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DEATH OF ICARVS
(A POMPEIAN
WALL PAINTING)
PVBLI VERGILI MARONIS

AENEIS: BVCOLICA: GEORGICA
GREATER POEMS OF VIRGIL

VOL.
I
CONTAINING THE
FIRST SIX BOOKS OF
THE AENEID
EDITED BY
J.
B.
GREENOUGH
AND
G. L.
KITTREDGE
BOSTON,
U.S.A.,
AND LONDON
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY

IQOO
COPYRIGHT,
J. B.
1895,
BY
GREENOUGH
AND
G. L.
KITTREDGE
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PREFACE.
THIS edition
1882.
a careful revision of the one published in
is
The
seems
criticus.
text, as in the
former edition, follows Ribbeck
in the
main, adhering, however, to the received reading where he

to
be not fully supported by his own apparatus
The
illustrations
have been much increased
in
number
and improved in execution. Many of the new ones have been inserted in the text instead of in the notes in order to
present them more directly to the eye of the student
when
he
is
reading the passages that they
illustrate.
The
pictures
are intended to represent only objects or conceptions which
were familiar to the minds of the poet and his contemporaries,
and consequently nothing modern has been admitted among them. For the sake of the associations, however, a
number
of views of the scenes in
which the action takes
place have been included.
The
introduction deals more fully than that of the former

life
edition with the

literary models.
and times
of Virgil, as well as with his
There have been added also an entirely new Sccount of the development of epic poetry and a discussion of the influence of Virgil
literature.
on modern, especially English,

of
With the same purpose
showing the continuity
20O4921
iv
Preface.
of literary tradition a large
number
of passages from
modern
in the
poetry covering a wide range have

notes.
been inserted
These
passages are either direct imitations of Virgil

Consid-
or they deal with ideas suggested by his works.
erable matter not necessary for young students has been
omitted from the notes to appear in a separate volume designed for teachers only.
fied
Thus
the notes have been simpli-
and the bulk
of the
increased.
fuller explanation of
book has not been perceptibly the metrical form and
more detailed
directions for reading have also been added.

B.
J.
GREENOUGH
G. L. KlTTREDGE.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
ABBREVIATIONS.
Ann.
Inst.
Annali (Bolletino)
dell' Insti-
Micali.
Monument!
A.
L.
per
servire
alia
tute di Corrispondenza Archeologica.
Storia, etc.
Rome.
Mill.
Millin's
Berlin, 1848.
Mythologische
alien
A rch.
Baum.
Zcit.
Archaologische
Zeitung.
Gallerie.
Miiller.
Berlin.
Denkmaler der
Kunst,
Denkmaler des Baumeister, klassischen Altertums. Munich.
C. O. Muller.
Miiller-Wieseler.
Gottingen, 1832. Denkmaler der alten
Compte-Rendu de la Compt. Rend. Commission Impe'riale Archeologique.

St. Pe"tersbourg.
Musee de Sculpture. Das Leben der Griechen und Romer. Guhl und Koner. Giornale dei Scavi a PomGior. Sea.
De
Clarac.
Kunst (revised by Wieseler). Mus. Chiar. Museo Chiaramonte. Mus. Flor. Museum de Florence. Nicolini. Case di Pompei.
Overbeck.
gie,
G. <V
K,
R. R.
Griechische Kunst-Mytholovon J. Overbeck. Leipzig, 1873-78. Raoul Rochette, Monumenti inGli Antichi Sepolcri, da Pietro
pei.
editi.
Hirt.
Bilderbuch
Hirt.
fiir
Mythologie, Archa-
Sepolcri.
ologie,
und Kunst, herausgegeben von

Berlin, 1805.
Sante Bartoli.
Rome,
1727.
A.
Smith.
ties.
Smith's Dictionary of AntiquiVisconti,
H. &> P. Herculanum et Pompei, par H. Roux Ain^. Paris, 1840.

Galena Omerica. Inghirami. Lutz. Miinchener Antiken von Fr. A. von Liitzow.
Carl
Visconti.
Iconographie
Ro-
maine.
Zaftn.
Die schonsten Omamente aus
Pompeii.
IN
Death of Icarus.
Juno.
Statue.
THE TEXT.
PAGE
at Pompeii.
Wall painting Mus. Chiar.
Baum.
Frontispiece.
Ideal portrait of Virgil. Vatican Fragments The Parcae with Minerva. Relief. Miiller-Wieseler
3
5
Neptune in his car, with sea-horses. Gem. Hunting Scenes. Wall paintings. Zahn Statue. Mus. Ckiar. Jupiter.
Hirt.
n
12
Temple
of Augustus (Maison Carrte) at Nismes. Flying Mercury. Vase painting. Nicolini
Photograph.
14 15
vi
List of Illustrations.
PAGE
Warrior with two spears. Vase painting. Diana hunting. Relief. Mus. Chiar
Comft. Rend.
...
16
17
Vatican Fragments Building of Carthage. Amazons defeated by Theseus. Ancient sarcophagus. Photograph. Fortune seated on a throne (solium). Bronze from Pompeii. Pre-
20
22
suhn
Reception of Ilioneus by Dido. Vatican Fragments Wall painting. Monumenti delflstituto. Bride with Veil.
23
...
25 29
Lady with diadem (corona}. Statue. Compt. Rend. Dido and Êneas at the feast. Vatican Fragments Women supplicating Pallas. Trojan horse drawn within the walls. Priam seated. P. Cassandra raving on the walls. H.
29
34
&
36
Sacrifice of Iphigenia.
Relief.
R. R.
painting.
39
Theft of the Palladium.
Wall
Monumenti
deWIstituto.
41
Laocobn.
Cassandra.
Vatican Museum.
Vase painting. Vase painting. Miiller-Wieseler Mus. Chiar Pallas. Statue. The fiery omen. Vatican Fragments Gem. Mus. Flor. Flight of ^neas. Part of the Tabula Iliaca, carved (or cast in gypsum) with illustrations of the Sack of Troy as told by Stesichorus. Jahn, Bilder-
Photograph R. R
43
49
54
Murder
of Priam.
56
59
61
chronik
./Eneas's vision of the Penates.
64
Statue.
Apollo Musagetes.
Sacrifice.
Vatican Fragments Museo Pio- Clementina
65 68
Relief
on the
altar of
Mercury
at
Pompeii.
Photograph.
.
69
73
77
Harpies.
Ancient mausoleum.
Monumenti deir Istituto.
Vase painting. Mus. Borb Offerings to the dead. Veiled Roman sacrificing. Statue. Photograph
Scylla.
80
81
Ancient vase
(lorica).
Chain-mail
Fragment found
in a
tomb.
Compt. Rend.
83 85
87
Temple at Agrigentum. Photograph View of Mt. jEtna. Photograph Polyphemus. Wall painting in Pompeii. Nuovi Scavi View of the coast of Sicily. Rocks of the Cyclops. Photograph. View of Trapani (Drepanum). Photograph Dido sacrificing. Vatican Fragments. . , Mus. Chiar Ceres. Statue. Youth with chlamys. Statuette. Miiller-Wieseler Roman marriage. Pronuba uniting the pair. Ancient sarcophagus.
89 90
91
92
94
97
99
vii
PAGR
Mercury Psychopompus (with caducous, etc ), presenting shades to Pluto and Proserpina. Wall painting from tomb. SepoUri. Mercury. Statue. Mus. Chiar
.
101
102
Bacchic scene.
Ancient sarcophagus
in
Vatican Museum.
of
Photo-
graph
Sortes.
Italian
104
form of divination.
Priestess
Gior. Sea
Fortune
at
Praeneste drawing the oracular sors.
106
Orestes and the Furies.
Vase
painting.
R.
no
ill
Hecate.
Archdologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen Vatican Fragments Death of Dido.
117
Venus and Neptune.

Carchesium.
Serpent (genius sacred bush.
Galley. Nereids.
Vatican Fragments
Ancient vase.
loci) tasting
//.
Annali
delTlstituto
119 122
the offerings on an altar.
Youth with
123 126
128
P.
at Pompeii.
Wall painting
Baum
Lindenschmidt, Tracht.
.
Ancient Stucco
Horse with trappings. Dares and Entellus.

deiristituto
Roman
Relief.
tomb.
131
Ulysses shooting with
Photograph the bow. Vase painting.
136
Monumcnti
138
147
Neptune. Neptune.
Baum
Gem.
Baum
in car.
148
Triton, etc.
Relief
Neptune and Amphitrite

Vicinity of Cumae.
149 152
1
Photograph
Vatican Fragments ./Eneas, Achates, and the Sibyl. Theseus and the Minotaur. Vase painting Orpheus and Eurydice. Naples Museum. Photograph. Hercules and Theseus carrying off Qerberus. Painting from a
. .
52
154 157
tomb.
Sepolcri
Promontory of Misenum. Photograph Charon receiving his passenger and fare. Ancient lamp. Bartoli, Lucerne Cer'.erus. In the background, judgment jneas and the Sibyl.
of the shades.
157 161
164
168
Vatican Fragments
relief.
Laodamia.
Tantalus,
Sepolcri
Ancient
Ixion,
Baum
Wall painting from a tomb.
170
and Sisyphus.
175
.
Augustus with the civic crown. Ancient bust. Photograph. Marcus Aurelius receiving submission. From photograph of the
.
181
walls of the Capitol at
Rome
182
viii
PAGE
Numa.
at
Ancient bust.
Visconti.
'.183
of the walls of the Capitol
184
Triumphal chariot.
From photograph
Visconti
Rome
Pompey. Ancient statue. Charon and shades. Relief
185
187
IN
FIG.
1.
THE NOTES.
Mill.
Miiller.
Samian Juno.
Coin
2.
3.
Juno of Lanuvium. Coins Minerva hurling thunderbolt.
Coin
Mill.
G. &>
4.
5.
Ruins of theatre at Aspendos Jupiter looking down on the world.
Wall
painting.
6.
7.
Youth reading a
Man
scroll. Wall painting Relief clothed in skin of wild beast.
K. H. &* P. H. &> P.
Micali.
Mill.
8.
9.
Temple
Diana.
of Janus.
Coin
Statuette
H.
& P.
P.
10.
1 1
.
Wall painting Genii making garlands. Ransom of Hector's body. Relief
//. dr>
De
Clarac.
12.
13.
Amazon
.
G.
& K.
Plan of Temple of Venus at Pompeii. Overbeck's Ruins at Pompeii. Overbeck's Pompeii. 14. Vaulted chamber in baths at Pompeii. Wall painting H. S3 P. 15. Celestial Venus. 1 6. Female apparel. Wall painting H. S" P.
. .
17.
1
8.
Monile (Harpy) Crater wreathed

Patera.
Monumenti
(?).
deiristituto.
Relief
.
Mill.
19.
Vase
painting.
at
20.
Lamps.
Found
Pompeii
fillet.
ff.&*P.
Relief.
. . .
21.
22. 23.
Woman
decorating a Hermes with a Palazzo Vecchio at Florence
Liitz.
24.
Found at Pompeii. lintel. Plan of the house of Pansa at Pompeii. 25. Plan of Greek house
Hinged door and
.
Photograph. Overbeck^s Ruins.

Overbeck's Ruins.
G.
<5r K. H. &> P.
26. 27.
28.
Apollo.
Pallas.
Wall painting
Ancient MS. of
sitting
Homer
Inghirami.
Micali.
Apollo
on tripod
29.
30. 31.
Cybele journeying to Rome. Relief Relief Curetes, Cybele, Jupiter, and goat.
Ulysses and the sirens.
Ann.
.
Inst.
Mill.
Mill.
Gem
FIG.
ix
32. 33.
34.
View
of Leucate
Athlete's equipment. Metae. Relief
Found
at
Pompeii
Photograph. ff. P.
&
Ann.
Inst.
35. 36.
Head
of Pallas.
Statue
Hirt.
Minerva superintending. Artisans erecting a building. Derrick with curious treadmill for raising heavy stones.
Relief
Mill.
37.
Hunting scene.
38.
39.
Wall painting Head of Jupiter Ammon. Coin
H.
&
P.
Mill.
Head
of Paris.
Bust
:
Lutz.
40.
Bacchic procession Bacchanal with double tibia. Others Arch. with torch and thyrsus, and with tambourine. Vase.
.
Zeit.
41.
42.
Vase painting Sacrifice Cooking on

Iris.
Gerhard, Vasengtmaldt.
spits
Baum.
43.
Symbolic representation of powers of light (sun, moon, Boat representLucifer, and an unknown armed youth).
ing the sea. Vase painting Trireme. Relief
Ann.
Vase
Statue
Inst.
etc.
44.
Chefs-d'CEuvre,
45. 46.
47.
Greek ornament (maeander).

Athlete with
fillet
of ribbon.
Ann. Ann.
Inst.
Inst.
Cestus
(a)
(V)
G. &>
K.
Statue of Pollux
Hirt.
48. 49.
Priestess with acerra.
Wall painting
. .
ff.&P.
.
Lares in their customary attitude, with trees representing the olives before the house of Augustus. Relief. Hirt.
Siren.
50. 51.
Relief
Mill.
Sleep and Death carrying
home
;
the
body of Memnon.
his
Vase painting
52.
Baum.
in
Young hero
Vase
with headless spear
hand a
tessera.
painting.
53.
Mausoleum
Tailpiece.
of Augustus.
Ruin
54.
Corcyra
Photograph. L'Univers.
INTRODUCTION.
THE AUGUSTAN AGE.
most THE
the
first
time of Virgil, the so-called Augustan age, was the

flourishing period of
Roman
literature.
From
contact of the
Romans
with the more cultivated
Greeks, they had gone on adapting their unpolished tongue to literary uses, practising all forms of literature after Greek
in prose
models and studying with assiduity the art of writing both and poetry. The process had been a slow one.
chief writers of the early period were foreigners
The
were
who
content to translate the great
works of Greece into

But,
Latin, or, at most, rudely to imitate them.
by the be-
ginning of the first century B.C., prominent Romans had begun to devote themselves to literature. The great Scipionic
circle
all
its
was imbued with the Greek

forms.
Lucilius (B.C.
spirit
and fostered
art in
148-103), a Roman knight, wrote satires in rough verse, but with considerable originality, preserving the spirit without slavishly following the And in the first century B.C. we find details of his models.
a long
list
of
Roman names
still
in literature, Varro, Lucretius,
Catullus, Cicero, Gallus, Julius Caesar,
and
Sallust.
Litera-
looked upon with suspicion by the conture, though servative, could be indulged in without real loss of reputation.
All this study came to its full fruit in the reign of Augustus. The Augustan age is usually reckoned from about the death
of Caesar, B.C. 44, to the death of Augustus, A.D. 13.
Many
literary
circumstances united to
make
this
flourishing
xii
Introduction.
Literature
period.
First
became fashionable.
Earlier,
except with a very few persons, such pursuits had been looked upon as idle or even pernicious, and devotion to them
had brought little or no reward. But Augustus was wise enough to see in literature a powerful agency in establishing sound government and securing his own power. He therefore gave every encouragement to letters, and his people followed his example. Everybody of any consequence became a writer or at least a critic. Second It was a period
:
of peace, of exhaustion after the great struggles of the civil
wars.
men
Third Politics had ceased to present a career for ambitious of distinction, and Fourth There was a real
:
pride in the well
won
subjects of literary art prose and poetry. But probably the greatest stimulus to literary activity at Rome came from the gradual introduction of the literature
of Alexandria,
Rome, an interest in the which prompted expression both in

glories of
century
B.C.
tered far
which had begun in the last half of the second of Greek culture, which were scatand wide by the overthrow of Grecian liberty, had
The seeds
been particularly fruitful in that city. Here two great libraries were established, and a long line of scholars, critics,
and authors flourished for centuries. The old literary tradiwere broken civilization had become more complex, and literature assumed a distinctly modern tone. There was a great revival of learning, and writers tried their hand at learned treatise, history, almost every form of composition, in epic, lyric, elegiac, didactic poetry, epigram and satire, numerous and voluminous specimens. The study of this
tions
;
great
body
of literature could not but excite the rude but to imitation.
ambitious
Romans
All these influences,
added to a
skill in
the art of writing
acquired by the long apprenticeship of the Republican period, contributed to raise Augustan literature to its highest mark.
Life of Virgil.
xiii
LIFE OF VIRGIL.
first
By general consent, Virgil (Publius Vergilius Maro) stands in rank among the writers of this flourishing period. He was born B.C. 70, in Andes, in the municipality of ManNorth
1
tua, in
Italy.
DONATUS'S Vita
Vergilii.
The
life
of Virgil
which passes
under the name of Tib. Claudius Donatus, a work doubtless originally 'founded on fact,' but much distorted and amplified in the building, is
to the poet.
our chief source for details in regard According to this, he was the son of humble
to
parents.
His father was said by some
have been a work-
man
in pottery,
whom
made
by others a hired servant of one Magius, by he was entrusted with important business and later
his son-in-law. Many omens preceded Virgil's birth, and as an infant he gave signs of a happy destiny. His boyhood was passed at Cremona up to his i5th (or i7th) year, when he assumed the virile toga (the Roman boy's
'coming out '). The text here

the time at
is
Cremona was the
last
evidently corrupt. Probably two or three years of his
boyhood, during the completion of his early education. From here, the author says, he went to Milan (a still larger
city with
superior advantages), and shortly afterwards to
Here he gave his most urgent attention to Greek Naples. and Latin literature, but was very zealous also in the pursuit
of medicine
and mathematics. Having become unusually learned and skilful in these branches of study, he went to Rome, where he became acquainted with the head groom of
Augustus and practised veterinary medicine in the imperial stables. Hereupon he received as pay regular rations of
bread as one of the grooms.
*
colt
was sent
to Augustus,
is
Five years before Horace, and seven before Augustus
His birthday
said
to have been October is.
xiv
Introd^lction.
which Virgil saw and declared to be of unsound constitution. This proved to be the case. Augustus, in return, ordered At another time he gave a his bread ration to be doubled.
a dog, whereupon Augustus doubled his rations again. Augustus was in doubt whether he was really the son of Octavius, and thought Virgil, from
like diagnosis in the case of
his
knowledge of horses and dogs, might discover the
truth.
Virgil replied gravely,
"You
are
the
son of a baker."
" Augustus was amazed and asked how he knew that. Why, when I stated conclusions which could only be determined
by the wisest
of
men, you have twice rewarded
me
with
loaves of bread, a thing which was the act of a baker or the son of a baker." Augustus enjoyed the joke and said, "But
henceforth you shall be rewarded, not by a baker, but by a
generous prince."
He made much of
man
state.
him and recommended
him
to Asinius
Pollio, a
prominent in the
trified
of great literary ability and Virgil was tall, dark, with a coun-
(rusticus) expression of face and uncertain health. was troubled with affections of the throat and stomach, as well as headache, and also frequently spit blood. He was a very sparing eater and drinker. He became worth
He
nearly ten million sesterces ($500,000) from the generosity and had a house on the Esquiline, near the gardens of Maecenas, though he lived for the most part in
of friends,
Campania and Sicily. Melissus says he was very slow of speech and almost like an uneducated man. The poetic art he essayed while a mere boy, when he wrote
retirement in
a couplet on
Balista, a
master of a school of gladiators,
whose body was buried under a heap of stones on account

