaining an alternating increase and decrease in the expansion of the chest. B. General Information Clinical death when breathing and circulation stop. 0-4 min. brain damage not likely 4-6 min. damage probable. Biological death when the brain has been deprived of oxygenated blood. 6-10 min. irreversible brain damage probable. 10 min or more irreversible brain damage is certain. Methods of Artificial Respiration 1. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation 2. Mouth-to-nose resuscitation 3. Mouth-to-mouth and nose resuscitation (for infant or small child) 4. Mouth-to-stoma resuscitation (for laryngectomy) The Technique 1. Determine consciousness by tapping the victim on the shoulder and asking loudly Are you OK?. If no response, shout HELP! 2. Tilt the victims head backward so that his chin is pointing upward. a. Head-Tilt Method b. Jaw-thrust Method 3. Place your cheek and ear to the victims mouth and nose. Look at the victims chest if it rises and falls and listen and feel for air to be exhaled for about 5 seconds. 4. If theres no breathing, pinch the victims nostrils shut with the thumb and index finger of your hand that is pressing on the victim forehead. 5. Blow air into the victims mouth. a. Open your mouth wide. b. Take a deep breath. c. Seal your mouth tightly around the victims mouth forming a wide open circle, blow into his mouth. d. Initially, give 2 quick full breaths. e. Maintain the head tilt and again look, listen and feel for exhalation of air and check the pulse for 5 seconds. (use the carotid pulse). f. If there is a pulse and no breathing, provide at least one breath every 5 seconds for adults or 12 breaths per minute. g. If the airway is clear, only moderate resistance to blowing will be felt. 6. Watch the victims chest when it rises. 7. Stop blowing when the victims chest is expanded; raise your mouth; turn your head to the side and listen for exhalation.

8. Watch the chest to that it falls. 9. Repeat the blowing cycle. CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR) - All of our bodys living cells need a steady supply of oxygen to keep us alive. CPR must be started as soon as possible after the heart stops. The brain cells begin to die after 4 to 6 minutes without oxygen. - This is a combination of chest compressions and rescue breathing. Technique BLS CPR SEQUENCE: 1. (Survey the scene) THE SCENE IS SAFE 2. IAM (name) A TRAINED FIRST AIDER I CAN HELP 3. ACTIVATE MEDICAL ASSISTANCE OR TRANSFER FACILITY AND REPORT BACK TO ME WHILE I CHECK THE VICTIM 4. (Tap the shoulder of the victim) ADULT/CHILD: HEY, MAAM / SIR / BOY / GIRL ARE YOU OK? (2X); INFANT: (stimulate babys Hand and Feet) BABY, BAB Y. 5. VICTIM IS UNRESPONSIVE!!! 6. (Check mouth for obstruction) MOUTH IS CLEAR NO OBSTRUCTION SEEN. 7. [maximum/Neutral Plus/Neutral) Head tilt Chin lift Maneuver, (Check breathing for 10 secs.) 1001, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010 VICTIM IS BREATHLESS; I WILL GIVE 2 INITIAL VENTILATIONS/BREATHS. 8. (Attempt 1 ventilation/breath) (The Instructor will say: Air Bounces Back) (Re-position/Re-tilt the head, then Attempt another ventilation / breath) (The Instructor will say: Air Bounces back), FOLLOW UP MEDICAL ASSISTANCE OR TRANSFER FACILITY AND REPORT BACK TO ME WHILE I DO (for Adult and Child) 5 CHEST COMPRESSION or HEIMLICH MANEUVER or ABDOMINAL THRUST or (for infant) 5 BACK BLOWS AND 5 CHEST THRUST. Then check mouth for obstruction. OBSTRUCTION SEEN (remove obstruction) OBSRUCTION REMOVED (Note: Repeat procedure until obstruction is removed. Then REPEAT Number 7) 9. (Check Signs of circulation for 10 secs.) 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007, 1008, 1009, 1010 VICTIM IS NOT BREATHING AND HAS NO PULSE. FOLLOW UP MEDICAL ASSISTANCE OR TRANSFER FACILITY AND REPORT BACK TO ME WHILE I DO THE CPR ADULT CPR 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9, and 1, THEN 2 BREATHS for 5 CYCLES CHILD and INFANT CPR 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,1, 2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 and 1, THEN 2 BREATHS for 5 CYCLES. 10. (After CPR, re-check Signs of Circulation for 10 secs.) 1001, 1002, 1003, 1004, 1005, 1006, 1007,1008,1009,1010 11. VICTIM IS NOT BREATHING AND HAS PULES; FOLLOW UP MEDICAL ASSISTANCE OR TRANSFER FACILITY AND REPORT BACK TO ME WHILE I DO THE RESCUE BREATHING ADULT RB Ventilate 1, 1002, 1003, 1001; 1, 1002, 1003, 1002; Ventilate / 1, 1002, 1003, 1003; ventilate / . To 24 CYCLES. CHILD and Infant RB- Ventilate/ 1, 1001;ventilate/ 1, 1002;ventilate/1,1003;ventilate/1,1004 up to 40 cycles 12. (After RESCUE BREATHING, Re-check signs of circulation for 10 secs) 1001, 10021010 13. VICTIM IS BREATHING AND HAS PULSE. VICTIM HAS BEEN REVIVED 14. PLACE THE VICTIM IN RECOVERY POSITION. III. FRACTURES, DISLOCATIONS, SPRAINS AND STRAINS

