ENGLISH GRAMMAR

FOR BASIC SCHOOLS

COMPILED BY

RICHARD AWOBIRE

TABLE OF CONTENT Preface. Acknowledgement.. Nouns.. Pronouns.. Adjective Verb Verb tenses. Subject verb agreement Adverb Preposition.. Punctuation Determiners Quantifiers Anomalous finites.. Simple sentence Active and passive voice Direct and indirect speech

NOUNS A noun is a name given to persons, places, animals or things. Example Names of persons: kofi, Isaac, Pastor, teacher, Jesus, Najat etc. Names of places: Kumasi, Accra, Tema, school, Ajumako, riverside, England etc. Names of things: phone, pen, pencil, dress, board, foot wear, book, etc.

The woman is going to the market to buy food. From the above sentence, the underlined words are nouns. Woman is a name of person Market is a name of a place and Food is also a name of a thing.

Nouns can be grouped into two which are: Count nouns (countable nouns) and non count nouns (uncountable nouns) COUNT NOUNS (COUNTABLE NOUNS)Count nouns are also called countable nouns. They are the nouns that can be counted, for example; pen, phone, pencils, books, chairs, and many more. Most count nouns form their plural by adding s EXAMPLES: Singular ball phone book Some count nouns end with es as plural Church churches balls phones books Plural

Bus Witch

buses witches

NON COUNT NOUNS Non count nouns are also known as uncountable nouns. These are nouns that name anything that cannot be counted. Examples are water, air, energy, blood, sand etc. Non count nouns do not take s to turn a plural but take determiners. Examples of these determiners are a piece of, some etc. Example: Give me some food There is too much salt in the soup I want some milk Ive got more money

COLLECTIVE NOUNS Collective nouns take a singular form but are composed of more than one individual persons or items. Examples are , team, class, committee herd, flock, family, audience etc. some collective nouns can either be count nouns or non count nouns depending on how they are being used in a sentence. Example: The teacher has an experience in teaching (Non count noun) The teacher has a lot of experiences in teaching (Count noun) He got himself in into trouble (non count noun) He had many troubles (count noun) He coached the Ghana notional team (non count noun) He has coached many national teams(count noun)

PROPER NOUN Proper nouns are names of specific people or places. Example: John, Isaac, Mary, Kumasi, Kokoben, Ghana, Nigeria etc. It can also be times or dates in a calendar. Example, January, February, March, April, may, June, July, august, September, October, November and December. These nouns usually begin with a capital letter even if they are in the middle of a sentence Example: - I will travel to Nigeria next week My 12th birthday will fall on this December. Give this book to John.

COMMON NOUNS Common nouns are ordinary names given to people, places, animals, things or events. Example: markets boy, house, and pen.

ABSTRACT NOUNS Abstract nouns are nouns which normally occur in mind and cannot be seen or touched. E g. Poverty, freedom , kindness, wisdom, truth, mercy, beauty etc.

COMMON NOUNS These are words that relate to each other. E g. Brother - in-law, sister-in-law, head of state, council of state etc. Example:

The statement given by the head of state yesterday was very encouraging. My brother in-law is very nice to me.

CONCRETE NOUNS Concrete nouns are nouns which can be seen or touched. They are words we get by mixing cement with gravel, sand etc. E g . Piller , floor, wall etc.

PLURAL NOUNS Countable or count nouns have their plural forms. Plural form of most nouns are created by simply adding s Example: SINGULAR Snake Doctor Pastor Cane Pen PLURAL snakes doctors pastors canes pens

However words that end with ch , x , s , z will require es for their plural Example: SINGULAR Bus Gas PLURAL buses gases

Kiss Box Witch Church Words that end with o add es as plural Example: SINGULAR Tomato Potato Hero

kisses boxes witches churches

PLURAL tomatoes potatoes heroes

But not all words that end with o add. es as plural but rather s Example: Photo Logo photos logos

Words that end with y will change the y to I and add es Example: SINGULAR Baby Gallery Reality Country Enemy PLURAL babies galleries realities countries enemies

Words that end with f usually change the f or fe to v and add s or es

Example: SINGULAR Leaf Hoof Knife Life Self But others remain the same .E g. PLURAL leaves hooves knives lives selves Dwarf Roof dwarfs roofs

EXERCISE 1 Underline the nouns in the following sentences. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. I want some milk. I would be going to Kumasi tomorrow. I would be celebrating my birthday this coming march. A child was born in my house yesterday. These knives are very sharp The doctor advised me not to eat too much.

