Vectors

Vectors A vector has magnitude and direction (eg. velocity) A scalar only has magnitude (eg. speed) Examples of vectors are displacement, velocity, momentum force and field. Vectors in One-Dimension In one dimension we use the convention of up as positive and down as negative; right as positive and left as negative. Vector Addition For example, we can add force vectors to determine the resultant force on an object: 5N 3N 2N

(+5) N

(3) N

(+2) N

The tip-to-tail method of adding vectors (arrows) best illustrates vector addition: 5N START 2N (3) N END We could also add separate displacement vectors of an object to determine its final displacement: END

START

Adding Vectors in 2-Dimensions

Example 1: Calculate the magnitude of (resultant vector).

2 3

1 4

3 4 x 7 OR
1

3 3 | | 72 + 72

y 7

7 72 + 72 (72 )

99

Example 2: Resolving vectors into x & y components. Calculate | |. Resolve

1

into

and

1
1

1 1

: angle measured from the origin of the vector

Repeat this process for

2

2:

6 6

Calculate the total horizontal and vertical displacements to find : + 78

2 2

+6 6

8 6

( Finding : Practice on Components 1. Find and :

) +(

(7 8 )2 + (8 6)2

8 6 78

8 6 ) 78

77

) +( )2

)2 + (6 6

2. Find

and ( 7 ( 7

: )( )( ) ) 9

3. Find and 6

: 6 89 6

Example 2 - Another Way: Sine/Cosine Laws Method 6 Sine Law

7 Cosine Law
2 2

2 2

A b
2

C ( )(7)
1

( )2

+ 72

6 ) 76

7 76 + 76

7 (

Vector Subtraction An example of vector subtrction is relative velocity.

How fast does Margaret seem to be moving relative to Bob?

(+

(+

We will see that writing it in this form makes it easier when solving 2-D problems: +( Using the tip-to-tail method for vector addition, )

Add the following vectors graphically: 1 +

1 2

1 + 2

3
3

Example 1: Sergey runs off the edge of the pool and dives into it. He runs with a speed of 6.0 m/s and descends a displacement of 2.0 m.

a) Calculate his time of flight after leaving the ground. +

2 2

( 98

)
2

b) Calculate his horizontal displacement from the edge of the pool to the water surface. (6 )( 6 ) 8 ( )

c) Calculate his velocity as he enters the water. (Note: this is NOT 0 m/s) + ( 98 6 ( )2 + ( )
2 2 )(

(6

)2 + ( 6 6 6

)2

87

( 6

6 6

87

The Most Challenging Par-3 in the World

The golf ball is hit off the tee at 60.0 m/s at an angle of incline of 10.0 to the horizontal. Given that the tee-off is elevated 430 m above the flag and a horizontal distance of 650 m from it, calculate a) How far from the flag the ball lands. Method: Find the time of flight of the golf ball, and use that to calculate its horizontal displacement. Finally, determine the difference between the positions of the golf ball and the flag.

+ ( 9 [ (6 )(

(6
2) 2

)( ) )( )]2
2)

) + ( 98

2) 2

(6 [ (6

)(

)]

( 9 ) ) 6

2 )(

( 9

8 6 ( (6 6 b) The velocity of the ball just prior to hitting the ground. Method: Find and )( 6 )(

. The final velocity is the resultant of these two vectors. (6

2 2

)(
2

) + )

+ )]2 + ( 9 8 ) (
2

[(6

)( ( )2 + (

2 )(

9 )2 )

( 9 )

)2 + ( 9 7 ( 7

9 9

9 9

c) Determine the maximum height above the ground reached by the ball. At maximum height, since the ball is moving horizontally.
2 2

+
2)

[(6 [(6

)( )( ( 98

)]2 + ( 9 8 )]2
2)

+ The Range Equation

Range in projectile motion is the horizontal displacement of a projectile across a level surface.

98

Resolving ( + ) +

into (
2

and

: ) +
2

Example: A fireman points his hose at a blazing forest fire. He keeps a distance of 30 m from the base of the fire. Given that the water exits the hose with a speed of 40 m/s, what angle should he aim the hose?

2 2 1(

)( 9 8 ( )2

2)

8 7 8 7

8 7 )

88

69

Chapter 3, Problem 71: Agent Tim, flying a constant 185 km/h horizontally in a low-flying helicopter, wants to drop a small explosive onto a master criminals automobile travelling 145 km/h on a level highway 88.0 m below. At what angle (with the horizontal) should the car be in his sights when the bomb is released?

Projectiles Motion + 88
2 2

) ( 8 6 78 )( )

( 98

2) 2

Cars Motion ( 6 )( ) 7 7

Initial Difference in Horizontal Distance:

Initial Angle of Sighting:

| 78 7 7 7 6 8 |

| |

88 7

Actual, Resultant, and Relative Velocities Direct Notation Note: Northeast implies 45 N of E. Northwest implies 45 N of W. Southeast implies 45 S of E. Southwest implies 45 S of W.

Resultant (Actual) Velocity Example: An airplane travels with an airspeed of 600 km/h and a heading due west. A wind current moves with a speed of 70 km/h 30 S of W. Airspeed: speed of plane in still air, when theres no wind Heading: direction of travel in still air a) Calculate the resultant velocity of the airplane. ( ( ) ( + where is the resultant velocity of the plane. 6 ( ) 7 ) )

7 7 ( 6 +
2

6 6

+ )+( 6 6 ( )2 + (
1

66 6 )

)+( )2 66

( 66 6
1

( 66 6

b) The pilot needs to travel due west. Calculate the new heading he needs to set for the airplane. Airspeed is still 600 km/h and the wind velocity is still 70 km/h 30 S of W.

6
1

7 ) + .

( *

)(7 6

Relative Velocity in 2-D: Determine the velocity of Car A (object) relative to Car B (observer),

( )2 + ( | | )2 | |

( )2 + (
1

+( )2 )

) 8