Chapter11 FraunhoferDiffraction

LectureNotesforModernOpticsbasedon Pedrotti&Pedrotti&Pedrotti Instructor:NayerEradat Spring2009

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FraunhoferDiffraction

Diffraction
Diffraction isanydeviationfromgeometricalopticsthatresultsfrom obstructionofthewavefront oflight. Obstructioncauseslocalvariationsintheamplitudeorphaseofthewave Diffractioncancauseimageblurriness.Sotheaberrations. Anoptical p component p thatisfreeofaberrationsiscalleddiffraction limitedoptics andisstillsubjecttoblurrinessduetodiffraction. HuygensFresnelprinciple:everypointonawavefrontcanbeconsidered asasourceofsecondary yspherical p wavelets(Huygens). ( yg ) Thefieldbeyond y a wavefrontisresultofthesuperpositionofthesewaveletstakinginto accounttheiramplitudesandphases(Fresnel).

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Diffractionvs.interference:
Diffractionphenomenaiscalculated frominterferenceofthewaves originatingfromdifferentpointsofa continuoussource. Interferencephenomenaiscalculates interferenceofthebeamsorigination fromdiscretenumberofsources.

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MathematicaltreatmentofDiffraction
FarfieldorFraunhoferDiffractionor:whenboththesourceandobservation screenarefarfromthediffractioncausingaperture,sothatthewavesarrivingat theapertureandscreencanbeapproximatedbyplanewaves. NearfieldorFresneldiffraction:whenthecurvatureofthewavefrontsannotbe ignored WewillonlyinvestigatethefarfielddiffractioninthiscourseusingtheHuygens Fresnelprinciplewithoneapproximation. WhenEMwaveshittheedgesoftheaperturethereisoscillationsoftheelectrons inthemattethatcauseasecondaryfield(edgeeffect). InHFapproximationweignoreedgeeffect.Sobeyondtheaperturethereisno field.Thisholdsonlyiftheobservationpointisfarfromtheaperture.

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Diffractionfromasingleslit
We simulate the g geometrical arrangement g for the Frounhofer diffraction by y placing p g a point p source at the focal point of a lens and a screen at the focal point of a lens after the amerture. The light reaching point P on the screen is from interference of the parallel rays from different points on the aperture. We consider each interval of ds as a source and calculate contribution of the all of these sources. r : optical path length from the ds to the P EL strength of the electric field contribution from each point. r = r0 for the field from the center of the slit. C Contribution ib i of f each h interval i l ds d to the h wavefront f at point i P is i a spherical h i l wavelet l of f dEP : E ds dEP = L ei( kr -t ) r
  
Spherical p wave amplitude

E ds i k ( r + )-t ) dEP = L e ( 0 r0 + E ds d i( kr0 t ) ik dEP = L e e

  r + 0 Path difference   
affets the phase
Path difference affets the amplitude

We ignore in the denuminator since << r0

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Diffractionfromasingleslit
E ds i kr t dEP = L e ( 0 ) eik r0 The total electric field at the point P EP =

slit

dEP =

EL i( kr0 t ) b/2 iks sin e b / 2 e ds r0

b/2

EL i( kr0 t ) eiks sin EL i( kr0 t ) e( ikb sin ) / 2 e ( ikb sin ) / 2 = EP = e e sin r0 ik r ik sin b / 2 0 1 With = kb sin and using Euler's formula 2 E b sin i( kr0 t ) EL b sin c = EP = L e r0 r0

varies i with i h and d that h varies i with i h the h distance di from f the h screen. can be interpreted as phase difference k =k sin = k = kb sin shows the magnitude of the phase difference at point P between the points from the center and
either endppoint of the slit. The irradiance I at P is proportional to the E02 :
2 2

b 2

1 2

0 c EL b i 2 sin i 2 0 c 2 0 c EL b sin with I0 = I = E0 = = I 0 sin c 2 we have I = I 0 2 2 2 r0 2 r0 2

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Diffractionfromasingleslit
The diffraction pattern of the light from a silt by width of b at a distanc screen I = I 0 sin 2

= I 0 sin c 2 where

= k = ( kb sin ) /2 is the phase difference betwwen the light from the center of the slit the endpoints.
sin Let's plot the I. For the central maximum: lim sin c ( ) = lim 0 0 For zeros of the sinc function: sin = 0 = =1

