WiMAX System Level Overview

WiMAX System Level Overview
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An Introduction to WiMAX
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Contents
List of Figures..........................................................................................................................13 WiMAX System Level Overview ..............................................................................................17 Revision History ......................................................................................................................17 Version information..............................................................................................................17 General information.................................................................................................................18 Purpose ...............................................................................................................................18 Cross references .................................................................................................................18 Contacting Motorola.............................................................................................................19 24 hour support....................................................................................................................19 Questions and comments ....................................................................................................19 Errors ...................................................................................................................................19 Security Advice........................................................................................................................20 Warnings, cautions, and notes ................................................................................................20 Warnings..............................................................................................................................20 Cautions...............................................................................................................................20 Notes ...................................................................................................................................20 Safety ......................................................................................................................................21 General safety .....................................................................................................................21 Electromagnetic energy .......................................................................................................21 Caring for the environment......................................................................................................22 In EU countries ....................................................................................................................22 In non-EU countries .............................................................................................................22
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CMM labeling and disclosure table .........................................................................................23 Motorola document set............................................................................................................24 Ordering documents and CD-ROMs....................................................................................24 Document banner definitions ...............................................................................................24 Data encryption....................................................................................................................24 Third Party computer software and trademarks ......................................................................24 Trademarks..........................................................................................................................24 An Introduction to WiMAX .......................................................................................................25 WiMAX Defined .......................................................................................................................26 Broadband Access...............................................................................................................27 Broadband Wireless Access................................................................................................28 WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access ...................................................................................29 Broadband System Comparison..........................................................................................30 WiMAX Supports .................................................................................................................31 WiMAX Deployments...........................................................................................................32 WiMAX Subscribers.............................................................................................................33 Capacity...............................................................................................................................34 WiMAX Standards ...................................................................................................................35 IEEE 802.X Standards.........................................................................................................36 WiMAX and IEEE 802.16.....................................................................................................38 WiMAX Forum .....................................................................................................................39 WiMAX Profiles....................................................................................................................40 WiMAX Standards ...............................................................................................................41 WiMAX Topology .................................................................................................................42 WiMAX Networks ....................................................................................................................43
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WiMAX Access Network ......................................................................................................44 Logical Elements of the NSP ...............................................................................................45 Logical Elements of the CSN...............................................................................................47 Logical Elements of the ASN ...............................................................................................48 ASN Gateway Components.................................................................................................49 CAPC Functions ..................................................................................................................50 Foreign Agent (FA) Functions..............................................................................................51 Access Point (AP) Functions ...............................................................................................52 Logical Elements of the CPE ...............................................................................................54 WiMAX Subscriber Station Equipment ................................................................................55 WiMAX End-to-End Architecture .............................................................................................56 Network Element Functions.................................................................................................57 Network Reference Model ...................................................................................................58 WiMAX Air Interface ................................................................................................................59 Radio Network Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) ...........................................................................60 Operating Frequency ...........................................................................................................61 Scalable Channel Bandwidth...............................................................................................62 Channel Direction ................................................................................................................63 Duplexing Methods ..............................................................................................................64 TDD Frame Structure ..........................................................................................................65 Modulation Schemes ...........................................................................................................67 WiMAX End-to-End QoS .........................................................................................................68 QoS Levels for the WiMAX Air Interface..............................................................................69 QoS Parameters ..................................................................................................................70 Service Flows ......................................................................................................................71 Availability............................................................................................................................72
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WiMAX and the OSI Reference Model....................................................................................73 Physical Layer .....................................................................................................................74 MAC Layer...........................................................................................................................75 Function of the MAC Layer ..................................................................................................76 OSI Layer 3 and Mobility .........................................................................................................77 Mobile WiMAX .....................................................................................................................78 Handovers ...........................................................................................................................80 Handover Criteria.................................................................................................................81 Network Entry..........................................................................................................................82 Connections.........................................................................................................................83 Motorolas wi4 WiMAX Solution ..............................................................................................85 Motorola Access Points .......................................................................................................85 Access Point Components...................................................................................................87 BCU Cabinet........................................................................................................................88 BCU II ..................................................................................................................................90 Diversity Access Point .........................................................................................................93 Smart Antenna Access Point ...............................................................................................94 Ground-Based Access Point................................................................................................96 Carrier Access Point Controller ...............................................................................................98 CAPC Capacities ...............................................................................................................100 CAPC Specifications..........................................................................................................100 Foreign Agent Router ............................................................................................................101 Layer 2 Aggregation Switch ..................................................................................................102 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)..................................................................................103 Indoor Units .......................................................................................................................104
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Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 150 Series ..............................................................................104 Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 300 Series ..............................................................................106 Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 600 Series ..............................................................................108 Outdoor Unit ......................................................................................................................110 Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEo 400 Series .............................................................................110 PC Card .............................................................................................................................111 Network Management ...........................................................................................................112 Motorola WiMAX Element Management System (EMS) ...................................................112 Motorola Device Management System (DMS) ..................................................................114 Layer 2 Switch EMS ..........................................................................................................116 Layer 3 Router EMS ..........................................................................................................117 Network Management System (NMS) ...............................................................................118 References ............................................................................................................................120
List of Figures..........................................................................................................................13 WiMAX System Level Overview ..............................................................................................17 Revision History ......................................................................................................................17 Version information..............................................................................................................17 General information.................................................................................................................18 Purpose ...............................................................................................................................18 Cross references .................................................................................................................18 Contacting Motorola.............................................................................................................19 24 hour support....................................................................................................................19 Questions and comments ....................................................................................................19
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Errors ...................................................................................................................................19 Security Advice........................................................................................................................20 Warnings, cautions, and notes ................................................................................................20 Warnings..............................................................................................................................20 Cautions...............................................................................................................................20 Notes ...................................................................................................................................20 Safety ......................................................................................................................................21 General safety .....................................................................................................................21 Electromagnetic energy .......................................................................................................21 Caring for the environment......................................................................................................22 In EU countries ....................................................................................................................22 In non-EU countries .............................................................................................................22 CMM labeling and disclosure table .........................................................................................23 Motorola document set............................................................................................................24 Ordering documents and CD-ROMs....................................................................................24 Document banner definitions ...............................................................................................24 Data encryption....................................................................................................................24 Third Party computer software and trademarks ......................................................................24 Trademarks..........................................................................................................................24 An Introduction to WiMAX .......................................................................................................25 WiMAX Defined .......................................................................................................................26 Broadband Access...............................................................................................................27 Broadband Wireless Access...............................................................................................28 WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access ...................................................................................29 Broadband System Comparison..........................................................................................30
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WiMAX Supports .................................................................................................................31 WiMAX Deployments...........................................................................................................32 WiMAX Subscribers.............................................................................................................33 Capacity...............................................................................................................................34 WiMAX Standards ...................................................................................................................35 IEEE 802.X Standards.........................................................................................................36 WiMAX and IEEE 802.16.....................................................................................................38 WiMAX Forum .....................................................................................................................39 WiMAX Profiles....................................................................................................................40 WiMAX Standards ...............................................................................................................41 WiMAX Topology .................................................................................................................42 WiMAX Networks ....................................................................................................................43 WiMAX Access Network .....................................................................................................44 Logical Elements of the NSP ...............................................................................................45 Logical Elements of the CSN...............................................................................................47 Logical Elements of the ASN ...............................................................................................48 ASN Gateway Components.................................................................................................49 CAPC Functions ..................................................................................................................50 Foreign Agent (FA) Functions..............................................................................................51 Access Point (AP) Functions ...............................................................................................52 Logical Elements of the CPE ...............................................................................................54 WiMAX Subscriber Station Equipment ................................................................................55 WiMAX End-to-End Architecture .............................................................................................56 Network Element Functions.................................................................................................57 Network Reference Model ...................................................................................................58 WiMAX Air Interface ................................................................................................................59
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Radio Network Non-Line of Sight (NLOS) ..........................................................................60 Operating Frequency ...........................................................................................................61 Scalable Channel Bandwidth...............................................................................................62 Channel Direction ................................................................................................................63 Duplexing Methods ..............................................................................................................64 TDD Frame Structure ..........................................................................................................65 Modulation Schemes ...........................................................................................................67 WiMAX End-to-End QoS ........................................................................................................68 QoS Levels for the WiMAX Air Interface..............................................................................69 QoS Parameters ..................................................................................................................70 Service Flows ......................................................................................................................71 Availability...........................................................................................................................72 WiMAX and the OSI Reference Model....................................................................................73 Physical Layer .....................................................................................................................74 MAC Layer...........................................................................................................................75 Function of the MAC Layer ..................................................................................................76 OSI Layer 3 and Mobility .........................................................................................................77 Mobile WiMAX .....................................................................................................................78 Handovers ...........................................................................................................................80 Handover Criteria.................................................................................................................81 Network Entry..........................................................................................................................82 Connections.........................................................................................................................83 Motorolas wi4 WiMAX Solution ..............................................................................................85 Motorola Access Points .......................................................................................................85 Access Point Components...................................................................................................87
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BCU Cabinet........................................................................................................................88 BCU II ..................................................................................................................................90 Diversity Access Point .........................................................................................................93 Smart Antenna Access Point ...............................................................................................94 Ground-Based Access Point ...............................................................................................96 Carrier Access Point Controller ...............................................................................................98 CAPC Capacities ...............................................................................................................100 CAPC Specifications..........................................................................................................100 Foreign Agent Router ............................................................................................................101 Layer 2 Aggregation Switch ..................................................................................................102 Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)..................................................................................103 Indoor Units .......................................................................................................................104 Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 150 Series ..............................................................................104 Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 300 Series ..............................................................................106 Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 600 Series ..............................................................................108 Outdoor Unit ......................................................................................................................110 Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEo 400 Series .............................................................................110 PC Card .............................................................................................................................111 Network Management ...........................................................................................................112 Motorola WiMAX Element Management System (EMS) ...................................................112 Motorola Device Management System (DMS) ..................................................................114 Layer 2 Switch EMS ..........................................................................................................116 Layer 3 Router EMS ..........................................................................................................117 Network Management System (NMS) ...............................................................................118 References ............................................................................................................................120
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List of Figures
Figure 1 WiMAX .............................................................................................................26 Figure 2 Broadband Access .........................................................................................27 Figure 3 Broadband Wireless Access .........................................................................28 Figure 4 WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access ..........................................................29 Figure 5 Broadband System Comparison ..................................................................30 Figure 6 WiMAX Supports ............................................................................................31 Figure 7 WiMAX Deployments .....................................................................................32 Figure 8 WiMAX Subscribers .......................................................................................33 Figure 9 Network Speeds .............................................................................................34 Figure 10 Standards Organizations.............................................................................35 Figure 11 IEEE 802 .......................................................................................................36 Figure 12 IEEE 802.16 ..................................................................................................37 Figure 14 WiMAX IEEE802.16 .................................................................................38 Figure 15 WiMAX Forum ..............................................................................................39 Figure 16 WiMAX Profiles .............................................................................................40 Figure 17 Standards Development..............................................................................41 Figure 18 WiMAX Topology..........................................................................................42 Figure 19 Parts of a WiMAX Network .........................................................................43 Figure 20 WiMAX Access Network .............................................................................44 Figure 21 NSP ................................................................................................................45 Figure 22 CSN ................................................................................................................47 Figure 23 ASN ................................................................................................................48 Figure 24 ASN Gateway Components ........................................................................49 Figure 25 CAPC .............................................................................................................50 Figure 26 Foreign Agent ...............................................................................................51 Figure 27 AP Functions.................................................................................................52
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Figure 28 ASN Gateway Device Limitations ..............................................................53 Figure 29 CPE ................................................................................................................54 Figure 30 WiMAX CPE ..................................................................................................55 Figure 31 WiMAX End-to-End ......................................................................................56 Figure 32 Network Element Functions ........................................................................57 Figure 33 Network Reference Model ..........................................................................58 Figure 34 Air Interface ...................................................................................................59 Figure 35 NLOS .............................................................................................................60 Figure 36 WiMAX Operating Frequency.....................................................................61 Figure 37 WiMAX Channel Bandwidth .......................................................................62 Figure 38 Channel Direction .........................................................................................63 Figure 39 FDD/TDD .......................................................................................................64 Figure 40 Frame Structure............................................................................................65 Figure 41 Modulation .....................................................................................................66 Figure 42 Modulation Schemes ...................................................................................67 Figure 43 End-to-End QoS ...........................................................................................68 Figure 44 QoS Types ....................................................................................................69 Figure 45 QoS ................................................................................................................70 Figure 46 Service Flows................................................................................................71 Figure 47 Availability .....................................................................................................72 Figure 48 OSI Layer 1 & 2 ............................................................................................73 Figure 49 Layer 1 ...........................................................................................................74 Figure 50 Layer 2 ...........................................................................................................75 Figure 51 MAC Layer ....................................................................................................76 Figure 52 Layer 3 ...........................................................................................................77 Figure 53 Mobility ...........................................................................................................78 Figure 54 Cell Site Organization ..................................................................................79
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Figure 55 Neighbor Lists ...............................................................................................80 Figure 56 Handover .......................................................................................................81 Figure 57 Network Entry ...............................................................................................82 Figure 58 Connections ..................................................................................................83 Figure 59 Connection Types ........................................................................................84 Figure 60 DAP, GAP, SAAP .........................................................................................85 Figure 61 AP Components ...........................................................................................87 Figure 62 BCU Cabinet .................................................................................................89 Figure 63 BCU II.............................................................................................................91 Figure 64 DAP ................................................................................................................93 Figure 65 SAAP..............................................................................................................94 Figure 66 DAP/SAAP Specifications ...........................................................................95 Figure 67 Outdoor GAP ................................................................................................96 Figure 68 GAP Specifications ......................................................................................97 Figure 69 CAPC functions ............................................................................................98 Figure 70 CAPC Chassis ..............................................................................................99 Figure 71 CAPC Capacities........................................................................................100 Figure 72 CAPC Specifications..................................................................................100 Figure 73 FA .................................................................................................................101 Figure 74 L2 Switch .....................................................................................................102 Figure 75 CPEi 150 .....................................................................................................104 Figure 76 CPEi 150 Specifications ............................................................................105 Figure 77 CPEi 300 .....................................................................................................106 Figure 78 CPEi 300 Specifications ............................................................................107 Figure 79 CPEi 600 .....................................................................................................108 Figure 80 CPEi 600 Specifications ............................................................................109 Figure 81 CPEo 400 Specifications...........................................................................110
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Figure 82 PC Card Specifications .............................................................................111 Figure 83 WIMAX EMS ...............................................................................................113 Figure 84 Search CPE icon ........................................................................................114 Figure 85 WiMAX DMS ...............................................................................................115 Figure 86 Typical L2 Switch EMS ..............................................................................116 Figure 87 Typical Router EMS ...................................................................................117 Figure 88 WiMAX NMS ...............................................................................................119
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WiMAX System Level Overview Revision History

