Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Federalism
0LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter you should be able to Define the key terms at the end of the chapter. Explain why the founders adopted a federal system. Contrast the two competing views of federalism. Explain the significance of the elastic clause and the commerce clause as they pertain to federalism. Describe the tools used by the national government to extend its power over the states. Distinguish between categorical grants and block grants. Trace the shifting balance of power between national and state governments in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Discuss the difficulties associated with reshaping the federal system. Contrast the approaches taken by Presidents Nixon through Bush in their efforts to reshape federalism. List the main types of local government units. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of the federal system.
34
Chapter 4:
Federalism
Chapter 4:
Federalism
35
passed the Civil Rights Acts of 1964, prohibiting racial discrimination in areas regulated by the states. During the War on Poverty of the 1960s, the government became involved in a huge number and variety of programs. The clear boundaries that dual federalists sought between the national and state governments were nowhere to be found.
36
Chapter 4:
Federalism
and in the creation of a new government in Iraq. The creation of the new Iraqi state will test the claim that the forces of federalism can overcome long-held religious, ethnic, linguistic, and cultural divisions.
0KEY TERMS
sovereignty federalism dual federalism states rights implied powers cooperative federalism elastic clause commerce clause grant-in-aid categorical grant formula grant project grant block grant policy entrepreneur pre-emption mandate restraint municipal government county government school district special district home rule
Chapter 4:
Federalism
37
0GETTING INVOLVED
One of the great advantages of pluralist democracy is that it provides lots of opportunities for you to get involved. If you would like to learn more about the inner workings of government, you need not go to Washington, D.C. With over eighty-thousand governments in our system, there are bound to be possibilities for internships right in your own backyard, in state and local government. It is not possible to provide detailed information for all fifty states, but here are a few examples of what is out there. The Citizens Forum on Self-Government offers an eight-week program for interns to work on matters concerned with the structure and function of state and local governments. There is a small stipend. The application deadline is in mid-April. For further information, contact the Intern Coordinator, Citizens Forum/National Municipal League, 55 West 44th Street, New York, NY 10036; or call (212) 730-7930. Like their Washington counterpart, several state legislatures have internships available. In Indiana, for example, the Democratic and Republican caucuses in each house of the state legislature offer paid internships to students who help during the legislative session. In addition, the caucuses sometimes help place internship candidates in positions with interest groups or think tanks in the area. Some other states offering internships include Florida, Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, New York, and Rhode Island. Finally, many cities (including Oakland, California; Phoenix, Arizona; New York City; Detroit; and Los Angeles) offer internship possibilities. Try calling the local government personnel office in your own area to find out what is available near you.
38
Chapter 4:
Federalism
20. What do we call the view that the Constitution is a compact among sovereign states, so that the powers of the national government and the states are clearly differentiated?0 a0. Federalism b0. Marble cake federalism c0. Confederacy d0. Cooperative federalism e0. Dual federalism 30. Many of the problems associated with the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina dealt with sovereignty problems. Which of the following best describes sovereignty?0 a0. Narrowly defined power and role of our government. b0. Power to exercise direct authority over all governmental matters. c0. Rules defining the primary jurisdiction of law enforcement. d0. Rules allowing Congress to enact and enforce their own legislation. e0. Rules governing the power and authority of the National Guard in emergency situations. 40. Which of the following is not one of the principles of Dual federalism?0 a0. The claim that the national government rules by enumerated powers only. b0. Recognition of the dynamic purposes of the national government. c0. Separate spheres of sovereignty for national and state governments. d0. A relationship between national and state governments characterized by tension. e0. The national government has only limited purposes. 50. What does the Tenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution concern? a0. States rights b0. Due process c0. Right to bear arms d0. Right to reasonable bail e0. Exclusionary clause 60. Which of the following is most closely associated with marble cake federalism? a0. Cooperative federalism b0. Dual federalism c0. New Age federalism d0. Stratified federalism e0. Territorial federalism 70. The balance of power between the national and state governments has been affected by0 a0. constitutional amendments. b0. judicial interpretation. c0. national crises and demands. d0. federal grant money. e0. all of the above 80. Compared to categorical grants0, block grants can do which of the following? a0. Require state or local governments to match funds. b0. Leave little discretion to recipient governments. c0. Leave substantial discretion to state or local governments. d0. Rely exclusively on strict formulas to allocate aid. e0. Expand federal control over states.
