REPRODUCTION IN PLANTS Asexual reproduction Only one parent organism is involved New organisms are genetically identical to the

o the parent(clones) No gamete formation and fusion Cell division involved mitosis

Types of asexual reproduction Fission Fragmentation Regeneration Budding Vegetative propagation

Fission

 Many bacteria and protozoa simply split into two equal halves during cell division. In Amoeba, the splitting of the two cells during division can take place in any plane. In Leishmania (which cause kala-azar),, binary fission occurs in a definite orientation The malaria parasite, Plasmodium, divide into many daughter cells simultaneously by multiple fission.

Fragmentation Spirogyra simply breaks up into smaller pieces upon maturation. These pieces or fragments grow into new individual. Reproduction in such organisms is function of stem cells (a single cell type in the organism that is capable of growing, proliferating and making other cell types under the right circumstances).

Regeneration Ability of a living organism to regrow the lost parts of the body Hydra and Planaria can be cut into any number of pieces and each piece grows into a complete organism. regeneration is not the same as reproduction Budding In Hydra, a bud develops as an outgrowth due to repeated cell division at on specific site.

 These buds develop into tiny individuals and when fully mature, detach from the parent body and become new independent

Vegetative propagation The root, stem and leaves develop into new plants under appropriate conditions.

Advantage of vegetative propagation Plants raised by vegetative propagation can bear flowers and fruits earlier than those produced from seeds. make possible the propagation of plants such as banana, orange, Rose and jasmine that have lost the capacity to produce seeds. all plants produced are genetically similar

Spore formation Spores are unicellular structure , thick walled, present in sporangia The blobs are sporangia, which contain cells, or spores, that can eventually develop into new Rhizopus individuals.

Spore formation in Rhizobium

Tissue culture

Advantage of Tissue culture many plants can be grown from one parent in disease-free conditions. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION In sexual reproduction, two individuals produce offspring that have genetic characteristics from both parents. Sexual reproduction introduces new gene combinations in a population.

New organisms are NOT genetically identical to the parent Gamete formation and fusion takes place Cell division involved meiosis for gamete formation Germ cells have half the amount of DNA as compared to the non reproductive body cells. Male gamete Female gamete Small in size Motile Do not store food Large in size Non-motile Store food

SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FLOWERING PLANTS The reproductive parts of Angiosperms are located in the flower. Types of flowers i) Unisexual flower-it contains either stamen or carpels. Example; papaya ,watermelon.

ii) Bisexual flower-it contains both stamen and carpel. Example; Hibiscus, mustard.

PARTS OF FLOWER

(1) Male reproductive part a) Stamen b) Anther c) Filament (2) Female reproductive partpistil a) Stigma b) Style c) Ovary

GAMETES MALE GAMETE- Pollen grains FEMALE GAMETE- Egg

POLLINATION: transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma Self pollination- transfer of pollen occurs in the same flower

Cross pollination-The transfer of pollen grains from anther of flower of a plant to the stigma of flower of another plant (of the same species) is called cross-pollination.

AGENTS OF POLLINATION

FERTILISATION After pollen lands on a suitable stigma, a tube grows out of the pollen grain and travels through the style to reach the ovary. The nucleus of pollen grain fusses with the nucleus of egg and fertilization takes place. After fertilization, the zygote divides several times to form an embryo within the ovule. The ovule develops a tough coat and is gradually converted into a seed. The ovary grows rapidly and ripens to form a fruit. Meanwhile, the petals, sepals, stamens, style and stigma may shrivel and fall off. The seed contains the future plant or embryo which develops into a seedling under appropriate conditions. This process is known as germination.