of his infamous robberies
:
Monte sub hoc lapidum

Nocte
die
tegitur Balista sepultus

iter.
tutum carpe viator
After that he wrote the Catalecta, Moretum, Priapeia, Epi-
Life of Virgil.
xv
He wrote grams, Dirae, and Cukx, at the age of 15 years. which about there is some the also PresAetna, question.
ently,
having begun
Roman
history, dissatisfied
with
his
material
names, he changed (transit^ to the Bucolics, especially to do honor to Pollio. Alfenus, Varro, and Cornelius Gallus, because they had
of
and the roughness
the
saved him from loss in the distribution of land to the veterans

of Philippi.
Maecenas,
Then he published the Georgics in honor of who had aided him, when almost unknown,
against the violence of, some say, a veteran Claudius, others, a centurion Arrius, by whom he came near being killed in a quarrel in reference to their lands. Lastly he began the which he left unfinished at his death. id,
Most of the details in Donatus AUTHENTIC BIOGRAPHY. must be legendary, but as authentic biography it is clear that Virgil was educated at Cremona, Milan, and Rome
;
and the earlier doubtful poems, Ciris, Culex, etc., must have been written, so far as they are genuine, during this time. Further, in the progress of his education he showed great aptness for poetry and philosophy, but he studied oratory
without success.
He gave particular attention
to the
dogmas
under the instruction of one Syron. The Georgics show many marks of the influence of this creed. When a little under thirty (in the year B.C. 41), he
of the Epicurean school
The
at
suddenly came to the notice of the great men of Rome. city of Cremona, forty miles distant from Virgil's home
Mantua, had taken the part of Brutus and Cassius
and,
Republican party, the territory of that with a of that of Mantua, was confiscated to bestow city, part on the victorious soldiery of the triumvirs. Virgil's little
farm was seized among the
rest.
after the defeat of the
But Asinius
Pollio, military
governor north of the Po, had already taken a warm interest in the young poet. By his advice Virgil went to Rome,
xvi
Introduction.
where Octavianus himself assured him of the peaceable

possession of his estate (see Eel. i.). But new troubles followed in the State, and a new division Pollio had taken part with Antony, and was disof lands.
a lawsuit, perhaps explaced. Disputes of boundary posed Virgil to the rage of the rude claimant, who chased he was even forced, it is said, to swim him, sword in hand
:
across the Mincius to save his
life (see Eel. Happily ix.). an old fellow-student, Alfenus Varus, who had succeeded Another Pollio, showed him still more effectual kindness.
perhaps the charming one at Nola, in Campania have been given him in exchange for his scanty and rudely disputed native lands. And soon after, partly
estate
appears to
for the sake of his health,
which was
delicate,
and partly on
account of his growing reputation, he removed to the milder

climate of
Rome. Here he became a

was
court society.
tus,
The young
favorite in the highest literary and Caesar, not yet emperor or Augus-
ing to the
Accordeasily accessible to the flattery of genius. well-known anecdote, it was during his celebration
of certain splendid games a bright holiday following a that Virgil posted, anonymously, the extravastormy night
gant compliment of the following verses

;
Nocte pluit tota redeunt spectacula mane Divisum imperium cum love Caesar habet.
:
The
the
verses were claimed
received a
by an inferior poet, Bathyllus, who handsome reward. This vexed Virgil, who posted
half-lines below:
same couplet again with the following

Hos ego
versiculos
Sic vos
non vobis
the latter four times repeated. Bathyllus owned himself unable to fill them out and Virgil proved himself the author
;
by completing them as follows
Life of Virgil.
xvii
Hos ego
Sic vos
versiculos feci, tulit alter honores
non Sic vos non Sic vos non Sic vos non
vobis nidificatis aves
vobis vellera fertis oves

;
vobis mellificatis apes vobis fertis aratra boves.
So Bathyllus was made a laughing-stock, and Virgil at once became one of the most honored and popular men in Rome. But, with constitutional shyness, it is said he would shrink
into the nearest
in
shop or alley to avoid the public gaze. His favorite residence, after the year B.C. 37 (aet. 33), was the neighborhood of Naples, where he lived a retired and
life on his estate in Nola, enjoying the charms of the climate and the refined society of the Campanian capital. The next few years were spent in the composition of the
busy
four books on husbandry, considered to be Georgics, the most finished, elaborate, and complete of all his poems.
These were
written,
all
it
is
said, at the request of
Maecenas,
means to restore the old Roman virtues of thrift, industry, and fondness for rustic life. It was after the events of Actium, and the firm settlement
who
desired by
of the empire under the single rule of Augustus (B.C. 30), that Virgil began his chief literary task, the composition of
Reports and great expectations soon began to spread as to the coming work, as testified in the celebrated
the Êneid.
couplet of Propertius
Cedite,
(ii.
34. 65, 66)

scriptores
;
Romani
cedite,
Grai
Nescio quid maius nascitur
Iliade.
few years
later, Virgil
consented to read to Augustus,
at
his request, portions of the

sister
new poem
lately lost
in the presence of his
Octavia,
who had
(vi.
her son, the young
Marcellus.
In
compliment
to
her he had inserted the
beautiful lines
868-886)
in allusion to her loss.
As he
recited these lines with great power and pathos, for among his accomplishments he was a most effective reader,
xviii
Introduction.
Octavia swooned away
and when she recovered,
it is
said,
ordered 10,000 sesterces (about $500) to be paid to the poet for each of the memorial lines.
When
close,
the Êneid in
its
many
parts being
still
general plan was brought to left unfinished in detail,
Virgil set out on a journey to Greece, that he might give the leisure of a few years to its careful revision, and then devote the remainder of his life to philosophy. It was this
voyage to which Horace wished prosperity

ode,
Sic te diva potens Cypri.
in the celebrated
(Od.
at
i.
3.)
But Augustus, arriving soon after

East, prevailed
Athens from the

Italy.
on Virgil
to
go back with him to
This
journey proved fatal to him.
He was
consumptive temperament. His bore the harsh air of the coast, while his frame was racked
and
of
spare, swarthy, delicate lungs hardly

tall,
with sea-sickness and worn with the fatigue of a visit to Megara on the homeward voyage. He barely lived to reach
Italy,
and died
he
is
not quite 51.

state,
Brundusium, September 22, Unwilling to leave the yEneid in

it
at
B.C. 19,
its
aged
unfinished
said to have ordered
to
be burned, and to
have hardly yielded to the request of Augustus that it might be left to the judgment and revision of his friends, Tucca
of the rock that overhangs the grotto of Posilipo, beneath a low ivy-grown roof of stone, was formerly said to
and Varius. At the crest
He was buried, by
his
own
desire, near Naples.
be the modest epitaph
MANTVA ME GENVIT: CALABRI RAPVERE TENET NVNC PARTHENOPE CECINI PASCVA RVRA DVCES,
:
:
no doubt of a
not certain.
later date.
The
exact place of his burial
is
Virgil's Works.
xix
VIRGIL'S WORKS.
The works ascribed mina Minora, viz.

:
to Virgil, besides the doubtful Car-
Culex, a kind of idyllic epic, of some merit, Ciris, a poetical version of the story of Nisus
and
Scylla, in
the
manner
of Ovid's Metamorphoses,
Moretum, a kind of
idyl representing the preparation of the a rustic salad, moretum, Copa, an invitation in elegiac verse to the pleasures of the
tavern,
and some
the
more doubtful little .poems (Catalecta^), are which are unquestionably genuine The Eclogues, Bucolica; the Georgics, Georgica; the ^neid,
still
following,
Aeneis.
The
various,
subjects and
characters
of
these works are very
different periods in career all composed more but were they Virgil's literary or less under the influence of the Alexandrian school, of the
;
and they represent several
general effect of which upon Latin literature in the Augustan
age something has been already said. With the Alexandrian writers Virgil obviously became
acquainted very early.
Parthenius, his instructor in Greek,
was of that school, though he was not himself an Alexandrian. He came to Rome in 72 B.C. as a prisoner, but was evidently
freed,
and
lived in Naples
when
Virgil
came
in contact with
him.
are
He was
now
a very voluminous author, though his works mostly lost. Virgil's Moretum is an imitation of an
idyl of his master.

critus,
The Eclogues
same
are imitations of Theo-
The Georgics were modelled after a work of the same name by Nicander of Colophon, also of the school, and the ^neid was no doubt
of the
who was
school.
influenced as
much by
l
the Argonautica
to
of Apollonius of
By some supposed
xx
Introduction.
Rhodes as by the
Iliad
writers accounts for the
works, so different
and Odyssey. The effect of these distinct modern tone in Virgil's from the simple barbarism of Homer.
He represents an
of
entirely
new
civilization,
the beginning
European modes
of thought
and
feeling.
Especially is this evidenced in the dramatic episode of Dido, which marks the changed position which woman took In contrast with the mere in the Alexandrian literature.
chattels of the early
The
all
actions, the speech,
Greek works, Dido is a modern woman. and the whole play of emotions of
This was
all
the characters in that episode distinctly belong to the
later civilization (cf. p. 307).
prepared for by
the poetry of the Alexandrian period, in which the characters are drawn with true civilized complexity, and in which love, in the modern romantic sense, is a fundamental
theme
literature.
a treatment utterly foreign to the Greek classic

this
Another clear indication of

fact that the epithets,
artless
new
spirit is
found
in the
which
in
Homer seem
to express in an
manner a
this
single obvious impression in a simple mind,
disappear
the
first
So through
used at all, appear affected and otiose. Alexandrian influence, Virgil is, as it were, of the moderns, and is only an ancient writer in
later, or, if
that his formal models belong to the heroic age. His real inspiration comes from a state of society and habits of mind infinitely nearer to our own than were those of classic
Greece.
CARMINA MINORA.
had so
little
in this edition, are of
The Carmina Minora, not printed such uncertain authorship and have influence on later literature, that it seems un-
necessary to discuss their character here.
ECLOGUES. These ten short pastoral poems, the earliest acknowledged works of Virgil, treat of the loves and songs
Virgil's Works.
of
xxi
herdsmen These were

(e/cAoycu,
(j8ov/<oA.oi),
and
hence are called

under
the
title
Bucolics.
first
selections).
Eclogues published In form they are chiefly imitations,
of
often translations, of the Idyls (tiSu'AAia, we picture poems) of but the Theocritus and the other Greek pastoral poets
;
scenes often belong to Italy, the occasions to the history of the time, and the incidents to the poet's own life.
dria
In a highly artificial civilization, such as that of Alexanand the countries connected with it in commercial and
social relations,
where the conventionalities of society press freedom of the individual, the seclusion and on the heavily life have often from contrast had a special of rustic quiet
charm.
have liked to play at being shepherds or and to dwell in imagination on the simple life, farmers, more or less colored, it may be, of persons far removed This tendency was especially from artificial restraints. marked in the Idyls of Theocritus, Bion, and Moschus,
poets of that time, about 275-250 B.C., who, though not Alexandrians, yet came under the influence of a similar civilization in Sicily, where the same spirit was felt. Their works, like the country scenes and dialect stories of to-day, were (as they still are) highly esteemed for their artistic simplicity
Men
and naturalness. We have some forty short poems by these authors Epic measure, but with no pretence of Epic grandeur.
their
is
in the
Still
often apotheosized into a semi-divine pershepherd named Daphnis, and their idealized realism has the sonage
effect of a
human
life
led
by brownies or
elves.
Of these
poets, Theocritus was the most famous, and by far the larger part of the extant idyls are attributed to him.
like simplicity
life,
and sweetness of soul and similar con-
ditions of
a rustic origin within reach of the influence
of a high civilization,
have led Virgil to adopt these poets, and especially Theocritus, as his models in his
to
seem
xx ii
earliest serious works,
efforts
Introduction.
and a
popular
among
like general taste made Virgil's the better class at Rome, who were
familiar with this development of literature. But, either his own or stimulated the counsels of impelled by genius by
the cultivated patrons whose ear he gained by the delightful charm of these works, he soon abandoned this form for a
more sustained and

of these
lofty effort.
Hence he only wrote
ten
charming pieces.
should have thus chosen
first
It is not surprising that Virgil
Nor is it strange that poetic essays. these efforts should have at once met with appreciation and favor and drawn upon him the attention of the great Augustan
the models of his
literary circle.
Several times since in the history of
litera-
ture has the
same phenomenon appeared, notably under Louis XIV. in France and in the reign of Queen Anne in England. At both these epochs a highly cultivated court,
satiated with
in
all
sorts of pleasures,
conventional pastoral poetry.
found especial delight These little pieces of Virgil
are copies of far superior originals, but they have a perfection of form, a delicacy of treatment and a charm of diction that have gained for them the rank of models in their kind.
THE
GEORGICS.
These four books on husbandry are the
product of the poet's second period of literary activity, having been published in 29 B.C. They constitute a didactic poem
not yet out of the range of rustic
life,
but with a wider plan
and a more serious purpose than the Eclogues. Undoubtedly the original aim of didactic poetry was to embody in a metrical and attractive form the rules and
precepts of some
art, or the principles of some science, so as them in the memory. In other words, the obThe somewhat dry precepts ject of the poet was to instruct. of Hesiod bear this stamp. This object had, however, been more or less lost sight of in the later Greek didactic poetry,
more
easily to fix
Virgil's Works.
xxiii
sought to give a higher literary form and a dress to subjects which might as well have been more elegant if the object had been merely instruction. treated in prose
and the
later poets
It can hardly be supposed that Virgil intended in his Georgics to give information to anybody who did not possess
it
before.
by idealizing readers were
His object must have been rather to give pleasure and ennobling the processes of an art that his already acquainted with, and possibly to en-
courage the pursuit of the art, so far as an amateur-poetical treatment of it could do so, by making the pursuit fashionable,
not, however,
among humble
farmers, but
among
the great
for prob-
The Romans had become proprietors of land. their earliest greatness was commercial ably
an agricultural people
this day,
;
essentially
that
is,
their pride, as in
England
at
and the management of farming operations. The works of Cato and Varro on farming, the constant references with pride and pleasure to this subject in the works of Cicero and others, show that agriculture, next to war and politics, was the favorite occupain the tilling of fine estates
was
tion of the well-to-do

It is
Roman.
probable that Virgil or his patron, Maecenas, had a also that by a poetical treatment of the art of husfancy the humbler farmers might be encouraged to devote bandry
themselves to renewing the waste places of the country, desolated by the civil wars. However this may be, doubtless
Virgil selected the topic chiefly because
it
afforded him an
opportunity, within the forms furnished by the Greeks, of threading his poetical ideas upon a general subject, and one
with which he himself was familiar and which his rich patrons would find pleasing from their own associations with the cultivation of land.
He speaks of
himself as the
Roman
Hesiod,
but his aim

practically,
is
not, like that of the elder poet, to instruct
but to interest through association.

intelligible
Hence he
in
no case gives
directions as to the complete
xxiv
Introduction.
of land or animals which
management
we can now
follow,
or which would probably be of much service to the Romans themselves, but picks out here and there topics which can
be clothed with poetic sentiment and be made to appeal to

those
work
who are familiar with the processes. The value of the consists in the fine poetical feeling with which he treats natural phenomena and man's relation to the powers which
he can engage in his service or with which he has to contend for his life and subsistence.
The third and last work, the Êneid, has centuries as a model of epic poetry. Properly many an epic consists of a body of immemorial speaking, however,
ÊNEID.
stood for
tradition,
THE
a people believed
which has taken form in the mind and language of and which, while the traditions were yet living and
has been worked up in a single poem, or group whose of poems, antiquity and national character have made in some sense, sacred books. This is what the poems them, of Homer were to the Greeks, the Mahabharata and Ramayana to the Hindoos, and the Niebelungen to the Germans. Such epics usually contain an element of the supernatural.
in,
The gods may
intervene to thwart or assist the hero, or
may
otherwise take a share or manifest an interest in the action.
Such divine actors are technically called the machines (or, collectively, the machinery) of the poem. The genesis of the epic is somewhat as follows. Among
the popular songs of primitive peoples are always a considerable number in narrative form which deal with heroic
1 Such legendary warriors, old kings or chiefs. called this term be includes much ballads, though poems may more, even in its scientifically limited sense, than the special
figures
These
figures are
;
sometimes gods whose original divine character

it is
has been forgotten
but
unsafe to try to discover this mythical
ele-
ment
in every epic ballad or ballad-cycle.
Virgil's Works.
xxv
kind of ballads that here concern
us.
tell
The
essentials of a
genuine ballad are, that
it
should
a story, should be
and should have no author. To discuss requirement would be to open the whole question of popular (i.e., folk) literature. Here it is enough to define the having no author as meaning that the ballad must have been handed down by oral tradition, and must in some fashion have taken its origin from the life, the belief, the It is not, and cannot be, the traditions of the people. conscious artistic work of a literary class or a literary man. A number of such ballads as this, each dealing with an epi-
meant
for singing,
this last
sode in the
life
historical or not)
of a legendary character (whether originally may become associated into a sort of cycle,
also without the intervention of distinctly literary art.
This
cycle
is,
in a sense, already
constructed, and ready at
an epic but it is an epic loosely any minute to fall to pieces into

