The .

Net Framework
The .NET Framework (pronounced dot net) is a software framework developed by Microsoft that runs primarily on Microsoft Windows. It includes a large library and provides language interoperability (each language can use code written in other languages) across several programming languages. Programs written for the .NET Framework execute in a software environment (as contrasted to hardware environment), known as the Common Language Runtime (CLR), an application virtual machine that provides important services such as security, memory management, and exception handling. The class library and the CLR together constitute the .NET Framework.

The .NET Framework's Base Class Library provides user interface, data access, database connectivity, cryptography, web application development, numeric algorithms, and network communications. Programmers produce software by combining their own source code with the .NET Framework and other libraries. The .NET Framework is intended to be used by most new applications created for the Windows platform. Microsoft also produces a popular integrated development environment largely for .NET software called Visual Studio.

Design Features
1. Interoperability
Because computer systems commonly require interaction between newer and older applications, the .NET Framework provides means to access functionality implemented in programs that execute outside the .NET environment. Access to COM components is provided in the System.Runtime.InteropServices and System.EnterpriseServices namespaces of the framework; access to other functionality is provided using the P/Invoke feature. 2. Common Language Runtime Engine The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the execution engine of the .NET Framework. All .NET programs execute under the supervision of the CLR, guaranteeing certain properties and behaviors in the areas of memory management, security, and exception handling. 3. Language Independence The .NET Framework introduces a Common Type System, or CTS. The CTS specification defines all possible data types and programming constructs supported by the CLR and how they may or may not interact with each other conforming to the Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) specification. Because of this feature, the .NET Framework supports the exchange of types and object instances between libraries and applications written using any conforming .NET language. 4. Base Class Library

The Base Class Library (BCL), part of the Framework Class Library (FCL), is a library of functionality available to all languages using the .NET Framework. The BCL provides classes that encapsulate a number of common functions, including file reading and writing, graphic rendering, database interaction, XML document manipulation, and so on. 5. Simplified Deployment The .NET Framework includes design features and tools which help manage the installation of computer software to ensure it does not interfere with previously installed software, and it conforms to security requirements. 6. Security The design is meant to address some of the vulnerabilities, such as buffer overflows, which have been exploited by malicious software. Additionally, .NET provides a common security model for all applications.

7. Portability While Microsoft has never implemented the full framework on any system except Microsoft Windows, the framework is engineered to be platform agnostic, and cross-platform implementations are available for other operating systems. Microsoft submitted the specifications for the Common Language Infrastructure (which includes the core class libraries, Common Type System, and the Common Intermediate Language), the C# language and the C++/CLI language to both ECMA and the ISO, making them available as official standards. This makes it possible for third parties to create compatible implementations of the framework and its languages on other platforms.

What Is C# ??
C# (pronounced "C-sharp") is an object-oriented programming language from Microsoft that aims to combine the computing power of C++ with the programming ease of Visual Basic. C# is based on C++ and contains features similar to those of Java.

C# is designed to work with Microsoft's .Net platform. Microsoft's aim is to facilitate the exchange of information and services over the Web, and to enable developers to build highly

portable applications. C# simplifies programming through its use of Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) which allow access to a programming object or method without requiring the programmer to write additional code for each step. Because programmers can build on existing code, rather than repeatedly duplicating it, C# is expected to make it faster and less expensive to get new products and services to market.

Microsoft is collaborating with ECMA, the international standards body, to create a standard for C#. International Standards Organization (ISO) recognition for C# would encourage other companies to develop their own versions of the language. Companies that are already using C# include Apex Software, Bunka Orient, Component Source, devSoft, Far Point Technologies, LEAD Technologies, ProtoView, and Seagate Software.

Features of c#
Some notable distinguishing features of C# are: 1. There are no global variables or functions. All methods and members must be declared within classes. Static members of public classes can substitute for global variables and functions. 2. Local variables cannot shadow variables of the enclosing block, unlike C and C++. Variable shadowing is often considered confusing by C++ texts. 3. C# supports a strict Boolean data type, bool. Statements that take conditions, such as while and if, require an expression of a type that implements the true operator, such as the Boolean type. While C++ also has a Boolean type, it can be freely converted to and from integers, and expressions such as if (a) require only that a is convertible to bool, allowing a to be an int, or a pointer. 4. Managed memory cannot be explicitly freed; instead, it is automatically garbage collected. Garbage collection addresses the problem of memory leaks by freeing the programmer of responsibility for releasing memory which is no longer needed.