Chapter 4:
Federalism
39
90. What element of the U.S. Constitution allows Congress to power to supersede state voting qualifications and pass the Voting Rights Act of 1965?0 a0. The First Amendment b0. The Tenth Amendment c0. The Fourteenth Amendment d0. The Fifteenth Amendment e0. The Nineteenth Amendment 100. Which Supreme Court case that upheld the doctrines of national supremacy and implied powers?0 a0. Marbury v. Madison. b0. South Carolina v. Katzenbach. c0. McCulloch v. Maryland. d0. United States v. Butler. e0. Hammer v. Dagenhart. 110. Which of the following events is most responsible for the end of dual federalism and the beginning of cooperative federalism and more reliance upon the Federal government?0 a0. American Civil War b0. Spanish American War c0. World War I d0. Great Depression e0. American War in Vietnam 120. How did the Supreme Courts decision in Brown v. Board of Education affect the country?0 a0. Increased the freedom of the states to regulate school attendance. b0. Radically limited the scope and power of the federal government. c0. Promoted equality by outlawing segregation in public schools. d0. Upheld the role of the states in maintaining the traditional social order. e0. Promoted majoritarian democracy by protecting voting rights. 130. Which Supreme Court case concluded that Congress could not require local officials to implement a regulatory scheme imposed by the national government?0 a0. Prinz v. United States b0. United States v. Lopez c0. Gibbons v. Ogden d0. Bush v. Gore e0. Atkins v. Virginia 140. The 1988 Family Support Act required states to extend Medicaid coverage to families who left welfare for jobs. What is this an example of?0 a0. expanding state power b0. an unfunded mandate c0. judicial review d0. professionalization of the state legislature e0. dual federalism 150. Which of the following is not generally advanced as an argument in favor of federalism?0 a0. States, acting as laboratories of democracy, may experiment with new policies. b0. People are free to vote with their feet by choosing the state whose laws suit them best. c0. Federalism acts to promote racial equality. d0. Federalism promotes access for a variety of groups and interests. e0. Federalism recognizes the diversity of conditions in different states.
40
Chapter 4:
Federalism
160. What kinds of governmental grants are awarded through a competitive application process?0 a0. block grants b0. categorical grants c0. formula grants d0. neighborhood grants e0. project grants 170. Pre-emption has involved the use of which of the following?0 a0. mandates b0.restraints c0. increased federal power over the states d0. cost shifting to states e0. All of the above 180. The hunt for the Washington D.C.-area sniper in 2002 was an example of 0 a0. an unfunded mandate. b0. cooperative federalism. c0. states rights. d0. national supremacy. e0. None of the above 190. When Republicans took control of Congress in 1993, they took action to restrict the use of 0 a0. the legislative veto. b0. judicial review. c0. nullification. d0. unfunded mandates. e0. separation of powers. 200. Based on a review of White House positions on cases before the Supreme Court, which of the following is most true?0 a0. President Reagan was more likely to support states rights than President Clinton. b0. Clinton was more likely to support states rights than Reagan. c0. The White House always supports the expansion of federal power. d0. The White House always supports states rights. e0. The White House never stakes out a position on states rights. 210. Water is becoming a major problem in the American west. Why?0 a0. Aging infrastructure b0. Over allocation and over use c0. Continuous land development d0. Higher than expected population growth e0. All of the above 220. A number of state legislatures now have large staffs, full-time members, and reliable sources of revenue to fund programs. These are indicators of0 a0. home rule. b0. professionalization of state government. c0. pre-emption. d0. sovereignty e0. explosion of state populations
Chapter 4:
Federalism
41
230. Which of the following would conservatives in Washington be more likely to favor?0 a0. Expanding the use of categorical grants. b0. Concentrating power in Washington. c0. Returning power to the states. d0. Expanding the use of unfunded mandates. e0. Reducing the authority of state government relative to Washington. 240. Congressional district boundaries are typically drawn by which of the following?0 a0. The Supreme Court. b0. The U. S. Senate. c0. The House of Representatives. d0. The state legislatures. e0. The attorney general of the United States. 250. The Supreme Courts decision in United States v. Lopez suggests a more narrow construction of which source of national governmental power?0 a0. Commerce clause b0. Unfunded mandates c0. Revenue sharing d0. The full faith and credit clause e0. home rule
0Essay Questions0
10. Compare and contrast the different aspects of the two competing views of federalism discussed in this chapter. Justify your position with examples. 20. Discuss the factors and events that have led to the growth of the national governments power. 30. The Supreme Court spoke clearly in 1987: direct congressional control of the drinking age would be unconstitutional. Explain how, despite this decision, there came to be a single drinking age nationwide. What key points about federalism are exemplified by the drinking age issue? 40. Use the case of state-building in Iraq to discuss the benefits and disadvantages of locating the principal powers of government at the regional level or in a central government. What types of trade-offs and challenges does the state-building effort in Iraq represent? 50. How have the various federal grant programs helped, or hindered, governmental power at the federal level?
42
Chapter 4:
Federalism