EXERCISE 2 Write 5 examples of each of the following 1. Count nouns

2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Non count nouns Abstract nouns Compound nouns Collective nouns Common nouns

EXERCISE 3 Complete the table below SINGULAR Leave Snake Baby Gallery Mango Tomato Man Child Chick Mother-in-law Head of state PLURAL

PRONOUNS Pronouns are words used in place of nouns. They help to reduce the repetition of nouns in a sentence. E g . He, she, you, they etc. EXERCISE Kofi is a very clever boy. Because Kofi learns every day, Kofis teacher likes Kofi The above sentence can be written in the best way with pronouns to replace and reduce the repetition of Kofi as; Kofi is a very clever boy. Because he (Kofi) learns every day, his (Kofi) teacher likes him (Kofi)

TYPES OF PRONOUNS Personal pronoun Reflexive pronoun Possessive pronoun Interrogative pronoun Reciprocal pronoun Indefinite pronoun

PERSONAL PRONOUN PERSON 1ST I SINGULAR we PLURAL

2ND 3rd

you he/she/it

you they

Others 1st 2nd 3rd me you him/her/it us you them

EXAMPLE S Give him the book. Tell her to keep quiet . The doctor told us to eat more fruit. Come and visit me tomorrow. They came here yesterday. Give them these items. ` REFLEXIVE PRONOUN PERSON 1st 2rd 3nd EXAMPLE S We love ourselves She can do it herself Let him drive it by himself Careless driver expose themselves to danger The cat got itself killed by the thief SINGULAR myself yourself himself/herself/itself PLURAL ourselves yourselves themselves

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN PERSON 1st 2nd 3rd my your his/her/its SINGULAR our your their PLURAL

1st 2rd 3nd EXAMPLES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

mine your his/her/its

ours yours theirs

My teachers name is Sir Theo. This is our school bus. The pen is not yours. Their mother is coning. Joseph told his friend a story. This book is mine. The dog bites its tale.

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN This consist of who, what, why, where, which EXAMPLE S What did you just say? Which of them came here? Who is there?

Why are you crying?

RELATIVE PRONOUN This consist of, that, whose, whom, where, when. EXAMPLE S Whose pen is this? The girl to whom you gave your trust has deceived you. Where do you come from

RECIPROCAL PRONOUN Each other, one another EXAMPLES: In my house, we love each other The bible says you must love one another

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUN This, that, these, those EXAMPLE S These are oranges. Those boys are coming to create confusion. That is what you are to do every day. This is a very good example.

INDEFINITE PRONOUN Anything, anybody, anyone, something, somebody, someone, nothing, none.

EXAMPLE S Someone came looking for you. Somebody shout hallelujah Nothing can stop me from serving God. Nobody knows what God has planned for me.

EXAMPLE S 4 Underline the pronouns in the following sentences 1. Tell her to keep quiet. 2. Come and visit me tomorrow. 3. These items are for them. 4. We love ourselves. 5. The man got himself killed by the thief. 6. What did you just say? 7. Whose pen is this? 8. Their mother is coming. 9. Anything good comes from God. 10. Nobody can stop me.

ADJECTIVES Adjectives are words that describe or modify a noun. It talks more about nouns.

Examples of adjectives Tall Big Small Nice Funny beautiful handsome ugly new old high low good miserable bad

Rude

difficult

gentle

The underlined words in the sentences below are adjectives. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. That tall boy is dead. Isaac is the oldest child in my school. The fat woman often finds it difficult to run Claudia is a beautiful girl. Our God is a wonderful God. My father is a nice man. Pastor Boakye is a powerful man of God. There is a wild dog in Ericas house . Your grandfather is a dangerous man.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES Adjectives can be compared under the following degrees: POSITIVE, COMPARATIVE, AND SUPERLATIVE. Actually only comparatives and the superlatives show degrees. The comparatives are used to compare two things while the superlatives are used to compare two or more things.

REGULAR ADJECTIVE er is add to regular adjectives to form comparative and est are also added to regular adjectives to form superlative for example: short has it comparative form as shorter and superlative as shortest At times eir and iest will be added to a two syllable adjective that ends in y to form comparative and superlative respectively.

For example: heavy will have a comparative form as heavier and a superlative form as heaviest We also use more and most for adjectives that have more than one syllable. Example: The comparative and superlative of difficult will be more difficult and most difficult respectively.