5. Multiple inheritance is not supported, although a class can implement any number of interfaces. This was a design decision by the language's lead architect to avoid complication and simplify architectural requirements throughout CLI. 6. C# is more type safe than C++. The only implicit conversions by default are those which are considered safe, such as widening of integers. This is enforced at compile-time, during JIT, and, in some cases, at runtime. There are no implicit conversions between Booleans and integers, nor between enumeration members and integers. 7. Enumeration members are placed in their own scope. 8. C# provides properties as syntactic sugar for a common pattern in which a pair of methods, accessor (getter) and mutator (setter) encapsulate operations on a single attribute of a class.

ADVANTAGES
Advantages over C and C++ :1. It is compiled to an intermediate language (CIL) independently of the language it was developed or the target architecture and operating system. 2. Automatic garbage collection 3. Pointers no longer needed (but optional) 4. Reflection capabilities 5. Don't need to worry about header files ".h" 6. Definition of classes and functions can be done in any order 7. Declaration of functions and classes not needed Advantages over Java :1. Usually it is much more efficient than java and runs faster 2. CIL (Common (.NET) Intermediate Language) is a standard language, while java byte codes aren't 3. It has more primitive types (value types), including unsigned numeric types 4. Indexers let you access objects as if they were arrays 5. Conditional compilation

6. Simplified multithreading SOME IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS:-

COMMON LANGUAGE RUNTIME

The Common Language Runtime (CLR) is the virtual machine component of Microsoft's .NET framework and is responsible for managing the execution of .NET programs. In a process known as just-in-time (JIT) compilation, the CLR compiles the intermediate language code known as Common Intermediate Language (CIL) into the machine instructions that in turn are executed by the computer's CPU. The CLR provides additional services including memory management, type safety and exception handling. All programs written for the .NET framework, regardless of programming language, are executed by the CLR. It provides exception handling, Garbage collection and thread management.

DYNAMIC LINK LIBRARY

In a nut shell, a dynamic link library (DLL) is a collection of small programs, which can be called upon when needed by the executable program (EXE) that is running. The DLL lets the executable communicate with a specific device such as a printer or may contain source code to do particular functions. An example would be if the program (exe) needs to get the free space of your hard drive. It can call the DLL file that contains the function with parameters and a call function. The DLL will then tell the executable the free space. This allows the executable to be smaller in size and not have to write the function that has already exists. This allows any program the information about the free space, without having to write all the source code and it saves space on your hard drive as well. When a DLL is used in this fashion are also known as shared files.

FRAME CLASS LIBRARY(FCL)

The Framework Class Library (FCL) is a standard library and one of two core components of Microsoft .NET Framework. The FCL is a collection of reusable classes, interfaces and value types. The Base Class Library is a part of FCL and provides the most fundamental functionality, which includes classes in namespaces System, System. Code Dom, System .Collections, System. Diagnostics, System. Globalization, System.IO, System. Resources and System. Text.

ACTIVE X DATA OBJECT

Microsoft's ActiveX Data Objects (ADO) is a set of Component Object Model (COM) objects for accessing data sources. A part of MDAC, it provides a middleware layer between programming languages and OLE DB (a means of accessing data stores, whether they be

databases or otherwise, in a uniform manner). ADO allows a developer to write programs that access data without knowing how the database is implemented. He must be aware of the database for connection only. No knowledge of SQL is required to access a database when using ADO, although one can use ADO to directly execute SQL commands. The disadvantage of the latter is that it introduces a dependency upon the type of database used.

CONNECTED ARCHITECTURE
The architecture of ADO.net, in which connection must be opened to access the data retrieved from database is called as connected architecture. Connected architecture was built on the classes connection, command, datareader and transaction. Connection : in connected architecture also the purpose of connection is to just establish a connection to database and it self will not transfer any data.