;
parts roughly corresponding to the ballads of which it is made up, or, as is more frequently the case, to combine with other
similar cycles in making up a larger poem approaching still nearer to the finished epic. After a sufficient number of
syntheses, dissolvings, and re-combinations (which, in any given case, become so complicated, if there is any long period
impossible to trace them in At almost any stage in this detail), conscious as art, development, represented by the professional minstrel, may intervene and, in most cases, before the popular epics assume a form sufficiently definite to reach
of time to consider, that
it
is
an epic
is
the result.
be written down, literature, in the person of the combiner and codifier, has exercised its artificial incivilized ears or to
fluence on them.
little
Some of these
epic, the old
processes may be seen in that This was English Gest of Robin Hood.
clearly put into its present form by some minstrel or writer of the 1 5th century who had a genuine feeling for the ballad.
The
materials with which he
worked were narrative songs
xxvi
Introduction.
about Robin Hood, which had already begun to gather into cycles, attaching themselves to various places (Sherwood, etc.)
where the legendary outlaw had been celebrated. The combiner has stitched his materials together loosely, but has
unified the style to
some
extent,
and has
its
left
a work which
cannot very easily be resolved into

epic.
elements, in fact, an
more modern instance

the Kalevala.
is
that of the so-called
Finnish epic
present century, took
The scholar Lonnrot, in the down from actual recitation a vast

and these he combined, with con-
number
of heroic songs,
poem of an epic character, as he This asserted, adding a line of his own. without, illustrates the adaptability of such legendary material to comsiderable
skill, into a single long
binative literary treatment, and, no doubt, gives some idea of what has actually been done in the case of older epics.
The Êneid
in what,
literary sense.
is
an epic
it
in
very
different
sense,
for the sake of distinction,
may be
called the
Though
has the foundation of traditions
and
all
tions
the divine machinery of the true epic, yet the tradiare no longer living the divine machinery is no
;
longer a matter of belief.
The
traditions are
is
dug out by
antiquarian research.
order, as
The machinery
manufactured to
it were, in a modern workshop. Many of the incidents are labored invention, while the whole is written with a definite purpose, as a work of art. These things put it in a widely different class from the Iliad and Odyssey,
which serve in some sense as

has been oftenest compared.
the
rests
its
models, and with which

still it
it
But
is
an imitation of
has
like
popular epic,
on
similar
traditions,
formulas of phrase and conventionalities of treatment, and assumes the same mythical character.
And
further, the
it
tinguishes
purpose for which it was written disclearly from other artificial epics and raises it
to the
level of the epic proper.
It
more nearly
was not
Virgil's Works.
xxvii
written merely as a work of art, nor from a casual poetic It is the product of a patriotic national sentiinspiration. ment and a belief in the divine origin and destiny of the
It is said that the State religion. but it is no at the request of Augustus
;
Roman
poem was
mere
written
flattery of a
reigning house. identified in the
The supremacy of the Julian family was mind of the poet and his readers with the
culmination of the
Roman
predestined
struggles.
consummation
State in victory and peace, the of ages of vicissitudes and
The subject of the /Eneid is the destruction of Troy, the seven years' wandering of Êneas, and his settlement in Italy, with the wars raised against him by the native princes, all of which events finally resulted in the establishment of
Rome. The line of tradition followed by Virgil was somewhat as follows The city of Troy had for many Its walls had ages been under the special care of the gods. been built by Poseidon (Neptune) and Apollo, and were impregnable, except under the conditions strictly prescribed by the edict of the gods. Prince Ganymede had been
the city of
:
borne by an eagle to Olympus to serve as cupbearer at the celestial banquets. Tithonus, brother of Priam, was the husband of Eos (Aurora), Priam and Anchises had both
in their
youth been renowned for beauty. But the royal house had fallen into the oriental vices of
Laomedon, father of Priam, had luxury and treachery. incensed the hero Hercules by withholding the sacred
horses, the promised reward for the rescue of his daughter, and was slain by the hand of Telamon. The royal palace
had become a seraglio, where Priam's fifty sons, by his numerous wives, made one great pampered household. But Paris Hector, the oldest, was noble, patriotic and brave. was vain and false. His mother, Hecuba, had dreamed and at birth he was exposed to that she bore a firebrand
;
xxviii
Introduction.
perish in the forests of Mount Ida. Being rescued, he lived as a shepherd on the mountain, where he was visited by the
three great goddesses Hera (Juno), Pallas, and Aphrodite to award the ( Venus) prize of beauty among them, the golden apple of discord. His reward for bestowing the prize on
Venus was
bride.
to
be the most beautiful
of living
women
for his
This was Helen, wife of Menelaus, king of Sparta, daughter of Zeus (Jupiter) and Leda and a wrong to her
;
be revenged by all the heroes and chiefs of Greece, who had been her suitors. Paris visited Sparta, "with flowerto
was
embroidered raiment and bright in gold," and carried her away to Troy. Hence the famous ten years' siege and the
destruction of the sacred city. About the tale of Troy had gathered a vast body of legendary adventure, contained in the "Cyclic Poets," the
festal
Odes, the Attic Tragedies, and, above

Iliad
all,
in the great
Homeric poems, the
and Odyssey.
The
Iliad is but
an episode of the war. It tells the disasters which befell the Grecian army from the wrath of Achilles, its most
famous champion, against Agamemnon, brother of MeneAchilles' absence brings the laus, and leader of the host.
other heroes to the
front,
the aged Nestor, the

;
wisest of
wily Odysseus (Ulysses), Ajax Oileus the mightier Ajax, son of and Diomed (Tydides), Telamon his brother Teucer of them all with the two sons of and bravest youngest Menelaus, and Agamemnon, "lord of men." The Atreus, poem ends with the death and burial of Hector, the noblest
men; Idomeneus
king of Ithaca
; ;
of Crete;
champion of Troy, who
is
slain
by Achilles
in revenge for
the death of his friend Patroclus.
The
to Ithaca, after his long wanderings, is
return of Ulysses the subject of the

of the fate
Odysseus, which contains also the story of the capture of
Troy by the stratagem of the wooden horse, and

of several other Grecian chiefs beside Ulysses.
Virgil's
Fame.
xxix
the various and conflicting traditions, there was a after escaping from the sack of Troy, had taken refuge in Italy. How old this tradition was, and
Among
story that Êneas,
whence
it
was derived,
is
uncertain.
It is
not found in
or the Cyclic poets, or in any Greek form. The the of was treated Naevius Dido, story, including episode by
It was (B.C. 235), who could hardly have invented it. alluded to by Ennius (born B.C. 240), and had been adopted as a favorite theory before the time of Augustus. Virgil supplements it with details drawn from local tradition, and
Homer
with
many
of his
own manufacture
and
in this
way has
connected the imperial times with the age of gods and heroes, and formed a sort of background on which the later
history
is
briefly sketched.
VIRGIL'S
FAME.
Even before the composition had gained a place among the first in Roman literature. Horace speaks of him as a personal The fame of the yneid friend, with love and admiration. began even before the work was completed. And after his
VIRGIL'S
of the Êneid, Virgil death, Virgil speedily became, next to Homer, the great His influence shows itself in all succeedpoet of antiquity.
EARLY FAME.
Almost ing Latin literature, as well in prose as in poetry. writer refers him to as the of the nation. every great genius
liberal
His writings became one of the chief instruments of a education. "From the time of his death till the
extinction of ancient classical culture, there was a regular series of rhetoricians and grammarians who lectured and
wrote treatises on his various poems."
works survived
ing.
in
The some degree the decay of
interest in his
classical learn-
They preserved
was
to burst out into a flame to light
the spark that at the revival of letters and warm the world.
xxx
VIRGIL'S
Introduction.
LATER FAME.
Though Ovid was
the favorite
Latin poet of the Middle Ages, yet Virgil was never wholly The Êneid was held in high esteem not so neglected. much for its artistic perfection as for the information which
it furnished concerning the "matter of Troy," one of the main branches of mediasval romantic material. The fact that some of the leading nations of Western Europe thought themselves descended from the Trojans assured the Êneid of an interested reading wherever there was culture enough In the twelfth century the story was to understand it. worked over into the old French "Romance of Êneas,"
which, though it seems to us like a parody, enjoyed considerable popularity, and was not without influence on
European
literature.
Virgil himself was transformed by the ignorance of the Middle Ages into a mythical person endowed with magical
His works were used for lots (sortes Vergilianae), powers. His as indeed they had been even in later classical times.
name, popularly etymologized as from virga, "magic wand," and his mother's name, Magia, helped the propagation of the idea. He became a wonderful sorcerer, but, contrary
to the ordinary idea of
disposition.
On
such personages, one of beneficent the strength of his fourth Eclogue he was
regarded as a prophet.
tation
The method
to the Êneid.
of allegorical interpre-
was also applied
Bernard of Chartres,
a teacher of the i2th century, declares that Virgil "inasmuch as he is a philosopher, describes human life under the guise
of the history of Êneas, who is the symbol of the soul." In accordance with these views Dante calls Virgil " the sea of
knowledge" and "the sage who knew all things." was this belief in Virgil as a philosopher and prophet, as well as admiration for his art, that made Dante select him for his guide through the world below, the most famous use
all
It
of his
name
in all (later) literature.
Virgil's
Fame.
xxxi
Ever since the revival of

his death, partly
letters,
and indeed ever since
from real
through the spell of his name and partly appreciation of his greatness, his works have
exercised a wider and deeper influence on literature than any other book, except perhaps the Bible.
From
the time of Chaucer (1340
?- 1400) the influence
of
Virgil on English literature has been almost continuous. Chaucer, who was a student of Dante and an admirer of
ing in Italy,
Petrarch and Boccaccio, the leaders of the revival of learnis outspoken in his admiration for Virgil. He
summarizes a large part of the /Eneid at the beginning of In his Legend of Good Women he tells his House of Fame. the story of Dido, treating it in true mediasval fashion as an
The perfection of form episode of faithless chivalric love. and sense of artistic restraint which distinguish the best
poetry of Chaucer are doubtless in some measure due to his
enthusiastic study of Virgil. The second period of Italian influence in our literature
shows the influence of Virgil
The
in the most signal manner. Earl of Surrey (1517 ?- 1547) translated books II. and IV. of the Êneid into blank verse (an early specimen of this
metre),
Virgil
ture
and throughout the Elizabethan age the greatness of was never questioned. His influence on the literaof this time was exerted both directly and also indi-
rectly through the
medium
of the Italians of the Renais-
Spenser (1552-1599), who was in many ways a marked contrast to Virgil, but who resembled him in the
sance.
seriousness of his moral and religious purpose and in the purity of his ideals, not only imitated his Eclogues (in the
Shepherds' Calendar), but continually reproduces bits of the JEneid in his Faery Queen. The heroic and the bucolic poets of the seventeenth century, much affected by the
Italians
ter.
and by Spenser, acknowledged Virgil as their masEven the unsuccessful attempt to reconstruct English
xxxii
Introduction.
testifies to
metre on classical models

Virgil
the reverence in which
was
held.
This attempt (with which the names of
Gabriel Harvey and Sir Philip Sidney are inseparably associated) reached the acme of absurdity in Stanihurst's translation of a part of the
Êneid in hexameters.
The
great
was composed according to principles drawn from the Êneid, though Milton was also a careful student of Homer.
epic of Milton
In the Restoration period Dryden (1631-1700) not only

It was the sanity translated Virgil, but imitated him often. of Virgil's art, the finish of his versification, the precision'
and
any
felicity of his diction that affected
Dryden, rather than

of
higher qualities of artistic
and moral earnestness or
imagination.
The same
ma,de Virgil rather

Swift.
qualities that appealed to Dryden than Homer the favorite poet of the
English Augustan age
the age of Addison
and Pope and
The
artificiality of the time took peculiar pleasure
in his Pastorals
a kind of poetry in which highly conven-
tionalized states of society have often delighted.
The Romantic
of
revival,
beginning obscurely in imitations
Spenser and of Milton's minor poems, and gaining strength from the unique genius of Gray (1716-1771), prepared the way for the great Romantic movement of the present century. This movement was so revolutionary that it would not have been strange if, in the almost passionate
repudiation of other eighteenth
century ideals, Virgil too
had been neglected. But, though the present century has made into an article of faith what was at one time an article
of
convention
qualities of
secure.
the superiority of Homer in the higher the position of Virgil still remains poetry The general abandonment by modern poets of the
classical
machinery of
mythology has resulted

still
in his
being
of
less often imitated,
but he
serves as a standard
chaste and self-restrained art by which, consciously or un-
Manuscripts.
xxxiii
consciously, we judge all works in the grand style, and, through the effect he produced on our older literature, his
works and his
spirit
have become a part of the intellectual
inheritance of our race.
MANUSCRIPTS.
The
of his
early popularity of Virgil has secured the transmission works to us in a larger number of manuscripts than
the text
those of almost any other ancient writer. The history of is too long for this place, but it may be found well
Ribbeck's Prolegomena to Virgil. The oldest and most important MSS. are seven, written in capitals, varying in extent from a few leaves to the almost complete
set forth in
works.
The
practically complete ones are
The Medicean, 5th century, now in Florence (M). The Palatine, 4th to 5th century, now in the Vatican The Vatican, 4th to 5th century, now in the Vatican
(P).
(R).
The incomplete ones
are
Schedae Vaticanae, 2d century, now

Schedae Sangallenses (G). Schedae Veronenses (V).
in the
Vatican (F).
Three Berlin Leaves (A).
Of the incomplete, the best
is F.
:
Other good, but
later,
manuscripts, in cursive hand, are
Codex Gudianus, gth century

Three Berne MSS., Qth
(7).
Codex
Besides
scripts.
to loth century (a, b, c). Minoraugiensis, loth to I2th century (m).
these, there are a host of
later cursive
manusource,
filled
All are supposed to have
come from one
being copied from an archetype, not of the best, and

with glosses and interpolations.
xxxiv
Introduction.
Editio princeps was published at Rome about 1469. all classical scholars have been at work, more or
text
The
less,
Since then
upon the
and
its is
explanation, and the editions are
innumerable.
1775.
Notable
Heyne's
edition, Leipsic,
1767-
The
latest
Ribbeck, Leipsic,
German industry is the edition of 1859-1866, who has collected all the lore
work
of
to the world, and prepared a text which is the best thus far made, but it is disfigured by arbitrary conjectures and unsupported fancies. The best for English readers is
known
Conington's, London, 1865, with notes
the second edition
has the assistance of H. Nettleship.

mentaries, the most valuable are
atus.
Of the ancient comthose of Servius and Don-
the works
poet,
These have been published many times, both with and separately. Of the many works about the
Poets of the Augustan
"The
Age
Virgil,"
by W. Y.
The article on Virgil in the best English book. the Encyclopaedia Britannica, the essay on his genius by E. Myers, and chap. v. of R. Y. Tyrrell's "Latin Poetry"
Sellar, is
(Boston, 1895)
may be
read with
profit.
DIRECTIONS FOR READING.

As
works have had the
earliest times
Virgil's
fort-
TRANSLATION.
are
still
une to be a school-book from the

the
first
and
Latin poetry put into the hands of many boys, and often the only Latin poetry, a few suggestions may be given to beginners as to the proper way of studying the
author.
See in the
in his
first
place exactly what figure the poet
had present
mind.
Poetry has always vivid, forcible
In ordinary prose, as well conceptions or it is not poetry. as in conversation, effete metaphors such as make up the great stock of words in a language, serve to express ideas
well enough.
In careless conversation 'catch on' means

'
'
only understand; start in means merely begin? and unconscious of the figurative nature of these phrases.
is
we
are
it
But
characteristic of poetry to retain the consciousness of figurative expressions, and when the old ones have faded out to
make new ones
that shall be vivid.
Thus
in
Aen.
i.
105, Vir-
gil says, insequitur
cumulo praeruptus aquae mons. has in his mind is that when the ship broaches
What he
to,
there
comes an enormous wave
mass (cumulo}, not gradually as water ordinarily comes, and that in its approach it forms a huge wall or precipice, such as is often seen where a mountain is broken down on one side. This is a real image to the poet's mind, not a mere fashion of
all
at
once
in a
speech such as we have

to read poetry with
in prose, as illustrated
above.
Now
own minds
the
any advantage we must get before our same image which appeared to the poet,
1 Colloquial expressions are taken as examples because it is in the case of such expressions that we soonest forget the original (literal) meaning.
xxxvi
Directions for Reading.

often happens that the dictionary in its effort to plain the ultimate meaning takes out the vivid figure
and
it
make
and gives us only the prosaic result. Always try therefore to see what the literal meaning of the words is, and in comDo bining them you will be almost sure to get an image. not run down the column of the dictionary for a translation
you have tried to make the literal meaning yield a sense, and then ordinarily some suitable translation will occur to The meaning of a word is something quite distinct you. from its translation and may be very different from it.
till
Languages
differ so
much
in their
way
of taking hold of
produce the same effect or call up the same image in one as in the other, an entirely different form of exSuch a sentence as spumas salis pression must often be used.
ideas, that to
acre ruebant expresses a definite figure.
The poet conceives the bronze-armed prow as really digging up the foam, and this is best arrived at through the simplest meaning of ruo,
which
is dig.
The derived
senses of undermine, cause
to fall,
and fa//, have so obscured the literal signification of the word But Virgil has that it is often hard to see what it means. perhaps more than any other poet the consciousness of the tangible literal ideas in words, and it is always best to
look for such ideas
when
there
is
any
difficulty in getting
at his exact conception.
Our word plough up presents a
corresponding figure and may well be used in translation. Do not be turned aside by the apparent absurdity of a figure.
poet's environing customs and his range of ideas are often quite different from our own, and sometimes a little reflection will show that a figure is natural to him when it is
The
not at
all
so to us.
In such a case the nearest figure in

in general,
is
English should be chosen.
The Syntax
of
Virgil,
much
easier
and
simpler than that of most prose writers, and there are few difficulties of construction except where the ellipsis of words
xxxvii
The quantity of syllables, as shown by produces obscurity. as in the metre, is often an easy guide to the construction Eel. i. 38, the long a in sud at once connects it with arbore;
:
the long
of sero
;
in satis (Eel. iii. 82) shows it to be the participle the long i in omnls (id. 97) shows it to be the the long o in populus (vii. 61) shows its accusative plural These examples might to be poplar, and not people. meaning
/
;
be multiplied to almost any extent.
There
struction.
are,
however, many peculiarities of form and conThe most frequent of these besides Greek
are
:
forms of inflection
(i) the
omission of prepositions,
;
especially with the locative ablative (2) the free use of the dative in preference to other constructions, as, e.g., the accusative of the end of motion and (more rarely) result; (3) the genitive (of specification) with adjectives (4) the constant use of the infinitive (instead of the gerund or a clause) to In general, we may say that more is express purpose.
;
demanded of
the cases
than the more highly developed con-
struction of prose will admit. Some of these forms and constructions seem to be archaic, retained by a traditional
1 poetic dialect, as, for example, the omission of prepositions. Some of them are directly copied from the Greek, as many
cases of synecdochical accusative (ace. of specification). The greatest number, however, are due to both these causes
combined,
as, e.g.,
the infinitive constructions.
less
A composition is not poetry unMETRICAL READING. it is in some manner metrical. Hence the first thing
do
is
to
to read
and
feel poetry as
having a distinct form of
Beginners are often deterred from attempting the metrical reading of strange forms of verse by the supposed
verse.
difficulties of the
1
metre, but
it
ought not to be
so.
in English. " The trumpet spake not to the armld throng is not anti' quated for poetry ; although we should not write in a letter, He spake to me,' or Matthew Arnold, say, 'The British soldier is armed with the Enfield rifle.'"
So
Last Words,
p. 21.
XXXV111

of the ancients
The poetry
depends for
its
rhythm not
upon accent, but upon quantity. That is, it was in a manner A long vowel was to the ancients really sung, and not read.
in speech as well as in verse twice such, and occupied the time of a short one. Thus the first five lines of the
First Eclogue
may be
represented as follows
1.
Tityre

of the structure of the verse.
xxxix
(i) with
The word may end

;
the ictus syllable of a foot (masculine ccesurd), or (2) with the first short syllable of a dactyl as, (feminine casura)
(1)
Musa mThi
caiisas
(2)
Quldve dolens
memora quo numine laeso deum tot volvere casus. reglna

[| ||
The
place of the main caesura is oftenest in the third foot, less often in the fourth ; in which latter case there is often
another one in the second, dividing the verse into three parts
The main caesura, where, as usually hapthere are several, must be determined by the sense, pens, but is sometimes impossible to determine. The usage of
instead of two.
the language allows the caesura after
et
and similar words
which seem to belong to what follows.
EXAMPLES.
Tityre, tu patulae
||
recubans sub tegmine
fagi.
Here the
by
fixed after /#//#<? (instead of recubans) the correspondence of patulae and fagi, which are con-
caesura
is
nected in syntax.
Silvestrem tenui
||
Musam
meditaris avena.
Here
manner.
it is
determined among four possible ones in the same

Ille
meas errare boves

in the sense
||
ut cernis, et ipsum.
Here the pause

in the fourth foot,
though there
marks the caesura after boves is one also in the third, the
more usual
place.
Libertas quae sera
||
tamen respexit inertem.

to
that after tamen,
Here the feminine caesura after sera is on account of the sense.

