Thermochemistry

Energy Changes in Chemical Reaction Definition:

Thermochemistry is the study of changes in heat energy which take place during chemical reaction Poem;

EXOTHERMIC

Heat energy, we shall later study Is involved in reactions of thermochemistry, P.K. or Heat is being absorbed
A chemical reaction that GIVES OUT/ RELEASES heat to the surroundings

ENDOTHERMIC A chemical reaction that ABSORBS heat from the surroundings Very important Bond breaking REQUIRES energy Bond formation RELEASES energy
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EXOTHERMIC REACTION Energy Profile Diagram

Energy Energy Requires < Energy Releases

Z
Energy requires during bond breaking Energy releases during bond formation

Y X

Reactants

Activation Energy

H = ve
Products

Reaction path

Study the diagram carefully. So that you will be able to draw the Energy Level Diagram. What is activation energy? Activation energy is the energy barrier that must be overcome by the colliding particles of the reactants in order for reaction to occur / to become the products

H = The change in the amount of heat in a chemical reaction is called the heat of reaction.
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What we can say about exothermic reaction? The conclusion is; - Bond breaking requires less energy than bond formation, - So, the energy released to form the bond is higher / greater than the energy absorbed to break the bonds. - Then, excess heat energy is released to the surroundings. - Thus, during the reaction temperature of the mixture inreases, - The total energy of product is lower than the total energy of reactant. Energy Level Diagram for Exothermic Reaction

Energy Reactants H = (negative) Products H = Hproducts Hreactants H = ve Simply mean like this;
Project Complete Loss Saving = = = = rm100 000 rm150 000 rm50 000 less rm50 000 [energy requires] [energy releases] [ H, heat changes] [negative]
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ENDOTHERMIC REACTION Energy Profile Diagram

Energy Energy Required > Energy Released Energy releases during bond formation
Products

R
Energy requires during bond breaking
Reactants

Q P

H = +ve

Activation Energy Reaction path

Study the diagram carefully. What we can say about endothermic reaction? The conclusion is - Bond breaking requires more energy than bond formation, - So, the energy released to form the bond is lower / less than the energy absorbed to break the bonds. - Then, heat energy is absorbed from the surroundings. - Thus, during the reaction temperature of the mixture decreases, - The total energy of product is higher than the total energy of reactant.
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Energy Level Diagram for Endothermic Reaction

Energy Products H = + (positive) Reactants H = Hproduct Hreactants H = +ve Simply mean like this;
Project Complete Profit Saving = = = = rm100 000 [energy requires] rm50 000 [energy releases] rm50 000 [energy heat changes] up to rm50 000 [positive]

Example of exothermic reaction Most of the chemical reaction is exothermic such as - neutralization - combustion - acid and metal [Tip: better to memorize endothermic reaction, because not many reaction is endothermic]
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Example of endothermic reaction 1. Salt dissolves in water NH4Cl (s) NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) KNO3 (s) K+ (aq) + NO3- (aq) 2. Salt crystallization CuSO4.5H2O (s) Cu2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq) + 5H2O (l) 3. Thermal decomposition ZnCO3 (s) ZnO (s) + CO2 (g) 2Mg(NO3)2 (s) 2MgO (s) + 4NO2 (g) + O2 (g) 4. Salt dissociation NH4Cl (s) <==> CaCO3 (s) <==> NH4+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) CaO (s) + CO2 (g)

5. Reaction between acid with sodium hydrogen carbonate and potassium hydrogen carbonate; HCl(aq) + NaHCO3(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) HCl(aq) + KHCO3(aq) KCl(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

6. photosynthesis 6CO2 + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 7. process of melting, evaporation and boiling.

Example 1: Mg + H2SO4 Energy level diagram Energy

MgSO4 + H2 H = 467 kJ

Mg + H2SO4 H = - 467 kJ MgSO4 + H2 Explanation: The reaction is an exothermic reaction Temperature of mixture is increases Total energy of 1 mole Mg and 1 mole H2SO4 is higher than 1 mole of MgSO4 and 1 mole H2 by 467 kJ When 1 mole Mg reacts with 1 mole H2SO4 to form 1 mole of MgSO4 and 1 mole H2 , 467 kJ of heat is released/produced. Exercises Based from the following equations, construct and explain energy level diagram for the reaction. (1) CaCO3 CaO + CO2 H = + 178 kJ (2) 2H2 + O2 2H2O H = 572 kJ (3) Zn + CuSO4 ZnSO4 + Cu H = 190 kJ (4) H2 + I2 2HI H = + 53 kJ
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Effective Practice pg 148 no. 1, 2, 3 & 4 Example 2: 2HgO 2Hg + O2 H = +182 kJ Energy level diagram; Energy 2Hg + O2 H = + 182 2HgO Explanation: The reaction is an endothermic reaction Temperature of mixture is decreases Total energy of 2 mole HgO is lower than 2 mole of Hg and 1 mole O2 by 182 kJ When 2 mole HgO decompose to form 2 mole of Hg and 1 mole O2, 182 kJ of heat is absorbed

Kamal Ariffin Bin Saaim SMKDBL http://www.kemhawk.webs.com/

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example
The diagram shows an energy profile diagram.
Energy

Y kJ mol-1 Reactants X kJ mol-1 Products

Based on the above energy profile diagram, the amount of activation energy is.. A (Y X) kJ mol-1 B X kJ mol-1 C (X Y) kJ mol-1 D Y kJ mol-1

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The reaction between nitrogen and oxygen can be represented by the following equation: N2 (g) + O2(g) 2NO(g)
H = +181 kJ

Which of the following energy level diagrams represent the above reaction? A Energy N2 (g) + O2(g)
H = +181 kJ

Energy 2NO(g)
H = +181 kJ

2NO(g)

N2 (g) + O2(g)

Energy 2NO(g)
H = +181 kJ

Energy N2 (g) + O2(g)

H = +181 kJ

N2 (g) + O2(g)

2NO(g)

A pupil carried out an experiment to determine the value of heat of neutralization. Diagram 6 shows the set up of the apparatus used in the experiment.
Thermometer

100 cm3of 2.0 mol dm-3 Sodium hydroxide solution

Polystyrene cup 100 cm3of 2.0 moldm-3 hydrochloric acid

DIAGRAM 6 The following data was obtained; Initial temperature of hydrochloric acid Initial temperature of sodium hydroxide solution Highest temperature of the mixture of product = 28oC = 28oC = 41oC

a) Why was a polystyrene cup used in this experiment? .. [1 mark] (b) Given that the specific heat capacity of the solution is 4.2 Jg-1oC-1 and the density of the solution is 1.0 gcm-3. (i) Calculate the change of heat in the experiment.

(ii) Calculate the heat of displacement in the experiment.

[3 marks]

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(c) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

[2 marks] (d) Based on the experiment, what is meant by the heat of neutralisation? ....... [1 mark] (e) The pupil repeats the experiment by replacing hydrochloric acid with ethanoic acid. All the other conditions remain unchanged. (i) Predict the value of the heat of neutralisation? ......... [1 mark] (ii) Explain why? ........ .... ........ .................................................................................................................... [2 marks]

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