DataReader : DataReader is used to store the data retrieved by command object and make it available for .net application. Data in DataReader is read only and within the DataReader you can navigate only in forward direction and it also only one record at a time. To access one by one record from the DataReader, call Read() method of the DataReader whose return type is bool. When the next record was successfully read, the Read() method will return true and otherwise returns false.

DISCONNECTED ARCHITECTURE

The architecture of ADO.net in which data retrieved from database can be accessed even when connection to database was closed is called as disconnected architecture. Disconnected architecture of ADO.net was built on classes connection, dataadapter, commandbuilder and dataset and dataview. Disconnected architecture is a method of retrieving a record set from the database and storing it giving you the ability to do many CRUD (Create, Read, Update and Delete) operations on the data in memory, then it can be re-synchronized with the database when reconnecting. A method of using disconnected architecture is using a Dataset Connected It is connection oriented. Data reader Connected methods give faster performance. Disconnected It is disconnection oriented. DataSet Disconnected get low in performance

speed

and

connected can hold the data of single table Data Reader can't persist the data It is Read only, we can't update the data.

disconnected can hold multiple tables of data Data Set can persist the data We can update data

REMOTE DATA OBJECT

Remote Data Objects - RDO is an application program interface API from Microsoft that lets programmers writing Windows applications get access to relational databases from both Microsoft and other database providers. In turn, RDO statements in a program use Microsoft's lower-layer Data Access Objects DAO for actual access to the database. Database providers write to the DAO interface. RDO has evolved into ActiveX Data Objects - ADO which Microsoft recommended as program interface for new programs.

EXTENSIBLE MARKUP LANGUAGE (XML)

Extensible Markup Language (XML) is a markup language that defines a set of rules for encoding documents in a format that is both human-readable and machine-readable. It is defined in the XML 1.0 Specification produced by the W3C, and several other related specifications, all gratis open standards. The design goals of XML emphasize simplicity, generality, and usability over the Internet. It is a textual data format with strong support via Unicode for the languages of the world. Although the design of XML focuses on documents, it is widely used for the representation of arbitrary data structures.

EXTENSIBLE APPLICATION MARKUP LANGUAGE(XAML)

Extensible Application Markup Language (XAML, /zml/) is a declarative XML-based language created by Microsoft and is used for initializing structured values and objects. It is available under Microsoft's Open Specification. XAML is used extensively in .NET Framework 3.0 & .NET Framework 4.0 technologies, particularly Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), Silverlight, and Windows Workflow Foundation (WF). In WPF, XAML forms a user interface markup language to define UI elements, data binding, eventing, and other features. In WF, workflows can be defined using XAML. XAML is also used in Visual Studio 11 for Windows 8 metro applications.

JUST IN TIME COMPILER(JIT)

JIT compilers represent a hybrid approach, with translation occurring continuously, as with interpreters, but with caching of translated code to minimize performance degradation. It also offers other advantages over statically compiled code at development time, such as handling of late-bound data types and the ability to enforce security guarantees. JIT builds upon two earlier ideas in run-time environments: byte code compilation and dynamic compilation. It converts code at runtime prior to executing it natively, for example byte code into native machine code.

JAVA VIRTUAL MACHINE(JVM)

A Java virtual machine is software that is implemented on virtual and non-virtual hardware and on standard operating systems. A JVM provides an environment in which Java byte code can be executed, enabling such features as automated exception handling, which provides root-cause debugging information for every software error (exception), independent of the source code. A JVM is distributed along with a set of standard class libraries that implement the Java application programming interface (API). Appropriate APIs bundled together with JVM form the Java Runtime Environment (JRE). JVMs are available for many hardware and software platforms. The use of the same byte code for all JVMs on all platforms allows Java to be described as a write once, run anywhere programming language, versus write once, compile anywhere, which

describes cross-platform compiled languages. Thus, the JVM is a crucial component of the Java platform.