1 ( kb sin ) = m b sin = m where m = 1, 2,... 2 m = 0 does d not t lead l d to t a zero be b cause of f th the special i l property t of f the th sinc i function. f ti if f is the distance of the slit from the screen, then the location of the minima on the screen can be found using small-angle approximation: m ym m f = ym = b f b

sin tan = y / f For the other maxima:

d sin cos sin =0 = 2 d Cental lobe: image of the slit with roundes edges. Side lobes: what causes blurriness in the image. Angular width of the central lobe: b sin =

, 1

, =

2 The central lobe will sprad as the slit-size gets smaller. b

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Maximaofthesincfunction
The maxima of the sinc function are solutions of this equation: cos sin i = 0 tan = 2

We can solve this equation by parametrically. A angle An l equal l to its i tangant is i intersection i i y = of the y = tan We see that the maxima are not exactly half way between the minima. They occur slightly erlier and as increases the maxima shift towards the center. Ratio of the irradiances at the central peak maximum to to the first of the secondary maxima ? I =0 I =1.43

( sin / ) =0 = 2 ( sin / ) =1.43

2

( sin / ) =1.43
2

1.43 20.18 = = sin (1.43 ) 0.952

I =1.43 = 0.047 I =0 or only 4.7% of the I0

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Beamspreading
The angular spread of the central maximm =2 /b is independent of the distance between the slit and a d screen. sc ee . So as screen sc ee moves oves away from o t the e slit s t the t e nature atu e of o the t e diffraction d act o patte pattern does not ot change c a ge. . W is the width of the central maximum, W=L = 2 L b

All of the beams spread according to diffraction as they propagate due to the finite size of the source . Even if we make them parallel with a lens still they will spread because of the diffraction. Example: What is the width of a parallel beam of = 546nm and width of b=0.5mm after propagation of 10 meter? 2 L 2 10 546 109 W= = b 0.5 10-3 W = 21.8mm This treatment of beam spreading is correct for far-field where L >> or more generally generall L >>
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b2

p area of aperture

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Rectangularaperture
For a slit of length a and width b we calculate the diffraction pattern. We assumed a>>b in previous section. When a and b are comparable and both small we have large contriibutions to the diffractio diffraction n pattern from sin sin k k both dimensions: I = I 0 where = a sin and I = I 0 where = b sin 2 2
2 2

m f n f and d xn = m,n= 1, 1 2,... 2 b a b/2 E i kr t a / 2 Using a bit more analysis we can write EP = dEP = L e ( 0 ) eikXx / r0 dx eikYy / r0 dy a / 2 b / 2 r0 slit Z Zeros of f the th pattern tt due d occur at: t ym = X , Y are the h coordinates di of f the h observation b i point i on the h screen and d x,y are the h coordinates di of f the h surface f element on the aperture. The total irradiance turns out to be the product of the irradiance functions on each dimension: I = I 0 sin c 2 sin c 2

)(

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Circularaperture
For finding the diffraction pattern caused by a circular aperture we assume the incremental electric field amplitude at point P due to the surface element dA = dxdy (on the aperture) is E A dA / r0 . Then we integrate the incremental field over the entire aperture area. The resulting E at point P is E dA i k ( r + )-t ) E A i( kr0 t ) << r0 dEP = A e ( 0 E e eisk sin dA = P = s sin r0 r0 + A Area By choosing the elemental area the rectangular area of dA = xds we can reduce the double integral to a single one. x 2 2 2 2 +s = R x =2 R s 2 2 E A i( kr0 t ) + R isk sin R 2 s 2 EP = e ds R e r0 Substituting v = s / R and = k sin 2 E A R i( kr0 t ) +1 i v 1v2 EP = e dv 1 e r0 From the intergral table:
2

+1

ei v

1 v 2

dv =

J1 ( )
J1 ( )

where J1 ( ) is the first order Bessel function of the first kind. J1 ( ) =

( / 2 )
12.2

( / 2 ) +

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12.22.3

" and lim

1 0 2 FraunhoferDiffraction =

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Fieldfromanarbitraryshapeapertureonadistantscreen
For finding the diffraction pattern caused by an aperture of arbitrary shape we assume the incremental electric field amplitude at point P due to the surface element dA = dxdy (on the aperture) is E A dA / r0 . Then we integrate the incremental field over the entire aperture area. The resulting E at point P is Ep = EA r0

Aperture 2 2 2 1/ 2

ei(t kr ) dA

where dA = dxdy with r0 = X +Y + Z

2 2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2

r = ( X x ) + ( Y y ) + Z

y x r

Y P r0 P0 X

x2 + y 2 2 ( Xx + Yy ) we have: r = r0 1 + 2 2 r0 r0 2 ( Xx + Yy ) r0 2 >> x 2 + y 2 r  r0 1 2 r 0 r0 >> x + y r  r0 E EP = A r0

1/ 2

dy dx

( Xx + Yy )
r0

only first two terms.