Version information
The following shows the issue status of this document since it was first released. Issue 1 2 3 4 Date of issue Mar 2008 Apr 2008 Apr 2008 August 2008 Remarks Initial release, update to WMX 2.5 Manual corrections Manual updated to include Network Montoring Manual corrections
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General information
Purpose
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If this document was obtained when attending a Motorola training course, it will not be updated or amended by Motorola. It is intended for TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If it was supplied under normal operational circumstances, to support a major software release, then corrections are supplied automatically by Motorola and posted on the Motorola customer website.
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Security Advice
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Safety
General safety
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Relevant standards (USA and EC) applicable when working with RF equipment are:: ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3 kHz to 300 GHz. Council recommendation of 12 July 1999 on the limitation of exposure of the general public to electromagnetic fields (0 Hz to 300 GHz) (1999/519/EC) and respective national regulations. Directive 2004/40/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to the risks arising from physical agents (electromagnetic fields) (18th individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC).
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Caring for the environment

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CMM labeling and disclosure table

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In this document, we will begin to look at WiMAX technology. This will include the history, standards, and technologies used in a standard WiMAX deployment.
The information contained in this document is current to Motorola WiMAX release 2.5.
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An introduction to WiMAX
WiMAX Defined
Wireless Broadband Access
WiMAX provides the last mile

Figure 1 WiMAX
Today, more and more people are looking for a way to stay connected. Regardless of where they are, they want access to data, phone service, and a vast range of other services and features. To accomplish this, a system had to be developed that allowed users to get away from wired systems. These systems had to be able to support a wide number of users with an incredible capacity. WiMAX is a system that can move high data rates from the wired to the wireless world. One of its goals is to provide the last mile of service. In addition to providing the last mile of service, WiMAX also focuses on providing reliable high-speed back-haul service.
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Broadband Access
WiMAX Network
Consumer demand for more and more bandwidth delivered to their homes and offices led to the development of wireline technologies such as Digital Subscriber Line (DSL). Todays expectation is that broadband services be delivered at any time and to any place. This has led to the development of wireless broadband access technologies like WiMAX. WiMAX uses technology that continues to advance and evolve. With advancements in technology, WiMAX is able to move broadband data into the wireless world.
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DSL Network
WiMAX has evolved from wireline broadband access networks
Figure 2 Broadband Access
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Broadband Wireless Access
High capacity
High speed
High quality
Wide area coverage
Motorola Access Point
Figure 3 Broadband Wireless Access
WiMAX is a broadband wireless access network. This standards-based state-of-the-art system is capable of providing high capacity, high speed and high quality connections over a large coverage area.
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WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access
High-performing data network Provides instantaneous bandwidth greater than 1 MHz Data rates greater than 1.5 Mbps
DAP RF head
Figure 4 WiMAX Broadband Wireless Access
WiMAX is classified as a Broadband Wireless Access network. These high-performing networks must provide a channel bandwidth greater than 1 MHz with a data rate greater than 1.5 mega-bits per second.
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Broadband System Comparison
Fiber WiMAX Bandwidth (Speed) Cable Wi-Fi DSL 2G/3G
Fixed
Nomadic
Mobile
Figure 5 Broadband System Comparison
Different systems offer different levels of mobility and data bandwidth. WiMAX offers the best of both. WiMAX has a throughput that is much higher than Wi-Fi, cable, DSL and current cellular 2G and 3G networks, while providing mobility similar to cellular systems.
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WiMAX Supports
Urban Suburban Rural
Multiple Radio Environments
Multiple Channel Bandwidths
Licensed and unlicensed
Fixed Nomadic Portable Mobility Simple Mobility Full Mobility Multiple subscriber usage models
Figure 6 WiMAX Supports
Multiple Frequency bands
In order for WiMAX to meet the needs of subscribers all over the world, engineering teams had to develop a system that is flexible enough to meet multiple conditions and operate flawlessly in each of them. One of the most challenging parts of any broadband wireless network is its ability to handle harsh radio environments. WiMAX was developed to work in a number of radio environments, characterized into three main categories, urban, suburban, and rural. Flexibility is another important condition that has to be taken into account. This system has the ability to easily operate with different sized radio channels. Another key benefit of WiMAX systems is the ability to operate in licensed and unlicensed radio bands. And the system has to supports different types of users. These users are characterized into fixed, nomadic, and mobile users.
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WiMAX Deployments
DSL
Wi-Fi Hot spots NO OTHER NETWORKS
Cable Cellular Network
WiMAX Adds mobility for Wireline networks
WiMAX Complements existing networks
WiMAX New networks Greenfield
Figure 7 WiMAX Deployments
WiMAX is a very versatile system that can be deployed to support many different business needs. WiMAX systems are designed to add mobility to existing wireline networks, complement existing systems or to operate as a new stand-alone network.
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WiMAX Subscribers
Fixed Nomadic Portable Simple Mobility Full Mobility
A subscriber that is connected to the network from one physical location User powers up and connects to network. To move the subscriber has to reconnect at new AP Same as Nomadic, adds expectation of best-effort handover Speed up to 60 kmph HO interrupts less than 1 sec
Speed up to 120 kmph seamless HO less than 50 ms latency
Figure 8 WiMAX Subscribers
In addition to a flexible infrastructure, WiMAX is designed to support different types of subscribers. Fixed subscribers are units that are located in a specific location. These devices include subscribers that are located in your home. Nomadic subscribers are able to move to different locations and reestablish a connection with the network. Portable and Mobile subscribers are able to freely roam throughout the coverage area without loosing connectivity to the network.
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Capacity
Capacity per sector