FRACTURES Definition: Fractures are breaks or cracks in bones. They are defined as either closed or open. Closed or simple fractures e.g. Broken or cracked bones, when there are no visible wounds. Open(Compound) fractures more serious because of the open wound and the high risk of infection. - fractures can be accomplished by internal injuries. Common Causes a. motor-vehicle accidents b. falls c. sports injuries d. bone diseases Signs and Symptoms a. sound of bone snapping b. grating sensation of bones rubbing together c. obvious deformities d. pain e. tenderness f. swelling g. bruising h. inability to move the injured part i. victims with fractured ribs may feel pain as they breathe. DISLOCATIONS Definition: A dislocation is an injury to a joint and the ligaments surrounding it. The ends of the bone are displaced, making movement difficult and very painful. Common Causes a. falls b. sports injuries c. motor vehicle accidents Signs and Symptoms - Same as fracture with swelling, deformity, pain in a joint, loss of movement and tenderness. SPRAIN Definition: Sprains are stretched or torn tendons, ligaments and blood vessels around joints, often at the ankle. Common Causes - Same as with fractures. Signs and Symptoms a. pain at the joint b. tenderness when touched c. discoloration d. swelling STRAINS Definition: Strains are stretched on torn muscles, frequently in the back. A person with a serious back strain should have medical attention before resuming activity. Common Causes - lifting something improperly or lifting something heavy.

Signs and Symptoms a. sharp pain b. stiffness c. possible swelling First Aid for Fractures, Dislocation, Sprains and Strains General Rule: When in doubt, apply splint. Splinting is a process of immobilizing a suspected fracture. Materials that can immobilize a fractured bone and the joints above and below it can be used to splint. (Examples are rolled up newspapers, magazines and pieces of wood) Purposes of Splinting to immobilize a possibly fractured part of the body. to lessen pain. to prevent further damage to the soft tissues. to reduce the risk of serious bleeding. to reduce the possibility of loss of circulation in the injured part. to prevent closed fractures from becoming open fractures.