The following are examples of comparison of adjectives POSITIVE Bold Broad Young Near Sweet Small Great Dark Warm Keen Proud Soft Green Old Rich Brave Fine Wise Nice White Sure COMPARATIVE bolder broader younger nearer sweeter smaller greater darker warmer keener prouder softer greener older richer braver finer wiser nicer whiter surer SUPERLATIVE boldest broadest youngest nearest sweetest smallest greatest darkest warmest keenest proudest softest greenest oldest richest bravest finest wisest nicest whitest surest

Lazy Happy Easy Heavy Wealthy Pretty Busy Ugly Big Sad Thin Fat Hot

lazier happier easier heavier wealthier prettier busier uglier bigger sadder thinner fatter hotter

laziest happiest easiest heaviest wealthiest prettiest busiest ugliest biggest saddest thinnest fattest hottest

Difficult Handsome Sensible Careful Proper Interesting Important Doubtful Beautiful

More difficult more handsome More sensible More careful More proper More interesting More important More doubtful more beautiful

most difficult Most handsome most sensible most careful most proper most interesting most important most doubtful most Beautiful

Popular Famous Adventurous

more popular more famous more adventurous

most Popular most Famous most adventurous

IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES The following are examples of adjectives which are compared irregularly. POSITIVE Bad Good Many Much Little COMPARATIVE worse better more more less SUPERLATIVE worst best most most least

CLASSIFICATION OF ADJECTIVES Adjectives may be classified as follows: Adjective of numbers/ quantity Adjective of quality Demonstrative Adjective Interrogative Adjective Proper Adjective Distributive Adjective

ADJECTIVE OF NUMBER/QUANTITY These are adjectives that tell about definite numbers attached to a noun Example: whole, half, one, two etc They also tell us about indefinite numbers attached to a noun Example: all, few, some, much etc.

ADJECTIVE OF QUALITY These adjectives talk about the quality of the noun or pronoun they modify Example: Beautiful Proper Special dirty hard good better clever intelligent etc,

DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVE Demonstrative adjectives are words used to point out the nouns, they quality. They are normally placed before the noun the modify . Example: the, this, these, that, such, those etc,

INTERROGATIVE ADJECTIVE These are adjectives that ask questions Examples: whose, where, what, which etc. Examples: What car are you using? Whose bag is this? Which boy are you talking about?

PROPER ADJECTIVE These are adjectives formed from proper noun. Examples: Ghanaian school Chinese man Indian dog. etc.

DISTRIBUTIVE ADJECTIVE These are adjectives that bring about distinction. Examples: either, each, every, neither etc.

EXCERCUSE 5 Underline the adjectives in the sentences below. 1. The tall boy is dead. 2. My car is far better than yours. 3. Marys condition is worse. 4. There are a lot of beautiful girls in my village. 5. My uncle bought an old machine. 6. She borrowed some money from me. 7. She is now using a nice mobile phone. 8. I was happy to hear the good news 9. He got up early this morning. 10. The short woman shouted for help.

EXERCISE 6 Write the correct form of adjective that best completes each sentence below. 1. Kwame is..(old) than Kwesi 2. Kwame is(tall) than Kwesi 3. Stephens condition is..(miserable) 4. Ernest is the(handsome) among all the guys 5. Sandra is.(beautiful) than Angelina 6. Najat speaks.(good) English than Felicia 7. This work is ....(difficult) than that one 8. His sickness is the (bad) on campus 9. Mr. Jones is .(rich) than Mr. John 10. Gods power is the (great) of all.

EXERCISE Compare the following adjectives under the degrees comparative and superlative Good Beautiful Difficult Rich Great Much Tall Old Bad Little

VERB A verb is a doing word or an action word. It gives the idea of action, and of doing something. Example: She is going to school. They fought yesterday.

Some verbs give the idea of existence (being) E g: seen, be, exist etc. A verb always has a subject. It describes what the subject does (action) or is (state)

EXAMPLES OF VERBS Dance Sing Eat Run kill lead write shout

Come Fight Overtake Understand

cross get work pound

CLASSIFICATION OF VERB Main verb (action verb) Auxiliary verb (helping verb Anomalous verb

MAIN VERB Main verbs are also known as action verbs. They have meaning on their own. They tell us something. Main verbs alone without any subject or object can still mean something and can be understandable. Example: come! Can mean something to be done. The following are some examples of main verbs. Come Cook Brush Dress Jump Guess crash dance push move work smoke