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING (OOPS)

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm using "objects" data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions to design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include features such as data abstraction, encapsulation, messaging, modularity, polymorphism, and inheritance. Many modern programming languages now support OOP, at least as an option. ABSTRACTION: - In computer science, it is the process by which data and programs are defined with a representation similar in form to its meaning (semantics), while hiding away the implementation details. Abstraction tries to reduce and factor out details so that the programmer can focus on a few concepts at a time. A system can have several abstraction layers whereby different meanings and amounts of detail are exposed to the programmer. ENCAPSULATION:-In a programming language, it is used to refer to one of two related but distinct notions, and sometimes to the combination thereof: A language mechanism for restricting access to some of the object's components. A language construct that facilitates the bundling of data with the methods (or other functions) operating on that data. The second definition is motivated by the fact that in many OOP languages hiding of components is not automatic or can be overridden; thus, information hiding is defined as a separate notion by those who prefer the second definition. POLYMORPHISM:- It is an important feature of object oriented programming. It means one name and multiple forms. The concept can be implemented by using function overloading and operator overloading. The overloaded member functions are selected for invoking by matching arguments both type and number. This information is known to the compiler at the compile time and therefore, compiler is able to select the appropriate function for a particular call at the compile time itself. This is called as early binding or static binding. At run time, when it is known that what class objects are under considerations, the approximate version of the function is invoked. Since the function is linked with the particular class much later after the compilation, this process is known as late binding. It is also known as dynamic binding because the selection of the function is done dynamically at run time. INHERITANCE:- Inheritance is the most important feature of object oriented programming. It is the process of creating a new class called derived class from existing class called as base class.

Most important advantage of inheritance is reusability i.e. reusing existing code i.e. save time and money. By reusability a programmer can use a class created by another person or company without modifying it derive another classes form it. Private members can be accessed only within the class in which they are defined but public members can be form outside the class. Protected members can be accessed within the class in which they are defined and they are accessible in derived class which is derived by its own class.

OVERLOADING: - It refers to the specification of several function declaration for a single function name in the same scope. It is the method for calling several functions having same name. These functions are different during the calling process by the number and type of arguments passed to these functions. Add(); Add(int,int); Add(float,float); Add(int,float); All the functions will be called in the program using the same name. But the compiler will differentiate them by the arguments passed to them.

Loops
1. FOR LOOP:It's preferred when you know how many iterations you want, either because you know the exact amount of iterations, or because you have a variable containing the amount. Here is an example on the for loop. Using System; Namespace ConsoleApplication1 { Class Program { Static void Main (string[] args) { int number = 5;

for (int i = 0; i < number; i++) Console.WriteLine(i);

Console.ReadLine(); } }

} It consists of 3 parts:1. We initialize a variable for counting 2. Set up a conditional statement to test it 3. Increment the counter (++ means the same as "variable = variable + 1"). The first part, where we define the i variable and set it to 0, is only executed once, before the loop starts. The last 2 parts are executed for each iteration of the loop. Each time, i is compared to our number variable - if i is smaller than number, the loop runs one more time. After that, i is increased by one. Try running the program, and afterwards, try changing the number variable to something bigger or smaller than 5. You will see the loop respond to the change. 2. FOR EACH LOOP:It operates on collections of items, for instance arrays or other built-in list types. Using System; Using System.Collections;

Namespace ConsoleApplication1 { Class Program { Static void Main (string [] args) { ArrayList list = new ArrayList(); list.Add("John Doe"); list.Add("Jane Doe"); list.Add("Someone Else");

foreach(string name in list)

Console.WriteLine(name); } Console.ReadLine(); } } Okay, so we create an instance of an ArrayList, and then we add some string items to it. We use the foreach loop to run through each item, setting the name variable to the item we have reached each time. That way, we have a named variable to output. As you can see, we declare the name variable to be of the string type you always need to tell the foreach loop which data type you are expecting to pull out of the collection. In case you have a list of various types, you may use the object class instead of a specific class, to pull out each item as an object. When working with collections, you are very likely to be using the foreach loop most of the time, mainly because its simpler than any of the other loops for these kinds of operations. 3. WHILE LOOP:The while loop is probably the most simple one, so we will start with that. The while loop simply executes a block of code as long as the condition you give it is true. A small example and then some more explanation: Using System;

Namespace ConsoleApplication1 { Class Program { Static void Main (string[] args) { int number = 0;

while (number < 5)