Aperture

Screen

Aperture

( Xx +Yy ) i t k r0 r0

dA EP =

EL i(t kr0 ) ik ( Xx +Yy ) / r0 dxdy e e r0 Aperture any shape

For specific shape of aperture the integral limits and relationship between x and y will change. We will look at two examples of rectangular and circular apertures.
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Rectangularaperture

EP =

E A i(t kr0 ) ik ( Xx +Yy ) / r0 e e dxdy r0 Aperture

any shape

a / 2 ik Xx / r E A i(t kr0 ) b / 2 ik (Yy ) / r0 ( ) 0 EP = e e dy e dx b a / 2 / 2 r0

sin a AE A i(t kr0 ) sin sin Ep = e r0 Ep = AE A i(t kr0 ) I0 = e r 0

2

E A i(t kr0 ) sin e b r0

y x r dx r0

y P x

dy

P0

sin sin I ( X ,Y ) = I ( 0) Where =

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Aperture

Screen

k X k k Y k a = asin x and = b = bsin y 2 r0 2 2 r 2 FraunhoferDiffraction0

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CircularapertureI
For circular aperture we introduce the spherical coordinates because of the symmetry of the problem. On plane of the aperture: x = cos , y = sin On plane of the screen: X = q cos , Y = q sin Differential surface element: dA = d d E i t kr E i t kr i k q / r0 ) cos( ) EP = A e ( 0 ) eik ( Xx +Yy ) / r0 dA = L e ( 0 ) e ( d d r0 r0 Aperture =0 =0
any shape R 2

Wher we used: Yy + Xx = q ( sin sin + cos cos ) = q cos ( ) Because of the axial symmetry of the problem, the solution must be independent of and since point P is an arbitrary point on the screen we choose to have = 0 to simplify things. E i t kr EP = A e ( 0 ) d r0 =0
a 2

( ) 0) e( d =0  

i k q / r cos A tabulated integral. Solution is a Bessel function of the first kind

y x r r0

y P P0 x

i m 2 i( mv +u cos v ) dx Bessel l function f i 1st kind: ki d J m ( u ) = e d dv 2 0 dy 1 2 iu cos v For m=0: J 0 ( u ) = e dv and with u = k q 0 2 R E A i(t kr0 ) EP = e J 0 ( k q / r0 ) d r0 =0
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Besselfunctionsofthefirstkind(MATLAB)
u = (0:0.1:15) BJ0=besselj(0,u); BJ1=besselj(1,u); BJ2=besselj(2 u); BJ2=besselj(2,u); BJ3=besselj(3,u) plot(u,BJ0,u,BJ1,u,BJ2,u,BJ3); legend('J0','J1','J2','J3') title('Bessel title( Bessel functions of first kind'); kind ); xlabel('u'),ylabel('J') grid on

Bessel functions of first kind 1 J0 J1 J2 J3 0.5

J 0 -0.5 05 0

5 u

10

15

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CircularapertureII
E i t kr E P = A e ( 0 ) 2 J 0 ( k q / r0 ) d r0 =0 Using the one of many properties of the bessel functions:
R

u ' J 0 ( u ' ) du ' = uJ1u we get

2

J 0 ( k q / r0 ) d = ( r0 / kq )

=0

kRq/r0

u '= 0

J 0 ( u ') u ' du ' = ( kRq / r0 ) J1 ( kRq / r0 )

EP =

kRq kRq r 2 AE A i(t kr0 ) r0 E A i(t kr0 ) E 2 R 2 0 J1 = e e J P 1 r0 kRq r0 r0 kRq r0

we use = kRq / r0 = kR sin and calculate the irradiance at: I=

( Re( EP )

2 E A J1 ( ) 1 * EP EP I= 2 r
2 2 A 2 0

p of the J1 ( ) = Series expansion

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( / 2 )
12.2 2

( / 2 ) +

12.2 22.3 3

" lim
0

J1 ( )