AUXILIARY VERBS (HELPING VERB) Auxiliary verbs also known as helping verbs have no meaning on their own. As the name implies they do not tell us much alone but are usually used as helping verbs with main verbs. (Auxiliary verbs are necessary for the grammatical structure of sentence) They help the main verbs. Example: have, are, will, shall etc. Auxiliary verbs can be grouped into two namely: Primary helping verbs Modal helping verbs

PRIMARY HELPING VERBS Primary helping verbs / primary auxiliary verbs are verbs used to modify other verbs. They are in three kinds: Be am, is, was, were, being, been. Have has, had, having Do did, does

MODAL HELPING VERBS Modal helping verbs express necessity or possibility and change the main verb in the sentence. E g. May, might, must, ought to, need to, have to etc. EXAMPLE I might not go if Im tired. I may not go if Im tired. You must not tell her anything. You cannot go. You should have gone to bed earlier. I ought to go on a diet. You must have dialed the wrong number.

TRANSITIVE VERB They are verbs whose actions are being transferred to specified objects to complete their meaning. This means that the actions of such verbs are received by an object. Examples: Sir Theo caned Tracey Dad killed a snake The police arrested the thief The boy killed a cat Isaac slapped Eric

From the above examples, the verb or action has objects (receivers) to whom the actions are performed.

INTRANSITIVE VERB This is a verb which has meaning on its own. It does no require any object to complete its meaning. Example: sit, go, stay, come, eat, and dance.

VERB TENSES Verb tenses talk about the time of which an action takes place CONTINUOUS OR PROGRESSIVE TENSE PAST TENSE FUTURE TENSE

CONTINUOUS/PROGRESSIVE This is when an action is still taking place at a time. Normally, ing is added to the present tense of a verb to form present continuous in the continuous or progressive tense. Example:

The pastor is preaching She is dancing I am going to school They are coming The teacher is teaching

THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE Was or were will be added to a continuous tense. Example: I was singing They were coming She was eating She was dancing They were cooking

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE Had been is added to a present continuous tense. Example: I had been singing He had been dancing She had been looking She had been fooling

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE With the present perfect continuous, have been or has been is added to a present continuous tense. Examples: He has been dancing I have been eating She has been cooking He has been singing I have been teaching

FUTURE CONTINUOUS Will be is added to a present continuous tense to form future continuous

-I will be eating -I will be looking -He will be singing -She will be cooking -She will be teaching

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS Will have been is added to a present continuous tense to form a future perfect continuous. Examples: I will have been looking I will have been teaching He will have been dancing She will have been cooking

CONDITIONAL CONTINUOUS Would be is added to a present continuous tense. Example: I would be eating I would be looking I would be dancing She would be cooking He would be teaching

CONDITIONAL PERFECT CONTINUOUS Would have been is added to a present continuous tense. Examples: He would have been teaching She would have been singing She would have been cooking I would have been preaching I would have been eating

PAST TENSE The past tense simply talks about an action that took place in the past. Example: I punished her I ate the food He gave the book to me She wrote the letter I bought a bag

FUTURE TENSE The future tense is used to talk about what will happen in the future. Examples: I will help you. We will be back next week. I will pass the exams. He will come within an hour. We will eat.

SOME EXAMPLES OF VERB TENSES PRESENT TENSE PARTICIPLE Arise Awake Bear Beat Become PAST TENSE PAST

arose awoke bore beat became

arisen awoken borne beaten become

Befall Begin Behold Bind Bleed Blow Break Buy Catch Cast Come Choose Cling Cut Deal Dig Draw Drink Drive Eat Fall Feed Feel Fight Find

befell began beheld bound bled blew broke bought caught cast came chose clung cut dealt dug drew drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found

befallen begun beheld bound bled blown broken bought caught cast came chosen clung cut dealt dug drown drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found

Fly Forbid Foresee Forget Forgive Forgo Freeze Get Give Go Grow Hear Hide Hit Keep Kneel Know Lead Learn Lose Make Mean Mistake Overtake Pay

flew forbade foresaw forgot forgave forwent froze got gave went grew heard hid hit kept Knelt Knew Led learned lost made meant mistook overtook paid

flied forbidden foreseen forgotten forgiven forgone frozen got given gone grown heard hidden hit kept Knelt Known led learnt lost made meant mistaken overtaken paid

Rewind Rewrite Ride Ring Rise Run Say See Seek Sell Sing Slay Speak Spent Steal Strike Swear Sweep Swim Take Teach Tear Tell Think Throw

rewound rode rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sang slew spoke spent stole struck swore swept swam Tooke taught tore told thought threw

rewound ridden ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sung slain spoken spent stolen struck swarm swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown

Understand Wake Wear Weave Weep Win Withdraw Write

understood woke wore wove/weaved wept won withdrew wrote

understood woken worn woven wept won withdrawn written

SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT Verb must agree with the subject in person and number. There are certain rules of subject verb agreement. There are: RULE 1: when the subject is singular, the verb must be singular. (Note: singular nouns and the third person pronouns normally end withs). Examples: Singular subject She She He He singular verb goes sings likes is to school early very well food clever

RULE 2: When the subject is plural, the verb must be plural. Examples: PLURAL SUBJECT They My sisters They are go sing PLURAL VERB coming to school everyday very well

RULE3: I and you are singular subject but agree with plural verbs. Example: I go to school always (Not I goes to school always) I dont have (not I dont has) You look beautiful ( not you looks beautiful)

RULE 4: if two or more subjects are connected by and they mostly take plural verbs. Example: Kofi and Ama are coming Tracey and Claudia sing a lot

EXERCISE 5 1. Write ten main verbs 2. State five modal helping verbs 3. What do you understand by primary helping verb

EXERCISE 6 Underline the verbs in the sentences below. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. They fought yesterday. It is good to read the bible always. You should have gone to bed earlier. The man was wounded by the police. I pushed the gate hard but it didnt open An adjective modifies noun. The boy ate greedily. I thing I should stay. You are ordered to do it.

EXERCISE 7 Write the following in the conditional continuous tense form. 1. I will go. 2. I will eat. 3. He will sing. 4. She will dance. 5. I would be dancing. 6. He would be teaching. 7. They will write. 8. She will play. 9. She will cook. 10. Mum will eat.

ADVERB An adverb is a word which modifies or describes a verb or an adjective. It shows how an action is done. Example: She wept bitterly. He works hard. The boy ate greedily.

TYPES OF ADVERB Adverb of manner Adverb of place Adverb of time Adverb of purpose Adverb of degree Adverb of reason Adverb of cause

ADVERB OF MANNER Adverb of manner shows how an action takes place. Example: Happily Quickly Easily Openly Sincerely secretly admirably beautifully efficiently sadly suddenly fluently severally badly bravely

My mother dressed beautifully. Uncle Theo was severely beaten by the thieves They clapped happily to school I passed my exams easily without and sweat. Najat speaks English fluently.

ADVERB OF PLACE Adverb of place talks about where an action is done. It usually answers the question where? Examples: Here Tema

There Kumasi Below -

Accra Inside etc Kofi came here yesterday. Kofi went to Kumasi. The kids were fooling outside.

ADVERB OF TIME Adverb of time state when an action takes place. Examples: Yesterday, tonight, soon Today, late, now, daily He came here today. I will give you a call tonight. I will be there soon. You are to read your bible daily. Kofi will come tomorrow.

ADVERB OF PURPOSE OR REASON Adverb of reason or purpose expresses the purpose of an action . Examples: Do not ask anything since she is sad. I passed my examination because I learnt hard

ADVERB OF DEGREE/QUANTITY These adverbs express the degree or extent of an action. They tell the rate at which an action occurs. Examples:

This place is quiet He is running fast He talk slowly

EXERCISE 8 Fill in the spaces with adverbs that best completes the sentences below. 1. He is a. good boy 2. The boy ate. 3. The boy was..beaten by the thieves 4. Kwesi runs. To school 5. Najat speaks English.. 6. Kofi came yesterday 7. I can do this work.. 8. You are to read your bible.. 9. Do not ask anything. She is sad 10. Here is a place PREPOSITION A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun or pronoun to show a place, position, time or method. Example: Among Behind Around After Upon Beyond Off Till about between into towards unto by on from above until near over for along below across within down of to in under amongst except

The book is on the table. Come to me. Kweku stood behind Kwesi. Talk to me.

Look at me. Come along with your sister. What until I come.

USES OF PREPOSITIONS 1. They are used to indicate direction 2. They are used to indicate place, source, time 3. They are to show relationship between one thing and another.

Some verbs and adjective used with prepositions Verbs used with preposition Disagree with Prefer to Concentrate on Listen to Discourage from Comply with Interfere with Complain to Rely on Insist on Exclude from Tremble with Compatible with Dependent on Successful in Certain of Ignorant of derive of afflict with agree with pray to arrange with part with meddle with die of hope for dip into abide by specialize in parallel to worth of subject to angry at guilty of

Proud of Inconsistent with EXERCISE 9

good at intimate with

Underline the prepositions in the sentences below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. The pen is in my bag. Wait until I come. Look at this boy. I disagree with what you are saying. Come along with your sister. I cannot live without God. With God, I can go beyond the limit. Wait till I come Put this cutlass under the bed.

