LA 2: Computer System 2013

COMPUTER SYSTEM = combination of 4 hardware components to accept and process data, display and store the output.

4 hardware components
1.INPUT DEVICE - = device to accept data / input by users to be processed. 2. PROCESSOR = CPU will process the input data into useful information 3. OUTPUT DEVICE = device to display the data that has been processed 4. STORAGE DEVICE = device that store the data / output for future use

Keyboard Scanner Mouse

Example of Input Device Touchscreen CCTV Web cam Microphone Digital camera Laser pen

Bar code reader joystick

Example of Processor CPU (Central Processing Unit)

Monitor Headphone
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Example of Output Device Speaker Printer plotter

LCD Projector

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STORAGE DEVICE
Primary Storage

LA 2: Computer System 2013

INPUT

PROCESS

OUTPUT

STORAGE
1. User key in (input) the data using input device. 2. The data will be processed by processor into useful information. 3. The processed data (info) will be displayed by output device such as monitor, printer,... 4. The processed data (info) will be stored for future used. **Types of data text, graphic, audio, video Types of information text, chart, graphic, graph, total mark, video, audio.

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

1. INPUT any data / instructions enter into the computer for processing. Types of input Input devices Text Keyboard Scanner Barcode reader Optical reader Graphics Scanner Digital camera Audio video microphone CCTV MIDI Web cam keyboard Digital camera

**pointing device mouse, trackball, graphic tablet, touch screen.

2. PROCESS process raw data into useful information. done by CPU or processor

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

FETCH

STORE

DECODE

EXECUTE

FETCH + DECODE EXECUTE + STORE ** I-Cycle + E-Cycle

= Instruction Cycle (I-Cycle) = Execution Cycle (E-Cycle) = Machine Cycle

3. OUTPUT data that has been processed / information Can be displayed (soft copy) dan printed (hard copy) Types of output Text Graphics Audio video Output devices Printer Scanner Speaker LCD projector Scanner Headphone

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

4. STORAGE location which data / information is kept for future used.

STORAGE DEVICE Primary Storage ROM Secondary Storage

RAM

Magnetic medium
Hard disk Floppy disk Optical Medium CD ROM DVD ROM Blu Ray disk CDR CDRW

Flash Memory Pen drive Memory card Memory Stick

Differences RAM vs ROM DIFFERENCES RAM Data and Program Stores during and after processing Content Temporary (sementara) Processing Time Volatility Very fast, but use a lot of power Volatile (meruap) -content loss when power is OFF

ROM Stored by manufacturer Permanent (kekal kecuali padam) Fast, use only little power Non-volatile (tidak meruap) -content still have when power is OFF

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

Differences Primary vs Secondary Storage

DIFFERENCES Need Location

Primary Storage Compulsory

Secondary Storage Alternative

Installed internally External storage and can be accessed directly by CPU Store small amount of data Faster because closer to CPU Expensive Volatile (except ROM) Temporary Store large amount of data. Ex: hard disk Slow because have to transfer by cable to CPU Cheap Non-Volatile Permanent

Capacity of data stored Access Speed

Cost Volatility Save data

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

1. Computer only recognise 2 states : 0 and 1. Each 0 and 1 is called bit. Combination of 0 and 1 represents alphabets symbols = characters numbers

2. Bit = binary digit

0 = no/false/off 1 = yes/true/on

= the smallest unit of data

3. Byte = a collection of 8 bits to represent characters. 1 byte = 8 bits 1 byte = 1 character 8 bits = 1 byte = 1 character Example : 01000011 = A 01100011 = a
8 bits = 1 byte 1 character = 1 byte

, ,

01000010 = B 01100010 = b
8 bits = 1 byte 1 character = 1 byte

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

Communication Codes such as smoke signals, morse code and semaphore are used by people in the early days. Computer use binary codes to communicate. One of the widely used binary codes is the American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII)

CHARACTER CODES

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) 1 byte = 8 bits ASCII represents 28 = 256 characters EBCDIC UNICODE

(Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code)

= use 2 bytes to represent 1 character

2 bytes = 1 character UNICODE represent > 65000 characters UNICODE can represent other world languages: Arabic, Japanese, Chinese

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

1. Computer Speed = how fast it can process data / speed the computer can turn data into information. 2. Micro processor contains a system clock. system clock controls the speed of all operations within a computer. the speed of the clock is measured by how many cycles per second the clock makes.

Hertz the clock speed unit is measured in hertz. A hertz is one cycle per second. 1 cycle 1 hertz = 1 second

MegaHertz (MHz) one million cycles of system clock. 1 000 000 cycles 1 MHz = 1 second

GigaHertz (GHz) one billion cycles of system clock 1 000 000 000 cycles 1 GHz = 1 second 1 GHz = 1000 MHz

3. Processing Speed = influence by system clock. = a CPU with higher clock speed can process more instructions per second. 4. Microprocessor Speed = are determine by their clock speed and are usually expressed in GigaHertz. (GHz).
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LA 2: Computer System 2013

SYSTEM SOFTWARE Program that controls or maintains the operations of computer and its devices.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE Program that perform specific task for the user and help to solve users problem.
Types of Application Software: Word Processing, Spreadsheet, Presentation software, Database, Web Browser, Graphic Editing Software.

UTILITY PROGRAM OPERATING SYSTEM Program that coordinates all activities among computer hardware devices. It enable computer to start. Examples : Windows, Mac OS X, UNIX, LINUX System software that allow user to perform maintenance-typetasks. (housekeeping) Examples : Antivirus Antispyware Diagnostic Utility File Manager Disk Defragmenter Screen Saver Driver.

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

Manage memory

Starting the computer Provide user interface

Manage data and programs

Configure devices

BOOT

= starting or restarting the computer.

Performs by operating system

WARM BOOT Restarting the computer that is powered on

COLD BOOT Turn on the computer that is powered off

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

Disadvantage: 1. Difficult to use because user has to memorise syntaxs and instructions 2. Not user friendly

Advantage : 1. User dont have to memorise teh syntax and commands 2. Easy to learn and use

Advantage: 1. Very user friendly 2. The easiest to use.

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

Proprietary Software / Open Source Software Close-Source Software Is a licensed software released / A software that the source code is distributed by a company without its available and user can modify it. source code. Advantage: Advantage: 1. offer a stable system and support 1. Can be freely distributed if fails / malfunctions 2. User receive the whole binary 2. updates and latest info is version and source code. provided by manufacturer. 3. User has the right to modify / upgrade the software for better improvement, according to their needs. Disadvantage: Disadvantage: 1. cannot be freely distributed 1. Unstable system without support if because it is licensed. (user must fails or malfunctions. purchase the software company 2. Updates and latest info. Only gain profit) available if user who modify / 2. user do not receive source code. upgrade the software, redistribute 3. user dont have the right to it. modify/ redistribute the software. Examples : Operating System Windows, Macintosh Application Software Google Earth, Adobe Photoshop, Win RaR, Microsoft Office. Examples: Operating System Android, Syllable OS, MINIX, Ubuntu, LINUX, Haiku Application Software Joomla, Alfresco, Koffice, NeoOffice, My SQL, Squirrel Mail, paint.net, ImageMagik, Blender, Scribus, Mozilla Firefox, VLC Media Player, Inkscape

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LA 2: Computer System 2013

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