Ir. Dr. M.

Farid Ahmad
DFY Consult & CSL Soil Centralab
CAUSE, EFFECT OF
FAILURE AND RESULTS OF
INVESTIGATION
WHAT IS A FAILURE?
Behaviour not in agreement with the expected
conditions of stability, or as lacking freedom from
necessary repair, or non-compliance with the
desired use and occupancy of the completed
structure.
Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope
Y
Initially, Mohr circle is a point

c
+

The soil element does not fail if
the Mohr circle is contained
within the envelope
GL
Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope
Y
Initially, Mohr circle is a point

c
+

The soil element does not fail if
the Mohr circle is contained
within the envelope
GL
Mohr Circles & Failure Envelope
Y

c


GL
As loading progresses, Mohr
circle becomes larger
.. and finally failure occurs
when Mohr circle touches the
envelope
Orientation of Failure Plane
Y

c


GL

c
+
90+

45 + /2
Failure plane
oriented at 45 + /2
to horizontal
45 + /2
Y












HUMAN
ERRORS
CARELESSNESS
FALSE
ECONOMY
GREED
ATTITUDE
IGNORANCE
IGNORANCE
Frequent human ignorance
Incompetent staff or personnel incharge of site
investigation, design, preparation of working
drawing and specification of works.
Absence of proper site investigation.
Failure to understand or making wrong
interpretation of geotechnical investigation
results.
Assumption of vital responsibility by man without
the necessarily professional know-how.
IGNORANCE
Frequent human ignorance
Lack of proper coordination between the
various parties.
Job performed by incompetent contractor.
Job supervised by personnel lacking
intelligence, training or experience.
Faulty design practice or failure to comply
with codes requirement or poor drafting.
Changing someone elses design without the
knowledge of the original designer nor
understanding the original designers
assumptions.
CARELESSNESS
Design oversight which includes a number of
errors that occur frequently.
Carelessness on the part of the contractor
and site supervisors.
FALSE ECONOMY
Economic consideration is certainly a
requirement, apart from engineering and
safety considerations, in making an
engineering decision.
However, one should not bias a decision
based on false economy.
GREED
It is certainly not wrong to covet richness, but
one should not be greedy and try to
accumulate wealth through illicit means.
All practice by contractor can be checked
through proper and honest supervisions.
ATTITUDE
Attitude plays an important role in determining
the performance of a person and the quality
of his work.
His work will invariably be careless and error
prone, which can trigger many problems.
If construction failures are to be averted, it is
necessary among others, for the engineers
and the contractors to have the right work
attitude.
The government Look East Policy is part of a
strategy to instill a sense of discipline and
dedication among the citizen of this country,
particularly the government servants, to help
cultivate the right attitude towards work.














SPECIFICATION
SITE
INVESTIGATION
TECHNICAL
SHORTFALLS
DESIGN
DRAWING CONSTRUCTION
USAGE
CAUSE AND EFFECT
Activities and their effect on foundation,
settlement, slope stability and vibration
REPORT
Installation record
Data sheet
Direct plots

Garbage In Garbage Out
tube no
l ube
length
r - ~ - - , - - - - - _ , _ , (m)
from to
reduced l evel (m)
as$embled and check oy
rnagn et
d esign
le vel
(m)
position of
magnet from
bottom of tube
(m)
grOund level
pim:omet er
(m) 100
depth
backfilli ng f rom
(m)
moteials depth
sand
10.50
pocke t
bentonit e
9' -SO
p l ug
bentoni te
%So grout
grout mix
( :If
d&t ai ls
1st standpipe
ongth (m)
/050
INSTRUMEN T LOCATI ON
chainagc
2..6r m