Formosam
resonare doces
is
||
be preferred
silvas.
to
Amaryllida
Here the preference

Hanc
tibi
the other
way
||
for the
same reason.
Eryx
||
||
meliorem animam
||
pro morte Daretis.
Parte ferox
ardensque oculis
et sibila colla.
xl

Here, though the caesura might be in the third foot, yet marked fits the sense better.
Turn genus omne tuum
et
||
the division of the verses as
quae dentur moenia
disces.
Here there is no natural caesura except after et, although word belongs to and connects the following. (See above.) It may be remarked that the verses most agreeable to the ear are those in which dactyls are more numerous, or alternate
this
with spondees otherwise especially if the last foot but one is a spondee (spondaic verse) a slow and labored
;
movement
It is
is
given
to the line,
;
which
ii.
is,
however, often
very expressive (see Eel. iv. 49

not
vEn.
463-466).
elided syllables were It is probable, however, that the vowels treated in reading. and diphthongs were so slurred over as to make them
certainty
known with
how
and that when m was cut off it left a equivalent to y and nasal sound, which was still audible enough to give a nasal character to the syllable. 1 Where, as in Eel. i. 13, elision
',
interferes with the
main
caesura, the line
may be
read with-
out any main caesura, or the sense form of the verse.
may be sacrificed to the

is
The hexameter
is
not native to the Latin language, but
borrowed from the Greek. Hence all poetry written in hexameters has more or less an artificial character, and requires a
The rules of the metre exconventional poetic diction. for clude many words all, example, in which a single short between two comes long ones (as in all the cases of syllable
:
aequttas, longitudo,
and similar words
all
except the nom. and
voc. sing, of insula, unless the last syllable can be removed by elision many forms of verb-inflection (as feceranf) and
; ;
all
1
forms where more than two short syllables come

Cf.
to-
Atqui eadem
ilia littera
(M) quotiens ultima est et vocalem verbi sequentis
ita contingit ut in earn transire possit etiamsi scribitur tamen parum exprimitur, erat : adeo ut paene cuiusdam novae litterae sonum ut ille, et
Multum
Quantum
reddat.
Quint., Inst. Or.
ix. 4, 40.
xli
The necessities of gether (as in fuerimus, ttineris, gladius). the metre often give rise to elisions which hurt the flow of
the verse (as in Eel.
in Eel.
i.
ii.
25), or to artificial
arrangement (as
14, 70).
Though
is
this
metre
is
constructed on entirely different

difficulty of
principles from our own metres, the
reading
it
much
less
than
is
commonly supposed.
It is true
that
Greek and Roman metres the element ferent duration of sound in the syllables,
in
of time, the difis
the essential
matter, arid with this duration of individual syllables our modern ears are not familiar, and if they were, few beginners
in Virgil
now-a-days have had the time to become masters
of Latin prosody so as to recognize the duration in each case. But every human being has a greater or less appreciation of
time
it is a part of the commonest heritage of humanity, so that any boy can follow a drum, and with a very little trouble one can be made to apprehend the cadence of a
;
musical rhythm. Half a dozen simple rules with which any one can become familiar will suffice to make clear, with a few exceptions, any
hexameter line. Let the pupil, having of course learned the mechanical structure of the verse, become familiar through some English hexameters with the succession of accentual
ictus
This is the forest primeval, the murmuring pines and the hemlocks / / / / / / Stand like Druids of eld with voices sad and prophetic,
/'/,///
/
like harpers
which marks our modern form of that metre.

/
/
Stand
/
||
hoar
with beards that rest on their bosoms.
This should run to the ear

/
Turn
/
ti ti
like
a tune /
ti ti
/
turn
ti
ti
/
turn
ti
||
/
ti
/
ti
ti
turn
turn
turn turn
/
turn turn
ti ti
/
turn
||
/
/
II
/
ti
/
ti
Turn
/
turn turn turn turn
turn turn
/
ti
ti
/
turn turn
Turn turn turn turn turn
turn turn turn turn
xlii

in
Then bear
mind
that this
by the ancients and not said.
rhythm was in a manner sung That is, instead of being,

r
rr
it
would be
in Latin
rrrirrr
will
rrrirr
Now
toP)
be seen that only a long vowel (corresponding can begin a foot or have an accent. Then (i) if a
it
short syllable appears, it must have another after it to make up the foot, but (2) if a long syllable follows the accented must come syllable, the foot is completed and another accent
in
to
begin a
new
foot.
This seems
difficult
to
make
out for a beginner, but enough quantities of syllables are almost always determined by a few of the simplest rules to
show the
structure of the verse.
These
rules are
A A
A
diphthong
syllable in
is
long.
is
which a vowel
followed by two conis
sonants (except a mute with /or r) vowel before another is short.
long.
But we can hardly suppose the student, at this stage, to be If he has been taught from the entirely ignorant of quantity. first to pronounce long vowels long, or even if he has learned
common paradigms and the accents of words in prose which depend on quantity, he will know a great many more quantities than those which are settled by these three rules.
the
The
greatest trouble with beginners
is
that their ears are
not sensitive to hiatus, i.e. they do not think to elide the vowel or the syllable in m at the end of a word before a
following vowel.
This must be learned by practice, and one

will
xliii
Romans
soon become as sensitive to the clash of vowels as the If we can remember that the Romans themselves.
always would say th'ethereal instead of occasionally as we do, the difficulty will disappear, especially if we remember also that they never, in rapid utterance, pronounced the m at the end of a word, and in some manner made such words end
in a (nasalized)
vowel before another vowel.

let
Now
^neid.
with these ideas
us attack the
first
lines of the
that the long syllable and the ictus (accent) always begins, not, as in the most common English
first
Remember
rhythms, comes second
Arma virumque
cano Troiae qui primus ab
oris.
first syllable must always be a long one. Then to comthe foot (or to be ready for another ictus) we need one plete two short syllables. or long ought to know by our para-
The
We
digms
that the a of the neuter plural

is
is
short.
So another
required and syllable ictus to fall on -rum.
vi-
must be short
also, leaving the
ought to know also that the enclitics are short. So must have another syllable to match it and the ictus -que comes again on -no. We may not perhaps know that Tro- is long, but we do know that ae is a diphthong and so cannot
We
be joined to Tro- to make the next foot. Hence another foot must begin with -ae, and the rest of the line can only be the Hence the reading must be regular close.
A'rma vi'rumque cajno Tro'iae qui
|
primus ab
oris.
|
So with the second
line,
Ttaliam fato profugus Laviniaque venit.
As
the
the second
first
/ is
short before another vowel,
three syllables to
make
the
first foot,
we must have and the second
xliv
ictus
must
fall
on -am.
We
ought to know next from our

If
inflexions that the o of the dative
we
do,
we
shall see that -to
and ablative is long. must receive a new ictus.
We
should always say prbfugus in prose, consequently the quanSo an ictus must tity of the u is determined as short.
come on
the
line
-gus.
The standing rhythm

since
i
of the verse will finish
before a cannot be long and correctly, hence cannot be anything but a consonant (just as we should say in English, a million intruders) if the verse is to
have only
six feet.
So we are sure that
it is
Itali|am fa|to profu|gus La|vmiaque
venit.
|
In the next line

short,
as
we pronounce
Ittora in prose, o is
and a
short.
fore
a neuter plural ending besides, and thereThe rest of the line goes by the rule of a
is
vowel before two consonants, if we remember to cut off The next line is determined by superum the -um before tile. and mkmorem, which show short penults in pronunciation. The rules already given enable us to read the fifth line,
except that genus might give some trouble if it were not so near the end that we can see that the line could not read
in
any other way.
The
enclitic -que
makes
it
impossible to go astray on the
sixth line.
Thus our
three main rules with three very
common
finals,
and three common penults, that we can hardly help having pronounced before, enable us to read the first six lines. A very few more rules of the same sort would determine the metre through the whole book. Of course if students have
been wont
still.
to
few
pronounce quantitatively, reading will be easier irregularities will be found, which will, however,
is
manage themselves, because there A possible way to read the lines.
in general only
one
little
practice will
make
xlv
lines will run of
conscious attention to quantities almost unnecessary, for the themselves as they did to the Romans, and
lines
will determine the quantities rather than the lines. The principal thing is never to read the quantities verse in any other way, and in nine cases out of ten the feet
the
will divide
themselves.
But be sure to read

ter
-
Li
to
ra mul-tum
me
et
ris
iac
ta
tus et
al
to
'
1
rrrrrinrrrrrrirr
feeling the time as distinctly as if in church. This rhythm of time
it
were a hymn tune sung

the essence of ancient
it
is
verse
and ought always
to
be observed, though
has no
place in our own poetry. In any event do not scan
(i.e. separate feet) but read the words and sense and observing (continuously), feeling the main caesura with an almost imperceptible but conscious
In this way Latin poetry will become a new and pleasing form of musical composition as grateful to the ear as the first nursery rhymes of our childhood.
pause.
,*"? SQlemyrium Pr. Camarina'^4irelorus
^^^^
psus SyracuBae
Longitude
16
East
THE ÊNEID
BOOKS
I.-VI.
JUNO.
THE
BOOK
I.
THE LANDING
IN AFRICA.
THE wrath of Juno, jealous for the glory of Carthage, compels the long wanderings of tineas, and detains the Trojan exiles from destined She beholds them glad on their voyage, and solicits Italy (vv. 1-33).
bursts forth (34-91).
overwhelm them with a tempest the storm fleet is scattered and in peril: but Neptune lifts his head and stills the waves (92-156). tineas, with seven ships, reaches the coast cf Africa, where he finds food and rest Jupiter comforts Venus by promise of the coming glories (157-222). of Rome, and sends Mercury to move the Tyrian colonists to hospitality ./Eneas, with Achates, is met by Venus in the guise of a (223-304). huntress, who tells him of Dido's flight from Tyre and her founding of a city on the African shore, and then directs him to the rising towers of
îolus,
god of winds,
to
The Trojan
The JEneid.
[BOOK
I.
Carthage, first making them invisible by a miraculous mist (305-417). He admires the new city sees in the temple of Juno the pictured story of the Trojan war and at length (still unseen) beholds Queen Dido,
;
;
attended by some of his
own companions whom he thought

:
lost,
who
as envoys from the scattered ships (418-519). The appeal of the shipwrecked men moves the compassion of Dido upon which the mist
come
dissolves,
and yneas appears before the queen (520-593). He declares Dido himself, recounts his losses, and greets his restored companions Achates is receives him to royal hospitality in her halls (594-642).
:
despatched to the fleet for the young Ascanius but, by a stratagem of Venus, the god Cupid is brought instead, disguised in the likeness of the boy prince at the banquet he inspires in the queen a fatal
;
:
The night passes in feasting and passion for jEneas (643-722). song, when Dido requests of Êneas the connected story of his wanderings (723-756).
Preface and Invocation.
Italiam, fato profugus, Laviniaque venit litora, multum ille et terris iactatus et alto
vi
ARMA
virumque cano, Troiae qui primus ab
oris
superum saevae memorem lunonis ob iram;

5
multa quoque et bello passus, dum conderet urbem, inferretque deos Latio, genus unde Latinum,
Albanique patres, atque altae moenia Romae. Musa, mihi causas memora, quo numine laeso,
quidve dolens, regina
deum
tot volvere casus

l
insignem pietate virum, tot adire labores Tantaene animis caelestibus irae impulerit.
The 'Wrath
of Juno.
fuit, Tyrii tenuere coloni, Italiam contia Tiberinaque longe Karthago, dives ostia, opum studiisque asperrima belli;
Urbs antiqua
quam luno
fertur terris
magis omnibus unam
*5
posthabita coluisse Samo; hie illius arma, hie currus fuit; hoc regnum dea gentibus esse,
1-40.]
The Landing in Africa.

sinant,
iam turn tenditque fovetque. Troiano a sanguine duci sed enim Progeniem olim audierat, Tyrias quae verteret arces
si
qua fata
hinc populum late regem belloque superbum venturum excidio Libyae sic volvere Parcas.
:
THE PARC*, WITH MINERVA.
Id metuens, veterisque memor Saturnia belli, prima quod ad Troiam pro caris gesserat Argis necdum etiam causae irarum saevique dolores
exciderant animo
:
manet
alta
mente repostum
iudicium Paridis spretaeque iniuria formae, et genus invisum, et rapti Ganymedis honores.
His accensa super, iactatos aequore toto

Troas, reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli, arcebat longe Latio, multosque per annos errabant, acti fatis, maria omnia circum.
Tantae molis erat Romanam condere gentem Vix e conspectu Siculae telluris in altum
vela dabant
cum
laeti, et spumas salis acre ruebant, luno, aeternum servans sub pectore volnus,
35
haec secum: 'Mene incepto desistere victam, nee posse Italia Teucrorum avertere regem ?
Quippe vetor fatis. Pallasne exurere classem Argivom atque ipsos potuit submergere ponto,
40
6
unius ob
The sEncid.
[BOOK
?
I.
noxam
et furias Aiacis Oilei
Ipsa, lovis
rapidam
iaculata e nubibus ignem,
disiecitque rates evertitque aequora ventis, ilium exspirantem transfixo pectore flammas
turbine corripuit scopuloque infixit acuto.
45
Ast ego, quae divom incedo regina, lovisque et soror et coniunx, una cum gente tot annos
bella gero
!
Et quisquam numen lunonis adoret
praeterea, aut supplex aris imponet

Juno and /Solus.
honorem
'
Talia flammato secum dea corde volutans
nimborum
Aeoliam
in patriam, loca feta furentibus austris,
venit.
Hie vasto rex Aeolus antro
luctantes ventos tempestatesque sonoras imperio premit ac vinclis et carcere frenat.

Illi
indignantes
magno cum murmure montis

;
55
circum claustra fremunt
celsa sedet Aeolus arce
sceptra tenens, mollitque animos* et temperat iras. Ni faciat, maria ac terras caelumque profundum
quippe ferant rapidi secum verrantque per auras.
Sed pater omnipotens speluncis abdidit atris, hoc metuens, molemque et montis insuper altos
imposuit, regemque dedit, qui foedere certo et premere et laxas sciret dare iussus habenas.
60
Ad
'
quern turn luno supplex his vocibus usa est

Aeole,
namque
tibi
divom pater atque hominum rex
65
mulcere dedit fluctus et tollere vento, gens inimica mihi Tyrrhenum navigat aequor,
et
Ilium in Italiam portans victosque Penates incute vim ventis submersasque obrue puppes, aut age diversos et disice corpora ponto.
:
Sunt mihi bis septem praestanti corpore nymphae, quarum quae forma pulcherrima Deiopea,
41-103.]
The Landing
in Africa.
conubio iungam stabili propriamque dicabo, omnis ut tecum meritis pro talibus annos
exigat, et pulchra faciat te prole parentem.'
75
Aeolus haec contra

explorare labor
;
'
:
Tuus,
regina, quid optes

est.
mihi iussa capessere fas
Tu
mihi, quodcumque hoc regni, tu sceptra lovemque concilias, tu das epulis accumbere divom,
nimborumque
facis
tempestatumque potentem.'
The Storm.
80
cavum conversa cuspide montem ac venti, velut agmine facto, qua data porta, ruunt et terras turbine perflant. Incubuere mari, totumque a sedibus imis
Haec
ubi dicta,
:
impulit in latus
una Eurusque Notusque ruunt creberque procellis Africus, et vastos volvunt ad litora fluctus. Insequitur clamorque virum stridorque rudentum. Eripiunt subito nubes caelumque diemque Teucrorum ex oculis ponto nox incubat atra.
;
85
Intonuere
poli, et crebris
micat ignibus aether,
praesentemque
viris intentant
omnia mortem.
:
Extemplo Aeneae solvuntur frigore membra ingemit, et duplicis tendens ad sidera palmas
talia
terque quaterque bead, quis ante ora patrum Troiae sub moenibus altis
:
voce refert
'
95
contigit oppetere
!
O Danaum
fortissime gentis
Mene Iliacis occumbere campis Tydide non potuisse, tuaque animam hanc effundere dextra, saevus ubi Aeacidae telo iacet Hector, ubi ingens
Sarpedon, ubi tot Simoi's correpta sub undis scuta virum galeasque et fortia corpora volvit
The Shipwreck.
100
'
Talia iactanti stridcns Aquilone procella
velum adversa
ferit,
fluctusque ad sidera
tollit.
The ALneid.
Franguntur remi
dat latus
;
;
[BOOK
turn prora avertit, et undis insequitur cumulo praeruptus aquae mons.

in fluctu
105
Hi summo
pendent
his
unda dehiscens
terram inter fluctus aperit; furit aestus arenis. Tris Notus abreptas in saxa latentia torquet
saxa vocant
Itali
mediis quae in fluctibus aras

tris
dorsum immane mari summo;
Eurus ab
alto
no
in brevia et Syrtis urguet, miserabile visu,
inliditque vadis atque aggere cingit arenae.
Unam, quae Lycios fidumque vehebat Oronten,

ipsius ante oculos ingens a vertice pontus in puppim ferit excutitur pronusque magister
:
"5
volvitur in caput
ast illam ter fluctus ibidem
torquet agens circum, et rapidus vorat aequore vortex.
Adparent rari nantes in gurgite vasto, arma virum, tabulaeque, et Troia gaza per undas. lam validam Ilionei navem, iam fortis Achati,
et
vicit
120
et qua grandaevus Aletes, hiemps laxis laterum compagibiis omnes accipiunt inimicum imbrem, rimisque fatiscunt.
;
qua vectus Abas,
Intervention of Neptune.
Interea
magno
misceri
murmure pontum,
125
;
emissamque hiemem
prospiciens,
sensit Neptunus, et imis

et alto
stagna refusa vadis, graviter commotus
summa placidum caput extulit unda. Disiectam Aeneae toto videt aequore classem,
Troas caelique ruina,
irae.
:
fluctibus oppresses
nee latuere doli fratrem lunonis et
Eurum ad
1
se
Zephyrumque
vocat, dehinc talia fatur

fiducia vestri
?
Tantane vos generis tenuit
caelu.n terramque meo sine numine, venti, miscere, et tantas audetis tollere moles ?
Iam
Quos ego
sed motos praestat componere fluctus.
135
104-156-]
The Landing
in Africa.
luetis.
:
Post mihi non simili poena commissa
Maturate fugam, regique haec dicite vestro
imperium pelagi saevumque tridentem, Tenet ille immania saxa, sed mihi sorte datum.
illi
non
vestras, Eure,
domos
ilia
se iactet in aula
140
Aeolus, et clause ventorum carcere regnet.'