Downlink = 10.92 Mbps Uplink = 1.36 Mbps
Figure 9 Network Speeds
Theoretical systems list the WiMAX data rate as high as 75 megabits-per second. However, there are many different factors that have to be taken into account in order to determine the actual data rate. Based on these factors, experts have listed lower data rates in actual RF environments. For example, with a channel size of 20 megahertz, WiMAX can support a sector data rate of about 11 megabits on the downlink and 1.36 megabits on the uplink.
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WiMAX Standards
Provides technical innovation and access to information Develops Open Standard Supports Interoperability Advances technology
Figure 10 Standards Organizations
To take advantage of some of the leading-edge technologies, experts from around the world have been working together as part of IEEE to provide the most advanced solutions in the field today. Standards organizations allow easily access to standardized technical information. WiMAX is based on the IEEE 802.16 standard. Following this open standard allows companies to easily support interoperability with other manufacturers, and quickly deploy new technologies.
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IEEE 802.X Standards

Internet Protocols 802.10 Security
802.1 Management
802.2 Logical Link Control 802 Overview 802.1 Bridging

802.3 Medium Access 802.11 Medium Access 802.15 Medium Access 802.16 Medium Access 802.20 Medium Access
Data Link Layer
802.3 Physical
802.11 Physical
802.15 Physical
802.16 Physical
802.20 Physical
Physical Layer
Ethernet Wi-Fi WiMAX Bluetooth

Figure 11 IEEE 802
LTE
IEEE is organized into working groups that are responsible for different groups of network standards. The IEEE 802 committee focuses on the lowest 2 layers of protocol stacks, the Data Link and Physical layers. This working group focused on building a set of protocols with a common upper interface while supporting multiple access protocols. Many people today are familiar with IEEE standards. For example, IEEE 802.3 or Ethernet defines the physical and media access protocols for wired local area networks. IEEE 802.11 is the standard for wireless local area networks. IEEE 802.11 networks provide local area network connectivity over a few meters. A trade group was formed to test and promote the use of the IEEE 802.11 standard and uses the marketing term Wi-Fi. IEEE 802.15 defines personal area networks designed to operate over a few meters. Bluetooth is one type of personal area network. IEEE 802.16 is the access standard for wireless Metropolitan area networks or MANs. To promote this standard an industry group was formed and promotes certified products under the name of WiMAX. The last access standard listed is very similar to WiMAX. It is the IEEE 802.20 standard or Long Term Evolution (LTE). This standard is focused on providing a broadband wireless access network in frequency bands below 3.5 gigahertz and vehicle speed up to 250 kilometers an hour. This standard is also being worked on by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to ensure an evolution from 3rd generation cellular phone networks.
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IEEE 802.16 History

Internet Protocols 802.2 Logical Link Control 802.1 Bridging
802.3 Medium Access 802.3 Physical 802.11 Medium Access 802.11 Physical 802.15 Medium Access 802.15 Physical 802.16 802.16 Medium Access 802.16 Physical 802.20 Medium Access 802.20 Physical
802.16
(2001)
O L in e-
802.16c
(2002)
W
802.16a
(2003)
ns io Hz at G lic 1 pp -1 ta r2 in fo n Po io ltins S u te L O - M Ex on t-to N oin P
802.16d
802.16-2004 (2004)
p Re
802.16e
802.16-2005 (2005)
M ob i
rig -s
in al
iM AX
of
fi x
ig ht
ed
l i ty
c la es
em st Sy
ai r
1 2. 80
on ly
In
te rf a
s ile of Pr
1 6,
ce
Figure 12 IEEE 802.16
802.16 is continually being updated and improved. First introduced in 2001 as IEEE 802.16, the standard dealt initially with fixed equipment and line of sight operations only. In 2004 the IEEE802.16d standard was introduced, replacing the previous versions. This standard is typically referred to as fixed WiMAX. In 2005 the working group began working on IEEE 802.16e, updating IEEE 802.16d and adding mobility. There are additional revisions to the standard in committee today. When a new revision is released, the standard is appended with a new suffix. Standard 802.16 802.16a 802.16b 802.16c 802.16d Description Original Standard provided basic high speed data links between 11 and 60 GHz Addressed spectral issues and enabled use below 11 GHz Increased spectrum for operation between 5 and 6 GHz Provided system profiles between 10 and 66 GHz 802.16-2004 Major revision, replaced all earlier versions of the standard. Introduced 256 FFT, profiles for compliance testing, alignment with HiperMAN, Fixed operations only. 802.16-2005 Added Nomadic and mobile subscribers, introduced OFDMA and advanced antenna techniques Focuses on Management Information Base Standardizes management plane procedures and services Improves coexistence mechanisms for license-exempt operations Introduces multi-hop relay specifications Standard for bridging Standard for an advanced air interface with data rates of 100 Mbps for mobile users and 1.Gbps for fixed users
August 2008
, 6a d an c 16
802.16e 802.16f 802.16g 802.16h 802.16j 802.16k 802.16m
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WiMAX and IEEE 802.16
Access Network
IEEE 802.16
Defines the Air interface PHY (layer 1) MAC (layer 2)
To other Access Networks
Figure 13 WiMAX IEEE802.16
It is easy to confuse IEEE 802.16e with WiMAX. People often use the two interchangeably; however, it is important to be able to distinguish between the two. IEEE 802.16 is the standard that WiMAX is based on; it is far more extensive with many additional capabilities that are not used by WiMAX. WiMAX defines the end-to-end solution. This includes the organization of networks, network interfaces, network functionality, and call flow processes.
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To Service Provider Networks
Air In
Based on IEEE 802.16 End-to-end solution Specific configurations (PROFILES) Connections to other networks
ter f
ac e
39
WiMAX Forum
Industry-led organization Promotes global WiMAX deployments Organized end-to-end functionality Certifies compatibility and interoperability
Wants to make WiMAX the platform of choice
Figure 14 WiMAX Forum
Since the IEEE 802.16 standard is designed to support many possible scenarios, it would be very difficult for vendors and service providers to determine exactly what to include and focus on for interoperability. This is one of the main reasons the WiMAX Forum was organized. This group uses the IEEE 802.16 standard as the basis to group features and functionality together in order to ensure interoperability. Together these groups of features are called profiles. In addition to developing profiles, the WiMAX Forum has developed guidelines that organize network functionality. The WiMAX Forum provides a method to ensure products are compatible and interoperable regardless of the manufacturer or other network providers.
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WiMAX Profiles
Channel Bandwidth Operating Spectrum Type of Duplexing The WiMAX Forum has developed approved profiles to ensure the interoperability of products from different manufacturers.
Modulation Mobility Parameters
Initial Mobile Profiles focus on 2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz operations
Figure 15 WiMAX Profiles
WiMAX Forum profiles ensure that networks and devices from multiple manufacturers and carriers are compatible with each other. Profiles contain many operational parameters including the channel bandwidth, operating frequencies or spectrum, type of duplexing, modulation schemes, and several other parameters including mobility.
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WiMAX Standards
d an K T U AC INP EDB FE
IEEE 802.16d IEEE 802.16e
nd T a CK U A INP EDB FE
Fixed WiMAX Mobile WiMAX
wi4 WiMAX
Figure 16 Standards Development
IEEE is responsible for developing standards such as the 802.16 Wireless MAN standard. The 802.16 standard may be found at http://www.ieee802.org/16/. The WiMAX Forum (http://www.wimaxforum.org). is responsible for grouping features of the 802.16 standard together into profiles. The Forum has organized profiles to support fixed and mobile deployments. Another charter of the WiMAX Forum organization is to promote the deployment of WiMAX globally. As a key member of both the IEEE committee and WiMAX Forum, and with our expertise in wireless networks, Motorola (http://www.motorola.com) has developed the wi4 WiMAX product portfolio.
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WiMAX Topology
PTP
Point-To-Point
One use for this type of network is backhaul.
PMP
* MESH networks are also defined as part of the IEEE 802.16 standard. (not shown)
Point-To-Multipoint
This is the last-mile service. It supports both fixed nomadic, and mobile services.
Figure 17 WiMAX Topology
There are two types of systems defined as part of the IEEE 802.16 standard Point-To-Point and PointTo-Multipoint. Point-To-Point or fixed systems are designed to provide a broadband connection between two fixed locations. One typical use of a Point-To-Point system would be as part of a back haul network. Point-To-Multipoint systems are designed to support multiple subscribers with a single network access point. These systems typically provide service to end customers and are referred to as the last-mile service. Point-To-Multipoint networks can support many different types of subscribers, ranging from fixed, to nomadic and mobile subscribers.
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WiMAX Networks
Voice / Data Network
NSP = Network Service Provider NAP = Network Access Provider
Access Network
SS = Subscriber Station
(also referred to as a MS mobile subscriber)
Customer Premises Equipment
WiMAX defines the parts of a network by their functions.
Figure 18 Parts of a WiMAX Network
WiMAX is an access network technology. WiMAX is multiple networks connected to provide services to customers. The Network Service Provider network (NSP) provides all the services and features offered by the carrier. This network is not defined by WiMAX. The Network Access Provider network (NAP) is the interface between the customer equipment and the services and features offered by the carrier. The NAP provides network access and mobility and IP connectivity. The Customer Premises Equipment (CPE) provides customer interface.
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WiMAX Access Network