PUNCTUATION FULL STOP (.) COMMA (,) COLOM (:) SEMI COLOM ( ; ) QUESTION MARK (?) EXCLAMATION MARK (!) HYPHEN ( - ) QUOTATION MARK ( ) APOSTROPHE ()

FULL STOP (.) Full stop is used to mark the ends of every sentence. Example: She is going to school. They will come home today. When a word is shorted, full stop is used. Examples:

Doctor =>Dr. Mister => Mr. Honorable => Hon. A COMMA (,) Comma is used to separate list of nouns. Example: The names of girls in my class are Tracey, Najat, Melody, Claudia etc. Examples of fruit are mango, orange, pear, pineapple etc.

B Comma is used to separate introductory adverbs after or before connection. It also separate adverbial phrases before or after connectives. Example: C D Firstly , I would like to thank all of you Well, I shall try In fact, the work is not easy Comma is used to mark of separation within a sentence. Examples: He searched for it, but he could not find it When she does not go to church, she prays in the house It is used to distinguish items in a data. Examples: 25TH March 1987 Saturday , 9th April

it is also used after salutations. Examples: Dear Kwame, Hello Dan,

F It is also used after every subscription of a letter. Examples: Yours sincerely, Yours faithfully, Your in Christ,

G comma is used to set off explanatory matter from a direct speech. Examples: H That all I can do, said Theo Eric said, The Bible IS MY powerful weapon.

Comma is used to separate numbers to distinguish hundreds, thousands etc. examples:

1,000,000 2,485,114

COLON (:) A colon is used to distinguish between chapters and verses in the bible. Examples: Mathew 3:2 John 10:30

B It is used before along list introduced by a phrase. Examples: Such as: For instance: As follows:

G It is used to separate two statements. Examples: Man proposes: God disposes.

SEMI COLON (;) Semi colon is used to separate connected phrases, clauses. Examples: Rich men are after hearted; if is the poor who feel for the poor

QUESTION MARK (?) Question is used at the ends of a question. Examples: How are you? When did you come? Who is he? Do you understand? Will you come back again?

EXCLAMATION MARK (!) Exclamation sign or mark is used at the end of a sentence showing excitement, pain, surprise etc. examples: watch out! , Hei ! , you are mad!

HYPHEN (-) Hyphen is used to separate compound fractions. Examples: One - third complete Seventy - five It is used to form compound words from two other words which are separate by a preposition. Examples: Mother -in-law Sister-in-law

It is used to form compound words from two other words. Examples: Business - minded- person Absent - minded -student

It should be noted that hyphen is different from a dash.

QUOTATION MARK ( ) They are used to mark off words that are not in English. Examples: fufu , banku, kontonmire etc. If the writer wishes to draw attention to a particular word, quotation mark is used. Examples: He claim to be a pastor yet nothing shows.

APOSTROPHE () Apostrophe is used to show possession. Examples:

-Kofis book, -The childs room

N: B To use apostrophe to show possession, put the following in mind: To the singular noun add s. examples: - Kofis book - The mans car To the plural noun that do not end in s add s. Examples: - He is in the mens room - The childrens book To the compound words adds to the last word. Examples: - My mother-in-laws phone is on the table - This is the head-of-states car To the plural noun that end in s add . Examples: - These are my pastors cars

Apostrophe is used in contractions. Examples: Do not -----------I am ------------Who is dont -----Im

----------------- whos theyll

They will --------------She is Can not Would not Did not

---------------- shes ------------ cant ---------wont didnt

-----------

EXERCISE 10 Punctuate the sentence below: 1. This is Kofis book 2. The childrens room 3. Yours faithfully 4. In fact the work is not easy 5. This is the head of state car 6. The mans car 7. She is my mother in law 8. John 3 16 9. Man proposes God disposes 10. Business minded person

DETERMINERS Determiners are words which come before a noun to identify what the noun refer to. They are used in front of nouns or pronouns to tell something about it. Some simple determiners are; a, an, each, all, both

A A is an indefinite article. It is a determiner used before words which begins with a consonant sound. Examples: AN My dad killed a rat I have a car I am a good person The school has a computer lab Tracey is a nice girl.

