LAB DYNAMICS OF MACHINE

MEC424

Title: Physical Pendulum Wooden Pendulum

Abstract: Physical pendulum

Figure 1: Forces act through center of mass.

In this case, a rigid body of point mass is pivoted to oscillate as shown in the figure. There is no requirement of string. As a result, there is no tension involved in this case. The nice thing about a physical pendulum is that it is mechanically rigid and stable, compared to a simple pendulum which is strings can stretch. Besides that, the working of this wooden pendulum is gravity acts through center of mass of the rigid body. Hence, length of pendulum used in equation is equal to linear distance between pivot and center of mass (h). Consider a uniform rigid rod, pivoted from a frame as shown in the figure. Clearly, center of mass is at a distance L/2 from the point of suspension.

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Physical pendulum

Figure 2: Forces act through center of mass.

The important thing to note about this relation is that time period is still independent of mass of the rigid body. However, time period is not independent of mass distribution of the rigid body. A change in shape or size or change in mass distribution will change MI of the rigid body about point of suspension. This, in turn, will change time period. Point of oscillation will change if point of suspension is changed. Further, we should note that physical pendulum is an effective device to measure g. As a matter of fact, this device is used extensively in gravity surveys around the world. Another part life practical is pendulum clock.

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Table of Contents Title........................................................................................................................ 1 Abstract.................................................................................................................. 1 List of Table .......................................................................................................... 4 List of Figure ......................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ........................................................................................................... 6 Theory.................................................................................................................... 6 Experimental Procedures ....................................................................................... 9 Results ................................................................................................................. 10 Discussion............................................................................................................ 19 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 21 References ........................................................................................................... 22 Appendix ............................................................................................................. 23

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List of Table

No.

Title

Page

Table 1 Io

10

Table 2 Ig

10

Table 3 - Percentage of error

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List of Figure

No. 1 2 3 4 5 6

Title Figure 1: Forces act through center of mass. Figure 2: Forces act through center of mass. Figure 3 - Wooden Pendulum Figure 4 - Vee Slot and Rod Support Figure 5 - Stop Watch Figure 6 Ruler

Page

1 2 9 9 9 9

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1.0 Introduction: In this experiment we are going to determine the mass moment of inertia, (IG and Io) by oscillation. A pendulum is a weight suspended from a pivot
so it can swing freely. When apendulum is displaced from its resting equilibrium position, it is subject to a restoringforce due to gravity that will accelerate it back toward the equilibrium position. Whenreleased, the restoring force will cause it to oscillate about the equilibrium position,swinging back and forth. The time for one complete cycle, a left swing and a right swing,is called the period

2.0 Theory: A physical pendulum is a rigid body suspended from some point other than its center of mass. It is simply a rigid object which swings freely about some pivot point. The physical pendulum may compare with a simple pendulum, which consists of a small mass suspended by a string. In this lab, his physical pendulum is stick with pivot fixed point at center of mass. For small displacement, the period T of a physical pendulum is independent of its amplitude, and

Where I is the rotational inertia of the pendulum about its rotation axis, m is the total mass of the pendulum, g is the acceleration of gravity and r is the distance from the rotation axis to the center of mass. This is the equation of a harmonic oscillator; the solution is

And is related to the period T by

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T depends only on the distribution of mass within the object, not on the total mass. T can be used to compute g, if the moment of inertia I am known. The moment of inertia I about the pivot point is related to the moment of inertia about the center of mass Io by the parallel axis theorem, which states I = Io + mr2

Moment at O :
M O mg .L sin

clockwise direction. if angle is small.

M O mg .L

By using Newtons Law for rotation:

mg .L I O O

mg .L I O ( )
mg .L 0 I O

mgL 0 IO

**Note that this equation has the same shape with the general equation of simple of this system:
2 mgL IO

harmonic motion. Furthermore , we can obtain natural frequency

mgL r/s IO
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Meanwhile, periodic time (T) is the time taken to complete one cycle.(or 2 radian). So that :

IO mgL

T 2

For this rigid body,moment of inertia at point O is:

I O I G mL2

where

IG

is the moment of inertia at the center of

gravity.
I O mk 2 mL 2

where k is the radius of gyration at the center of

gravity.

T 2

(mk 2 mL2 ) mgL

(k 2 L2 ) T 2 gL

**Note that we can determine the radius of gyration for a rigid body by using this equation.

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3.0 Experimental Procedure:

a) Dimensions of the wooden pendulum were taken using a ruler for calculation purposes. b) The wooden pendulum was hanged on one end to the Vee slot. c) The wooden pendulum was then displaced to a 10 degrees angle to the right from its initial position. d) The wooden pendulum was then released to let it oscillate due to gravitational force. Using a stopwatch, the periodic time of 10 oscillations were recorded. e) The average of the three periods was calculated for each suspension point. f) The procedure ( c ) until ( e ) was repeated for 15 degrees and 20 degrees. After that, repeat again by displaced those angle to the left. g) Then the Vee slot was change to the rod support and tested with same step c) , d), e) and f). All the results were recorded in a table. h) Equations from Mathematical and Physical Pendulum were used to determine the mass moment of inertia (IG1 and IG2). i) Apparatus:

Figure 3 - Wooden Pendulum

Figure 4 - Vee Slot and Rod Support

Figure 5 - Stop Watch

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Figure 6 Ruler

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4.0 Results: Table 1 Io Pendulum Angle() Oscilation Time (s) Right 1 2 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 13.91 14.03 13.91 Left 13.94 14.04 13.97 13.925 14.035 13.94 Average Time (s)

Table 2 Ig Pendulum Angle() Oscilation Time (s) Right 1 2 3 10 10 10 10 10 10 14.1 14.2 13.91 Left 14.12 14.13 13.91 14.11 14.165 13.91 Average Time (s)

Table 3 Percentage of error

Point

Moment of Inertia

Experimental Value (kg m)

Theoretical Value (kg m)

Percentage Error (%)

Io1 O1 IG1

0.1033

0.1088

5.06

0.0283

0.0338

16.27

Io2 O2 IG2

0.1042

0.1061

1.79

0.0292

0.0311

6.11

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Sample Of Calculation
Theoretical Calculation, Volume of each component

V1 = 0.08 0.8 0.01 = 0.64 m

V2 = (0.0125) 0.01 = 4.91 m

V3 = 0.01 0.45 0.0 1 = 45 m

Volume of the wooden Pendulum Vpendulum = V1 V2 V3 = 0.64 - 4.91 = 0.5901 m

- 45

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Density of Wooden Pendulum

0.6 0.5901

= 1016.78 kg/m Then calculate the mass of each component m1= whole object mass m2= round shape mass m3= cylinder shape mass m1 = 1 )

= 1016.78 (0.64 = 0.65 kg m2 = 2

= 1016.78 (4.91 = 4.99 kg m3 = 3 )

= 1016.78 (45 = 45.76 kg

Moment of Inertia about Point O1 calculation I1 = 1/12 ml + md = 1/12 (0.65)(0.76) + (0.65)(0.38) = 0.1252 kg m

I2 = 1/2mr + md = 1/2(4.99 )(0.0125) + (4.99 = 0.3898 kg m I3 = 1/12 ml + md = 1/12(45.76 )(0.45) + (45.76 )(0.482) = 0.0114 kg m

)(0)

Figure 7.0.1.1.1

Figure 8.a
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Then, Io1 = I1 I2 I3 = 0.1252 - 0.3898 = 0.1138 kg m - 0.0114

The mass center G will be located relative to the point O1 Assuming this distance to be (Figure 8.a)

= = Therefore,

0.38(0.65) + 0.482(45.76 0.65 + 4.99 0.384 m + 45.76

Io1 = IG1 + md IG1 = Io1 + md = 0.1138 0.6(0.384) IG1 = 0.0253 kg m

Moment of Inertia about Point O2 calculation

I1 = 1/12 ml + md = 1/12 (0.65)(0.707) + (0.65)(0.3535) = 0.1083 kg m

I2 = 1/2mr + md
= 1/2(4.99 (4.99 )(0.0125) + )(0.707)2
-3

1.0 2.0

= 2.495

kg m

I3 = 1/12 ml + md = 1/12(45.76
+ (45.76

)(0.45) )(0)

= 0.7722

kg m

Figure 8.b

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Then, Io2 = I1 I2 I3 = 0.1083 - 2.495 = 0.1050 kg m

-3

- 0.7722

The mass center G will be located relative to the point O1 Assuming this distanceto be = (Figure 8.a) )

0.3535(0.65) + 0.707(4.99 0.65 + 4.99 + 45.76

= Therefore,

0.333 m

Io2 = IG2 + md IG2 = Io2 - md = 0.1050 0.6(0.707 0.333) IG2 = 0.0211 kg m

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8.b-Sample Experimental Calculation Sample data from table

RG = l/ 2 = 0.707/2 = 0.3535m

O1 (vee support) :The average time for angles 10o and the wooden starting hanging from the left hand side. Tavg(right) =
(

= 13.95 s

Tavg(left) =

= 13.98 s

Tavg(vee support) =

= 13.97 s 14.0 s

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Therefore: Tave = 14.0 / 10 =1.4 sec Tave = 2

L1 g

L1 = g

Tave 2

= 9.81

1.4 2

= 0.487 Io1 = L1 mrG = 0.487 0.3535(0.6) = 0.1033 kg m IG1 = Io1 - mrG = 0.1033 0.6(0.3535) = 0.0283 kg m

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O2 (rod support) :The average time for angles 10oand the wooden starting hanging from the left hand side. Tavg(right) =
(