NSP
CSN
ASN
Networks of WiMAX
Figure 19 WiMAX Access Network
Similar to other access networks in existence today, WiMAX provides a connection from the customers equipment to the services or features being provided. Access networks have one main function. That is to connect the users to the network that support the features and services. There are many wireline and wireless access networks in use today providing this connectivity but few offer the flexibility and capabilities that WiMAX provides. The WiMAX network is organized into two smaller networks. The Connectivity Service Network is responsible for subscribers IP connectivity. The Access Service Network provides network access and mobility.
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Logical Elements of the NSP
NSP
Internet PSTN Telephone company
CSN Voice SS7 Ethernet
ASN Soft Switch VoIP Media Server Data Gateway
To CSN
To CSN
Figure 20 NSP
The Network Service Provider network provides all of the services and features being offered by the carrier. These may include: Voice over IP Streaming audio or video programs Video canned content Access to the internet Email Instant messaging Access to databases
This is not an all inclusive list and will change as the service providers develop new features. However it is important to remember that these services and features are totally independent of the WiMAX access network.
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Logical Elements of the CSN
NSP
Ethernet connections to Network Service Provider
VoIP Gateway CSN Home Agent AAA Server
Data Gateway
DNS Server
ASN
DHCP Server

Functions of these devices/services is explained in the call flow lesson
Figure 21 CSN
The Authentication, Authorization and Accounting server (AAA) is responsible for managing CPE authentication and providing the network with the profile information of each subscriber. The Domain Name Server (DNS) is responsible for translating domain names into IP addresses. So for example, when you enter www.motorola.com, a DNS server will translate that to an IP address. The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) Server is responsible for assigning dynamic IP address to devices on a network. Using DHCP allows IP addresses to be added to a computer automatically. Gateways are added to the network to provide access to other systems outside of the CSN. Home Agents are special routers that work with a foreign agent to provide a data tunnel regardless of which ASN network you are connected to.
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Logical Elements of the ASN
NSP Ethernet connection to CSN
CSN
EMS
ASN Gateway
DHCP AAA DNS
ASN
WiMAX Access Point AP
NTP
Subscriber Equipment
RF connection to Subscribers
Figure 22 ASN
The Access Service Network provides the radio connection for the subscriber to the network. It includes radio resource management, and mobility management, establishing connections and maintaining quality of service over the air. The ASN contains two main functional areas: The ASN gateway ASN-GW acts as a central point in the ASN network, providing connectivity to the WiMAX Access points, and to one or more CSNs. The ASN gateway performs layer 2 switching and forwarding, IP traffic aggregation, mobile IP and Foreign Agent functionality, and layer 3 routing. It is connected to the Access Points and the CSN using the reference points defined by the WiMAX forum. The Access Point provides high-performance broadband access. The ASN also acts as a proxy agent for services between the CSN and subscribers. Other servers are included in the ASN to provide control and management functionality for the devices located in the ASN portion of the system.
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ASN Gateway Components
Cellular Access Point Controller (CAPC)
Foreign Agent / Service Edge Router (FA/Router)
* Multiple versions of the FA may be available
Figure 23 ASN Gateway Components
The ASN gateway consists of a Cellular Access Point Controller (CAPC) and a Foreign Agent/Router. The CAPC provides access control, paging controller, handover decision point, serves a AAA client for authentication and security functions, and proxy mobile IP client validation. The Foreign Agent/router acts as a mobile IP tunnel endpoint. The actual configuration of hardware devices may change, but the ASN gateway must still perform those functions.
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CAPC Functions
Bearer Traffic Management
Subscriber Security
Mobility Management
L3 Management Services
Figure 24 CAPC
The CAPC is based on the Motorola Avantellis 3406 Carrier Grade Server. This ATCA compliant box is scalable and can hold up to 14 blades. The device is fully redundant and can be easily upgraded to increase capacity. Bearer Traffic Management provides ASN gateway functions Subscriber Security provides functions such as local key distribution function for delivering Authentication Keys Mobility Management authenticates Mobile IP registration, handover decision point L3 Management Services provides functions such as Access control, QoS policy decision point, and paging controller functions
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Foreign Agent (FA) Functions
Builds Tunnels w/ HA Provides Care-of-Address For Subscribers
Acts as a Router
Informs CSN of Subscriber ASN Location
Figure 25 Foreign Agent
Motorolas WiMAX solution uses the state-of-the-art Redback Smart Edge 800 series Service edge router. This fully redundant router has a chassis throughput of 480 gigabits and fully equipped supports up to 12 input/output slots. Builds Tunnels with HA allows packets to be directed to the Mobile Stations current point-ofattachment Provides Care-of-Address indicates address to which the Home Agent should forward packets Acts as a Router provides L3 routing functions to interconnected ASNs Informs CSN of Subscriber ASN location
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Access Point (AP) Functions
Security Authentication & Provisioning
Mobility Management
L2 switching, VLANs, & Packet Classification
QoS, CAC Flow Authorization
SNMP & Device Management
Control
Bearer
Management
Figure 26 AP Functions
In addition to providing the air interface, the Access Points provide several functions that can be classified as control, bearer service, or device management. On the network side, the AP provides layer 2 switching and supports the use of VLANs. The AP provides security and authentication, and provisioning for each subscriber that enters the network. Additionally, the AP is responsible for mobility management, quality of service, and packet flow control. The AP will report its state to the EMS using standard SNMP messages.
The Control plane consists of signaling traffic to/from the AP and other network elements. The Bearer plane manages the movement of subscriber data. The Management plane provides for the delivery of SMPN messages between the AP and EMS.
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WiMAX Device Limitations

AP/subscriber limitations
1Million End User Devices 1000 Access Points
200 APs per active 7221 blade
EMS Limitations
Up to 2000 AP Up to 4 CAPC Up to 333,000 CPE
WiMAX EMS CAPC

AP subscriber limitations FA/Router Limitations
Up to 256,000 simultaneous Foreign Agent sessions 3000 users
(a combination of active, idle & sleep modes)
256 active users per sector
FA/Router
Access Point
Accurate as of SR2.5. Capabilities and limitations vary from release to release. Please check the current system documentation for updated information.
Figure 27 ASN Gateway Device Limitations
The main devices within the ASN are the CAPC, Foreign Agent/Router, and Access Points. The Motorola CAPC is limited to 1 million end user devices and 1000 access points. Foreign Agent/ Router capacity will vary based on manufacturer and model. The Motorola Access Points are limited to 4 sectors and the number of subscribers they support. The AP can support up to 3000 users. This is a combination of Active and idle subscribers. The Motorola WiMAX EMS can manage up to 2000 APs, 4 CAPCs and 333,000 CPEs.
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Logical Elements of the CPE
NSP WiMAX Air Interface
CSN WiMAX CPE
ASN Analog Phones Computing Devices
Figure 28 CPE
The customers equipment acts as another network, and is the interface to the WiMAX system. Depending on the type of Custer Premises Equipment being used, the device may include an Ethernet connection, a two wire analog phone connections. In addition, subscriber stations may provide advanced router functions and may act as a local DHCP server.
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WiMAX Subscriber Station Equipment

There are many different types and models of SSs available.
Some of the features include: > VoIP > High speed data networks > Mobility > Multi-mode operation
Features, models, functionality, are subject to change. Check with your local Motorola account representative to see the current WiMAX models. Many device manufacturer are planning to build in WiMAX functionality.
Figure 29 WiMAX CPE
Subscriber Stations (SS) may come in many different form factors. They include Mobile Phones, Desktop CPEs and PCM-CIA cards. In addition to these, many device manufacturers are planning to include WiMAX functionality in their devices. Device manufacturers are working to develop low-cost chipsets that will allow devices to be built with WiMAX functionality. In addition, chip manufacturers are beginning to build multi-protocol devices that will allow connections using multiple technologies. Motorola offers a wide range of cost effective, easy to install CPEs covering indoor, outdoor, fixed, nomadic and mobile applications. All units incorporate plug-and play convenience. When powered-up, the network automatically detects the unit and starts the necessary authentication process. Remote management and monitoring features support over the air software upgrades. The features, models, and functionality listed on the following pages are subject to change. Consult your Motorola account representative for the most current information.
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WiMAX End-to-End Architecture
NTP EMS DNS DHCP
DNS
Data Gateway
AP
L2/L3 Switch
FA/Router
Router
Router
CAPC
DHCP AAA
AAA
VoIP Gateway
VoIP Server
ASN
CSN
NSP
Figure 30 WiMAX End-to-End
The goal of WiMAX is to provide users with broadband access to data services. This involves interaction between the ASN for radio access, the CSN for IP connectivity and the NSP for access to services.
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Network Element Functions