Basic Principles of Splinting splint only if you can do it without causing more pain and discomfort to the victim. splint an injury in the position you find it. apply the splint so that it immobilizes the fractured bone and the joints above and below the fracture. check circulation before and after splinting. If an injury is a closed fracture, dislocation, sprain or strain, apply a cold pack. Do not apply a cold pack to an open fracture because it would require you to put pressure on the open fracture site and may cause discomfort to the victim. IV. DRESSINGS AND BANDAGES A. Dressings Definition: Dressing also called compress is the immediate protective cover placed over a wound. Sterile dressings are those free from germs prior to use and are preferable to unsterile dressings. If sterile dressings are not obtainable, a freshly ironed or laundered cloth such as a handkerchief, towel, sheet, pillow case or napkin may be used. Functions a. to assist in the control of bleeding b. to absorb blood and wound secretions c. to prevent additional contamination d. to ease pain B. Bandages Definition: A bandage is a strip of woven material to hold a wound dressing or splint in place. It helps to immobilize, support, and protect an injured part of the body. Occasionally large pieces of clothes are used as bandages, as slings and binders. Kinds of Bandages 1. Gauze bandage 2. Elastic bandage 3. Triangular bandage

4. A binder of muslin 5. Other emergency bandages can be devised from handkerchief, household linens, belts, ties, socks, or stockings. General Principles 1. A bandage should be snag, not so tight as to interfere with circulation, either at the time of application or later if swelling occurs. 2. To ensure that circulation is not interfered with a. Leave the persons fingertips exposed when splint or bandage is applied to the arm, and leave the toes exposed when a splint or bandage is applied to the leg. b. Watch for swelling, changes of color, and coldness of the tips of the toes or fingers, indicating interference with circulation. c. Loosen bandages immediately if the victim complains of numbness or a tingling sensation. d. Never apply a tight circular bandage about a persons neck; it may cause strangulation. Use of Triangular Bandage 1. To hold dressing in place 1.1 Open Phase 1.1.1 Head (Topside) 1.1.2 Face; Back of head 1.1.3 Chest; back 1.1.4 Hand; foot 1.2 Cravat Phase 1.2.1 Forehead; eye 1.2.2 Ear; cheek; jaw 1.2.3 Shoulder; hip 1.2.4 Arm; leg 1.2.5 Elbow; knee (straight, bent) 1.2.6 Palm pressure bandage 1.2.7 Palm bandage of open hand 1.2.8 Sprained ankle bandage (shoe-on) 1.2.9 Sprained ankle bandage (shoe-off) 2. To immobilize or support body part 2.1 arm sling 2.2 under arm sling 2.3 cravat sling V. CHOKING Definition: Choking, also known as airway obstruction, occurs when the airway becomes blocked due to a solid object, fluids, on the back of the tongue. A person who is choking may quickly stop breathing and lose consciousness. Common Causes a. Trying to swallow large pieces of food that are poorly chewed. b. Drinking alcohol before or during eating. c. Wearing dentures. Dentures make it difficult to sense the size of food when chewing and swallowing. d. Talking excitedly or laughing while eating or easting too fast. e. Walking, playing or running with objects in the mouth. Signs and Symptoms Partial Airway Obstruction a. With good air exchange. A person can cough forcefully.

b. With poor air exchange. A person is weak, with ineffective cough and may make a high pitched noise while breathing. Complete Airway Obstruction - the person will not be able to speak, breathe and cough. The person maybe clutching at his throat with one or both hands. This is the universal distress signal for choking. First Aid Conscious Victim 1. To find out if a conscious person is choking, ask Are you choking? if he is choking, then perform abdominal thrusts until the obstruction is cleared. Unconscious Victim 1. To find out if the unconscious victim has an airway obstruction, begin with a primary survey to check the ABCs as you did for rescue breathing. a. check for unresponsiveness. b. if no response, shout Help!. c. position the victim on his back. d. open the airway. e. check for breathlessness. f. if no breath, give 2 full breaths. g. if you are unable to breathe air into the victim, re-tilt the victims head and give 2 full breaths again. h. perform 6 to 10 abdominal thrusts. i. do finger sweep. j. give 2 full breaths Repeat the last 3 steps until the obstruction is cleared and help arrives. VI. BURNS Definition: Burns are injuries resulting from exposure to heat, chemicals, electricity or radiation. The severity of burns depends on their depth, size and location. Burns are most serious when they are located on the face, neck, hands, feet and genitals. When they are spread over large areas of the body, or when they are combined with other injuries, such as fractures. Burns bring the possibilities of shock, pain and infection. They are most serious for the very young and very old. Degree of Burns 1. First Degree Burn least severe, characterized by redness or discoloration, mild swelling and pain. They are the result of overexposure to the sun, light contact with hot objects, minor scalding by hot water on steam, or brief contact with chemicals. 2. Second Degree Burn deeper than first degree burn. They look red or molted and have blisters. They may also look a little wet from the loss of fluid through damaged skin layers. They are the result of very deep sunburn, contact kerosene burst into flame. Second degree burns are often the most painful because most of the nerve endings are still intact, even though the tissue damage is severe. 3. Third Degree Burn deepest burn. They may look white or charred or they may look second degree burns. Extend through all skin layers, and sometimes to the structures below the skin. Because they are so deep, only the edges will heal, scars will eventually cover the rest of the burned area. First Aid for Heat Burns