AN is a determiner used before words that begin with a vowel sound. It is an indefinite article. Examples: This is an aeroplane . It is an article An orange This is an eraser

THE THE is used when you are talking about a specific or a particular noun. Examples: This is the boy I was talking about. The policemen caught the thief. The thief stole all my belongings. Who killed the dog? The teacher teaches very well The car is not good at all.

EACH When referring to individual items of a group, each is used. Examples: Give them 5 cedis each. Each of those books cost 4 cedis. Give each girl a dress.

All ALL is determiner used to talk about everything or everyone. Examples: Give all these items to my mother. All my friends are interested in me. Tell all your people to wait for me. All these people are in my class. This is all I can get.

BOTH Both is a determiner used for two things or two persons. Examples: Both girls are in my class. Both Tracey and Monica are brilliant. I saw both of them yesterday.

EXERCISE 11 Fill in the blank spaces with the correct determiners. 1. .teacher who caned me is coming. 2. Mum boughtorange andmango for me. 3. This is .umbrella. 4. .of the children can sing very well. 5. Tracey and Claudia are in..some class. 6. I live intown called Kokoben. 7. ..girls are in my class 8. Tell..the girl to wait for me. 9. I saw..if them yesterday. 10. He is.orphan butvery brave.

QUANTIFIERS Quantifiers are words or group of words used with nouns to determine their quantity. Many, much, several, few, little, a few, a little, these, . They are used with countable and uncountable nouns MANY

Many is used for large number of nouns. Examples: Many people go to church on Sundays. There are many fake pastors in Ghana. Many people claim to be Christians.

MORE More is used for greater number of quantity. Examples: More than 100 people came to church today. There are more girls in my class. There were more people today than yesterday.

MUCH Much is used for great quantity of things. Examples: Boys of today spend much time with their girl friends than their books. How much does a pen cost? I think this discussion wont take much of our time. Much has been said about Jesus yet people dont believe Him.

SEVERAL Examples: She lied on several occasions. I have seen him smoking several times. I have seen her dancing several times.

FEW Few is used for nouns of smaller quantity of things in a negative way. Examples: Ive got few things to pack in my room. Upon all the friends she had, few of the m came to his funeral. Few Christians can pray for 5 hours. Few people visited me today.

LITTLE It is used for smaller amount of things. Little is used with uncountable nouns. Examples:

I have little money left. This soup has very little salt. I had little sleep yesterday. God loves little children.

A LITTLE A little is used for considerable amount of things. Examples: Wait a little This child needs a little assistance If I get a little support, I can do better.

EXCERCISE12 Underline the quantifiers in the sentences below: 1. Give them GH 5 each. 2. All my friends are Christians. 3. This is all I can get. 4. If I get a little support, I can do better. 5. I have a few things to do. 6. This soup has very little salt. 7. Much has been aid about Jesus . 8. I have seen her dancing on several accessions. 9. Few pastors can pray for 10 hours. 10. I had little sleep last night. 11. More than 60 people died due to the outbreak cholera. 12. There are more to come. 13. The more you pray, the more powerful you become. 14. Both Anku and Vanessa are in my class. 15. I know more than you know.

ANOMALOUS FINITES These are verbs that tell something about an action. They are also known as modals. (have to, should, must, ought to, need to, etc) HAVE TO (has to)

Have to is used to express obligation and certainty. Examples: You have to stay. Do we have to do this? That has to be your friend.

SHOULD Should is a modal used to suggest something. It is the past tense of shall. Examples: You shall stay. I shall come. You should show respect to your teachers. You should know your rights.

MUST Must is used to express necessity, certainty and obligation. Examples: You must win this competition. You must respect elders. You must pay your school fees. He must come I must do this.

OUGHT TO Ought to is used to indicate expectation and obligation. Examples: You ought to come tomorrow. You ought to win this competition. You ought to learn more. I ought to come. She ought to exercise more. They ought to study more

NEED TO Need to is used to recommend or advice. Examples: You need to go to the police station today. You need to study economics. You dont need to do this. She needs to marry a pastor. He needs to relax a bit due to his sickness.

EXERCISE 13 Under line the anomalous finites in the following sentences. 1. You need to go to police station 2. You need a doctor 3. That has to be your friend 4. I shall come 5. Do they have to do this? 6. You should have come yesterday 7. She ought to be counseled 8. You ought to do more exercise 9. He must come 10. You ought to pray 11. You must be here by this time tomorrow 12. You have to study 13. He must do it 14. I shall preach

SIMPLE SENTENCE A sentence is a group of words which consist of a subject and a verb that makes a complete statement. A sentence at most times has an object. Examples:

I will go to Accra tomorrow. I love my children. Gog is very powerful. God id good all the time. Theophilus is my name.