Gateway Interface between two networks NSP Content Server Provides multiple types of content AAA Server Provides authentication and capabilities DNS Server Associates fully qualified domain name (FQDN) to DHCP Server Assigns IP addresses and manages IP leases CSN Gateway(s) Interfaces between two networks Home Agent Forwards data to subscriber on Foreign Network (ASN) Foreign Agent Works with Home agent to route data to subscriber AAA Server Provide authentication for ASN equipment ASN DNS Server Associates fully qualified domain name (FQDN) to DHCP Server Assigns IP addresses NTP Server Provides date and time stamps
Subscriber
IP address IP address
CAPC Manages mobility, security, Key distribution AP Wireless Access Point to network
Figure 31 Network Element Functions
The functions of the network elements may be dependant upon their placement in the end-to-end system. One of the key ideas of WiMAX is to provide a system that allows you to develop a network that can be defined to meet your needs. Regardless of the network design the functionality must be present somewhere within the network either in a single server or distributed across multiple devices. The critical point is that the functionality has to be present.
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Network Reference Model

R1: Air Interface
R2 R2
Visited NSP Home NSP R2: Authentication, Service Authorization, IP

Host Configuration, Mobility Management
R1
R3
R5
MS
ASN
R4 R8
CSN
CSN
R3: Controls protocols R4: Control and Bearer

Plane to coordinate MS mobility between ASNs.
Another
between ASN and CSN. Supports AAA, Policy enforcement and Mobility Management capabilities
R5: Control and Bearer Interworking between home CSN operated by home NSP and the CSN operated by the visited NSP
ASP Network
or Internet
ASN
ASP Network
or Internet
Figure 32 Network Reference Model
The Network Reference Model is used to define the interfaces and functions between devices and networks. To ensure interoperability, the WiMAX forum identified several reference points. Each reference point clearly identifies the interfaces operating characteristics. The R1 reference point defines the air interface. The R2 reference point defines the logical connection between the subscriber and the CSN network. The R3 reference point defines the connection between the ASN and CSN. The R4 reference point defines connections between two ASNs. The R5 reference point defines connections between two CSNs.
These last two reference points are critical to offering full seamless mobility.
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WiMAX Air Interface
WiMAX uses many technologies to provide one of the most advanced air interfaces in use today.
Advanced Antenna Technology Adaptive Modulation OFDM OFDMA/S-OFDMA Advanced Power Control Advanced Power Management
Figure 33 Air Interface
This section of the lesson will look at the WiMAX Air interface. Subscriber Station connection to the WiMAX system is over the air interface defined by IEEE 802.16. To get consistent performance and high throughput over the air, WiMAX employs many technologies. Used together, these technologies provide one of the most advanced air interfaces in the world today. To improve performance, WiMAX uses advanced antenna technologies, adaptive modulation, scalable OFDMA, advanced power control and advanced power management. Each of these technologies will be discussed in the pages that follow.
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Radio Network Non-Line of Sight (NLOS)
Figure 34 NLOS
Although 802.16 defines both line-of-sight and Non-Line-of-Sight operation, we are going to focus on the air interface characteristics of the non-line-of-sight system. Non-Line-of-Sight systems are typically organized into cells. The coverage area of a cell is determined by many factors including the height of the antenna, the terrain, and radiation pattern. WiMAX also defines the configuration of the Access Points in the system. Omni sites radiate in a 360 degree pattern. Sectored sites divide the coverage area into small coverage areas. These sites are configured as two, three or four sectors.
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Operating Frequency
Point-To-Multipoint
(PMP)
Point-To-Point
(PTP)
2.3* 2.5*
3.5*
5.8* 10 66 GHz Line of Sight (LOS)
2 11 GHz Non Line of Sight (NLOS)
RF characteristics play an important part in dividing WiMAX into two distinct types of systems.
*Part of the WiMAX Forum Profiles The 2.5 band is also referred to as the 2.6 GHz band in Europe
Figure 35 WiMAX Operating Frequency
IEEE 802.16 divides the operating frequency spectrum into two functional areas based on the characteristics of the radio frequencies. Point-to-Point systems operate in the 10 to 66 gigahertz range, while Point-To-Multipoint systems operate between 2 and 11 gigahertz. The WiMAX forum has identified several key operation bands. These bands are identified as part of a WiMAX profile. Recently, the WiMAX Forum introduced a 700 MHz band profile.
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Scalable Channel Bandwidth
WiMAX can be scaled to operate using a variety of channel bandwidths.
Center Frequency
3.5* MHz 5.0* MHz 7.0* MHz 10* MHz

*Part of the WiMAX Forum Profiles
Figure 36 WiMAX Channel Bandwidth
WiMAX also has the ability to be scaled based on the size of the RF channel. A channel is defined by its center frequency along with the bandwidth it occupies. WiMAX profiles define many standard bandwidths, including 3.5, 5, 7 and 10 MHz.
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Channel Direction
UL and DL are present regardless of the duplexing strategy
Do
pl in k
wn lin k
Figure 37 Channel Direction
Each WiMAX channel organizes traffic based on direction. Data traffic from the access point to the subscriber is sent on the downlink (DL), while traffic from the subscriber to the access point is called the uplink (UL).
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Duplexing Methods
FDD
f1 f2 Downlink Uplink
TDD
f1 DL UL DL UL
Frequency Division Duplex
Time Division Duplex
IEEE 802.16e supports both FDD and TDD Mobile System Profile supports TDD only
Figure 38 FDD/TDD
The most common types of duplexing are Frequency Division and Time Division. FDD requires a pair of RF carries to be matched; one channel is dedicated for the downlink, while the other is dedicated for the uplink. TDD uses a single channel for both the downlink and the uplink. Although listed in the 802.16 standard, FDD is currently only supported in fixed WiMAX deployments.
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TDD Frame Structure
Preamble
Transmit Time Gap
Receive Time Gap
Downlink Sub-frame
Uplink Sub-frame
Downlink
Uplink
Time
Figure 39 Frame Structure
The TDD channel will be used for downlink traffic, then switched to accepting traffic for the uplink. To ensure uplink and downlink traffic does not overlap, a small time gap is established to switch between the two. The size of the downlink and uplink subframes may be adjusted. The DL/UL ratio may be configured using the following ratios: 75/25, 65/35 and 55/45.
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Modulation Schemes
BPSK QPSK 16QAM 64QAM
DATA THROUGHPUT
Figure 40 Modulation
Another capability of WiMAX is its ability to use adaptive modulation and coding. Adaptive modulation and coding allows the system to adjust the modulation scheme and error correction up or down depending on the RF conditions being experienced by the subscriber.
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Modulation Schemes
64QAM 2/3
modulation coding rate
2/3 of the bits are data 1/3 of the bits are error correction 3/4 of the bits are data 1/4 of the bits are error correction
64QAM 3/4
Error correction is added to ensure the data is recoverable
Mod = 64QAM 3/4
Mod = 16QAM 1/2
Mod = QPSK 1/2
Signal Quality
Figure 41 Modulation Schemes
Adjusting the adaptive modulation and coding (AMC) will change the bandwidth efficiency of the transmitted signal. As the modulation scheme becomes more complex, the channel efficiency improves. Also affecting the channel efficiency is the Forward Error Correction. As fewer bits are used for error correction, the bandwidth efficiency also improves.
Modulation Scheme BPSK QPSK 16-QAM 64-QAM
Bits per baud 1 1 2 2 4 4 6 6 6
FEC Rate 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 1/2 3/4 2/3 3/4 5/6
Coded bits per baud .5 .75 1.0 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 4.5 5.0
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WiMAX End-to-End QoS
Layer 2 Network
Customer equipment
Layer 3 Network Router
Subscriber
AP
802.16e QoS over the air
VLAN Tag For L2 switching
Differentiated Services For L3 routing
Maps between VLAN Tag and DSCP marking
Figure 42 End-to-End QoS
To provide end-to-end IP based QoS, WiMAX uses QoS over the air, and Differentiated services, DiffServ, in the IP layer. DiffServ is a common method to provide quality of service functionality over large networks.
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QoS Levels for the WiMAX Air Interface
5 QoS levels
BE nrtPS ErtPS rtPS UGS