{ Console.WriteLine(number); number = number + 1; }

Console.ReadLine(); } } } Try running the code. You will get a nice listing of numbers, from 0 to 4. The number is first defined as 0, and each time the code in the loop is executed, it's incremented by one. But why does it only get to 4, when the code says 5? For the condition to return true, the number has to be less than 5, which in this case means that the code which outputs the number is not reached once the number is equal to 5. This is because the condition of the while loop is evaluated before it enters the code block. 4. DO LOOP:The opposite is true for the do loop, which works like the while loop in other aspects through. The do loop evaluates the condition after the loop has executed, which makes sure that the code block is always executed at least once. do { Console.WriteLine(number); number = number + 1; } while(number < 5); The output is the same though - once the number is more than 5, the loop is exited.

CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS
In computer science, conditional statements, conditional expressions and conditional constructs are features of a programming language which perform different computations or actions

depending on whether a programmer-specified Boolean condition evaluates to true or false. Apart from the case of branch predication, this is always achieved by selectively altering the control flow based on some condition. In imperative programming languages, the term "conditional statement" is usually used, whereas in functional programming, the terms "conditional expression" or "conditional construct" are preferred, because these terms all have distinct meanings. 1. IF STATEMENT:The ifthen construct (sometimes called ifthenelse) is common across many programming languages. Although the syntax varies quite a bit from language to language, the basic structure (in pseudo code form) looks like this: (The example is actually perfectly valid Visual Basic or QuickBasic syntax.) IF (predicate) THEN (Consequent) ELSE (Alternative) END IF

When an interpreter finds an If, it expects a Boolean condition for example, x > 0, which means "the variable x contains a number that is greater than zero" and evaluates that condition. If the condition is true, the statements following the then are executed. Otherwise, the execution continues in the following branch either in the else block (which is usually optional), or if there is no else branch, then after the end If. 2. ELSE IF STATEMENT:By using else if, it is possible to combine several conditions. Only the statements following the first condition that is found to be true will be executed. All other statements will be skipped. The statements of if condition then -- statements; elsif condition then

-- more statements elsif condition then -- more statements; ... else -- other statements End if In some other languages, such as C and Java, else if literally just means else followed by if, and syntactic sugar is neither needed nor provided. This works because in these languages, an else followed by one statement (in this case the if) does not need braces. This is not true in Perl, which provides the keyword else if to avoid the large number of braces that would be required by multiple if and else statements. Similarly, Python uses the special keyword else if because structure is denoted by indentation rather than braces, so a repeated use of else and if would require increased indentation after every condition.

3. SWITCH CASE:The C# switch statement allows you to choose from many statements based on multiple selections by passing control to one of the case statements within its body. The switch statement executes the case corresponding to the value of the expression. The switch statement can include any number of case instances. Switch (expression) { Case expression: //your code here jump-statement default: //your code here jump-statement

ARRAYS
An array is the collection of same type of data items which are referred by common name. Declaration of array:Data-type array-name[size] ; Initialization of array:Data-type array-name[size]= {value1,value2,value3, .};

MULTI - DIMENSIONAL ARRAYS:An array of arrays is called a multi-dimensional array. Declaration:Data-type array-name [size1][size2] ;

CONSTRUCTOR
It is the special type of member function for automatic initialization of an object. Whenever an object is created the constructor will be executed automatically. The name of the constructor must be same as that of class. It is declared with no return type not even void. It must be declared in public section. A constructor can be called in two ways : Explicitly Implicitly

Explicit calling:Integer int1 = integer (0,100); Implicit calling:Integer int1 (0,100);

Constructor Overloading
When multiple constructors of same name exist in a common class, constructor overloading occurs. But here, the number of arguments and the type of arguments, of a constructor are different .

DESTRUCTOR
In simple terms a destructor is a member that implements the actions required to destruct an instance of a class. The destructors enable the runtime system, to recover the heap space, to terminate file I/O that is associated with the removed class instance, or to perform both operations. For better understanding purpose I will compare C++ destructors with C# destructors.