Sic
ait, et
dicto citius tumida aequora placat,
collectasque fugat nubes, solemque reducit. Cymothoe simul et Triton adnixus acuto
detrudunt navis scopulo, levat ipse tridenti,

et vastas aperit syrtis et
'45
atque rotis
summas
temperat aequor, levibus perlabitur undas.
NKPTUNB.
Ac
veluti
magno
et
in
seditio, saevitque
populo cum saepe coorta est animis ignobile volgus,
iamque faces
turn, pietate
gravem ac
silent,
saxa volant, furor arma ministrat, meritis si forte virum quem

arrectisque auribus adstant;
conspexere,
ille
animos, et pectora mulcet, cunctus pelagi cecidit fragor, aequora postquam prospiciens genitor caeloque invectus aperto
sic
flectit
regit dictis
'55
equos, curruque volans dat lora secundo.
IO
The sEneid.
The Landing
in Africa.
[BOOK
I.
Defessi Aeneadae, quae proxima litora, cursu contendunt petere, et Libyae vertuntur ad oras.
efficit
Est in secessu longo locus insula portum obiectu laterum, quibus omnis ab alto
:
160
frangitur inque sinus scindit sese unda reductos. Hinc atque hinc vastae rupes geminique minantur
in
caelum
scopuli,
quorum sub
;
vertice late
aequora tuta silent
turn silvis scaena coruscis

165
desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra. Fronte sub adversa scopulis pendentibus antrum,
intus aquae dulces vivoque sedilia saxo, nympharum domus hie fessas non vincula navis
:
ulla tenent,
unco non
ac
alligat
ancora morsu.
navibus omni
17
Hue septem Aeneas

ex numero subit
;
collectis
magno
telluris
amore
egressi optata potiuntur Tree's arena, et sale tabentis artus in litore ponunt.
Ac primum
silici
scintillam excudit Achates,

i?5
suscepitque ignem foliis, atque arida circum nutrimenta dedit, rapuitque in fomtte flammam.
Turn Cererem corruptam undis Cerealiaque arma

expediunt fessi rerum, frugesque receptas et torrere parant flammis et frangere saxo.
The Chase and
Feast.
Aeneas scopulum interea conscendit, et omnem prospectum late pelago petit, Anthea si quern
iactatum vento videat Phrygiasque biremis,
aut Capyn, aut celsis in puppibus
8o
arma
Caici.
conspectu nullam, tris litore cervos hos tota armenta sequuntur prospicit errantis
in
;
Navem
l8 S
a tergo, et longum per vallis pascitur agmen.

Constitit hie,
arcumque manu celerisque
sagittas
157-I97-]

;
II
corripuit, fidus quae tela gerebat Achates ductoresque ipsos primum, capita alta ferentis cornibus arboreis, sternit, turn volgus, et omnem
190
miscet agens telis nemora inter frondea turbam nee prius absistit, quam septem ingentia victor
HUNTING SCENES.
corpora fundat humi, et
numerum cum navibus
aequet.
Hinc portum petit, et socios partitur in omnes. Vina bonus quae deinde cadis onerarat Acestes
litore
195
Trinacrio dederatque abeuntibus heros,
dividit, et dictis
maerentia pectora mulcet
12
'
The ALneid.
[BOOK
I.
neque enim ignari sumus ante malorum pass! graviora, dabit deus his quoque finem. Vos et Scyllaeam rabiem penitusque sonantis
socii
200
accestis scopulos, vos et Cyclopea saxa
expert!
mittite
:
revocate animos, maestumque timorem

forsan et haec olim meminisse iuvabit.
tot discrimina
Per varies casus, per
rerum
205
tendimus
ostendunt
in
;
Latium
illic
sedes ubi fata quietas
regna resurgere Troiae. et vosmet rebus servate secundis.' Durate,

fas
Talia voce refert, curisque ingentibus aeger spem voltu simulat, premit altum corde dolorem.
Illi
se praedae accingunt,
tergora deripiunt costis et viscera
dapibusque futuris; nudant

; ;
210
pars in frusta secant veribusque trementia figunt litore ae'na locant alii, flammasque ministrant.
Turn victu revocant
vires, fusique
per herbam
215
implentur veteris Bacchi pinguisque ferinae.
Postquam exempta fames epulis mensaeque remotae, amissos longo socios sermone requirunt,
spemque metumque
sive
inter dubii, seu vivere credant,
extrema pati nee iam exaudire vocatos.

220
Praecipue pius Aeneas nunc acris Oronti, nunc Amyci casum gemit et crudelia secum
fata Lyci, fortemque
Appeal
Gyan, fortemque Cloanthum.

of
Venus
to Jupiter.
Et iam
finis erat,
cum
luppiter aethere
summo
225
despiciens mare velivolum terrasque

constitit, et
iacentis
litoraque et latos populos, sic vertice caeli
lumina regnis. Libyae Atque ilium talis iactantem pectore curas

defixit
tristior et lacrimis
oculos suffusa nitentis

'
:
adloquitur
Venus
qui res
hominumque deumque
JUPITER.
198-261.]
13
23
aeternis regis imperils, et fulmine terres,
committere tantum, quid Troes potuere, quibus, tot funera passis, cunctus ob Italiam terrarum clauditur orbis ?
in te
quid meus Aeneas
Certe hinc
Romanes
olim, volventibus annis,

235
hinc fore ductores, revocato a sanguine Teucri, qui mare, qui terras omni dicione tenerent,
pollicitus:
quae
te,
genitor, sententia vertit
Hoc equidem occasum

nunc eadem fortuna
Troiae tristisque ruinas

;
solabar, fatis contraria fata rependens
viros tot casibus actos
240
Quem das finem, rex magne, laborum? insequitur. Antenor potuit, mediis elapsus Achivis,
Illyricos penetrare sinus,
et
regna Liburnorum, unde per ora novem vasto

it
atque intima tutus fontem superare Timavi,
cum murmure mentis
245
mare proruptum et pelago premit arva sonanti. Hie tamen ille urbem Patavi sedesque locavit
et genti nomen dedit, armaque fixit nunc placida compostus pace quiescit
:
Teucrorum,
Troia
;
nos, tua progenies, caeli quibus adnuis arcem,
250
navibus (infandum
!)
amissis, unius
ob iram
"
prodimur atque Italis longe disiungimur oris. Hie pietatis honos ? Sic nos in sceptra reponis
Venus Reassured.
hominum sator atque deorum, caelum voltu, quo tempestatesque serenat, oscula libavit natae, dehinc talia fatur
Olli subridens
:
255
'
fata tibi
Parce metu, Cytherea manent immota tuorum cernes urbem et promissa Lavini moenia, sublimemque feres ad sidera caeli
: ;
magnanimum Aenean
Hie
tibi
neque me sententia
vertit.
260
(fabor enim, quando haec te cura remordet,
14
The Êneid.
movebo)
[BOOK
I.
longius et volvens fatorum arcana
bellum ingens geret
Italia,
populosque feroces
265
contundet, moresque viris et moenia ponet, tertia dum Latio regnantem viderit aestas,
ternaque transierint Rutulis hiberna subactis. At puer Ascanius cui nunc cognomen lulo
additur,
triginta
Ilus erat,
magnos
dum res stetit Ilia regno, volvendis mensibus orbis

270
imperio explebit, regnumque ab sede Lavini transferet, et longam multa vi muniet Albam.
Hie iam
Marte
ter
centum totos regnabitur annos
gente sub Hectorea, donee regina sacerdos,

gravis,
geminam
partu dabit Ilia prolem.

275
Inde lupae fulvo nutricis tegmine laetus Romulus excipiet gentem, et Mavortia condet
moenia, Romanosque suo de nomine dicet. His ego nee metas rerum nee tempera pono
imperium sine fine dedi. Quin aspera luno, quae mare nunc terrasque metu caelumque fatigat,
consiHa
280
mecumque Romanes rerum dominos gentemque togatam

Veniet
lustris labentibus aetas,
in
melius referet,
fovebit
sic placitum.
cum domus
servitio premet, ac victis
Assaraci Phthiam clarasque Mycenas dominabitur Argis.
285
Nascetur pulchra Troianus origine Caesar,
imperium Oceano, famam qui terminet astris, lulius, a magno demissum nomen lulo.
tu olim caelo, spoliis Orientis onustum, vocabitur hie quoque votis. accipies secura
;
Hunc
290
Aspera turn cana Fides,

iura
positis mitescent saecula bellis

et Vesta,
;
Remo cum
;
fratre Quirinus,
dabunt
dirae ferro et compagibus artis
claudentur Belli portae Furor impius intus, saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus aenis post tergum nodis, fremet horridus ore cruento.'
295
262-310.]
The Landing
in Africa.
15
Descent of Mercury.
Haec
ait, et
Maia genitum demittit ab
alto,
novae pateant Karthaginis arces hospitio Teucris, ne fati nescia Dido

ut terrae, utque
per aera magnum remigio alarum, ac Libyae citus adstitit oris.

finibus arceret
:
volat
ille
300
MERCURY.
Et iam iussa
accipit in
corda volente deo
ponuntque ferocia Poeni in primis regina quietum Teucros animum mentemque benignam.
facit,
;
Meeting of ^neas and Venus.
ut
At pius Aeneas, per noctem plurima volvens, primum lux alma data est, exire locosque
305
explorare novos, quas vento accesserit oras,

qui teneant,
nam
inculta videt,
hominesne feraene,
310
quaerere constituit, sociisque exacta referre. Classem in convexo nemorum sub rupe cavata
16
The
[BOOK
I.
occulit
arboribus clausam circum atque horrentibus umbris ipse uno graditur comitatus Achate,
;
bina
manu
lato crispans hastilia ferro.

tulit
Cui mater media sese

virginis os
obvia
silva,
habitumque gerens, et virginis arma Spartanae, vel qualis equos Threi'ssa fatigat Harpalyce, volucremque fuga praevertitur Hebrum.
3'5
WARRIOR WITH Two SPBARS
(v. 313).
Namque
umeris de more habilem suspenderat arcum
venatrix, dederatque
comam
'
diffundere ventis,
320
nuda genu, nodoque sinus
collecta fluentis.
Ac
'
prior,
Heus
vidistis si
quam
inquit iuvenes, monstrate hie errantem forte sororum,

et
'
mearum
succinctam pharetra
maculosae tegmine
lyncis,
aut spumantis apri cursum clamore prementem.' Sic Venus et Veneris contra sic films orsus
:
325
'Nulla tuarum audita mihi neque visa sororum
O quam
te
memorem,
virgo?
Namque baud
tibi
voltus
DIANA.
3M-3S9-]

nee vox hominem sonat
:
17
mortalis,
O, dea certe
an Phoebi soror? an nympharum sanguinis una? sis felix, nostrumque leves, quaecumque, laborem, et, quo sub caelo tandem, quibus orbis in oris
Ignari hominumque locorumque erramus, vento hue vastis et fluctibus acti multa tibi ante aras nostra cadet hostia dextra.'
:
330
iactemur, doceas.
Venus' Story
of the Flight of Dido.
Turn Venus
virginibus Tyriis
'Haud equidem tali me dignor honore; mos est gestare pharetram,

;
335
purpureoque alte suras vincire cothurno. Punica regna vides, Tyrios et Agenoris urbem
sed fines Libyci, genus intractabile bello. Imperium Dido Tyria regit urbe profecta,
340
germanum
ambages
;
fugiens.
Longa
est iniuria, longae
sed summa sequar fastigia rerum. 'Huic coniunx Sychaeus erat, ditissimus agri Phoenicum, et magno miserae dilectus amore,
345
cui pater intactam dederat, primisque iugarat
ominibus.
Sed regna Tyri germanus habebat Pygmalion, scelere ante alios immanior omnes. Quos inter medius venit furor. Ille Sychaeum
350
impius ante aras, atque auri caecus amore, clam ferro incautum superat, securus amorum
germanae factumque diu celavit, et aegram, multa malus simulans, vana spe lusit amantem. Ipsa sed in somnis inhumati venit imago coniugis, ora modis attollens pallida miris,
;
crudeles aras traiectaque pectora ferro nudavit, caecumque domus scelus omne retexit.
355
Turn celerare fugam patriaque excedere suadet,

auxiliumque viae veteres tellure recludit
thesauros, ignotum argenti pondus et auri.
The jEneid.
:
[BOOK
I.
His commota fugam Dido sociosque parabat conveniunt, quibus aut odium crudele tyranni aut metus acer erat navis, quae forte paratae,
;
360
corripiunt,
onerantque auro
;
portantur avari
facti.
Pygmalionis opes pelago
dux femina
nunc ingentia cernis moenia surgentemque novae Karthaginis arcem, mercatique solum, facti de nomine Byrsam,
Devenere
locos, ubi
365
quantum possent circumdare tergo. Sed vos qui tandem, quibus aut venistis ab quove tenetis iter?' Quaerenti talibus ille suspirans, imoque trahens a pectore vocem
taurino
/Eneas's Tale.
'
oris,
370
:
dea,
si
et vacet annalis
prima repetens ab origine pergam, nostrorum audire laborum,
ante diem clause componat Vesper Olympo. Nos Troia antiqua, si vestras forte per auris
375
Troiae
nomen
iit,
diversa per aequora vectos
forte sua Libycis
tempestas adpulit oris. pius Aeneas, raptos qui ex hoste Penates classe veho mecum, fama super aethera notus.
Sum
Italiam quaero patriam et genus ab love summo. Bis denis Phrygium conscendi navibus aequor, matre dea monstrante viam, data fata secutus
;
380
vix septem convolsae undis
Euroque supersunt.
385
Ipse ignotus, egens, Libyae deserta peragro, Europa atque Asia pulsus.' Nee plura querentem passa Venus medio sic interfata dolore est
:
The Omen.
'
Quisquis
es,
vitalis carpis,
baud, credo, invisus caelestibus auras Tyriam qui adveneris urbem.

te
Perge modo, atque hinc
reginae ad limina perfer,
360-417-]
The Landing
tibi
in Africa.
19
390
Namque
ni
reduces socios classemque relatam
nuntio, et in
tutum versis aquilonibus actam, frustra augurium vani docuere parentes.
Aspice bis senos laetantis agmine cycnos,

aetheria quos lapsa plaga lovis ales aperto turbabat caelo nunc terras ordine longo
;
395
:
aut capere, aut captas iam despectare videntur ut reduces illi ludunt stridentibus alis,
et
baud
coetu cinxere polum, cantusque dedere, aliter puppesque tuae pubesque tuorum
400
aut portum tenet aut pleno subit ostia velo. Perge modo, et, qua te ducit via, dirige gressum.'
The Goddess Revealed.

Dixit, et avertens rosea cervice refulsit,
ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem spiravere, pedes vestis defluxit ad imos,
et vera incessu patuit dea.
Ille
ubi
matrem
:
405
adgnovit,
'
tali
fugientem est voce secutus

totiens, crudelis tu
?
Quid natum
quoque,
falsis
ludis imaginibus
Cur dextrae iungere dextram

et
non datur, ac veras audire
reddere voces?'
.ffineas
Veiled in a Cloud.
at
Talibus incusat, gressumque ad moenia tendit: Venus obscuro gradientes acre saepsit,
410
et multo nebulae circum dea fudit amictu, cernere ne quis eos, neu quis contingere posset, molirive moram, aut veniendi poscere causas. Ipsa Paphum sublimis abit, sedesque revisit
415
laeta suas, ubi
templum
illi,
centumque Sabaeo
ture calent arae, sertisque recentibus halant.
20
First
The
View
of Carthage.
[BOOK
I.
Corripuere viam interea, qua semita monstrat.
lamque ascendebant
collem, qui plurimus urbi

420
imminet, adversasque adspectat desuper arces. Miratur molem Aeneas, magalia quondam,
FIRST VIEW OF CARTHAGE.
miratur portas strepitumque et strata viarum. Instant ardentes Tyrii, pars ducere muros,
molirique arcem et manibus subvolvere saxa, pars optare locum tecto et concludere sulco.
[lura magistratusque legunt sanctumque senatum hie portus alii effodiunt hie alta theatris
;
425
;]
418-459-]

alii,
21
fundamenta locant
immanisque columnas
43
rupibus excidunt, scaenis decora alta futuris. Qualis apes aestate nova per florea rura
exercet sub sole labor,
cum
educunt
fetus, aut
cum
gentis adultos liquentia mella
stipant et dulci
distendunt nectare cellas, aut onera accipiunt venientum, aut agmine facto
:
ignavom fucos pecus a praesepibus arcent thymo fragrantia mella. O fortunati, quorum iam moenia surgunt Aeneas ait, et fastigia suspicit urbis.
fervet opus, redolentque
'
' !
435
Infert se saeptus nebula, mirabile dictu,
per medios, miscetque
viris,
neque cernitur
ulli.
44
Temple
of Juno.
Lucus
in
urbe
fuit
quo primum
iactati
media, laetissimus umbra, undis et turbine Poeni
effodere loco signum,
quod
regia luno
;
monstrarat, caput acris equi sic nam fore bello egregiam et facilem victu per saecula gentem.
445
Hie templum lunoni ingens Sidonia Dido condebat, donis opulentum et numine divae, aerea cui gradibus surgebant limina, nexaeque
acre trabes, foribus cardo stridebat ae'nis. Hoc primum in luco nova res oblata timorem
leniit,
45
hie
primum Aeneas sperare salutem

ingenti lustrat
inter se
ausus, et adflictis melius confidere rebus.
Namque sub
dum
singula templo,
sit urbi,
reginam opperiens, dum, quae fortuna

artificumque manus
operumque laborem
455
miratur, videt Iliacas ex ordine pugnas,
bellaque iam fama totum volgata per orbem, Atridas, Priamumque, et saevum ambobus Achillem.
'
Constitit, et lacrimans,
Quis iam locus
'
'
inquit
Achate,
22 quae regie in En Priamus

!
The Aineid.
terris nostri
[BOOK
?
I.
non plena laboris
460
;
Sunt hie etiam sua praemia laudi sunt lacrimae rerum et mentem mortalia tangunt.
Solve metus
Sic
ait,
;
feret
haec aliquam
tibi
fama
salutem.'
pictura pascit inani, multa gemens, largoque umectat flumine voltum.

The Painted Walls.
atque
animum
465
Namque
videbat, uti bellantes
Pergama circum
hac fugerent Graii, premeret Troiana iuventus, hac Phryges, instaret curru cristatus Achilles.
Nee
procul hinc Rhesi niveis tentoria velis

47
adgnoscit lacrimans, primo quae prodita somno Tydides multa vastabat caede cruentus,
ardentisque avertit equos in castra, prius quam pabula gustassent Troiae Xanthumque bibissent.
Parte alia fugiens amissis Troilus armis,
infelix
puer atque impar congressus Achilli,
475
fertur equis, curruque haeret resupinus inani,
lora tenens
tamen
huic cervixque comaeque trahuntur
per terram, et versa pulvis inscribitur hasta.