offset
ptezon1ct er
(m)
;s. l evel ......
to
(m) vol ume (m)
depth
i
9 -so 0002--
!r- s o 000-::l.
e;,. i 7(:)
total stEndpipe
to.S ......
l e:ngth (m)
S1art
data
depth
(m)
0
descriptton
ground l evel
"'
TYPICAL INSTALLATION DETAILS
75
mm 'F SL. top of marker level
SZ.. odJo
3
cent Qround level
> .. : .... .. . . 1 0 03
"'.'" ' . :.;i. - m n. . m concre te
:*' . ':.-f-,,.' . !..
=
l OOOmm
- 20 mm dlo. long steel rod.
top of marke r adjacent
remarks
contract name she et n o
location
(CiL)
soi l centralab
DATASHEET SP,2 sendirian b erh ad
DATE INSTALLED 16/01/2002
RL OF TOP OF STANDPI PE
19. '177
AS INSTALL ED (m)
L E V E L OF STANDPI P E RL OF GROUND ADJACENT
A S I N S T ALLED (m) 8.677 T O STAN DPI PE AT '18. 746
INSTALLATION (rn)
T.OTAL L E N GTH OF
.
TOTAL HEAD BASE
S TAN DPI PE INSTALLED '10.6 0 READING ( m) 10.017
( m)
..
DAY D I P M ETER S TANDPIPE ADJACENT T OTAL W A T ER WATER H EAD
DATE NO TIME READING TOP RL GROUN D RL H E AD R L RELATI VE TO BASE
(m) (m) (m) (m) READING ( rn )
2 9/01/2 002 1 15: 1 5 9 . 1 60 1 9 .1 77 18. 746 1 0 . 017 0 . 000
19/02/2002 22 1 7 : 02 9 . 620 1 9 . 1 77 18. 746 9 . 557 0.460
02/04/2002 64 1 2 : 35 9 . 800 19. 177 18.746 9 . 377 0 .640
23/04/2002 85 11 : 4 2 9 . 7 6 0 19. 177 1 8 . 7 4 6 9.4 17 0. 6 00
11/06 /2002 1 3 4 13: 38 9 . 650 1 9 . 177 1 8 . 746 9 . 527 0.490
0 9 /07/2 002 1 62 10: 59 9 . 7 80 1 9. 1 77 18.746 9 . 397 0 . 620
1 4 /08/2 002 1 98 11 : 10 7 . 830 1 9.177 '1 8 . 746 11 . 347 -1.330
10/09/2 002 225 11 : 16 7 .900 1 9 . 177 18.746 11 . 2 7 7 - 1 . 260
08/10/2002 253 10: 5 1 7.700 19. 177 18.746 11 .477 -1.460
1 2 /11/2002 288 10: 35 7 . 520 19. 177 18. 746 11 . 657 -1 . 640
1 2 /12/ 2002 318 12: 4 7 7.690 19. 177 18. 746 11 . 487 - 1.470
0 7 /01/2 003 344 14: 00 7 . 980 19.177 18.74 6 11. 1 97 -1 . 180
04/02 / 2 003 3 7 2 1 2:4 5 8 . 720 1 9.177 18. 746 10.457 -0.440
0 3/0 3 / 2 003 399 11 : 14 8 . 3 1 0 19. 1 77 18. 746 1 0 . 867 -0. 8 5 0
0 8 /04/2 003 435 11 : 22 9 . 060 1 9 . 177 18. 746 10. 1 1 7 - 0 . 100
0 6 /05/20 0 3 463 1 2: 0 5 7.980 19. 177 18.74 6 1 1 . 1 9 7 _, . 180
0 5/0 6 /2QQ.3 493 1 3 : 50 8 . 850 19. 1 77 1 8 . 746 10.327 -0. 3 1 0
--
18/ 0 7 / 2 003 5 36 1 '1 : 04 9 . 6 1 8 19. 177 1 8 .74 6 9 . 5 5 9 0.458
1 9/0 7/2003
537 1 2 : 2 4 9 .538
Raln:33.7rnm
19. 1 77 18.74 6 9 .639 0 . 378
2 0/07/2 003 5 38 12: 35 9 . 4 80 1 9 . 1 77 18. 746 9 . 697 0.320
2 1/07/2003 539 1 2 : 5 5 9 . 330 1 9 . 1 77 18. 746 9 . 847 0 . 170
22/07 / 2 003 540 12: 25 9 . 3 6 0 19. 1 77 18.74 6 9 . 8 1 7 0 . 200
2 3/07/2 003 541 12: 1 2 9. 300 1 9 . 1 77 18. 746 9 . 877 0 . 140
04/08/2003 553 11 : 54 9 . 3 6 5 1 9. 1 77 18. 746 9 . 8 1 2 0 . 205
2 8/1 0/2003 638 13:34 8.480 19.177 18. 746 10. 697 - 0 . 680
2 9/1 2 / 2 003 700 1 3 : 06 6.470 19.1 77 18. 7 46 10. 707 - 0 . 690
19/01/2 004 721 1 2 : 09 9 . 1 50 19. 177 18. 7 4 6 10. 027 -0.010
STANDPIPE PIEZOMETER
__. 1 2. 0
BH-1/SP-01
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DATES
Pro j e c t
INSTRUMENTATION WORKS AT KM 199 (NIB), DURIAN TUNGGAL
STANDPIPE N ame
PIEZOMETER
S ectio n
-
C h a l nage 1 98.94
Piez ome t e r
BH- 1/SP- 01
R e r N o
SP2/PR- J8/2J -A
DATASHEET
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soil centralab
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51 WORKS FOR LPT PHASE 2 PKJ
SA
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1.50
1.00
3.00
1.50
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6.50
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1.50
8.00
150
....
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11.00
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12.50
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BOREHOLE
RECORD
STRATA OESCRtPTIOH .... v AlUE