- The major cause of shock in burn victims is heavy loss of body fluids through the burned area. Have the victim lie down. Elevate the burned part in doing so does not cause further pain. Maintain normal body temperature. Care for the Heat Burns 1. For first and second degree burns with no open blisters, flush with lots of cool running water. Apply moist dressing and bandage loosely. 2. For second and third degree burns with open blisters, apply dry dressings and bandage loosely. Do not use water as it increase the risk of shock. First Aid for Chemical Burns 1. Use of lots of running water to flush chemicals from the skin. Keep flushing with water for 15 to 30 minutes and remove any clothing and jewelry on which chemicals have spilled. 2. Cover burns with dry, loose dressings. 3. Care for possible shock and do a primary survey frequently. First Aid for Electrical Burns 1. Be careful in electrical emergencies not to get an electrical shock yourself. 2. If the emergency is outside and you suspect downed power lines, call the power company first. Do not touch downed power lines. 3. If the emergency is inside, turn off the electricity at the fuse box or circuit box. 4. While doing a primary survey, be aware that electrical burns carry a strong possibility of cardiac arrest. 5. Cover all burns with dry, loose clothing and then bandage. 6. Care for shock. VII.POISONING POISON Is any substance: solid, liquid or gas that tends to impair health or cause death when introduced into the body or onto the skin surface. A poisoning emergency can be life threatening. Causes: 1. Common in suicide attempts. 2. Occasional accidental poisoning. WAYS IN WHICH POISONING MAY OCCUR 1. Ingestion 2. Inhalation 3. Injection 4. Absorption Common Household Poison 1. Sleeping pills 2. Pain relievers 3. Insect and rodent poisons 4. Kerosene 5. Denatured alcohol 6. Lye and acids including boric 7. Poisonous plants 8. Contaminated water 9. Fume Ingested Poison Is one that is introduced into the digestive system tract by way of the mouth. One form of ingestion poisoning is food poisoning, a general form that covers a variety of condition. Suspect food poisoning if: 1. The victim ate food that didnt taste right or that may have been old, improperly prepared,

2.

contaminated, left at room temperature for a long time, or processed with an extensive amout of chemicals. Several people who ate together become ill.