1 2
16

J1 behaves like a damping sin function and J1 ( ) / behaves like the sinc function.
FraunhoferDiffraction

Diffractionpatternofthecircularaperture withBesselfunctionsinMATLAB
x=(-15.1:0.5:14.9); y=(-15.1:0.5:14.9); A=y.'*x; i_index=0; for i=-15.1:0.5:14.9 j_index=0; i_index=i_index+1; for j=-15.1:0.5:14.9 j_index=j_index+1; ( j ) r=sqrt(i^2+j^2); if r <=5 A(i_index,j_index)=1; else A(i_index,j_index)=0; end end e d end subplot(2,1,1); mesh(x,y,A); title('Circular Aperture') axis([-15.1 14.9 -15.1 14.9 0 1]); a=1; kx=(-15 kx ( 15.1:0.5:14.9); 1:0 5:14 9); ky=(-15.1:0.5:14.9); [kax,kay]=meshgrid(kx,ky); ka=sqrt(kax.^2+kay.^2); Gka=2*pi*a^2.*besselj(1,ka)./(ka*a); subplot(2 1 2); subplot(2,1,2); mesh(kx,ky,Gka); xlabel('kx'); ylabel('ky'); axis([-15.1 14.9 -15.1 14.9 -1 4]); title('Fourier Bessel of Circular Aperture')

Fraunhofer diffraction pattern is the Fourier transform of the aperture function. We can show this by the following plots using MATLAB. This topic will be covered in PHYS 258. 1 g ( x, y ) = 0 1 r a g R (r ) = 0 r > a x2 + y 2 > a x2 + y 2 a

J (k a) Diffraction pattern: G0 (k ) = F ( k ) = 2 a 2 1 k a

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Diffractionpatternofthecircularaperturewith B Bessel lfunctions f i in i MATLAB

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Diffractionpatternofthecircularaperturewith ( )inMATLAB FastFourierTransformation(FFT)

%PHYS 258 spring 07, Nayer Eradat %A program to plot a circular aperture function %and its Fourier transform using fft and shift fft function x=(-2:0.05:2); y=(-2:0 05:2); y=(-2:0.05:2); A=y.'*x; i_index=0; for i=-2:0.05:2 j_index=0; i_index=i_index+1; _ _ for j=-2:0.05:2 j_index=j_index+1; r=sqrt(i^2+j^2); if r <=0.2 A(i_index,j_index)=1; else l A(i A(i_index,j_index)=0; i d j i d ) 0 end end end subplot(2,1,1); mesh(x y A); %3D plot mesh(x,y,A); xlabel('x'); ylabel('y'); zlabel('E'); title('Circular aperture'); fft_v=abs(fft2(A)); fft_val=fftshift(fft_v); %shift zero-frequency component to center of spectrum subplot(2,1,2); mesh(x,y,fft_val); xlabel('fx'); ylabel('fy'); zlabel('E'); title('fft of Circular aperture');

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Circularaperturediffractionpattern
Circular aperture better than slit or rectangular aperture for imaging.First imaging First zero of the circular aperture: =3.832 Thus for an aperture of diameter D we have 1 = kD sin = 3.832 D sin = 1/ 22 2 Airy Disc: the diffracted image of a circular aperture or the central lobe of the diffraction pattern. For far-field sin  and the angular half-width of the Airy disc is: 1/2 = Example: The beam spread for a beam ( =564nm) from an amperure D=0.5 D 0 5 mm at L L=10m. 10 JJJJJJJJJJJM The diameter of the Airy Disc is: 1/ 2 = 1.22 / D = 1.33 10-3 rad and then rd = L1/ 2 = 13mm That is why we pay high $$ for the large lenses. They ca provide better image resolution.
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1.22 D

ResolutionandRayleighcriterion
Rayleigh's Rayleigh s criterion for just-resolvable just resolvable images requires that the angular separation of the centers of the image pattern tt be b no less l than th the th angular l radius of the airy disc. 1.22 D Maximum of one pattern falls directly min = under minimum of the next pattern.