= 14.07 s

Tavg(right) =

= 14.05 s

Tavg(vee support) =

= 14.06 s

Therefore: Tave = 14.06 / 10 =1.406 sec

L2 g

Tave = 2

L2 = g

Tave 2

= 9.81 1.406 2 = 0.491

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Io2 = L2 mrG = 0.491 0.3535(0.6) = 0.1042 kg m IG2 = Io2 - mrG = 0.1042 0.6(0.3535) = 0.0292 kg m

8.c -Sample Result Calculation

For Io1, percentage of error % = (0.1033 0.1088) 0.1088 = | -5.06 % | = 5.06 % For IG1, percentage of error % = (0.0283 0.0338) 0.0338 = 16.27 % For I02, percentage of error % = (0.1042 0.1061) 0.1061 = 1.79 %

x 100%

x 100%

x 100%

For IG2, percentage of error % =

(0.0292 0.0311) 0.0311

x 100%

= 6.11%

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5.0 Discussion :

This experiment is objectively to determine the mass moment of inertia, (Ig and Io) by suspending a wooden pendulum to the pivot point using Vee support and rod support ( both initially be swigged from degree of 10). It is found that the yield of Ig and Io from both suspension point is absolutely different although they share the same value of mass of the wooden pendulum. When data was taken, we calculate the period of oscillation. Hence after getting T value, we then measure the value of Ig and Io. By my opinion, there are several factors that influenced these errors. Firstly time taken for the pendulum to complete 10 complete oscillations may be taken wrongly. This can happen when time keeper has started the stopwatch slower or faster than the moment the pendulum start oscillating. When time taken is wrong, the value of mass moment of inertia will in the calculation. Beside that one of the main factors that often occur in any experiment including this experiment is inconsistency while values are taken.The angle where the pendulum is released is not accurate and precise when pendulum is released. Furthermore the angle of released are not always the same each time, even the angle supposed to be at 10 degree since the measurement of the angle is only depended on the protector which is behind the pendulum. The value for Ig, ,Io are recorded. Besides, the discrepancy might be due to air velocity which slightly occurs the movement of pendulum during swinging process. On top of that, while we set the angle of 10 the error might occur too. It is because we just randomly guess the angle by using naked eyes. Since the time experiment was taken three times, there might be a huge error made by human.The average time taken was calculated for two difference suspension point. The value of Ig and Io was measure by this T values. It is found that the yield of Ig and Io from both suspension points is absolutely different although they share the same value of mass of the wooden pendulum. The percentage error for
I0

is -5.06%. Negative sign indicated that the theoretical value is much

IG

higher than the experimental. Percentage error for

, the error is 16.27%.

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For the theoretical calculation, we calculated using the formula to find the moment of inertia. The value we get was different because in the theoretical, we assumed that all the apparatus were in perfect condition and contained no defect. But in the experimental all the defects were not negligible. Then, the theoretical value obtained using the formula but the experimental value using the result from the experiment itself. There were some error when we took the time, where the time was took a bit late from the pendulum released. So it affects the value of time taken for 10 oscillations. The thing goes the same where we took the time first from released the pendulum. Other than that, the pendulum was released not perfectly at angle 10o because the suspensions used is not show vividly at the line of angle that we made and then the pendulum was high so we could not see clearly the angle.

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6.0 Conclusion :

By the end of the day we managed to find the value of Moment of Inertia and pertaining to the period of oscillation. After we done this experiment, we realized that the effect of time taken is not depend on the angle of wooden pendulum at the initial position but the length of the wooden pendulum will affect the time when it start to swing. To be more precise, more readings should be taken for each swing and then the average values are calculated. Furthermore, the person who is in charge of conducting the experiment must be briefed carefully on how the experiment must be conducted. A person who in charge to start the swing must be tall since the frame is high, they must be trained in terms of standard of operation. In a nutshell, if these errors is reduced or eliminate, the experiment might help to achieve its target. The objective of the experiment is successfully achieved by us. We could determine the mass moment of inertia by oscillation .The value from the theoretical was different from the experimental and we have discussed it in the discussion above. The difference was the result from the uncertainties when the measurement was taken. There were some precautions that we have to follow to obtain a precise result. Firstly, while taking the reading for the angle, make sure the eye level of the observer is parallel with the reading scale. Besides, it is recommended to put magnifying glass so the scale can be clearly see. Secondly, when adjusting the angle; make sure the angle is scale using the protector. Next, when taking the time using the stopwatch, make sure that the pendulum was released at the instant as the time taken.

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7.0 Reference :

1.

Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, J.L Meriam, L.G. Kraige, Wiley, Fifth Edition2002.

2. 3. 4.

Engineering Mechanics Dynamics, R.C.Hibbeler, Prentice Hall, Third Edition, 2002. Mechanical Vibrations, S Ingiresu, S Rao, Addison Wesley Publishing Company. Application of Pendulum Method to UAV Momental Ellipsoid Estimation (Sumit S. Patankar,Dale E. Schinstock,Robert M. Caplinger).

5. 6.

Kansas State University (2006). http://www.idspackaging.com/packaging/us/tinius_olsen/testing_machines/12342_0/g _supplier.html

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8.0 Appendix :

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