Generally in C++ the destructor is called when objects gets destroyed. And one can explicitly call the destructors in C++. And also the objects are destroyed in reverse order that they are created in. So in C++ you have control over the destructors. One may be thinking how C# treats the destructor. In C# you can never call them, the reason is one cannot destroy an object. So who has the control over the destructor (in C#)? Its the .Net frameworks Garbage Collector (GC). Now few questions arise why GC should control destructors why not us? The answer is very simple GC can do better object release than we can. If we do manual memory management one has to take care both allocation and de-allocation of memory. So there is always chance that one can forgot de-allocation. And also manual memory management is time consuming and complex process.

NAMESPACES
Namespaces allow you to create a system to organize your code. A good way to organize your namespaces is via a hierarchical system. You put the more general names at the top of the hierarchy and get more specific as you go down. This hierarchical system can be represented by nested namespaces.By placing code in different sub-namespaces, you can keep your code organized. Example: namespace arun.CSharp.Namespaces { public class Hello { public string GetMessage() { return "Hello, world";

} } } Namespaces are hierarchical, and the name arun.CSharp.Namespace is actually shorthand for defining a namespace named arun that contains a namespace named CSharp that itself contains a namespace named Namespaces, as in: namespace arun { namespace CSharp { namespace Namespaces {....} } }

EXCEPTION HANDLING
The C# language's exception handling features help you deal with any unexpected or exceptional situations that occur when a program is running. Exception handling uses the try, catch, and finally keywords to try actions that may not succeed, to handle failures when you decide that it is reasonable to do so, and to clean up resources afterward. Exceptions can be generated by the common language runtime (CLR), by the .NET Framework or any third-party libraries, or by application code. Exceptions are created by using the throw keyword. In many cases, an exception may be thrown not by a method that your code has called directly, but by another method further down in the call stack. When this happens, the CLR will unwind the stack, looking for a method with a catch block for the specific exception type, and it will execute the first such catch block that if finds. If it finds no appropriate catch block anywhere in the call stack, it will terminate the process and display a message to the user. In this example, a method tests for division by zero and catches the error. Without the exception handling, this program would terminate with a DivideByZeroException was unhandled error. class ExceptionTest

{ static double SafeDivision(double x, double y) { if (y == 0) throw new System.DivideByZeroException(); return x / y; } static void Main() { double a = 98, b = 0; double result = 0; try { result = SafeDivision(a, b); Console.WriteLine("{0} divided by {1} = {2}", a, b, result); } catch (DivideByZeroException e) { Console.WriteLine("Attempted divide by zero."); } } }

FILE HANDLING

File handling is an unmanaged resource in your application system. It is outside your application domain (unmanaged resource). It is not managed by CLR. Data is stored in two ways, persistent and non-persistent manner.When you open a file for reading or writing, it becomes stream. Stream: Stream is a sequence of bytes traveling from a source to a destination over a communication path. The two basic streams are input and output streams. Input stream is used to read and output stream is used to write. The System.IO namespace includes various classes for file handling. The parent class of file processing is stream. Stream is an abstract class, which is used as the parent of the classes that actually implement the necessary operations. The primary support of a file as an object is provided by a .NET Framework class called File. This static class is equipped with various types of (static) methods to create, save, open, copy, move, delete, or check the existence of a file. The following table describes some commonly used classes in the System.IO namespace. Class Name Filestream BinaryReader Binarywriter Streamreader Streamwriter Description It is used to read from and write to any location within a file It is used to read primitive data types from a binary stream It is used to read primitive data types from a binary stream It is used to read characters from a byte Stream It is used to write characters to a stream.

