RFID-ECE4803 Lecture 2

Prof. Manos M. Tentzeris (etentze@ece.gatech.edu)

Communication Communication by by Applications Applications

Data Rate bit/sec

1G

802.15.3c mm -wave mm-wave

UWB: Ultra Wide-Band HSPDA(3.5G mobile): High-speed Data Packet WPAN: Wireless Personal Area Network Access WLAN: Wireless Local Area Network WMAN: Wireless Metropolitan Area NetworkWCDMA(3G) : Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WRAN: Wireless Regional Area Network GPRS(2.5G): General Packet Radio Service EDGE(2.5G): Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution GSM(2G): Global System for Mobile Communication 802.11n DVB: Digital Video Broadcast DAB: Digital Audio Broadcast

100M

802.15.3 UWB

WLAN
802.11a 802.11g

To be used

WMAN
802.16 WiMax HSDPA

Being Used

10M

WPAN WPAN
802.15.1 Bluetooth

Sept.12 2005 by K. Lim, ktlim@ece.gatech.edu

WRAN
802.22 Cognitive Radio

802.11b WiFi

Mobile Broadcast
WCDMA DVB DAB
GPRS/EGDE

1M
802.15.4 ZigBee

GSM

10m

100m

1km

10km

Coverage

Communication Communication by by Location Location

DAB
Digital Radio Service. Like XM

10 Gbps Ethernet

DVB
Digital TV for Cellphone user

WLAN
Fixed wireless comm. in office/room. 802.11n can support over 200 Mbps

Fiber/Copper based high speed last mile wired comm.

WCDMA
Most popular voice and data comm. for mobile and pedestrian HighWiMax speed data transmission for mobile & pedestrian

UWB
Wireless HiFi Audio and HD Video transmission

Bluetooth
Control of in-house electronics system

Next of WCDMA. Higher speed data comm.

HSDPA

WRAN

Phone/Power line for connection of inhouse electronics system

HomePNA

ZigBee
Sensors, Lights, Security, Doors...

Free of spectrum licensing. Data comm. for pedestrian and house.

Aeronautical industry - Pharmaceutical industry - Port security - Airport security and baggage tracking - Automotive industry (tire pressure monitoring sensor system) - Inventory control - Wearable electronics
-

RFID Operation Scenarios

What is RFID
Power

Stored data

Radio Frequency IDentification is detection of tagged objects from a remote transponder (tag) including an antenna and a microchip transceiver (IC) using a local querying system (reader or interrogator)

RFID to Improve Daily Life Activities

Acrobat Document

RFID History

Communication by Means of Reflected Power, by Harry Stockman, Proceedings of the IRE, 1948,

Generic Tag Architecture

Write Path Receiver Receiver Antenna Antenna D

Memory Memory Protocol Protocol Engine Engine

Inductive Coupling

Backscatter

N Reader TAG Reader TAG

Near field (LF, HF): inductive coupling of tag to magnetic field circulating around antenna (like a transformer) Varying magnetic flux induces current in tag. Modulate tag load to communicate with reader field energy decreases proportionally to 1/R3 (to first order) Far field (UHF, microwave): backscatter. Modulate back scatter by changing antenna impedance Field energy decreases proportionally to 1/R Boundry between near and far field: R = wavelength/2 pi so, once have reached far field, lower frequencies will have lost significantly more energy than high frequencies Absorption by non-conductive materials significant problem for microwave frequencies
Source of data: Introduction to RFID RFID CAENRFID an IIT Corporation

1980s-1990s

Automated Vehicle Id Animal Tracking

Todays RFID
Substrate Die attach Tag IC

Antenna

Todays RFID

IC

Antenna

RFID/Sensor Module Integration

Antenna Demodulation Digital Logic & MODEM Digital Data Voltage Multiplier Power EEPROM ADC

Modulation Digital data Sensor

Ultimate goal: All printed RFID tag (antenna, IC, battery, and sensor) on paper Operating frequency: UHF (900 MHz), RF (2.45 GHz), potentially up to 60 GHz Suggested Module integration:
Printed battery on surface Printable sensor technology on surface Surface mounted IC

Operation modes Passive Tags: Antenna uses EM power from reader. Semi-Passive Tags: IC uses EM power distribution Sensor uses battery Increased nodes lifetime Active tag: IC and sensor utilize battery Increased data range (>100 ft compared to 30 ft in semi-passive) Excellent for harsh environments for their improved S/N

RFID Frequency Bands

Human implantation of RFID tags

Advantages of UHF for Sensing

Free Spectrum: US: 420-450 MHz, 902-928MHz Europe: 866-868 MHz At UHF, long read distances achievable compared to LF and HF Better penetration through objects than higher frequencies Higher data rates achievable Better sensing resolution