End-to-end QoS allows the system to prioritize the delivery of different types of services
Best Effort Non-Real-Time Polling Service Extended Real-Time Polling Service Real-Time Polling Service Unsolicited Grant Service
Figure 43 QoS Types
WiMAX supports five QoS levels over the air interface. WiMAX QoS levels define the throughput, delay, jitter and packet loss characteristics of a connection. QoS levels are used to map a connection (UL & DL) to the quality of service the customer has paid for. QoS parameters may include things like: Maximum sustained traffic rate Maximum traffic burst Minimum reserved traffic rate Minimum tolerable traffic rate End-to-end traffic delay Peak-to-peak delay variation Cell loss ratio We can use the following to better understand how these parameters can impact connection quality. For Unsolicited Grant Service (UGS), the minimum reserved traffic rate is equal to the maximum sustained traffic rate. But for Best Effort (BE), the minimum reserved traffic rate is zero.
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QoS Parameters
QoS Level & Parameters QoS = BE Data Packets
QoS = nrtPS
Assigns QoS
Quality of Service parameters include: Latency Jitter Packet error rate Data Rate
ErtPS
nrtPS
QoS Level & Parameters
Figure 44 QoS
QoS parameters are assigned as part of the subscribers profile and linked to the service being provided. QoS parameters include maximum latency, jitter, packet errors and packet data rates.
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Service Flows
ErtPS
nrtPS
(Logical connection)
MAC Management Connection Transport Connections (CID unidirectional)
Service flow is a MAC transport service Associated with QoS parameters Management connections are not assigned Service flows (CID only)
Figure 45 Service Flows
Each transport connection is assigned a Service Flow ID (SFID). SFIDs link each data service to a CID and to Quality of Service (QoS) parameters.
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BE
Connection ID (CID) Numbers
QoS Level & Parameters Service Flow Assignments
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Availability
Carrier Class IP Core
Availability =
Packet Switched Architecture
99.999
Figure 46 Availability
Another benefit of WiMAX is the use of a totally flat IP based infrastructure. This carrier class packet switched core is designed to provide system availability in excess of 99.999%. This equates to about 5 minutes of downtime every year.
Availability 90.0 % (1-nine) 99.0% (2-nines) 99.9% (3-nines) 99.99% (4-nines) 99.999% (5-nines) 99.9999% (6-nines)
Downtime 36.5 days/yr 3.65 days/yr 8.76 hours/yr 52.0 minutes/yr 5 minutes/yr 31 seconds/yr
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WiMAX and the OSI Reference Model
7 Application 6 Presentation 5 Session 4 Transport 3 Network 2 Data Link 1 Physical
Layer 1 PHY and Layer 2 MAC of the Air Interface
Figure 47 OSI Layer 1 & 2
Data communication systems usually use the OSI 7 layer reference model to describe data transfer from one device to another. IEEE 802.16 primarily focuses on layer 1 and layer 2 of the OSI protocol stack. These are the Physical layer and a portion of the Data Link layer, called the MAC layer Other layers in the protocol stack are totally independent and may be defined by other standards organizations or manufacturers.
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Physical Layer
1
Provide a high quality dynamic RF connection to ensure the efficient delivery of data.
Figure 48 Layer 1
The Layer 1 interface provides a high quality RF connection. This dynamic connection uses multiple technologies to minimize the effects of interference.
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MAC Layer
2
The MAC layer is part of the Data link Layer Provides an interface between the PHY layer and higher layers
Figure 49 Layer 2
The function of the MAC layer is to control access to the Network. This includes controlling radio resources and access.
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Function of the MAC Layer
Controls access to the Network Connection Oriented Controls physical link Responsible for Bandwidth Allocation Supports Quality-of-Service (QoS)
Figure 50 MAC Layer
The MAC layer will also encapsulate and fragment data to ensure it is delivered efficiently. Another important feature of the MAC layer is its ability to manage the over the air quality of service. QoS ensures that bandwidth is allocated to services that are susceptible to latency and jitter before being allocated to services less susceptible to delay. Layer two also has an elaborate security mechanism in place to ensure services are authorized and protected.
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OSI Layer 3 and Mobility
IP Mobile IP (MIP) Air Interface 802.16e Backhaul 802.3
Figure 51 Layer 3
Because WiMAX focuses on a total solution, we have to include another important addressing protocol to ensure we can deliver an end-to-end solution. As part of the protocol stack, layer 3 uses IP and Mobile IP (MIP). MIP supports inter-ASN mobility. It is important to be able to differentiate between IEEE 802.16e mobility and Mobile IP.
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Mobile WiMAX
1
IEEE 802.16e provides a method for
a subscriber to seamlessly move throughout the ASN coverage area.
2
Mobile IP provides mobility from the
CSN to the ASN network(s)
CSN
Figure 52 Mobility
There are two forms of mobility on a WiMAX network. WiMAX supports the use of intra-ASN mobility and inter-ASN mobility. Within the ASN, CPEs may move from sector to sector, site to site and CAPC to CAPC. Intra-ASN mobility allows subscribers to seamlessly move from access point to access point. Inter-ASN mobility employs Mobile IP, MIP, to allow CPEs to move from ASN to ASN.
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Paging Groups
Cell sites are organized into paging groups.
PG 1
PG 3
PG 2
PG 4
Figure 53 Cell Site Organization
Access Points are logically organized into Paging Groups. Multiple APs make up a Paging Group, and an AP can be a member of more than one Paging Group. Paging Groups allow the network to efficiently track all of the Subscriber Stations (SS) in the system. As subscribers move between Paging Groups they send a location update message. Movement between APs in the same Paging Group does not require a location update. To alert a SS of new incoming traffic, a downlink broadcast paging announcement is sent by all of the APs in the Paging Group of the last subscriber location update. Paging Groups help to minimize location update and paging messages.
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Handovers
Neighbor List 2, 3
Neighbor List 1, 3
Neighbor List 1, 2
AP 1
AP 2
AP 3
Figure 54 Neighbor Lists
In addition to paging groups, each cell site will maintain a list of neighbor sites. APs periodically broadcast their neighbor list. This allows mobile Subscriber Stations (SS) to scan the list and determine which adjacent cells are available to be considered as candidates for handovers.
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Handover Criteria
HO Threshold
Sig na l str en gth
ls gth n tr e
na Sig
Serving Cell
Measures Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) from serving cell and all Neighbor (Target) cells HOs take place if Radio Resources are available AP resources are available
Target Cell
Figure 55 Handover
A handover is triggered when radio signal quality begins to degrade. APs notify subscribers of neighbor cell characteristics. If radio resources and AP resources are available at the target cell, a handover will take place.
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Network Entry
1. 1. Scan Scan for for Channels Channels 2. 2. Initial Initial Ranging Ranging 3. 3. Capability Capability Negotiation Negotiation 4. 4. Authorization Authorization 5. 5. Registration Registration 6. 6. IP IP Connectivity Connectivity 7. 7. Service Service Established Established
ASN
CSN
NSP
Figure 56 Network Entry
CPEs follow a specific sequence of events to access services over the network. Network entry is the process that provides secure connections from the CPE to the Network Service Provider. During this process, the CPE must discover all available Network Access Providers and Network Service Providers. Information concerning the network is stored in the CPE prior to its first entry into the network.
The network entry process consists of messages going from the subscriber to specific devices within each of the networks. To connect to the NSP, the subscriber must first gain entry to the ASN. This consists of establishing a radio link. Next the subscriber must register and authenticate in the CSN. Messages are sent from the subscriber through proxies in the ASN to devices in the CSN. The result is the CSN providing access parameters to the ASN devices and the subscriber. Finally, the NSP will establish services based on the subscribers profile.
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Connections
ASN
CSN
Subscriber
Phone
Streaming video
Data
Network Service Provider
Figure 57 Connections
One main difference between other common wireless access networks is that WiMAX is connection oriented. Each message sent from the subscriber to the infrastructure is sent using connection identifiers (CID) and controlled by a scheduling service in the Access Point.
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Connection Types
WiMAX is a connection based service.

Multiple connections are established to send data between the network and the subscriber. Connection IDs (CIDs) provide a temporary address for data transmission.
Basic Connection
Primary Management
Secondary Management
Transport
Transport
Figure 58 Connection Types
Once a Subscriber Station (SS) has entered the network they have the ability to access their subscribed to services. There are two main classifications of connections, management and data transport. Management connections control the air interface and resources between the Access Point and the subscriber. Management connections are further organized into the basic, primary, and secondary channels. Data transport connections are used to send data between the Subscriber and AP.
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Motorolas wi4 WiMAX Solution

This section will describe the Access Points, Carrier Access Control Point equipment, and Element Management System (EMS) found in the Motorola WiMAX solution.
Motorola Access Points
Types of APs
RF to Tower
DAP
AP types may vary based on the specific system release.
GAP
SAAP
Figure 59 DAP, GAP, SAAP
Motorola offers three types of Access Points, AP. The three types of Access Points are similar in design and equipment. Similarities include the Base Control Unit. BCU are identical for the DAP and SAAP. In the GAP, the BCU is deployed in a different housing. The differences include different Antennas for the DAP/GAP and the SAAP. Different RF heads for each, and because the RF head is located on the ground with the GAP, a tower top amplifier is added. Additionally, each AP is managed exactly the same way from both the Local Maintenance Terminal (LMT), and the Element Management System (EMS).
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Access Point Components
Access Point Components
RF Head Antenna
Base Control Unit (BCU)
Figure 60 AP Components
APs are comprised of three main pieces. They are the Base Control Unit, the RF head, and the Antenna. The Base control unit is the same for all three types of APs. The BCU connects to the network using a MAC based-layer 2 connection. Depending on the backhaul available, this connection may be 10, 100, or gigabit Ethernet. It supports up to 4 separate sectors, each with its own antenna and may be powered by AC or DC voltages. It is mounted in a weatherized enclosure, and comes with several mounting options.
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BCU Cabinet
The Base Control Unit (BCU), suitable for indoor or outdoor pole, floor, wall or rack mounted DAP, SAAP or GAP installations. In the case of the outdoor GAP, it is mounted in a cabinet. The BCU provides: Baseband processing Site synchronization Power distribution Network backhaul interface Site level software
The front and rear access BCU houses: Redundant Site controller Modems Redundant Power supplies Circuit breakers Heater Fans GPS connections
BCU Power Supply Unit To meet different customer requirement, several different power supply configurations are available. They include: 100/240 VAC (88 to 300 VRMS at 45-66 Hz) +27 VDC (+20 to + 30 VDC) -48 VDC (-60 to -40 VDC)
BCUs may be configured as N+1 for redundancy.
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Figure 61 BCU Cabinet
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BCU II
The BCU II is a non-redundant Base Control Unit solution suitable for DAP, GAP and SAAP installations. It is configured in a 19 rack mountable unit. The BCU II provides: Baseband processing Site synchronization Power distribution Network backhaul interface Site level software The BCU II is made up of 3 plug-in modules: 1 Controller/Alarm 2 Modem
Input power to the BCU II is -48 VDC.
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Figure 62 BCU II
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Diversity Access Point
Figure 63 DAP
WiMAX Diversity (DAP) and Smart Antenna (SAAP) Access Points provide high-performance broadband wireless access in the 2.3, 2.5, and 3.5 GHz spectrums. Diversity Access Point (DAP) Hardware Up to 4 sector site configuration Diversity, Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO A and MIMO B) antennas Typical DAP output power is limited to 1 watt per antenna. Pole mounted RF Head Fiber RF and DC power cables connect RF Head and BCU BCU can be pole, floor, wall or rack mounted
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Smart Antenna Access Point
Smart Antenna Access Point