Reading and writing in the text file

StreamWriter

The StreamWriter class in inherited from the abstract class TextWriter. The TextWriter class represents a writer, which can write a series of characters. The following table describes some of the methods used by StreamWriter class. Methods Close Flush Write Writeline Description Closes the current StreamWriter object and the underlying stream Clears all buffers for the current writer and causes any buffered data to be written to the underlying stream Writes to the stream Writes data specified by the overloaded parameters, followed by end of line

StreamReader

The StreamReader class is inherited from the abstract class TextReader. The TextReader class represents a reader, which can read series of characters. The following table describes some methods of the StreamReader class. Methods Close Peak Read Readline Seek Description Closes the object of StreamReader class and the underlying stream, and release any system resources associated with the reader Returns the next available character but doesn't consume it Reads the next character or the next set of characters from the stream Reads a line of characters from the current stream and returns data as a string Allows the read/write position to be moved to any position with the file

Reading and writing in the binary file

BinaryReader

BinaryReader handles binary files. A binary file may have thousands of integers stored in it, or another simple data type. BinaryReader is mainly for convenience. It makes using binary data easier. If you do not have a binary file you are trying to open already, you can create one using the BinaryWriter type in the C# programming language. Please visit the BinaryWriter tutorial on Dot Net Perls for instructions about creating a binary file.

BinaryWriter

BinaryWriter creates binary files. A binary file uses a specific data layout for its bytes. The BinaryWriter type is idealit provides a stream-based mechanism for imperatively writing data to a file location on the disk.

WINDOWS FORMS

A Windows Forms application is an application that uses top level windows, known as forms, and common user interface controls, such as buttons and text boxes, in order to interact with the end user. That kind of application is known as desktop application (in contrast to web applications which are HTML-based applications). .Net provides rich functionality to help in creating desktop applications. Most of the classes and types used in creating desktop applications reside in the System.Windows.Forms namespace. IDE and tools : The MS Visual Studio IDE (Integrated Development Environment) is a RAD (Rapid Application Development) IDE and it provides a number of tools for building windowsbased applications rapidly. Form Designer:-Provides a design surface where the user drops and arranges controls in order to build a form. Property Grid:- Displays the public properties of the currently selected control or controls, allowing the user to customize the appearance and behavior of that control. It also displays a list of the available events for the control. Double clicking on an event name, creates an empty event handler. Toolbox :- Displays lists of available controls and components. The user drags items from that box and drops them on the Form Designer. Code editor :- A state of the art text edit control for writing user code.

Creating a Windows Forms application The MS Visual Studio provides a wizard for creating a new Windows Forms project. That wizard is accessible by right clicking the Solution in the Solution Explorer and then Add | New Project | Visual C# | Windows | Windows Forms Application. The wizard creates a new project which contains just a single Form. Additional Forms can be added by right clicking the project in the Solution Explorer and then Add | Windows Form.

Windows Forms built-in controls and components

BUTTONS

There are three buttons: the Button, RadioButton and CheckBox. They all inherit from the System.Windows.Forms.ButtonBase class. The ButtonBase class provides a set of properties that affect the visual aspect of the button such as the FlatStyle, FlatAppearance, ImageList and ImageIndex etc. Button A classic button control programmers use all the time as a command button.

CheckBox A classic check box with three-state capability.

RadioButton A classic radio button, also known as option button. Radio buttons work in groups. All radio buttons on the same parent act as a group. When AutoCheck is true, clicking on a radio button selects that button and de-selects any other radio button on the same parent.

TextBox TextBox is a classic text box. Can be either single-line or multi-line. When Multiline boolean property is set to true, then Environment.NewLine is considered as the new line mark. Some properties, such as ScrollBars and WordWrap work only when the text box is a multi-line one. TextBox has a 64K character capacity limit.

RichTextBox

RichTextBox is a multi-line text box that can display and edit RTF text, that is formatted text with bold, italic, colors etc. The SelectionFont and the SelectionColor are the key properties. The formatting is applied any selected text or to new text entered after the change. The RichTextBox has not any character capacity limit.

LIST CONTROLS:

ComboBox

ComboBox represents a drop-down list of choices. The list is a list of objects, so practically an item can be of any type. The key properties are the SelectedIndex and the SelectedItem. The Text property returns the text of the selected item, if any. Also the ComboBox provides autocompletion functionality through the AutoCompleteMode, AutoCompleteCustomSource and AutoCompleteSource properties. ListBox

ListBox represents a list of choices. The list is a list of objects, so practically an item can be of any type. The key properties are the SelectedIndex and the SelectedItem. The Text property returns the text of the selected item, if any. ListBox provides multi-selection functionality through the SelectionMode, SelectedIndices and SelectedItems.