SUBJECT Subject in a sentence is the one who performs an action. Examples: Kofi killed the cat. The thief was arrested by the police. The teacher teaches very well. He caned his children.

OBJECT Object in a sentence is the one to whom an action is performed. It is also the one who suffers from an action done by the subject. Examples: The cat was killed by Kofi The thief was arrested by the police I will be going to Accra today The teacher caned Tracey

PREDICATE A predicate talks about the subject in a sentence. Examples: The teacher caned Tracey Tracey is a clever girl Claudia reads a lot Sir Theo is my teacher

SIMPLE SENTENCE

This is a sentence which contains one idea. It consists of one subject and one predicate. Example: The boy has a dog She is clever Daddy bought a car Najat is a Muslim She has gone to Accra

COMPOUND SENTENCE This contains two or more ideas. Examples: The boy has a bag but does no use it The teacher taught well so the pupil passed their exams She is a nice girl but I cant marry her The man killed his son and threw him into the sea

COMPLEX SENTENCE Complex sentence consist of one main clause and one subordinate clause. Examples: We have to pray hard if we want to be powerful. The children passed the exams because they learnt hard.

SINGLE WORD SENTENCE A single word can be a complete sentence. These words are main verbs. Examples: Eat Come Sing Dance Push.

DIFFERENT KINDS OF SENTENCE A sentence can be in the following kinds or forms: a. b. c. d. e. f. Question Request Command Wish Statement Exclamation QUESTION Examples of sentence in a question form are as follows: What is your name? Will you come here again? Where are you heading towards? How are things moving? Where do you come from? REQUEST Examples of sentence in a request form are: Will you go with me? Help me please. Please dont go. Would you please stay for a while? COMMAND Examples of sentence in a command form are: Shut up. Keep quiet. Dont come here again. Stop talking. WISH Examples: I wish I am a pastor.

If I am a prophet I would have prophesized in your life. I wish you could stay a while. STATEMENT

Examples: She is a girl. Monica is very good. Jesus is coming soon. These are my children I will always remain faithful to God

EXCLAMATION Examples: Hey! That is good! No way!

EXERCISE 14 Under line the subject in the following sentence. 1. Kofi killed a cat 2. Sammy is doing the work 3. Anku ate all the food 4. The police arrested the thief 5. The girls was caned by the teacher 6. Eric will be going to Accra tomorrow 7. God saved my mother from death 8. The pastor prayed for me yesterday 9. The dog was killed by the boy 10. Theo jumped over this wall last week

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE ACTIVE VOICE A sentence is said to be active when there is a subject who perform action in a sentence. Examples: The teacher caned the boy The police is preaching a very powerful sermon The snake bit my father Adjoa read the book

PASSIVE VOICE A sentence is said to be passive when the object act as a subject with the meaning still remaining the same. Examples: The boy was caned by the teacher The thief was arrested by the police A very powerful sermon was preached

DIRECT AND REPORTED SPEECH DIRECT SPEECH Direct speech is a speech that comes directly from the speaker. The words of the speaker are placed in inverted commas. Examples: She said, I am pregnant He says, I will eat fufu Kweku said, I will not teach again. The teacher asked, who stole the book? He said to me, I will always love you.

INDIRECT/REPORTED SPEECH This is where a speech from a speaker is reported. A reported speech is not placed in inverted commas. Examples: She said that she is pregnant He says that he will eat fufu Kweku said that he will not teach again.

QUESTIONS AND ANSWER TAGS Question tags are sentence in a question form. They normally end with a (?). examples: Can you do it? Where do you come from? What is your name? What do you do? Where are you going?

There are answers to these questions, and this is an answer tag. These are types of answers that are added to a yes. Examples: You can do it, cant you? ANS: yes I can You will eat fufu, wont you? ANS: yes I will,

A) A negative statement attracts a positive tag and the answer NO. Examples: You dont agree with me, do you? ANS: No, I dont You are not a Ghanaian, are you? ANS: No, I am not This is not your book, is it?

ANS: No, it isnt They are not your friends, are they? ANS: No, they arent

B) A positive statement attracts a negative tag and answer yes. Examples: You are a Ghanaian, arent you? ANS: yes, I am This is your book, isnt it? ANS: yes, it is They are your friends, arent they? ANS: yes, they are You agree with ne, dont you? ANS: yes, I do.