Signs and Symptoms 1. Altered mental status 2. History of ingesting poisoning. 3. Burns around the mouth 4. Odd breath odors. 5. Nausea, vomiting 6. Abdominal pain 7. Diarrhea Instances when vomiting should not be induced 1. If unresponsive 2. Cannot maintain an airway 3. Has ingested an acid, corrosive such as lye, or a petroleum product such as gasoline or furniture polish. 4. Has a medical condition that could be complicated by vomiting, such as heart attack, seizures and pregnancy. FIRST AID 1. Try to identify the poison 2. Place the victim on his or her left side. 3. Monitor ABCs 4. Save any empty container, spoiled food for analysis 5. Save any vomitus and keep it with the victim if he or she is taken to an emergency facility. INHALED POISON Is a poison breathed into the lungs. Signs and Symptoms 1. History of inhaling poison 2. Breathing difficulty 3. Chest pain 4. Cough, hoarseness, burning sensation in the throat 5. Cyanosis 6. Dizziness 7. Seizures, unresponsiveness (advance stage) FIRST AID 1. Remove the victim from the toxic environment and into fresh air immediately. 2. Monitor ABCs 3. Seek medical attention ABSORBED POISON Is a poison that enters the body through the skin. Signs and Symptoms 1. History of exposure 2. Liquid or powder on the skin 3. Burns 4. Itching, irritation 5. Redness, rash and blisters. FIRST AID 1. Remove the clothing 2. Then with a dry cloth blot the poison from the skin. If the poison is dry powder, brush it off 3. Flood the area with copious amount of water 4. Continually monitor the patients vital signs INJECTED POISON Is a poisoning that enters the body through bite, sting or syringe.

Signs and Symptoms 1. _________________________ Signs and Symptoms Stinger may be present Pain Swelling Possible allergic reaction. First aid Remove the stinger Wash wound Cover the wound Apply a cold pack Watch for signals of allergic reactions 2. __________________________ Signs and Symptoms Bite mark Swelling Pain Nausea and vomiting Difficulty breathing and swallowing First Aid Wash wound Apply a cold pack Get medical care to receive antivenin Call local emergency number, if necessary 3. __________________________ Signs and Symptoms Possible marks Pain Swelling Possible allergic reaction First Aid If Jelly Fish-soak area in vinegar If Sting Ray- soak in non-scalding hot water until pain goes away Clean and bandage the wound Call local emergency number, if necessary 1. Life threatening Emergency Unresponsiveness Breathing difficulties or inability to maintain an open airway Abnormal or irregular pulse Fever Vomiting with an altered mental status Or without gag reflex Seizures 2. High Priority for transport Altered mental status Extremely low or high blood pressure Sweating, tremors and hallucination (with alcohol withdrawal) Digestive problems, including abdominal pain and bleeding Visual disturbances, slurred speech, uncoordinated muscle movement Disinterested behaviour, loss of memory Combativeness Paranoia FIRST AID 1. Establish and maintain an open airway 2. Monitor patients mental status and vital signs frequently 3. Maintain patients body temperature 4. Take measures to prevent shocks 5. Care for any behavioural problem 6. Support the patient. ALCOHOL Is a powerful Central Nervous (CNS) Depressant. It is both sedative substance that can decrease activity and excitement and a hypnotic, meaning that it induces sleep. In general, alcohol dulls the senses of awareness, slows reflexes, and reduces reaction time. It may also cause aggressive and inappropriate behaviour and lack of coordination. Signs of intoxication 1. Odor of alcohol on the breath 2. Swaying and unsteadiness 3. Slurred speech 4. Nausea and vomiting 5. Flushed face 6. Drowsiness 7. Violent, destructive or erratic behaviour 8. Self-injury, usually without realizing it. FIRST AID BODY 1. SKIN 2. PUPIL WAYS/MANNER OF ATTACK BITEMARK HYPOTHERMIA Exposure to extreme cold for a short period of time or moderate cold for a long time. 1. Mild hypothermia-the patient will present cold skin and shivering and will stay alert and oriented Signs and symptoms: o Increased breathing rate 3. 4. Give the same attention as you would to any patient with illness or injury Monitor patients vital signs constantly. Provide life support when necessary Position the patient to avoid aspiration of vomitus Protect the patient from hurting his/herself

COMPARATIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF A SNAKE VENOMOUS MOVEMENT HEAD NON-VENOMOUS

VIII. ENVIRONMENTAL EMERGENCIES

DRUG AND ALCOHOL EMERGENCIES Drug Abuse Is the self-administration of one or more drugs in a way that is not in record with the approved medical or social-practice.

