Chapter 6.

0 Drainage

What is HIGHWAY DRAINAGE?

Highway drainage is the process of interception and removal of water from over, under and the vicinity of the road surface.

Purpose of Highway DRAINAGE: To avoid stagnant water on road surface To prevent from seepage of water into sub-grade To ensure the stability of the soil on the slope guarantee.

Objectives of the lesson:

1. Different types of source of water
2. The important of ground water table in the roads drainage

3. The ways of water entering into pavement structure & sub-grade

4. The functions of surface & sub-surface drainage 5. Different types

of drainage system

6.1. Sources of water

TWO (2) types of sources of water are:1. Surface water (runoff) 2. Under surface water (groundwater)

6.2. The important of ground water level in the roads drainage

Ground water is under the influence of surface water and intermixed with the water from an aquifer. The importance of ground water level in roads drainage construction is where ground water can rise & low due to percolation process of water from the surface water to the sub-grade area. If the ground water level does not rise near of the road sub-grade, it does not create any problem but if it does, it requires to be lowered as it will definitely weaken the strength of sub-grade layer.

6.3. The ways of water entering into pavement structure & sub-grade
a. b. c. d. Entrance through pavement Seepage through high ground Change of ground water level Seepage from road shoulder

Entrance through pavement (RESAPAN MELALUI TURAPAN)

IA RESAPAN MELALUI TURAPAN IA BOLEH DIHALANG DENGAN MEMBINA KETAPAK DARIPADA BAHAN-BAHAN SEPERTI PASIR SETEBAL 100 HINGGA 150mm AIR YANG MERESAP AKAN DIALIRKAN MELALUI SALIRAN BAWAH TANAH

Seepage through high ground

Change of ground water level ( PERGERAKAN LEMBAPAN DARI AIR BUMI )

PARAS AIR BUMI MESTILAH DIPASTIKAN BERADA SEKURANGKURANGNYA 1 1.25 METER BAWAH FORMASI JALAN PARAS AIR BUMI YANG TINGGI BOLEH DIRENDAHKAN DENGAN MEMBINA PARIT SALIRAN BAWAH TANAH DIKEDUA-DUA BELAH JALAN BERGANTUNG KEPADA LEBAR JALAN DAN JENIS JALAN

Seepage from road shoulder ( PERGERAKAN LEMBAPAN DARI BAHU JALAN )

DENGAN MELANJUTKAN PEMBINAAN TAPAK DAN SUBGRED HINGGA KEBAHU JALAN IA JUGA DIHALANG DENGAN MENYEDIAKAN SATU BAHAN TIDAK KALIS AIR DI ANTARA BAHU JALAN DAN TURAPAN IA BIASANYA DILAKUKAN HANYA BAGI JALAN-JALAN YANG PENTING SAHAJA SEPERTI LEBUH RAYA DAN SEBAGAINYA

6.4. The functions of surface & subsurface drainage

Surface Drainage
Is the process to remove water from the road

surface.
Surface drainage will be prepared by cambering the road structure and road surface, provide side

ditches, install intercepting drains, install inlets, catch basins and manholes.

6.4. The functions of surface & subsurface drainage

Sub-surface Drainage
Is to remove seepage water from ground water. Too much of ground water can weaken the strength of sub-grade layer. Sub-soil being drainable by installing side trenches on both sides of road and follow by installation of drain pipes and filled at top by filter sand.

6.5. Different types of drainage system

Surface Drainage
Sub-surface Drainage

Camber (Kamber) Longitudinal slope (Cerun memanjang) Scupper drain & gully Side Ditches (Parit tepian jalan)

French drain (Parit Perancis) Strip drain (Parit Jalur) Land drain (Parit Tanah) Intercepting drain (Parit pemintas)

CAMBER
Road surfaces camber is convex shape that can allow water to flow from peak to sides of the road, then flow straight to the manholes (drain, pipe, culvert) Slope camber depend on the road surface material.
Type of surface
Gravel road and soil road surface

Camber slope
34%

Road shoulder
Asphalt or concrete pavement

34%
23%

LONGITUDINAL SLOPE
Longitudinal slope needed especially at the side of road, roadside ditches and drain. Longitudinal slope not too flat that is from 0.5%. For hilly area, longitudinal slope will be too steep, therefore water will flow along the roads surface.

SCUPPER DRAIN & GULLY

Road with kerbs, water that flow at the roadside pavement will be drained at certain space through scupper drain and gully Then the water will be flow through pipe and flow it to drain or ditches.

SIDE DITCHES (Parit tepian jalan)

Side ditches are used along the roadway in cuts and on ground that is fairly level and sometimes adjacent to embankments area to prevent water from flowing over cultivated or otherwise improved land. The shape are: V shaped or trapezoidal

KERBS AND GUTTERS

Curb or kerb and gutters are essential for the city streets to drain off water quickly and to maintain the cleanliness. It is cast in concrete as one piece though kerb and gutter combinations cut from stones are also employed for the purpose Strentgth: 80 kg/cm2 at 7 days and 200 kg/cm2 at 28 days

INTERCEPTOR DRAINS

Interceptor drains are used on natural slopes to prevent erosion of the cut-slopes in the hilly areas Also used to relieve the side ditches of greater discharge than the one for which they are designed.

SALIRAN BAWAH TANAH

PARIT PERANCIS (FRANCE DRAIN)

PARIT JALUR (STRIP DRAIN)

PARIT TANAH (LAND DRAIN)

PARIT PEMINTAS (INTERCEPTING DRAIN)

CROSS DRAINAGE (JENIS-JENIS PEMBENTUNG)

PEMBENTUNG PAIP (PIPE CULVERT) PEMBENTUNG KEKOTAK (BOX CULVERT) PEMBENTUNG GERBANG (ARCHED CULVERT) PEMBENTUNG BALAK (BEAM CULVERT)

PEMBENTUNG PAIP (PIPE CULVERT)

PEMBENTUNG KEKOTAK (BOX CULVERT)

PEMBENTUNG GERBANG (ARCHED CULVERT)

PEMBENTUNG BALAK (BEAM CULVERT)

PEMBENTUNG BALAK BIASANYA DIPERBUAT DARIPADA KONKRIT BERTETULANG DAN SUSUNAN STRUKTURNYA MENYERUPAI SATU JAMBATAN KECIL