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CNS_notes.

doc WCR 2013 (See Marieb & Hoehn chapter 12) Brain Major regions Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres) Cerebral cortex, fissures, gyri, sulci Diencephalon Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus Brain stem Midbrain, pons, medulla Cerebellum Brain ventricles Contain CSF, lined with ependymal cells Connected to each other & to central canal of spinal cord Protection Meninges Dura, arachnoid, pia Subdural space, subarachnoid space Cerebrospinal fluid Made by ependymal cells in choroid plexus Circulates slowly Exits via arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus (into venous blood) Brainstem Midbrain Superior colliculi visual reflexes Inferior colliculi auditory reflexes Reticular activating system (activation of RAS increases alertness) Cerebral peduncles: ascending & descending fiber bundles Substantia nigra regulates basal nuclei Neurons here that use dopamine as their transmitter are lost in Parkinsons disease Red nucleus subconscious upper limb motor control/regulation Nuclei for some cranial nerves Pons Bridge between cerebellum & rest of brain; bridge between midbrain & medulla oblongata Ascending & descending fiber tracts Respiratory centers influence medullary respiratory centers Nuclei for some cranial nerves Medulla oblongata All communication via brain & spinal cord passes through medulla Autonomic control centers: cardiovascular, respiratory, solitary nucleus Pyramids on ventral (front) surface: fibers of corticospinal (descending, motor) pathway Decussation of the pyramids Nucleus gracilis, nucleus cuneatus Part of posterior column pathway from peripheral receptors to cerebral cortex see below Nuclei for some cranial nerves Cerebellum Attached to rest of brain via the pons Subconscious control of motor activities Input it receives include: proprioceptive, tactile, balance, visual, auditory

Outputs Regulates balance, equilibrium by outputs to centers controlling postural muscles Conscious & subconscious motor regulation & fine-tuning Folia Gray matter: outer layer (cerebellar cortex) & deep nuclei White matter: includes arbor vitae Diencephalon Epithalamus Pineal gland secretes melatonin regulates sleep/wake cycle Thalamus: gateway to the cerebral cortex Relay station for sensory information ascending to cerebral cortex Spinothalamic & posterior columns pathways synapse here Lateral geniculate nucleus Relays visual information received from optic tract to cerebral cortex & midbrain Medial geniculate nucleus Relays auditory information to cerebral cortex & midbrain Hypothalamus Regulation of various subconscious functions: Body temperature, feeding & drinking, sleep/wake, blood pressure, secretion of hormones by pituitary gland Pituitary gland (part of endocrine system) hangs underneath it Limbic system Functional system, anatomically spread out Regulates emotional state Helps with memory storage & retrieval (writing to & reading from memory) Linkage between conscious thoughts & autonomic function Parts include: Hippocampus (memory) Amygdala (=amygdaloid body; sympathetic nervous system control) Cerebrum Basal Nuclei Regulate voluntary movement Receive input from cerebral cortex about body position, motor plans Sends outputs to subconscious motor control areas (red nucleus & other brainstem areas) and to motor cortex (via thalamus) Cerebral Cortex Landmarks & lobes Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, insular lobes Lateral sulcus, central sulcus, longitudinal fissure (mid-sagittal) Post-central gyrus, pre-central gyrus Functions: Know the cerebral cortical locations of the following: Primary motor cortex, motor association area, motor speech area (=Brocas area) Primary somatosensory cortex, somatic sensory association area, general interpretive area (Wernickes area) Primary visual cortex, visual association area Pre-frontal cortex (personality, abstract intellectual functions, long-range planning) Gustatory & olfactory cortex (Vis A&P incorrectly lists these under Motor Cortex in section 13.10.1, p.446. These are sensory, not motor, functions.) Left versus right White matter Association fibers, corpus callosum, anterior commissure

Spinal Cord Basic Anatomy of Spinal Cord Cord: gray matter, white matter (what causes the difference?) Cervical & lumbar enlargements; cauda equina (begin where cord ends, at L1-L2 level) Spinal nerve numbering: Nerve number = number of the vertebra below it, for C1-C8 (nerve C8 above vertebra T1) Nerve number = number of the vertebra above it, for T1-T12, L1-L5, S1-S5 Spinal nerve (sensory & motor), dorsal root (sensory fibers only), ventral root (motor fibers only), dorsal root ganglion (cell bodies of sensory afferents in dorsal root) Meninges Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater CSF in the subarachnoid space Subarachnoid space: under or inside the arachnoid mater Epidural space: just outside the dura Lumbar puncture: getting a sample of CSF by withdraw CSF from subarach space at L3-L4 level White & gray matter in cord Gray matter: many cell bodies of neurons posterior (sensory) lateral (visceral motor neurons) anterior (somatic motor neurons) horns Neurons in gray matter nuclei organized by type of information (motor or sensory, visceral or somatic) and within that, often by body region served White matter: axons Posterior white column Lateral white column Anterior white column Anterior white commisure: fibers crossing R-L and L-R Each column has multiple tracts Each tract is either ascending or descending (i.e. sensory or motor, i.e. afferent or efferent) Tracts are organized by body region served Sensory & Motor Pathways (= Ascending & Descending Pathways = Afferent & Efferent Pathways) Sensory Two pathways lead from peripheral sensory receptors (touch, temperature, pain, ) to cerebral cortex: spinothalamic and posterior column pathways. For each pathway, know: where cell bodies/axons of 1st, 2nd, 3rd order neurons are/travel; what sensations are carried. Common features of both pathways 1st order neuron cell body in DRG 1st order neurons axon enters spinal cord via dorsal root 2nd order neurons axon crosses midline, terminates in thalamus (synapse onto target neuron) 3rd order neuron in thalamus 3rd order neurons axon goes to primary somatosensory cortex (sensory homunculus) Spinothalamic pathway Dorsal column pathway Motor Corticospinal pathway (pyramidal system) Voluntary (conscious) skeletal muscle control Motor homunculus Upper & lower motor neurons (where are?) (There are other motor pathways which we will skip.)

Levels of motor control From lowest to highest: spinal cord to to cerebral cortex Cerebellum interacts via feedback with control at multiple levels Brain areas active during preparation for & execution of movements

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