Interea ad templum non aequae Palladis ibant
crinibus Iliades passis, peplutnque ferebant,
480
tunsae pectora palmis diva solo fixos oculos aversa tenebat.

suppliciter tristes et
Ter circum
Hectora muros, auro vendebat Achilles. exanimumque corpus Turn vero ingentem gemitum dat pectore ab imo,
Iliacos raptaverat
ut spolia, ut currus, utque
485
ipsum corpus amici,
tendentemque manus Priamum conspexit inermis. Se quoque principibus permixtum adgnovit Achivis,
Eoasque acies
Ducit
et nigri
Memnonis arma.
agmina
peltis
Amazonidum
lunatis
490
Penthesilea furens, mediisque in milibus ardet,
460-496.]
aurea subnectens exsertae cingula mammae, bellatrix, audetque viris concurrere virgo.
Advent
of Dido.
Haec dum Dardanio Aeneae miranda
videntur,
495
dum
stupet, obtutuque haeret defixus in uno,
regina ad templum, forma pulcherrima Dido,
THRONE
(v.
506).
24
incessit
The ALneid.
[BOOK
I.
stipante caterva. aut Qualis ripis per iuga Cynthi exercet Diana choros, quam mille secutae
in
magna iuvenum
Eurotae
hinc atque hinc glomerantur oreades ilia pharetram fert umero, gradiensque deas supereminet omnis
;
:
500
Latonae
talis erat
taciturn
pertemptant gaudia pectus Dido, talem se laeta ferebat
per medios, instans operi regnisque futuris.
Turn foribus divae, media testudine templi,

saepta armis, solioque alte subnixa resedit.
lura dabat legesque
viris,
5S
operumque laborem
:
partibus aequabat iustis, cum subito Aeneas concursu accedere
aut sorte trahebat
magno
5 10
Anthea Sergestumque videt fortemque Cloanthum, Teucrorumque alios, ater quos aequore turbo
dispulerat penitusque alias avexerat ofas.
laetitiaque
Obstipuit simul ipse simul perculsus Achates metuque avidi coniungere dextras
;
ardebant; sed res animos incognita turbat. Dissimulant, et nube cava speculantur amicti, quae fortuna viris, classem quo litore linquant,
5'5
quid veniant cunctis nam lecti navibus ibant, orantes veniam, et templum clamore petebant.
;
Arrival and Story of Ilioneus.
Postquam
introgressi et
coram data copia
fandi,
;
S 20
maxumus
1
Ilioneus placido sic pectore coepit
regina,
novam
cui condere luppiter
urbem
iustitiaque dedit gentis frenare superbas, Troes te miseri, ventis maria omnia vecti,
oramus, prohibe infandos a navibus
ignis,
52 5
parce pio generi, et propius res aspice nostras. Non nos aut ferro Libycos populare Penatis
venimus, aut raptas ad
litora vertere
praedas
497-543-]
The Landing
in Africa.
vis animo, nee tanta superbia victis. Est locus, Hesperiam Grai cognomine dicunt, terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae
non ea
53
;
nunc fama minores Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine gentem. Hie cursus fuit cum subito adsurgens tiuctu nimbosus Orion
Oenotri coluere
viri
;
:
535
RECEPTION OF ILIONEUS.
penitusque procacibus austris perque undas, superante salo, perque invia saxa
in
tulit,
vada caeca
dispulit
hue pauci vestris adnavlmus oris. Quod genus hoc hominum ? Quaeve hunc tam barbara morem
; ;
permittit patria ? Hospitio prohibemur arenae bella cient, primaque vetant consistere terra.
Si genus humanum et mortalia temnitis arma, dt sperate deos memores fandi atque nefandi.
54
26
'
The ALneid.
[BOOK
I.
Rex
erat
Aeneas
nobis,
quo
si
iustior alter,
545
nee pietate
fuit,
nee bello maior et armis.

vescitur aura
Quern
si
fata virum servant,
aetheria, neque adhuc crudelibus occubat umbris, non metus officio nee te certasse priorem
;
poeniteat.
Sunt et Siculis regionibus urbes arvaque, Troianoque a sanguine clarus Acestes.

liceat
550
Quassatam ventis
si
subducere classem,
et silvis aptare trabes et stringere
remos
datur Italiam, sociis et rege recepto,

;
tendere, ut Italiam, laeti Latiumque petamus

sin
absumpta
salus, et te, pater
optume Teucrum,
luli,
555
pontus'habet Libyae, nee spes iam restat

at freta Sicaniae saltern
sedesque paratas,
unde hue
advecti,
regemque petamus Acesten.'

;
Talibus Ilioneus
cuncti simul ore fremebant

56
Dardanidae.
Dido's Reception of Ilioneus.
Turn breviter Dido, voltum demissa, profatur

'
Solvite corde
metum, Teucri, secludite
curas.
Res dura
et regni novitas
me
talia
cogunt
5^5
moliri, et late finis
custode
tueri.
Quis genus Aeneadum, quis Troiae nesciat urbem,

virtutesque virosque, aut tanti incendia belli
?
Non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora Poeni, nee tam aversus equos Tyria Sol iungit ab urbe. Seu vos Hesperiam magnam Saturniaque arva,
sive Erycis finis regemque optatis Acesten, auxilio tutos dimittam, opibusque iuvabo.
57
Voltis et his
mecum
pariter considere regnis

est,
urbem quam statuo vestra
subducite navis
Tros Tyriusque mihi nullo discrimine agetur. Atque utinam rex ipse Noto compulsus eodem
574
544-607-]
The Landing
!
in Africa.
litora certos
27
adforet Aeneas
Equidem per
dimittam
si
Libyae lustrare extrema iubebo, quibus eiectus silvis aut urbibus errat.'
et
Disclosed.
et pater
'
His animum arrecti dictis et fortis Achates Aeneas iamdudum erumpere nubem Prior Aenean compellat Achates ardebant. Nate dea, quae nunc animq sententia surgit ?
:
58
Omnia tuta vides, classem sociosque receptos. Unus abest, medio in fluctu quern vidimus ipsi submersum dictis respondent cetera matris.' Vix ea fatus erat, cum circumfusa repente
;
58 5
nubes et in aethera purgat apertum. Aeneas claraque in luce refulsit, os umerosque deo similis namque ipsa decoram
scindit se
Restitit
;
caesariem nato genetrix lumenque iuventae purpureum et laetos oculis adflarat honores
quale
59
:
manus addunt
sic
ebori decus, aut ubi flavo
argentum Pariusve lapis circumdatur auro.

Turn
reginam adloquitur, cunctisque repente
'
:
Coram, quern quaeritis, adsum, improvisus ait Troius Aeneas, Libycis ereptus ab undis. O sola infandos Troiae miserata labores,
quae nos, reliquias Danaum, terraeque marisque omnibus exhaustos iam casibus, omnium egenos,
urbe,
595
domo,
socias, grates persolvere dignas
600
non opis
Di
est nostrae, Dido,
gentis Dardaniae,
tibi, si
magnum quae
mens
sibi
nee quicquid ubique est sparsa per orbem.

si
qua pios respectant numina,
quid
605
usquam
iustitia est et
conscia
recti,
praemia digna ferant. Quae te tam laeta tulerunt saecula ? Qui tanti talem genuere parentes?
In freta duin fluvii current,
dum montibus umbrae
28
The ALneid.
[BOOK
I.
lustrabunt convexa, polus
dum
sidera pascet,
610
semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt, quae me cumque vocant terrae.' Sic fatus, amicum
Ilionea petit dextra, laevaque Serestum,
post alios, fortemque

Dido's
Gyan fortemque Cloanthum.

Welcome
to ./Eneas.
Obstipuit primo aspectu Sidonia Dido, casu deinde viri tanto, et sic ore locuta est
'
Quis
te,
nate dea, per tanta pericula casus

?
615
insequitur
immanibus applicat oris ? Tune ille Aeneas, quern Dardanio Anchisae alma Venus Phrygii genuit Simoentis ad undam ? Atque equidem Teucrum memini Sidona venire finibus expulsum patriis, nova regna petentem
Quae
vis
620
auxilio Beli
genitor turn Belus
opimam
vastabat Cyprum, et victor dicione tenebat. Tempore iam ex illo casus mini cognitus urbis
Troianae nomenque tuum regesque Pelasgi. Ipse hostis Teucros insigni laude ferebat,
seque ortum antiqua Teucrorum ab stirpe volebat. Quare agite, O tectis, iuvenes, succedite nostris. Me quoque per multos similis fortuna labores
iactatam hac
625
demum
;
voluit consistere terra.

630
Non
ignara mali, miseris succurrere disco.' simul Aenean in regia ducit Sic memorat
divom templis indicit honorem. Nee minus interea sociis ad litora mittit viginti tauros, magnorum horrentia centum terga suum, pinguis centum cum matribus agnos, munera laetitiamque dii.
tecta, simul
635
At domus
instruitur,
interior regali splendida luxu

tectis
:
mediisque parant convivia
arte laboratae vestes ostroque superbo,
BRIDE WITH VEIL.

(From a Roman Wall
Painting.)
6o8-6 5 3-]
The Landing
in Africa.
29
640
ingens argentum mensis, caelataque in auro

fortia facta
patrum, series longissima
rerum
per tot ducta viros antiqua ab origine gentis.

The
Gifts to the Queen.
Aeneas (neque enim patrius consistere mentem passus amor) rapidum ad navis praemittit Achaten, Ascanio ferat haec, ipsumque ad moenia ducat omnis in Ascanio cari stat cura parentis.
;
645
Munera
praeterea, Iliacis erepta ruinis,
ROMAN LADY WITH DIADEM

ferre iubet, pallam signis
et
(v. 655).
auroque rigentem, circumtextum croceo velamen acantho,

ilia
ornatus Argivae Helenae, quos
Mycenis,
650
Pergama cum
extulerat, matris
peteret inconcessosque hymenaeos, Ledae mirabile donum

:
praeterea sceptrum, Ilione
quod gesserat
olim,
30
The
dELneid.
[BOOK
I.
maxima natarum
bacatum,
et
Priami, colloque monile

655
duplicem gemmis auroque coronam. Haec celerans iter ad naves tendebat Achates.
New
Arts of Venus.
artes, nova pectore versat faciem mutatus et ora Cupido pro dulci Ascanio veniat, donisque furentem incendat reginam, atque ossibus implicet ignem
At Cytherea novas
consilia, ut
660
; ;
quippe
domum
timet
urit atrox luno, et
ambiguam Tyriosque bilinguis sub noctem cura recursat.
Ergo
his aligerum dictis adfatur

Cupid Appealed
Amorem
to.
meae vires, mea magna potentia solus, nate, patris summi qui tela Typhoea temnis, ad te confugio et supplex tua numina posco. Frater ut Aeneas pelago tuus omnia circum
Nate,
litora iactetur odiis
'
665
lunonis iniquae,
nota
tibi, et nostro doluisti
saepe dolore.
670
Dido blandisque moratur vocibus et vereor, quo se lunonia vertant hospitia hand tanto cessabit cardine rerum. Quocirca capere ante dolis et cingere flamma reginam meditor, ne quo se numine mutet, sed magno Aeneae mecum teneatur amore. Qua facere id possis, nostram nunc accipe mentem. Regius accitu cari genitoris ad urbem
tenet
;
;
Hunc Phoenissa
675
Sidoniam puer ire parat, mea maxima cura, dona ferens, pelago et flammis restantia Troiae hunc ego sopitum somno super alta Cythera
aut super Idalium sacrata sede recondam, ne qua scire dolos mediusve occurrere possit.
680
Tu
faciem
illius
noctem non amplius unam
6 54-7'3-l
The Landing
in Africa.
31
falle dolo, et
ut,
cum
te
notos pueri puer indue voltus, gremio accipiet laetissima Dido
685
mensas laticemque Lyaeum, cum dabit amplexus atque oscula dulcia figet, occultum inspires ignem fallasque veneno.'
regalis inter
Cupid
in the
Form
of Ascanius.
Paret
Amor
dictis carae genetricis, et alas
gaudens incedit luli. At Venus Ascanio placidam per membra quietem inrigat, et fotum gremio dea tollit in altos Idaliae lucos, ubi mollis amaracus ilium
exuit, et gressu
690
floribus et dulci adspirans complectitur
umbra.
The Banquet.
ibat dicto parens et dona Cupido portabat regia Tyriis, duce laetus Achate.
lamque
695
Cum venit, aulaeis iam se regina superbis aurea composuit sponda mediamque locavit. Iam pater Aeneas et iam Troiana iuventus
conveniunt, stratoque super discumbitur ostro. Dant famuli manibus lymphas, Cereremque canistris expediunt, tonsisque ferunt mantelia villis.
7o
cura
Quinquaginta intus famulae, quibus ordine longam penum struere, et flammis adolere Penatis
;
centum
totidemque pares aetate ministri, qui dapibus mensas onerent et pocula ponant.
aliae
7S
Nee non et Tyrii per limina laeta frequentes convenere, toris iussi discumbere pictis. Mirantur dona Aeneae, mirantur lulum
flagrantisque dei voltus simulataque verba
7 10
pictum croceo velamen acantho]. [pallamque infelix, pesti devota futurae, Praecipue
et
expleri mentern nequit ardescitque
tuendo
32
The
dELneid.
[BOOK
I.
Phoenissa, et pariter puero donisque movetur. Hie ubi complexu Aeneae colloque pependit
et
715
magnum
falsi implevit genitoris

:
amorem,
reginam petit haec oculis, haec pectore toto haeret et interdum gremio fovet, inscia Dido
insidat quantus miserae deus
;
at
memor
ille
matris Acidaliae paulatim abolere Sychaeum incipit, et vivo temptat praevertere amore
720
iam pridem resides animos desuetaque corda.

The Festive Evening.
crateras
Postquam prima quies epulis, mensaeque remotae, magnos statuunt et vina coronant. Fit strepitus tectis, vocemque per ampla volutant
;
72S
dependent lychni laquearibus aureis incensi, et noctem flammis funalia vincunt.

atria
Hie regina gravem gemmis auroque poposcit implevitque mero pateram, quam Belus et omnes
a Belo
'
soliti
turn facta silentia tectis
73
luppiter, hospitibus
nam
te
dare iura loquuntur,
hunc laetum Tyriisque diem Troiaque profectis esse velis, nostrosque huius meminisse minores. Adsit laetitiae Bacchus dator, et bona luno
;
et vos, O,
coetum, Tyrii, celebrate faventes.' in et mensam laticum libavit honorem, Dixit,

libato,
735
primaque,
summo
tenus
;
attigit ore
turn Bitiae dedit increpitans
impiger hausit et se pleno proluit auro spumantem pateram, alii Cithara crinitus post proceres. lopas
ille
;
740
personal aurata, docuit quern maximus Atlas. Hie canit errantem lunam solisque labores
;
unde hominum genus et pecudes unde imber et ignes Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones quid tantum Oceano properent se tinguere soles
;
745
7i4-75 6
hiberni, vel
The Landing
in Africa.
33
quae tardis mora noctibus obstet.
Nee non
infelix
Ingeminant plausu Tyrii, Troesque sequuntur. et vario noctem sermone trahebat

Dido, longumque bibebat amorem,
'
mulla super Priamo rogitans, super Hectore multa; nunc quibus Aurorae venisset filius armis,
75
nunc quales Diomedis equi, nunc quantus Achilles. 'Immo age, et a prima die, hospes, origine nobis insidias,' inquit, 'Danaum, casusque tuorum, erroresque tuos nam te iam septima portat omnibus errantem terris et fluctibus aestas.'
;
755
BOOK
begins the
II.
THE TALE OF TROY.

The Greeks,
discouraged, had withdrawn to
tale.
Tenedos, leaving the wooden horse, in which chosen warriors were hidden (vv. 1-39). Laocobn in vain protests against receiving it within
the walls:
is
meanwhile Sinon, pretending to have
fled
from the Greeks,
received in confidence by Priam, whom he persuades that the horse is Laocoon and his sons are a sacred offering to Minerva (40198).
the horse is brought with redestroyed by two monstrous serpents joicing into the city, and at night Sinon sets free the Grecian chiefs
:
(199-267).
flee.
The ghost
city is
of Hector appears to /Eneas, and warns

:
him
to
The
(268-369).
/Eneas and his companions take arms a disastrous Victorious encounter with a party of Greeks
seen in flames
:
conflict follows,
and
they,
come
:
and storming of the palace
Defence to Priam's palace (370-452). the fate of Priam, slain by Pyrrhus, while
vEneas returns to his
vainly attempting to protect his son (453-558).
own house
of
first
and beholds
in
meeting Helen, whom Venus warns him not to slay a vision the divinities who preside at the destruction
Anchises at
first
Troy (559-663).
refuses to
fly,
but
is
encouraged
by a divine omen (634-704).
.Êneas, bearing his father,

;
and attended
by his wife Creiisa, and his son, seeks escape but, confused by a sudden alarm, loses Creiisa on the way (705-751). He seeks her in vain at
The Tale of Troy.

;
35
his palace, which is now filled with the armed enemy but she meets him in a vision and comforts him by assurance of her own deliverance from hostile hands. At dawn, he finds a numerous company escaped
from the
city,
with
whom
he seeks the shelter of
Mount Ida
(752-804).
Êneas begins his Story.
/^~ÔNTICUERE
v_^ Inde
toro pater
omnes, intentique ora tenebant. Aeneas sic orsus ab alto

:
Infandum, regina, iubes renovare dolorem, Troianas ut opes et lamentabile regnum

eruerint Danai
et
quaeque ipse miserrima vidi, quorum pars magna fui. Quis talia fando
;
Myrmidonum Dolopumve
temperet a lacrimis?
praecipitat,
aut duri miles Ulixi
Et iam nox umida caelo

10
suadentque cadentia sidera somnos.
Sed
si
tantus
et breviter
amor casus cognoscere nostros Troiae supremum audire laborem,

horret, luctuque refugit,
quamquam animus meminisse

incipiam.
The Trojan Horse.