2.

o Increased pulse rate and blood pressure o Slow, thick speech o Staggering walk o Apathy, drowsiness, incoherence o Sluggish pupils o Uncontrollable shivering First AID o Check responsiveness o Cover the patient with blanket o Apply hot compress o Check vital signs o Refer to physician Severe Hypothermia- patient may become unresponsive. This is true medical emergency that could lead to death. Signs and symptoms: o Extremely slow breathing o Extremely low pulse o Unresponsive o Fixed and dilated pupils o Rigid extremities o Absence of shivering First Aid o Check for responsiveness o Check ABC, perform CPR if needed o Care for shock o Refer to a physician

Signs and Symptoms Raised body temperature Dry, hot, red skin Dark urine Small pupils Rapid, shallow breathing Extreme confusion Weakness Seizure First Aid Cool the victim ASAP Give first aid for shock If the victim is having seizure, give first aid for seizure Keep the victim cool and wait for the rescue team. MEDICAL EMERGENCIES 1. Stroke- is a condition that occurs when the blood flow to the brain is interrupted long enough to cause damage. People over age of 50 are the most common victims, but young people can have them too. Causes Thrombus or embolism Ruptured artery in the brain Compression Signs and Symptoms Weakness and numbness of the face, arm or leg often on 1 side only Dizziness Confusion Headache Ringing in the ears Change of mood Dob and swallowing Loss of bowel or bladder control First Aid Check abc Have the victim rest Seek immediately medical help Do not give anything by mouth If the victim is unconscious, put the victim in a recovery position Monitor abc Stay with the victim 2. Diabetes is a condition that affects the way the body uses food. It causes sugar level in the blood to be too high. Types of Diabetes Emergency Insulin shock- too much insulin is in the body Signs and Symptoms o Fast breathing o Fast pulse o Dizziness o Weakness o Change in LOC o Vision difficulties o Sweating headache o Numb hands/feet o Hunger o Anxiety Diabetic Coma- too much sugar in the body and too little insulin Signs and Symptoms o Drowsiness o Confusion

HEAT EMERGENCY 1. Heat Cramps- muscular pain and spasm due to largely to loss of salt from the body in sweating or too inadequate intake of salt. Signs and Symptoms Muscle cramps, often in abdomen and legs Heavy perspiration Light headedness Weakness First Aid Have the victim rest with his feet/legs elevated Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub Replenish electrolytes and fluids To relieve muscle cramps, massage the affected muscle gently but firmly 2. Heat Exhaustion- a response to heat characterized by fatigue, weakness, and collapse to inadequate intake of water to compensate loss of fluids through sweating Signs and Symptoms Cool, pale or red, moist skin Dilated pupils Headache Extreme thirst Nauseas, vomiting Irrational behaviour Weakness, dizziness Unconsciousness First Aid Have the victim rest with his feet/legs elevated Cool the victim. Do not use an alcohol rub Replenish electrolytes and fluids Monitor the victim for signs of shock If having seizure, protect the patient 3. Heat Stroke- a response to heat characterized by extremely high body temperature and disturbance of sweating mechanisms.

o Deep and fast breathing o Thirst o Dehydration o Fever o Fruity smell o Change of consciousness First Aid o If conscious, give emergency sugar o If unconscious, check and monitor ABC o Immediately transport to the hospital 3. Seizure sudden involuntary muscle contraction, usually due to uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain. Signs and Symptoms o Local tingling o Twitching of body part o Brief blackout or period of confused behaviour o Sudden falling or loss of consciousness o Drooling o Vigorous muscle spasm o Grunting, snorting o Loss of bladder/bowel control o Temporary cessation of breathing 4. Febrile Seizures high temperature does not necessarily mean the victim is seriously ill. Some children, however, have febrile seizure when a high fever is rising or falling. When to get help for fever 1. Fever is not always cause for alarm, but sometimes it is a sign of serious problem. Seek immediately medical attention if: o Fever is over 39.4 C (103 F) o Fever is accompanied by: DOB Unusual skin color Rash Shock Stiff neck Bulging fontanel Signs of dehydration If the victim appears to be very ill, take steps to reduce fever while waiting for medical rescue