Eight Antenna Elements 4 TX Chains, 8 Rx Chains Adaptive Beam Steering TX power 1 Watt per antenna Supports adaptive beam forming
Using SAAP technology provides between 6 and 10 dB link improvement
Figure 64 SAAP
Smart Antenna systems use the same BCU as the DAP and GAP, but incorporate a new antenna. The antenna is an array of four transmit elements and eight receive chains. These elements are used to directionally steer the RF signal to the subscriber, increasing link quality. This results in a more robust channel with the capability of supporting high order modulation schemes and improved data throughput. In the transmit direction, beam forming increases the power being sent to the subscriber device. In the receive direction, the narrower beam width is less susceptible to noise and interference.
Smart Antenna Access Point (SAAP) Hardware Up to 4 sector site configuration Adaptive Beam Steering Pole mounted RF Head Fiber RF and DC power cables connect RF Head and BCU BCU can be pole, floor, wall or rack mounted
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Access Point Specifications

Diversity AP Air interface Wireline Interface Supported Mobility Smart Antenna AP IEEE 802.16e (OFDMA) IEEE 802.3 (10/100/1000 BT Ethernet) Fixed, Nomadic, Portable, Simple, Full Mobility Mandatory applicable requirements. For example: ETSI EN 301 753 including future inputs from EN 302 326; ETSI EN 301 489-4, FCC CFR-47 parts 15 and 27, CALEA (47 USC.1001-1010), E911 (9.47),RoHS/WEEE -40 C to 55 C outdoor and indoor 2.300 2.400GHz, 2.495 2.690GHz, 3.400 3.600GHz 3.400 3.600GHz
Regulatory Compliance Operating Temperature Frequency Bands
Channel Bandwidth Duplex Mode
5MHz or 10 MHz at 2.3 GHZ and 2.5GHz; 7.0MHz at 3.5GHz TDD QPSK (coding rates of 1/2 and 3/4), 16 QAM (coding rates of 1/2 and 3/4), 64QAM (coding rates of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, and 5/6)
Modulation and Coding Antenna Elements Transmit/Receive Chains Maximum EIRP per sector Frequency Reuse Availability
2 2/2 Up to 50.8 dBm
8 4/8 Up to 59.3 dBm
N=2, other configurations possible Up to 99.995% Up to 99.995%
Traffic classification Dimensions Access Point (HxWxD)
Any combination of source or destination IP address, source or destination port number, system subscriber ID, IPv4 Diffserv (DSCP)
712mmx178mmx229mm (28"x7"x9)
1020mmx560mmx280mm (41"x23"x12)
Dimensions Baseband Control Unit (HxWxD) Weight Access Point (does not include mounting hardware or optional filters) Weight Control Unit Baseband Control Unit to RF AP Cabling Connection Power Requirements
788mmx508mmx508mm (31"x20"x20)
14Kg (31 lbs) 68 Kg (150 lbs).
48Kg (105 lbs)
CPRI Optical Fiber, DC Power.
supports -48 V, +27 V DC or 88-240 V AC
Figure 65 DAP/SAAP Specifications
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Ground-Based Access Point
Figure 66 Outdoor GAP
The WiMAX Ground-based Access Point (GAP) provides high-performance broadband wireless access in the 2.5 GHz spectrum. The GAP is a three sector tower bottom access point designed for both indoor and outdoor installation. Supports 5 MHz and 10 MHz channels with at least 20 watts of power output. Diversity antenna and Multiple-Input, Multiple-Output (MIMO) antenna techniques Strong outdoor coverage and indoor penetration.
Asitecanbeequippedwithupto3carriersand3sectors.
Many physical elements are the same for outdoor and indoor GAP frames, and many BCU physical elements are the same across Access Point portfolio.
GAP Hardware
The GAP consists of three major subsystems housed in two cabinets: Cabinets can be in a stacked arrangement, or may be placed side-by-side. Base Control Unit RF Unit Optional Battery Backup Unit (BBU)
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GAP Specifications
Indoor GAP Air interface Wireline Interface Supported Mobility IEEE 802.16e (OFDMA) IEEE 802.3 (10/100/1000 BT Ethernet) Fixed, Nomadic, Portable, Simple, Full Mobility Mandatory applicable requirements. For example: ETSI EN 301 753 including future inputs from EN 302 326; ETSI EN 301 489-4, FCC CFR-47 parts 15 and 27, CALEA (47 USC.1001-1010), E911 (9.47),RoHS/WEEE 0 C to 50 C 2.495 2.690GHz 5MHz or 10 MHz TDD QPSK (coding rates of 1/2 and 3/4), 16 QAM (coding rates of 1/2 and 3/4), 64QAM (coding rates of 1/2, 2/3, 3/4, and 5/6) -40 C to 55 C Outdoor GAP
Regulatory Compliance Operating Temperature Frequency Bands Channel Bandwidth Duplex Mode
Modulation and Coding Transmit/Receive Chains Maximum Power per carrier-sector (output of rack or cabinet) Availability
2/2
20 watts Up to 99.995%
20 watts Up to 99.995%
Traffic classification Dimensions (2C/3C) HxWxD (not to exceed)
Any combination of source or destination IP address, source or destination port number, system subscriber ID, IPv4 Diffserv (DSCP)
RF: 43 () x 47 (w) x 30 (d) Battery: 43 (h) x 47 (w) x 30 (d) 86 (h) x 21 (w) x 27 (d) Direct Air Cooling (DACS) 7 (d) RF Cabinet: 302Kg for a 2 carrier solution 216Kg for a 2 carrier solution BBU Cabinet: 839Kg for a 2carrier solution (includes batteries) Zone 4 208 to 240 V AC
Weight (2C/3C)
Seismic Power Requirements
Zone 4 with top bracing -40 to -60 V DC
Figure 67 GAP Specifications
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Carrier Access Point Controller
CAPC Functions
Bearer Traffic Management
Subscriber Security
Mobility Management
L3 Management Services
Figure 68 CAPC functions
The CAPC is based on the Motorola Avantellis 3406 Carrier Grade Server. This ATCA compliant box is scalable and can hold up to 14 blades. The device is fully redundant and can be easily upgraded to increase capacity.
CAPC Hardware
The CAPC is made up of a number of sub units: 1406 CAPC Chassis. ATCA-F101 Blades (System Controller Blades). Shelf Management Alarm Modules (SAM). ATCA-7221 blades (pCAPC blades). RTM-ACTA-F101 Rear Transition Modules (RTM). ACC-ARTM-7221/SCSI Rear Transition Modules (RTM). Power Entry Modules (PEM). Fan Tray Modules.
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CAPC Chassis
Figure 69 CAPC Chassis
CAPCs are configured with a standard set of blades. In addition to the standard set, pCAPC blades may be added as the system is expanded.
14 front and rear slots 2 front slots reserved for System Controllers blades 12 front slots reserved for pCAPC blades 14 Rear Transition Module (RTM) slots 2 Power Entry Modules (PEMS) slots 8 Fan Tray Module (FTM) slots 2 Shelf Management Alarm Manager (SAM) slots
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CAPC Capacities
The Motorola CAPC product also offers support for various market sizes and growth trends The CAPC scales from its smallest to the largest configuration in 5 (20%) increments and CAPC capacity increases are executed by inserting additional payload cards.
Smallest CAPC Configuration Availability (including scheduled downtime) Physical Payload cards (deployed as a 2N availability) Total Ethernet Ports Maximum AP Database Capacity Maximum CPE Database Capacity 99.9995% 2 8 200 200,000
Figure 70 CAPC Capacities
Maximum CAPC Configuration
10 24 1,000 1,000,000
CAPC Specifications
Platform
Redundancy
Power
Motorola Avantellis 3406 ATCA Architecture with Control and Payload boards Bladed architecture supporting scalability and performance Monta Vista 4.0 CG Linux OS High Availability 2N Controller cards 2N 7221 Capacity cards N+1 redundancy architecture for power distribution N+1 redundancy architecture for cooling N+1 redundancy architecture for shelf management -48V DC
Figure 71 CAPC Specifications
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Foreign Agent Router
FA Functions
Builds Tunnels w/ HA
Provides Care-of-Address For Subscriber
Acts as a Router
Informs CSN of Subscriber ASN location
Figure 72 FA
Motorolas WiMAX solution uses a state-of-the-art Service Edge router to provide ASN Foreign Agent functions. This fully redundant router has a high chassis throughput and is fully equipped to support the scalable addition of output slots as demand grows.
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Layer 2 Aggregation Switch