Fracti bello fatisque repulsi
ductores
instar
Danaum, tot iam labentibus annis, mentis equum divina Palladis arte
: ;
15
aedificant, sectaque intexunt abiete costas
ea fama vagatur. delecta virum sortiti corpora furtim includunt caeco lateri, penitusque cavernas
votum pro reditu simulant
Hue
ingentis uterumque armato milite complent.
20
Est in conspectu Tenedos, notissima fama insula, dives opum, Priami dum regna manebant,
nunc tantum sinus et static male fida carinis hue se provecti deserto in litore condunt.
Nos
abiisse rati et vento petiisse
Mycenas
;
25
ergo omnis longo solvit se Teucria luctu
36
panduntur portae
;
The dSneid.
iuvat ire et Dorica castra
[BOOK
II.
desertosque videre locos litusque relictum.
Hie Dolopum manus,

classibus hie locus
;
hie saevus tendebat Achilles
hie acie certare solebant.
Pars stupet innuptae donum exitiale Minervae, et molem mirantur equi primusque Thymoetes
;
THE TROJAN HORSB.
duci intra muros hortatur et arce locari, sive dolo, seu iam Troiae sic fata ferebant.
At Capys,
aut pelago
et
quorum melior
sententia menti,
35
Danaum
insidias suspectaque
dona
praecipitare iubent, subiectisque urere flammis, aut terebrare cavas uteri et temptare latebras.
Scinditur incertum studia in contraria volgus.
Warning
of
Laocoon.
Primus ibi ante omnis, magna comitante caterva, Laocoon ardens summa decurrit ab arce, et procul 'O miseri, quae tanta insania, cives?
:
40
27-74-]
The Tale of Troy.
37
Creditis avectos hostis? Aut ulla putatis dona carere dolis Danaum? Sic notus Ulixes? aut hoc inclusi ligno occultantur Achivi, aut haec in nostros fabricata est machina muros
45
inspectura domos venturaque desuper urbi, aut aliquis latet error equo ne credite, Teucri.
;
Quicquid
id est,
timeo Danaos et dona
ferentis.'
50
Sic fatus, validis ingentem viribus hastam in latus inque feri curvam compagibus alvum contorsit
tremens, uteroque recusso insonuere cavae gemitumque dedere cavernae. Et, si fata deum, si mens non laeva fuisset,
:
stetit ilia
impulerat ferro Argolicas foedare latebras, Troiaque, nunc stares, Priamique arx alta, maneres.
The Perjured Sinon.
interea post terga revinctum ad pastores magno regem clamore trahebant
55
Ecce,
manus iuvenem
Dardanidae, qui se ignotum venientibus ultro, hoc ipsum ut strueret Troiamque aperiret Achivis, obtulerat, fidens animi atque in utrumque paratus,
seu versare dolos, seu certae occumbere morti. Undique visendi studio Troiana iuventus
60
circumfusa
ruit,
Accipe nunc disce omnes.
Danaum
certantque inludere capto. insidias, et crimine ab uno
65
Namque
ut conspectu in
medio turbatus, inermis

:
constitit atque oculis
Phrygia agmina circumspexit
'Heu, quae nunc

accipere?
tellus' inquit
'quae me aequora
possunt
7
Aut quid iam misero mihi denique restat, cui neque apud Danaos usquam locus, et super ipsi Dardanidae infensi poenas cum sanguine poscunt?'
Quo gemitu
impetus.
conversi animi, compressus et omnis

fari
;
Hortamur
quo sanguine
cretus,
38
quidve
ferat,
The jEneid.
memoret, quae
sit
[BOOKII.
fiducia capto.
:]
75
[Ille haec, deposita
tandem
Sinon's
formicline, fatur
Story.
Wily
'Cuncta equidem
vera, inquit
;
hoc primum
finxit,
tibi, rex, fuerit quodcumque, fatebor neque me Argolica de gente negabo nee, si miserum Fortuna Sinonem
:
vanum etiam mendacemque improba finget. Fando aliquod si forte tuas pervenit ad auris Belidae nomen Palamedis et incluta fama
quem
falsa sub proditione Pelasgi
80
gloria,
insontem infando indicio, quia bella vetabat, demisere neci, nunc cassum lumine lugent.
Illi
85
me comitem
et consanguinitate
propinquum
pauper
dum
in arma pater primis hue misit ab annis, stabat regno incolumis regumque vigebat
consiliis, et
gessimus.
nos aliquod nomenque decusque Invidia postquam pellacis Ulixi

-
90
haud ignota loquor

et
superis concessit ab oris, adflictus vitam in tenebris luctuque trahebam,
casum insontis mecum indignabar Nee tacui demens, et me, fors si qua
patrios
amici.
tulisset,
si
umquam remeassem
victor ad Argos,
95
promisi ultorem, et verbis odia aspera movi. Hinc mihi prima mali labes, hinc semper Ulixes
criminibus terrere novis, hinc spargere voces in volgum ambiguas, et quaerere conscius arma.
Nee requievit enim, donee, Calchante ministro sed quid ego haec autem nequiquam ingrata revolvo Quidve moror, si omnis uno ordine habetis Achivos,
I0
?
lamdudum sumite poenas idque audire sat est? hoc Ithacus velit, et magno mercentur Atridae.'
scitari et quaerere causas, scelerum tantorum ignari artisque Pelasgae.
Turn vero ardemus
105
75- I2 5-J
The Tale of Troy.

:
39
Prosequitur pavitans, et ficto pectore fatur 'Saepe fugam Danai Troia cupiere relicta moliri, et longo fessi discedere bello
;
fecissentque utinam
interclusit hiemps, et
Saepe illos aspera pond terruit Auster euntis.
Praecipue,
cum iam
hie trabibus contextus acernis
staret equus, toto sonuerunt aethere nimbi.
Suspensi Eurypylum scitantem oracula Phoebi

mittimus, isque adytis haec tristia dicta reportat
:
SACRIFICE OF IPHICENIA
(v.
116).
Sanguine placastis ventos
et rirgine caesa,
cum primum
Iliacas,
Dahai,
venistis
ad oras;
animaque litandum Argolica. Volgi quae vox ut venit ad auris, obstipuere animi, gelidusque per ima cucurrit
sanguine quaerendi
re.ditus,
120
ossa tremor, cui fata parent, quern poscat Apollo. 'Hie Ithacus vatem magno Calchanta tumultu
protrahit in medios
flagitat;
et
quae sint ea numina divom, mihi iam multi crudele canebant

;
artificis scelus, et taciti
ventura videbant.
4O
Bis quinos silet
The dEneid.
ille dies,
[BOOK
II.
prodere voce sua
tectusque recusat quemquam aut opponere morti.
Vix tandem, magnis Ithaci clamoribus actus, composite rumpit vocem, et me destinat arae. Adsensere omnes, et, quae sibi quisque timebat,
unius in miseri exitium conversa tulere.
13
lamque
dies inf anda aderat
mihi sacra parari,

:
et salsae fruges, et
circum tempora vittae eripui, fateor, leto me, et vincula rupi, limosoque lacu per noctem obscurus in ulva
delitui,
135
dum
vela darent,
si
forte dedissent.
Nee mihi iam patriam antiquam spes ulla videndi, nee dulcis natos exoptatumque parentem quos illi fors et poenas ob nostra reposcent
;
effugia, et
culpam hanc miserorum morte piabunt.
140
Quod
te
per si intemerata
per superos et conscia numina veri, qua est quae restet adhuc mortalibus usquam
fides, oro,
miserere laborum
tantorum, miserere animi non digna ferentis.'

The Trojans Deceived.
His lacrimis vitam damus,
et
miserescimus
ultro.
145
Ipse viro primus manicas atque-arta levari

vincla iubet Priamus, dictisque ita fatur ainicis Quisquis es, amissos hinc iam obliviscere Graios
:
'
noster
Quo
mihique haec edissere vera roganti molem hanc immanis equi statuere ? Quis auctor?
eris,
:
150
Quidve petunt?
Dixerat.
Ille,
Quae
religio,
aut quae machina belli?'
dolis instructus et arte Pelasga,
sustulit exutas vinclis
ad sidera palmas
'Vos, aeterni ignes, et non violabile vestrum testor numen' ait 'vos arae ensesque nefandi,
'55
quos fugi, vittaeque deum, quas hostia gessi fas mihi Graiorum sacrata resolvere iura,
I26-I68.]
The Tale of Troy.

omnia
ferre
fas odisse viros, atque

si
;
sub auras,
160
qua tegunt teneor patriae nee legibus ullis. Tu modo promissis maneas, servataque serves
Troia fidem,
si
vera feram,
si
magna rependam.
THE PALLADIUM.
'
Omnis spes Danaum
et coepti fiducia belli
semper stetit. Impius ex quo Tydides sed enim scelerumque inventor Ulixes, fatale adgressi sacrato avellere templo
Palladis auxiliis
Palladium, caesis
summae custodibus
;
arcis,
corripuere sacram effigiem, manibusque cruentis virgineas ausi divae contingere vittas
42
ex
illo
The jEneid.
fluere ac retro sublapsa referri
[BOOK
II.
spes
Danaum,
fractae vires, aversa deae mens.
170
Nee
dubiis ea signa dedit Tritonia monstris.
Vix positum castris simulacrum, arsere coruscae luminibus flammae arrectis, salsusque per artus
sudor
'
mirabile dictu terque ipsa solo ferens emicuit, parmamque hastamque trementem.
iit,
175
Extemplo temptanda fuga canit aequora Calchas,

nee posse Argolicis exscindi Pergama
telis,
omina
ni repetant Argis,
numenque
reducant,
180
quod pelago et curvis secum avexere carinis. Et nunc, quod patrias vento petiere Mycenas, arma deosque parant comites, pelagoque remenso improvisi aderunt ita digerit omina Calchas. Hanc pro Palladio moniti, pro numine laeso
:
effigiem statuere, nefas
quae
triste piaret.
Hanc tamen immensam Calchas
attollere
molem
185
roboribus textis caeloque educere iussit, ne recipi portis, aut duci in moenia possit,
neu populum antiqua sub religione tueri. Nam si vestra manus violasset dona Minervae,
turn
convertant
exitium (quod di prius omen in ipsum Priami imperio Phrygibusque f uturum !) sin manibus vestris vestram ascendisset in urbem,
magnum
190
;
Asiam magno Pelopea ad moenia bello venturam, et nostros ea fata manere nepotes.'
ultro
Talibus insidiis periurique arte Sinonis credita res, captique dolis lacrimisque coactis,
195
quos neque Tydides, nee Larissaeus Achilles, non anni domuere decem, non mille carinae.
Fate of Laocoon.
Hie
aliud maius miseris multoque
tremendum
200
obicitur magis, atque improvida pectora turbat.
LAOCOON.
(In Vatican
Museum.)
169-233-]
The Tale of Troy.
43
Laocoon, ductus Neptuno sorte sacerdos, sollemnis taurum ingentem mactabat ad aras. Ecce autem gemini a Tenedo tranquilla per alta
immensis orbibus angues incumbunt pelago, pariterque ad litora tendunt

horresco referens
pectora
205
quorum
inter fluctus arrecta iubaeque

;
sanguineae superant undas
pone
pars cetera pontum sinuatque immensa volumine terga. Fit sonitus spumante salo iamque arva tenebant, ardentisque oculos suffecti sanguine et igni,
legit,
;
210
sibila
lambebant linguis vibrantibus

:
ora.
Diffugimus visu exsangues illi agmine certo Laocoonta petunt et primum parva duorum corpora natorum serpens amplexus uterque implicat, et miseros morsu depascitur artus;
;
215
post ipsum
bis
auxilio
subeuntem ac
tela
ferentem
;
corripiunt, spirisque ligant ingentibus
et
iam
medium
amplexi, bis collo
squamea circum
220
terga dati, superant capite et cervicibus altis. Ille simul manibus tendit divellere nodos,
perfusus sanie vittas atroque veneno, clamores simul horrendos ad sidera tollit
quales mugitus, fugit cum saucius aram taurus, et incertam excussit cervice securim.
At gemini lapsu delubra ad summa dracones

effugiunt saevaeque petunt Tritonidis arcem,
225
sub pedibusque deae clipeique sub orbe teguntur. Turn vero tremefacta novus per pectora cunctis
insinuat pavor, et scelus expendisse
merentem
230
Laocoonta ferunt, sacrum qui cuspide robur

laeserit, et tergo
sceleratam intorserit hastam.
Ducendum ad
sedes simulacrum orandaque divae
numina conclamant.
44
The sEneid.
The Horse Brought
[BOOK
II.
in.
Dividimus muros
et
Accingunt omnes
:
operi,
moenia pandimus urbis. pedibusque rotarum
235
subiciunt lapsus, et stuppea vincula collo intendunt scandit fatalis machina muros,
feta armis.
Pueri circum innuptaeque puellae

24
sacra canunt,
Ilia subit,
patria,
funemque manu contingere gaudent. mediaeque minans inlabitur urbi. O divom domus Ilium, et incluta bello
:
moenia Dardanidum, quater ipso

substitit,
in limine portae atque utero sonitum quater arma dedere
instamus tamen inmemores caecique furore,
monstrum infelix sacrata sistimus arce. Tune etiam fatis aperit Cassandra futuris ora, dei iussu non umquam credita Teucris. Nos delubra deum miseri, quibus ultimus esset
et
ille dies,
2 4S
festa
velamus fronde per urbem.

The Coming
of the Greeks.
Vertitur interea caelum et ruit oceano nox,
250
involvens
umbra magna terramque polumque Myrmidonumque dolos fusi per moenia Teucri
;
:
conticuere, sopor fessos complectitur artus et iam Argiva phalanx instructis navibus ibat
tacitae per arnica silentia lunae nota petens, flammas cum regia puppis extulerat, fatisque deum defensus iniquis
Tenedo
255
litora
inclusos utero
Danaos
et
pinea furtim
laxat claustra Sinon.
Illos patefactus
ad auras
260
reddit equus, laetique cavo se robore
promunt Thessandrus Sthenelusque duces, et dirus Ulixes, demissum lapsi per funem, Acamasque, Thoasque, Pelidesque Neoptolemus, primusque Machaon,
234-295-]
The Tale of Troy.
45
Menelaus, et ipse doli fabricator Epeos. Invadunt urbem somno vinoque sepultam caeduntur vigiles, portisque patentibus omnis
et
;
265
accipiunt socios atque agmina conscia iungunt.

Apparition of Hector.
Tempus
incipit, et
erat, quo prim a quies mortalibus dono divom gratissima serpit.
aegris
In somnis, ecce, ante oculos maestissimus Hector

visus adesse mihi, largosque effundere fletus, raptatus bigis, ut quondam, aterque cruento
pulvere, perque pedes traiectus lora tumentis.
270
Ei mihi, qualis erat, quantum mutatus ab illo Hectore, qui redit exuvias indutus Achilli,
vel
2 7S
Danaum
Phrygios iaculatus puppibus ignis,
squalentem barbam et concretes sanguine crinis volneraque ilia gerens, quae circum plurima muros
accepit patrios.
'
Ultro flens ipse videbar

:
compellare virum et maestas expromere voces
280
O lux Dardaniae, spes O fidissima Teucrum, quae tantae tenuere morae ? Quibus Hector ab Ut te post multa tuorum exspectate venis ?
funera, post varies
defessi aspicimus
!
oris
hominumque urbisque labores Quae causa indigna serenos

'
285
foedavit voltus
Aut cur haec volnera cerno ? Ille nihil, nee me quaerentem vana moratur, sed graviter gemitus imo de pectore ducens,
?
'
fuge, nate dea, teque his, ait, eripe flammis. Hostis habet muros ruit alto a culmine Troia.
;
:
Heu
290
Sat patriae Priamoque datum si Pergama dextra defendi possent, etiam hac defensa fuissent. Sacra suosque tibi commendat Troia penatis
:
hos cape fatorum comites, his moenia quaere
magna, pererrato statues quae denique ponto.'
295
46
Sic
ait,
The ^Lneid.
et
[BOOK
II.
manibus
vittas
effert
Vestamque potentem
penetralibus ignem.
aeternumque adytis
Havoc within the Walls.
Diverse interea miscentur moenia luctu,

et
magis atque magis, quamquam secreta parentis Anchisae domus arboribusque obtecta recessit,
clarescunt sonitus,
armorumque
ingruit horror.
Excutior somno, et summi fastigia tecti ascensu supero, atque arrectis auribus adsto
in
segetem
veluti
cum flamma
furentibus austris
incidit,
aut rapidus
montano flumine torrens
35
sternit agros, sternit sata laeta
boumque
labores,
praecipitisque trahit silvas, stupet inscius alto accipiens sonitum saxi de vertice pastor.
Turn vero manifesta

insidiae.
fides, Danaumque patescunt lam Deiphobi dedit ampla ruinam Volcano superante domus iam proxumus ardet
;
3 10
Ucalegon Sigea igni freta lata relucent. Exoritur clamorque virum clangorque tubarum. Arma amens capio nee sat rationis in armis, sed glomerare manum bello et concurrere in arcem
; ;
3! 5
cum
furor iraque men tern praecipitant, pulchrumque mori succurrit in armis.

sociis ardent
animi
Panthus, Priest of Phoebus.
Ecce autem telis Panthus elapsus Achivom, Panthus Othryades, arcis Phoebique sacerdos,
sacra
'
manu
res
victosque decs parvumque nepotem
3 20
ipse trahit,
cursuque amens ad limina tendit.

loco,
Quo
summa,
Panthu
Quam
prendimus arcem
:
'
Vix ea fatus eram, gemitu cum

'
talia reddit
Venit
summa
:
dies et ineluctabile
fuit
tempus
32S
Dardaniae
fuimus Troes,
Ilium et ingens
296-357-]
The Tale of Troy.

;
47
gloria
omnia luppiter Argos transtulit incensa Danai dominantur in urbe. Arduus armatos mediis in moenibus adstans
Teucrorum
;
ferus
fundit equus, victorque Sinon incendia miscet insultans portis alii bipatentibus adsunt,
;
33
venere Mycenis obsedere alii telis angusta viarum stat ferri acies mucrone corusco oppositi
milia quot
magnis
umquam
stricta,
parata neci
portarum
vigiles, et
vix primi proelia temptant caeco Marte resistunt.'
335
Desperate Rally of the Trojans.
Talibus Othryadae dictis et numine divom

in
flammas
et in
arma
et
quo fremitus vocat
quo tristis Erinys, sublatus ad aethera clamor.

feror,
Addunt
et lateri
se socios
Epytus oblati
Ripheus et maximus armis per lunam Hypanisque Dymasque,
34
adglomerant nostro, iuvenisque Coroebus, Mygdonides illis ad Troiam forte diebus

:
venerat, insano Cassandrae incensus amore,

et
gener auxilium Priamo Phrygibusque ferebat,
infelix, qui
non sponsae praecepta
furentis
345
audierit.
ubi confertos audere in proelia vidi, luvenes, fortissima frustra incipio super his si vobis audentem extrema cupido pectora,
Quos
'
certa sequi, quae
sit
rebus fortuna videtis

relictis,
;
35
excessere omnes, adytis arisque

di,
quibus imperium hoc steterat succurritis urbi incensae moriamur et in media arma ruamus.
;
Una
Sic animis
salus victis, nullam sperare salutem.' iuvenum furor additus inde, lupi ceu
:
355
raptores atra in nebula, quos improba ventris

exegit caecos rabies, catulique relicti
48
faucibus exspectant
The SEneid.
siccis,
[BOOK
II.
per
tela,
per hostis
vadimus haud dubiam in mortem, mediaeque tenemus nox atra cava circumvolat umbra. urbis iter Quis cladem illius noctis, quis funera fando
;
360
explicet, aut possit lacrimis
Urbs antiqua
ruit,
aequare labores ? multos dominata per annos
plurima perque vias sternuntur inertia passim

corpora, perque domos et religiosa deorum Nee soli poenas dant sanguine Teucri limina.
36 5
;
quondam etiam
luctus,
victis redit in
:
praecordia virtus
victoresque cadunt Danai
crudelis ubique
ubique
pavor, et
The Mistake
plurima mortis imago.

of Androgeos.
Primus
se,
Danaum magna
Androgeos
1
offert nobis, socia
comitante caterva, agmina credens

:
37
inscius, atque ultro verbis compellat amicis
Festinate, viri
segnities
?
nam quae
tarn sera
moratur
Pergama
Dixit, et fida
Alii rapiunt incensa feruntque vos celsis nunc primum a navibus
ids.'
375
extemplo, neque enim responsa dabantur satis, sensit medios delapsus in hostis.
Obstipuit, retroque
pedem cum voce
repressit
improvisum
pressit
aspris veluti qui sentibus
anguem
38
;
humi
nitens, trepidusque repente refugit
attollentem iras et caerula colla
tumentem
haud secus Androgeos visu tremefactus
abibat.
Inruimus, densis et circumfundimur armis, ignarosque loci passim et formidine captos
sternimus
adspirat primo fortuna labori.

