Ilmenau University of Technology Communications Research Laboratory Prof. Dr.-Ing.

Martin Haardt

CRL

Mobile Communications
Homework 03 due on May 21, 2013 (Please hand in your homework in the ofce H3513, H3504 or H3502 before 4 pm.) Note: Homework points are only valid in the same semester, they do not carry over to the next. If you are taking the exam one semester later you cannot get homework bonus points. 1. (10p) Perform a baseband Rayleigh fading simulation (M ATLAB). The AWGN samples (nI (t), nQ (t), t = 1..10000) for the I (inphase) and Q (quadrature) branch are lowpass ltered by the Doppler lter. This introduces some intersample correlation by restricting the maximum rate of change at the lter outputs (aI (t), aQ (t)). (a) (2p) Generate the AWGN samples nI (t) and nQ (t). (b) (2p) The Doppler lter can be modeled as an IIR lter. Use the following coefcients:
% Poles, Zeros, Numerator and Denominator Polynomials of Jakes Filter Poles = [ 0.990155 + j * 4.50092E-02 0.990155 - j * 4.50092E-02 0.980484 + j * 1.87576E-02 0.980484 - j * 1.87576E-02 0.996529 + j * 5.49384E-02 0.996529 - j * 5.49384E-02 0.998280 + j * 5.66694E-02 0.998280 - j * 5.66694E-02 ]; Zeros = [ 0.998358 + j * 5.72764E-02 0.998358 - j * 5.72764E-02 0.997444 + j * 7.14561E-02 0.997444 - j * 7.14561E-02 0.994404 + j * 0.105644 0.994404 - j * 0.105644 0.965308 + j * 0.261113 0.965308 - j * 0.261113 ]; B = real(poly(Zeros)); A = real(poly(Poles));

and lter nI (t) and nQ (t) separately using M ATLABs filter function. (c) (3p) Plot the phase (linear) and the magnitude (logarithmic) of the fading simulation. a(t) = (aI (t))2 + (aQ (t))2 and (t) = arctan aQ (t) , aI (t)

where aI (t) and aQ (t) are the output samples of the Doppler lter. (d) (3p) Plot a histogram of the amplitudes a(t) and phases (t) using 100 bins (quantization values). What do the distributions look like? 2. (12p) A very important step in the development of future mobile communication systems is the test of various algorithms under realistic conditions. Since building prototypes and testing them

in the real world is too expensive, researchers usually prefer to test their methods in computer simulations. In order to do so we require realistic channels that can represent all types of propagation conditions that are relevant. One option is to use measured channels but this is not always feasible. Therefore the automatic generation of mobile radio channels is a very important task in communications research. This task requires a suitable channel model. Channel models can coarsely be divided into the following categories: Deterministic channel models: Here, the goal is to compute the actual propagation conditions by solving Maxwells equations. This is a computationally very demanding task and quickly becomes infeasible for larger scenarios. It also requires very precise knowledge about all interacting objects which is often unavailable. Stochastic channel models: For this type of channel model, the actual electromagnetic propagation phenomena are ignored. Instead, the channel is treated as a random process. It is described by appropriate characterizations such as amplitude distributions (e.g., Rayleigh), correlation functions (e.g. Jakes model) and power distributions (e.g., path loss, delay power spectrum). Hybrid channel models: These represent a mixture of both. For example, IlmProp is a hybrid channel model: It includes geometrical information through a ray-based propagation model but the scattering coefcients are modeled as random numbers. In this task, the focus is on stochastic channel models. Our goal will be to implement a simple channel model that can generate random channels following a certain power delay prole as well as a certain Doppler power spectrum. The generation of a random channel h(, t) can be divided into the following steps: Generate random samples w(, t) such that all samples have the desired distribution (e.g., Rayleigh, Rice) and are independent identically distributed. Introduce correlation in time by ltering the sequence w(, t) in time direction with an t appropriate lter g (t), i.e., h1 (, t) = w(, t) g (t) = w(, t t1 ) g (t1 )dt1 (use filter). Finally, t the variance of the channel for a certain delay time to the desired variance, such that the delay power spectrum specications. The variance after the follows the 1 2 2 second step is h ( ) = limT T T |h1 (, t)| dt, i.e., the average over the time variable t. Therefore given a desired delay power spectrum h ( ) the normalized channel is given by h(, t) =
h ( ) 2 ( ) h

h1 (, t).

Of course, in a computer the time (t) and delay time ( ) are not continuous but sampled. (a) (4p) Write a Matlab script that implements a stochastic channel model following the steps described above. Assume that there is no line of sight, so that the amplitude distribution is Rayleigh and the phase distribution is uniform (as in the previous homework). You can nd an outline for the script in the homework3.zip which you can download at our website. In there you will nd: channelmodel.m the main le which provides you with an outline dopplerlter.mat a le to load to get the lter coefcients makeaxis.m a helper function to generate the correct axes in t, , f , fD . 2

(b) (4p) Use your script to generate a random channel h(, t) for NT = 1000. Compute the remaining three Bello functions H (f, t), h(, fD ), and H (f, fD ). Plot all four Bello functions along with the correct axis for t, , f and fD (Hints: Matlab provides an implementation of the Fast Fourier transform by the command fft. Note that the normalization is different from the one used in our lecture. To get a correct DFT use fft(...)/N. Also note the ordering of the elements, which can be corrected using fftshift.). Do the Bello functions look realistic? Why, why not? (c) (2p) Compute a histogram of the amplitude and of the phase of h( = 0, t). Does it follow your expectation (to get a smooth histogram you can increase NT)? (d) (2p) Estimates of the Doppler power spectrum and the delay power spectrum are given by: h ( ) = |h(, fD )|2 dfD H (fD ) = |h(, fD )|2 d Compute the estimated delay power spectrum and compare it with the desired one for NT = 1000. Do they agree? Also compute the estimated Doppler power spectrum. What can you see from its shape? Is this a realistic model for the Doppler power spectrum?

Ilmenau University of Technology Communications Research Laboratory Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Haardt

CRL

Mobile Communications
Hints 03 due on May 21, 2013 (Please hand in your homework in the ofce H3513, H3504 or H3502 before 4 pm.)

1. Useful M ATLAB functions: randn, filter, hist, plot, semilogy, xlabel, ylabel. The MATLAB command rand returns uniformly distributed (pseudo-) random variables. To get complex Gaussians you need normal distributed (pseudo-) random variables, which are returned by randn. In complex baseband terminology, the real part is referred to as the inphase component, the imaginary part is called quadrature component. The magnitude is therefore equal to the square root of the sum of the squared inphase and the squared magnitude. Label your plots. A good labeling (as an example) would have been Magnitude on the horizontal and Frequency of occurrence on the vertical axis. Hand in printouts of your programs and the resulting plots. Label your axis correctly. Electronic submissions are accepted in PDF and Word format (PDF preferred), separate graphics in JPEG and PNG format (including them in one document is preferred). Do not send .FIG les. Always indicate your name and your Mat.-number for easier association.