CheckedListBox

CheckedListBox is a ListBox where presents a check box in front of each item. CheckedIndices and CheckedItems collection properties return the checked indices and the checked items.

ProgressBar

The ProgressBar is a classic progress bar. The Minimum and Maximum properties indicate the range of the bar while the Step property indicates the how many positins the bar moves where PerformStep() is called. Another way is to call the Increment() method. The Value property indicates the current position of the bar.

DateTimePicker

The DateTimePicker control is actually a combo box which displays a calendar in place of the drop down list. The key property is the Format property of type DateTimePickerFormat enum. The Format property determines the mode of the control. When Format is Long or Short the control diplays a long or a short date accordingly, while when Format is Time it displays time values. Setting Format to Custom requires to set the CustomFormat string property too. CustomFormat accepts valid date time format strings, i.e. yyyy-MM-dd or hh:mm etc.

NumericUpDown

The NumericUpDown control is a spin text box, a control that accepts and displays numeric values in a user defined range. ListView

ListView is a Windows list view control which displays a list of items. Those items are displayed according to the setting of the View property of type View. The List View can have Columns when View is set to Details. The Columns property stores the settings for those columns. The Items property is a collection of ListViewItem objects. When columns are used each item is a collection of sub-items equal to the number of columns. The ListViewItem provides the Sub Items property.

TreeView

TreeView is a Windows tree view control which displays a list of labeled items. Each item is a TreeNode object. The tree itself and each TreeNode object provide the Nodes property which is the collection of its nodes. PictureBox

The PictureBox control is used to display bitmap, icon, metafile, JPEG, GIF and PNG files. The key is the Image property which is an instance of the Image class.

Label and LinkLabel

Both controls display read-only text to the user. The Linklabel displays hyperlinks. They both provide a Click event.

Timer

The Timer component is a simple timer. It provides the Tick event which is triggered on Interval periods, when Enabled is true.

Notify Icon

The NotifyIcon displays an icon in the Windows task bar notification area. Key properties are the Text, the Icon and the ContexMenu or ContextMenuStrip. The ShowBalloonTip() method displays a balloon tip in the notification area for a specified period.

THREADING A thread is an independent execution path, able to run simultaneously with other threads.Threading enables your C# program to perform concurrent processing so you can do more than one operation at a time. For example, you can use threading to monitor input from the user, perform background tasks, and handle simultaneous streams of input. The System.Threading namespace provides classes and interfaces that support multithreaded programming and enable you to easily perform tasks such as creating and starting new threads, synchronizing multiple threads, suspending threads, and aborting threads. To incorporate threading in your C# code, simply create a function to be executed outside the main thread and point a new Thread object at it. . using System; using System.Threading; Heres a simple example and its output: class ThreadTest { static void Main() { Thread t = new Thread (WriteY); t.Start(); for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) Console.Write ("x"); } // Kick off a new thread // running WriteY()

static void WriteY() { for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) Console.Write ("y"); } }

JOIN AND SLEEP You can wait for another thread to end by calling its Join method. For example: static void Main() { Thread t = new Thread (Go); t.Start(); t.Join(); Console.WriteLine ("Thread t has ended!"); } static void Go() { for (int i = 0; i < 1000; i++) Console.Write ("y"); }

PROJECT WORK
DETAILS :PROJECT TITLE :- HARDWARE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM LANGUAGE :- C# .NET STARTED ON :- 21ST MAY,2012 HARDWARE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
This project is all about how to manage the hardware components of different systems placed in a lab or an organization . Different forms are designed for different purposes . A user needs to create an account on hardware management system for submitting his/her complaints regarding the hardware components.

PROCESS

HOW TO CREATE DATABASE ??.....

1. 2.

3. Then write , Server name - .\sqlexpress

Database name Any name you want to give , let say project.

HOW TO CREATE TABLES ??.....

1. Click on in front of database , in solution explorer.

2. Right click on tables , select create new table . 3. Tables to be created are : Login Labs Complaints Components Systems Vendors Manufacturer

WINDOWS FORMS :1. The next and the last part of project is window form designing and coding . 2. Now lets have a look of all the forms one by one along with their coding.