L2 Switch Functions
Forwarding based On MAC address
QoS Priority Tagging VLAN termination and trunking Figure 73 L2 Switch
In the Motorola WiMAX network, the Ethernet output of the Access Points is connected to a Layer 2 Aggregation switch. These devices support the Layer 2 switching network transporting bearer and control traffic between the APs and other Access Service Network (ASN) elements. The Layer 2 switch contains a database associating MAC address with VLAN parameters. VLAN tagging is used to isolate the control or bearer traffic and provide different priority or scheduling and forwarding behavior.
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Customer Premises Equipment (CPE)

Motorola offers a wide range of cost effective, easy to install CPEs covering indoor, outdoor, fixed, nomadic and mobile applications. All units incorporate plug-and play convenience. When powered-up, the network automatically detects the unit and starts the necessary authentication process. Remote management and monitoring features support over the air software upgrades. The features, models, and functionality listed on the following pages are subject to change. Consult your Motorola account representative for the most current information.
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Indoor Units
Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEi 150 Series

The 100 series CPE are desktop units providing one Ethernet port for data service.
Figure 74 CPEi 150
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CPEi 150
Frequency Band Channel Bandwidth Connectivity Radio Performance 2.5 GHz 5 MHZ, 10 MHz 1 Ethernet 500mW output power Highly sensitive receiver Integral directional antenna Convolution Turbo Coding (CTC) Hybrid Automatic Repeat request (HARQ) RF Performance Sensitivity: >5dB better than WiMAX Forum Specifications Antenna Gain: >13dBi TX power out: +27dBm (0.5w) Noise Figure: 5dB Quality of Service Best Effort Unsolicited Grant Service Real Time Polling Service Non Real Time Polling Service Extended Real Time Polling Service OS Compatibility Mechanical and Electrical Windows/MAC External Power: 100-250V AC input Operating Temperature:0 C to 40 C Operating Humidity: 5% to 95%, non-condensing US and International plug support Environmental and Regulatory North America, Asia, Latin America, EMEA
Figure 75 CPEi 150 Specifications
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The 300 series CPE are desktop units providing one Ethernet port for data service, and two RJ11 ports for VoIP service.
Figure 76 CPEi 300
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CPEi 300
Frequency Band Channel Bandwidth 2.3, 2.5 and 3.5 GHZ 5 MHZ, 10 MHZ for 2.3 and 2.5 GHz 5 MHz, 7 MHz for 3.5 GHz Connectivity Radio Performance 1 Ethernet, 2 VoIP 500mW output power Highly sensitive receiver Sectorized antenna array-orientation independent performance Convolution Turbo Coding (CTC) Hybrid Automatic Repeat request (HARQ) RF Performance Sensitivity: >5dB better than WiMAX Forum Specifications Antenna Gain: >7dBi TX power out: +27dBm (0.5w) Noise Figure: 5dB Quality of Service Best Effort Unsolicited Grant Service Real Time Polling Service Non Real Time Polling Service Extended Real Time Polling Service OS Compatibility Mechanical and Electrical Windows/MAC External Power: 100-250V AC input Operating Temperature:0 C to 40 C Operating Humidity: 5% to 95%, non-condensing US and International plug support Environmental and Regulatory North America, Asia, Latin America, EMEA
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The 600 series CPE are desktop units providing four Ethernet ports for data service, and two RJ11 ports for VoIP service.
Figure 78 CPEi 600
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CPEi 600
Frequency Band Channel Bandwidth Connectivity Radio Performance 3.5 GHZ 7 MHz 4 Ethernet, 2 VoIP 500mW output power Highly sensitive receiver Retractable, high-gain, omni-directional antennas Orientation independent desktop unit Two branch Maximum Ratio Combining Diversity Convolution Turbo Coding (CTC) Hybrid Automatic Repeat request (HARQ) RF Performance Sensitivity: >5dB better than WiMAX Forum Specifications Antenna Gain: >7dBi TX power out: +27dBm (0.5w) Noise Figure: 5dB Quality of Service Best Effort Unsolicited Grant Service Real Time Polling Service Non Real Time Polling Service Extended Real Time Polling Service OS Compatibility Mechanical and Electrical Windows/MAC External Power: 100-250V AC input Operating Temperature:0 C to 40 C Operating Humidity: 5% to 95%, non-condensing US and International plug support Environmental and Regulatory North America, Asia, Latin America, EMEA
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Outdoor Unit Motorola wi4 WiMAX CPEo 400 Series

The 400 series CPE is designed for outdoor installations.
Frequency Band Channel Bandwidth Connectivity Radio Performance 3.5 GHZ 5 MHz, 7 MHz 1 Ethernet Maximum Ratio Combining Cyclic Shift Transmit Diversity MIMO A & B and Maximum Ration Combining RF Performance Quality of Service EIRP: 42dBm Best Effort Unsolicited Grant Service Real Time Polling Service Non Real Time Polling Service Extended Real Time Polling Service OS Compatibility Mechanical and Electrical Windows/MAC External Power: 90 to 264 V AC input US and International plug support
Figure 80 CPEo 400 Specifications
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PC Card
The PC card provides notebook computer users fixed, nomadic and mobile broadband access.
Frequency Band Channel Bandwidth
2.5 and 3.5 GHZ 5 MHZ, 10 MHZ for 2.5 GHz 5 MHz for 3.5 GHz
Connectivity Radio Performance RF Performance
PCMCIA MIMO and Maximum Ration Combining Transmit 3.3 W Max., Receive 2.3 W Max. Sensitivity: >5dB better than WiMAX Forum Specifications
Quality of Service
Best Effort Unsolicited Grant Service Real Time Polling Service Non Real Time Polling Service Extended Real Time Polling Service
OS Compatibility Mechanical and Electrical
Windows XP, SP2 and Vista Operating Temperature:0 C to 60 C Operating Humidity: 0% to 95%, non-condensing
Environmental and Regulatory
North America, Asia, Latin America, EMEA
Figure 81 PC Card Specifications 68P09291A02-B August 2008
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Network Management
Motorola WiMAX Element Management System (EMS)
The Element Management System (EMS) is a central point for configuration, monitoring and management of the Motorola WiMAX Fixed Network Elements (FNE). Specifically the EMS is responsible for managing the Subscriber Stations (SS), Access Points (AP) and Carrier Access Point Controllers (CAPC).
The EMS provides basic Fault, Configuration, Accounting, Performance and Security (FCAPS) management functionality, including:
FaultManagement Alarmandeventhandling Statemanagement Eventlogs Diagnostics ConfigurationManagement Softwareandconfigurationdistribution InventoryData PerformanceManagement Statisticscollectionandreports SecurityManagement Useraccounts Securitylogs Controlpointfordistributionofsecuritykeys NorthBoundInterfacestotheEMSinclude: SNMPeventstream XMLconfigurationandinventoryfiles HPOpenViewintegrationsupport
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Figure 82 WIMAX EMS
The Motorola EMS is supported in both a Microsoft Windows and Sun UNIX environments. Additional element management systems are added to the system to manage and monitor other network elements within the ASN and CSN systems.
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Motorola Device Management System (DMS)
Figure 83 Search CPE icon
The Motorola Device Management System (DMS), working through the WiMAX EMS, facilitates the management of Motorola CPE devices. The DMS provides real time data on multiple concurrent CPE devices assisting technicians in CPE troubleshooting. Remote access to individual CPE Local Maintenance Terminals (LMT) allows technicians on-site access to the CPE. Clicking on the search CPE icon brings up the CPE selection screen.
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Figure 84 WiMAX DMS
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Layer 2 Switch EMS
Figure 85 Typical L2 Switch EMS
L2 switch equipment is managed and monitored via a graphical Element Management System (EMS), providing network administrators with comprehensive tools for configuring, managing, monitoring, and securing switch network equipment. Using the EMS, network managers can automatically discover network equipment and immediately acquire, view, and archive each devices configuration. Group policies can be easily configured and deployed, including security requirements, rate limiting, and event management policies. The Layer 2 switch EMS provides FCAPS support.
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Layer 3 Router EMS
Figure 86 Typical Router EMS
The L3 router graphical Element Management System (EMS) discovers nodes in the network and displays them graphically in a network topology. Operators have access to real-time statistics to assist in performance monitoring and trouble resolution. The EMS allows operators acknowledge and clear alarms, and create, manage and delete interfaces. System software distribution and backup are managed through the EMS. The Layer 3 router EMS provides FCAPS support.
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Network Management System (NMS)

A Network Management System (NMS) employs a variety of tools, applications, and devices to assist in monitoring network elements. The Motorola NMS brings together all of the EMSs found on the WiMAX network providing a single point of management. The NMS interfaces both Motorola and non-Motorola devices giving unified fault and performance management for all WiMAX ASN and CSN entities. NMS Functional Areas
FaultManagement ConfigurationManagement AccountingManagement PerformanceManagement Securitymanagement
WiMAX NMS Features
PlatformIndependent NTierArchitecture MultiprotocolSupport TextfileBasedTuning CustomizableEvent/AlarmFiltering EaseofAdministration SupportofFCAPS
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Figure 87 WiMAX NMS
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References
Additional information about WiMAX and the Motorola wi4 WiMAX Solution can be obtained at the locations listed below.
www.motorola.com/wimax www.wimaxforum.org www.ieee.org www.mynetworksupport.motorola.com
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