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1.4
PEMBANGUNAN SISTEM PEMANTAUAN CERUN 01 KM 8.25,
JALAN JELAWANG-GUA MUSANG.
IPI2&VWP4
OISPLACEMENT,WATER LEVEL VS DATE()
-----------------,. 110.90
110.80
-------------+ 110.70
120.50
:[
120.40 'i

120.30
;
120.20
120.10
120.00
1.6 119.80

NNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNNN
____ ____________________ _
7 May 2009- 23 July 2009
Date (s)
- Sensor ! - Sensot2 Sensor3 - Water level
Baehde : INC 3 - BH 5 (A)
Project : JELAW ANG - GUA MUSANG
location :
Northing :
Easling :
1.0,--,,---,--,--,,---,--,-----,--,--,,---,--,--r--;
0.0
-1.0
-2.0
-3.0
-4.0
-5.0
-6.0
-7.0
-8.0
-9.0
-10.0
-11.0
1>
.5. -12.0
i-13.0
0
-14.0
-15.0
-16.0
11.0
-18.0
-19.0
-20.0
-21.0
-22.0
-23.0
-24.0
INC 2-8H 5(A) (12)23-Jul-09
INC2-8H5(A)
INC2-8H 5 (A) (9) 66-feb-00
INC2-8H 5 (A) (8) 29-()c1.()8
INC2-8H 5 (A) (7)1o.oct-08
INC 2-8H 5 (A) (6) 24-Sep.()8
INC 2-8H 5 (A) (5) 14-Sep.()8
.o- INC 2-8H 5 (A) (4) 1J.Sep.()8
INC 2-8H 5 (A) (3) 26-Aug-08
0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07
Axis. B
Sporal CorrectJOO NIA
CollarEIMtJcJ\
BOfelloleT.. aiD"!l(h 23.5meters
North Gf()()YOAzlmuth
Base Readng : 2008 Aug 23 13:38
1.01,--,--,--,--r--,---.-----,---.---r- r T T
0.0
1.0
2.0
.J.O
-4.0
5.0
.e.o
-7.0
-8.0
9.0
-10.0

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5
It -13.0
0
-14.0
-15.0
-16.0
11.0
-18.0
19.0
-20.0
-21.0
INC 2-8H 5 (A) (12) 23-Jul-09
INC2-8H5 (A)
INC 2-BH 5 (A) (9) 06-Feb-00
INC 2-8H 5 (A) (8) 29-0c1-08
INC 2-8H 5 (A) (7) 1o.oct-08
INC 2-8H5 (A) (6) 24-$ep-08
INC 2-BH 5 (A) (5) 14-$ep-08
.o- INC 2-BH 5(A) (4) 13-Sep-08
2-8H 5 (A) (3) 26-Aug-08
-0.07 -0.06 -0.05 -0.04 -0.03 -0.02 -0.01 0.00 O.Q1 0.02
Soil Moisture {mA)

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Water Intensity (mm/ h)
::
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.....
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INSTRUMENTATION WORKS AT KM 199 (NB),
DURIAN TUNGGAL
(SURFACE SETTLEMENT MARKER)
SETTLEMENT VS TIME
I
--- i --- 1---+--t--r---1 i I - i ! i -- --- 1------;---f----
-----t--:tl l I I ' i ' : -;----------t--1---
...... _j_ -+------1-- -__ J__ _ _, ____ --1
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TIME ( Day No/Dates )
--SM 04 --sM D6 ---SM 0 5
ANALYSIS
Asaoka Plot (1978)
Matsuo Plot (1977)
Varnes (1978)
Independent monitoring
HUMAN ERRORS
MACKINTOSH PROBE
Drop height less than 280mm resulting in
higher blow counts;
Applying force to hammer (exerting)
resulting in less blow counts;
Penetration depth not marked correctly;
Wrong counting.
INSTRUMENTAL ERRORS
MACKINTOSH PROBE
Driving rod bent giving more blow counts;
Stopper blow lost or damaged; torn or
worn out threads on coupling;
Consistency SPT N
Values
Cu Range (kPa)
Very soft
Soft
Medium stiff
Stiff
Very stiff
Hard
0 - 2
2 - 4
4 - 8
8 -15
15 - 30
30 and greater
0 -12.5
12.5 - 25
25 - 50
50 -100
100 - 200
200 and greater
For stiffer soils (normally residual soil), a different method of
consistency definition is used taken from American practice
which is based on SPT N value. The defined range of Cu is
also given:

For granular (coarse) soils the following method of relative
density is used:
Relative Density SPT N Values
Very loose
Loose
Medium dense
Dense
Very dense
0 4
4 10
10 30
30 50
50 and greater

Data collection, processing
and presentation
Standpipe Piezometer
Data collection, processing
and presentation
Inclinometer
Thank You