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Diffractionbytheeye Pupilsizelimitstheresolutionofimageoftheobjectssubtendedbymin

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DoubleslitdiffractionI
Diffraction pattern of a plane wavefront that is obstructed everywhere but at the two slits shown in fig. We follow our analysis for the single slit. The diffraction pattern for two slits is going to be superposition of the patterns by each slit. Therefore we write: EP = EP =

slit1

dE

P1

slit 2

dEP 2

E i kr t E i kr t = L e ( 0 ) eiks sin ds + L e ( 0 ) eiks sin ds r0 r0 (1/ 2)( a b ) (1/ 2)( a + b )

(1/ 2)( a b )

(1/ 2)( a + b )

With = (1/ 2 ) kb sin and = (1/ 2 ) ka sin EP = EP =

EL i( kr0 t ) 1 (1/ 2)ik ( a +b ) sin (1/ 2 )ik ( a b ) sin (1/ 2 )ik ( a + b ) sin (1/ 2 )ik ( a b ) sin + + e e e e e r0 ik sin EL i( kr0 t ) b i i i i i i + e e e e e e e r0 2i EL i( kr0 t ) b i i + e e e 2i r0

)( e

ei

Using Euler's equation: E i kr t b EL i( kr0 t ) 2b sin = EP = L e ( 0 ) 2 cos 2 sin cos i ( )( ) r e 2i r0 0 EP = E0 e (

i kr0 t )

where E0 =

EL 2b sin cos r0
2 2 2 2

The irradiance at point P is: sin c c 2bEL sin 0 c 2bEL 2 2 = = I = 0 E02 = 0 I I I cos 4 cos where 0 0 2 r 2 2 r0 0
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DoubleslitdiffractionII
With the modified interference pattern for double-slit due to diffraction of each slit we have: sin i 0 c 2bEL where I = I = 4 I 0 cos 2 ( ) 0 2 r  
0
  Interference pattern 
of the double-slit Diffraction pattern of a single slit 2 2

where = Now I max

ka sin a sin = and = kb sin 2 = 4 I 0 which is expected for the coherent sources.

I fi In figure below b l a=6b 6b and d =6 6 thus th the th cos varies i much h more rapidly idl than h sinc i 2 We say the interference pattern of the doublle slit is modulated by the single slit diffraction pattern.

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DiffractionfrommanyslitsI
Diffraction pattern of a plane wavefront that is obstructed everywhere but att the two slits shown in fig. We follow our analysis for the single slit. The diffraction pattern for two slits is going to be superposition of the patterns by each slit. Therefore we write:
/2 ( 2 j 1) a + b /2 ( 2 j 1) a + b EL i( kr0 t ) N/2 E i kr t ( 0 ) iks sin iks sin L + EP = dEPi = e e ds e e ds r0 r j =1 slit ( j ) j =1 0 ( 2 j 1) a b /2 ( 2 j 1) a b /2   
N /2 K

Here we are considering the pairs of slits that are symmetrical with respect to the center of the grating. J = 1, double slit, j = 2, 4 slits, etc. With = (1/ 2 ) kb sin and = (1 / 2 ) ka sin K= K= EL i( kr0 t ) b i i i i i i e e e e e e e + 2i r0 sin b i ( 2 j 1) Re e ( 2i sin ) ( 2 cos ( 2 j 1) ) = 2b 2i
N/2

S = 2b
j =1

sin

i ( 2 j 1) = 2b Re e

sin

i ( N 1) i i 3 i 5 Re e e e ... e + + + +   
Geometric series

r n 1 For a geometric series a + ar + ar + ..... + ar = a r 1 e 2i N / 2 1 sin first tem a = ei and ratio r = e 2i then S = 2b Re e 2i 2 i e 1
n

( )

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DiffractionfrommanyslitsII
Continued fromlast page: e 2i N / 2 1 eiN 1 2 i e = i = i e 2i 1 e e cos N + i sin N 1 sin + i ( cos N 1) = 2i sin i 2sin 2 i sin + i ( cos N 1) sin sin sin Re S = 2b S =b 2sin sin sin sin E i kr t sin sin EP = L e ( 0 ) b and I = I 0 sin r0 sin 
  

2 Diffraction by a single slit Interference between N slits 2

( )

Secondary y maxima

Principal maxima

With = (1/ 2 ) kb sin and = (1/ 2 ) ka sin sin N cos lim = lim = N this resembles a series of a m sin a m cos  

i d indeterminate i

Limiting diffraction envelope

sharp maxima that we call principal maxima. I principal maxima N 2 cantered at values = 0, , 2 , 3 B t Between successive i peaks k there th are N 2 secondary d peaks. k The full irradiance is product of the diffraction pattern and interference pattern.
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Formationofsecondarymaxima

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