Disguise of the Trojans.
38 5
Atque
'
hie successu exsultans animisque Coroebus,

' '
socii,
qua prima
inquit
fortuna salutis
358-406.]
The Tale of Troy.

iter,
49
sequamur
?
;
monstrat
quaque ostendit
se dextra,
mutemus
:
clipeos,
Danaumque
insignia nobis
39
comantem Anclrogei galeam clipeique insigne decorum induitur, laterique Argivum accommodat ensem.
Sic fatus, deinde
aptemus dolus an Anna dabunt ipsi.'
virtus, quis in hoste requirat
Hoc
Rhipeus, hoc ipse

;
Dymas omnisque
iuventus
395
laeta facit
spoliis se
quisque recentibus armat.
Vadimus immixti Danais baud numine nostro, multaque per caecam congressi proelia noctem
conserimus, multos
Diffugiunt
fida petunt
alii
:
Danaum
demittimus Oreo.
cursu
4
ad navis,
et litora
pars ingentem formidine turpi scandunt rursus equum et nota conduntur in alvo.
Cassandra.
Heu
nihil invitis fas
quemquam
fidere divis
Ecce trahebatur passis Priameia virgo crinibus a templo Cassandra adytisque Minervae, ad caelum tendens ardentia lumina frustra,
lumina,
405
nam
teneras arcebant vincula palmas.
CASSANDRA.
50
The JEneid.
tulit
[BOOK
II.
Non
et sese
medium
hanc speciem furiata mente Coroebus, iniecit periturus in agmen.

et densis
Consequimur cuncti
incurrimus armis.
The Trojans Assailed by
their Friends.
Hie primum ex
alto delubri
culmine
telis
410
nostrorum obruimur, oriturque miserrima caedes armorum facie et Graiarum errore iubarum.
Turn Danai gemitu atque ereptae

undique
et
virginis ira
collect! invadunt,
acerrimus Aiax,
4*5
gemini Atridae, Dolopumque exercitus omnis; adversi rupto ceu quondam turbine venti confligunt, Zephyrusque Notusque et laetus Eois
Eurus equis
Illi
spumeus atque imo Nereus

etiam,
si
stridunt silvae, saevitque tridenti ciet aequora fundo.

420
quos obscura nocte per umbram

totaque agitavimus urbe,
fudimus
apparent
Ilicet
insidiis
;
primi clipeos mentitaque tela adgnoscunt, atque ora sono discordia signant.
obruimur numero
Penelei' dextra divae armipotentis
primusque Coroebus ad aram
42 5
procumbit
dis aliter
cadit et Rhipeus, iustissimus unus

:
qui fuit in Teucris et servantissimus aequi
visum
;
confixi a sociis
pereunt Hypanisque Dymasque nee te tua plurima, Panthu,

43
labentem pietas nee Apollinis infula texit. Iliaci cineres et flamma extrema meorum,
testor, in
occasu vestro nee tela nee ullas
vitavisse vices
Danaum,
et, si
fata fuissent
ut caderem, meruisse
manu.
Divellimur inde,
435
Iphitus et Pelias
mecum, quorum Iphitus aevo

;
iam gravior, Pelias et volnere tardus Ulixi protinus ad sedes Priami clamore vocati.
407-468.]
Tlie
Tale of Troy.
51
The Fight
at Priam's Palace.
Hie vero ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam

bella forent, nulli tota morerentur in urbe,
sic
Martem indomitum, Danaosque ad
tecta ruentis
440
cernimus, obsessumque acta testudine limen.
Haerent parietibus scalae, postisque sub ipsos nituntur gradibus, clipeosque ad tela sinistris
protect! obiciunt, prensant fastigia dextris.
Dardanidae contra
culmina convellunt
turris ac tota
;
domorum
445
his se,
quando ultima cernunt,

;
extrema iam
devolvunt
in
auratasque trabes,
;
morte parant defendere telis veterum decora alta parentum
alii strictis
;
mucronibus imas
450
obsedere fores
has servant agmine denso.
Instaurati animi, regis succurrere tectis, auxilioque levare viros, vimque addere victis.
Limen
erat caecaeque fores et pervius usus

relicti
tectorum inter se Priami, postesque

a tergo, infelix qua
se,
regna manebant, saepius Andromache ferre incomitata solebat ad soceros, et avo puerum Astyanacta trahebat.
dum
455
Evado ad summi
tela
manu
fastigia culminis, unde miseri iactabant inrita Teucri.
Turrim
et
eductam
stantem summisque sub unde omnis Troia videri Danaum solitae naves et Achaia castra,
in praecipiti
tectis,
astra
4 6o
adgressi ferro circum, qua summa labantis iuncturas tabulata dabant, convellimus altis
cum
ea lapsa repente ruinam sedibus, impulimusque sonitu trahit et Danaum super agmina late
;
:
465
incidit ast alii subeunt, nee saxa, nee ullum telorum interea cessat genus.
52
The ALneid.
Pyrrhus.
[BOOK
II
Vestibulum ante ipsum primoque

exsultat, telis et luce coruscus ae'na
;
in limine
Pyrrhus
47
qualis ubi in lucem coluber mala gramina pastus frigida sub terra turnidum quern bruma tegebat,
nunc, positis novus exuviis nitidusque iuventa, lubrica convolvit sublato pectore terga
arduus ad solem, et linguis micat ore
trisulcis.
475
Una
ingens Periphas et equorum agitator Achillis,
armiger Automedon, uria omnis Scyria pubes succedunt tecto, et flammas ad culmina iactant.
Ipse inter primos correpta dura bipenni limina perrumpit, postisque a cardine vellit aeratos iamque excisa trabe firma cavavit
;
480
robora, et ingentem lato dedit ore fenestram.

intus, et atria longa patescunt adparent Priami et veterum penetralia regum, armatosque vident stantis in limine primo.
Adparet domus
485
The Terror Within.
At domus
interior
gemitu miseroque tumultu
miscetur, penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes femineis ululant ferit aurea sidera clamor.
;
Turn pavidae
tectis
matres ingentibus errant,

49
amplexaeque tenent postis atque oscula figunt. nee claustra, neque ipsi Instat vi patria Pyrrhus
;
custodes sufferre valent

ianua, et einoti
Fit via vi
;
labat ariete crebro
procumbunt cardine postes. rumpunt aditus, primosque trucidant

495
immissi Danai, et late loca milite complent.
Non
exiit,
sic,
aggeribus ruptis
cum spumeus amnis

camposque per omnis
Vidi ipse furentem
oppositasque evicit gurgite moles,

stabulis
fertur in arva furens cumulo,
cum
armenta
trahit.
469-53
The Tale of Troy.

;
53
500
caede Neoptolemum geminosque in limine Atridas

vidi
Hecubam centumque
illi
nurus,
Priamumque
per aras
sanguine foedantem, quos ipse sacraverat,
ignis.
Quinquaginta
thalami, spes tanta nepotum,
barbarico postes auro spoliisque superbi, procubuere tenent Danai, qua deficit ignis.
;
505
Fate of Priam.
Forsitan et Priami fuerint quae fata requiras.

uti captae casum convolsaque vidit limina tectorum et medium in penetralibus hostem,
Urbis
anna diu senior desueta trementibus aevo

circumdat nequiquam umeris, et inutile ferrum cingitur, ac densos fertur moriturus in hostis.
510
Aedibus
in mediis
nudoque sub aetheris axe
ingens ara fuit iuxtaque veterrima laurus, incumbens arae atque umbra complexa Penatis.
Hie Hecuba
condensae
et natae
nequiquam
altaria circum,
515
praecipites atra ceu tempestate columbae,

et divom amplexae simulacra sedebant. Ipsum autem sumptis Priamum iuvenalibus armis ut vidit, 'Quae mens tarn dira, miserrime coniunx, Aut quo ruis ? inquit impulit his cingi telis ? 'Non tali auxilio nee defensoribus istis tempus eget non, si ipse meus nunc adforet Hector. Hue tandem concede haec ara tuebitur omnis,
'
;
5 20
aut moriere simul.'
Sic ore effata recepit

52 5
ad sese
et sacra longaevum in sede locavit. Ecce autem elapsus Pyrrhi de caede Polites, unus natorum Priami, per tela, per hostis
porticibus longis fugit, et vacua atria lustrat saucius ilium ardens infesto volnere Pyrrhus
:
insequitur, iam
iamque manu tenet
et premit hasta.
53
Ut tandem ante oculos
evasit et ora parentum,
54
concidit, ac
The ALneid.
multo vitam cum sanguine
fudit.
[BOOK
II.
Hie Priamus, quamquam in media iam morte tenetur, non tamen abstinuit, nee voci iraeque pepercit
:
'At
tibi
pro scelere,' exclamat, 'pro talibus ausis,

est caelo pietas,
535
di, si
qua
quae
talia curet,
persolvant grates dignas et praemia reddant debita, qui nati coram me cernere letum
fecisti et patrios foedasti
funere voltus.
54
satum quo te mentiris, Achilles talis in hoste fuit Priamo sed iura fidemque supplicis erubuit, corpusque exsangue sepulchro reddidit Hectoreum, meque in mea regna remisit.'
ille,
;
At non
MURDER OF PRIAM.
Sic fatus senior, telumque imbelle sine ictu coniecit, rauco quod protinus acre repulsum
e
545
summo
clipei
'
:
nequiquam umbone pependit.

Referes ergo haec et nuntius
;
Cui Pyrrhus
ibis
Pelidae genitori
illi
mea
tristia facta
degeneremque Neoptolemum narrare memento. Nunc morere.' Hoc dicens altaria ad ipsa trementem
traxit et in
55
multo lapsantem sanguine
nati,
implicuitque comam laeva, dextraque coruscum extulit, ac lateri capulo tenus abdidit ensem.
Haec
sorte
firiis
Priami fatorum
hie exitus ilium

et prolapsa
tulit,
Troiam incensam
tot
videntem
555
quondam populis terrisque superbum Pergama, lacet ingens litore truncus, regnatorem Asiae. umeris avolsumque caput, et sine nomine corpus.
532-587.]
The Tale of Troy.

Horror of
./Eneas.
55
At me
Obstipui
ut
;
turn
primum saevus
circumstetit horror.
560
subiit cari genitoris imago,
regem aequaevum
;
crudeli volnere vidi
vitam exhalantem
et direpta
subiit deserta Creiisa,
domus,
et parvi casus luli.
sit me circum copia lustro. Deseruere omnes defessi, et corpora saltu ad terram misere aut ignibus aegra dedere.
Respicio, et quae
56 5
Helen at the Temple of Vesta.
[lamque adeo super unus eram, cum limina Vestae

servantem
erranti
Ilia
et tacitam secreta in
:
sede latentem
Tyndarida aspicio
dant clara incendia lucem

57
passimque oculos per cuncta ferenti. sibi infestos eversa ob Pergama Teucros
poenas Danaum et deserti coniugis iras praemetuens, Troiae et patriae communis Erinys, abdiderat sese atque aris invisa sedebat. Exarsere ignes animo subit ira cadentem
et
;
575
ulcisci
'Scilicet
aspiciet,
patriam haec Spartam incolumis patriasque Mycenas
et sceleratas
sumere poenas.
partoque
ibit
regina triumpho,
coniugiumque, domumque, patres, natosque videbit, Iliadum turba et Phrygiis comitata ministris ?
S&
Occident ferro Priamus
Troia arserit igni

?
Dardanium
totiens sudarit sanguine litus

etsi
est,
Non
ita
namque
in
nullum memorabile nomen

nee habet victoria laudem, et sumpsisse merentis
5^5
feminea
poena
exstinxisse nefas
tamen
laudabor poenas, animumque explesse iuvabit

ultricis
flammae,
et cineres satiasse
meorum.'
56
The jEneid.
[BOOK
II.
Appearance
of
Venus.
cum mihi
Talia iactabam, et furiata mente ferebar :] se non ante oculis tarn clara, videndam
obtulit et pura per
noctem
in luce refulsit
59
alma parens, confessa deam qualisque videri caelicolis et quanta solet, dextraque prehensum continuit, roseoque haec insuper addidit ore
:
Nate, quis indomitas tantus dolor excitat iras ? Quid furis, aut quonam nostri tibi cura recessit ?
'
595
Non
prius aspicies ubi fessum aetate parentem
liqueris
Anchisen
superet coniunxne Creiisa,

et, ni
Ascaniusque puer ? circum errant acies,
Quos omnes undique Graiae mea cura resistat,

600
iam flammae
tulerint inimicus et hauserit ensis.
Tyndaridis facies invisa Lacaenae culpatusve Paris divom inclementia, divom, has evertit opes sternitque a culmine Troiam.
tibi
:
Non
Aspice
namque omnem, quae nunc obducta

umida circum
qua parentis
:
tuenti
605
mortalis hebetat visus tibi et

caligat,
nuberh eripiam
tu ne
iussa time,
hie,
neu praeceptis parere recusa ubi disiectas moles avolsaque saxis
saxa vides mixtoque undantem pulvere fumum.
Neptunus muros magnoque emota tridenti fundamenta quatit, totamque a sedibus urbem eruit hie luno Scaeas saevissima portas
;
610
prima tenet, sociumque furens a navibus agmen

ferro accincta vocat.
Iam summas arces Tritonia, respice, Pallas insedit, nimbo effulgens et Gorgone saeva.
Ipse pater Danais animos viresque secundas sufficit, ipse deos in Dardana suscitat arma.
Eripe, nate, fugam, finemque
615
impone
labori.
PALLAS.
588-646.]
The Tale of Troy.

abero, et tutum patrio te limine sistam.'
57
620
Nusquam
Dixerat, et spissis noctis se condidit umbris.

Vision of the Fate of Troy.
Adparent dirae facies inimicaque Troiae numina magna deum. Turn vero omne mihi visum considere in ignis Ilium et ex imo verti Neptunia Troia ac veluti summis antiquam in montibus ornum
;
625
cum
ferro accisam crebrisque bipennibus instant eruere agricolae certatim, ilia usque minatur et tremefacta comam concusso vertice nutat,
volneribus donee paulatim evicta supremum congemuit, traxitque iugis avolsa ruinam.
Counsels of Flight.
630
Descendo, ac ducente deo flammam inter et hostis expedior; dant tela locum, flammaeque recedunt.
Stubborn Refusal of Anchises.
Atque ubi iam patriae perventum ad limina sedis

antiquasque domos, genitor, quern tollere in altos optabam primum montis primumque petebam,
635
abnegat excisa vitam producere Troia

exsiliumque pad.
sanguis,' ait
'
'Vos O, quibus integer aevi

:
solidaeque suo stant robore vires, vos agitate fugam me si caelicolae voluissent ducere vitam,
Satis una superque vidimus exscidia et captae superavimus urbi.
640
has mihi servassent sedes.

Sic
sic
positum adfati discedite corpus.

;
Ipse
manu mortem inveniam

;
miserebitur hostis
645
exuviasque petet
facilis iactura sepulcri.
58
The Êneid.
invisus divis et inutilis annos
[BOOK n.
lam pridem
me divom pater atque hominum rex fulminis adflavit ventis et contigit igni.' Talia perstabat memorans, fixusque manebat.
demoror, ex quo
650
coniunxque Creiisa Ascaniusque omnisque domus, ne vertere secum cuncta pater fatoque urguenti incumbere vellet.
effusi lacrimis,
Nos contra
Abnegat, inceptoque et sedibus haeret in isdem. Rursus in arma feror, mortemque miserrimus opto
'
655
nam quod consilium aut quae iam fortuna dabatur? Mene efferre pedem, genitor, te posse relicto
sperasti,
tantumque nefas patrio
excidit ore?
Si nihil
et
ex tanta superis placet urbe relinqui, sedet hoc animo, perituraeque addere Troiae
isti
660
leto, teque tuosque iuvat, patet iamque aderit muljto Priami de sanguine Pyrrhus, natum ante ora patris, patrem qui obtruncat ad aras.
ianua
Hoc
erat,
eripis, ut mediis
alma parens, quod me per tela, per ignis hostem in penetralibus, utque
665
Ascanium patremque
meum
;
iuxtaque Creiisam
alterum in alterius mactatos sanguine cernam ? Arma, viri, ferte arma vocat lux ultima victos.
Reddite
proelia.
me Danais
sinite instaurata
revisam
inulti.'
Numquam omnes hodie moriemur
670
Hinc
ferro accingor rursus clipeoque sinistram
insertabam aptans, meque extra tecta ferebam. Ecce autem complexa pedes in limine coniunx
haerebat,
'
parvumque
patri tendebat
Si periturus abis, et
nos rape
in
lulum omnia tecum

:
675
aliquam expertus sumptis spem hanc primum tutare domum. Cui parvus lulus, cui pater et coniunx quondam tua dicta relinquor?'
sin
ponis in armis,
647-692.]
The Talc of Troy.

Sign from the Gods.
59
Way.
Anchises Gives
Talia vociferans gemitu tectum omne replebat, cum subitum dictuque oritur mirabile monstrum.
680
ecce levis
Namque manus inter maestorumque ora parentum summo de vertice visus lull
fundere lumen apex, tactuque innoxia mollis lambere flamma comas et circum tempora pasci.
THE FIERY OMEN.
trepidare metu, crinemque flagrantem excutere et sanctos restinguere fontibus ignis. At pater Anchises oculos ad sidera laetus
extulit, et
'
Nos pavidi
685
caelo palmas
cum voce
tetendit
luppiter omnipotens, precibus

aspice nos
;
si flecteris ullis,
hoc tantum, et, si pietate meremur, da deinde auxilium, pater, atque haec omina firma.' Vix ea fatus erat senior, subitoque fragore
690
60
The sEneid.
[BOOK
II.
Stella
intonuit laevum, et de caelo lapsa per umbras facem ducens multa cum luce cucurrit.
695
Illam, summa super labentem culmina tecti, cernimus Idaea claram se condere silva
signantemque vias turn longo limite sulcus dat lucem, et late circum loca sulphure fumant. Hie vero victus genitor se tollit ad auras,
;
adfaturque decs et sanctum sidus adorat.

'
sequor qua Di patrii, servate domum, servate nepotem. Vestrum hoc augurium, vestroque in numine Troia Cedo equidem, nee, nate, tibi comes ire recuso.'
;
lam iam
nulla
mora
est
et
ducitis
adsum.
est.
The
Flight.
Dixerat
'
ille
et
iam per moenia
clarior ignis
705
auditur, propiusque aestus incendia volvunt.
Ergo age, care pater, cervici imponere nostrae ipse subibo umeris, nee me labor iste gravabit quo res cumque cadent, unum et commune periclum,
; ;
Mihi parvus lulus erit. comes, et longe servet vestigia coniunx vos, famuli, quae dicam, animis advertite vestris.
sit
:
una salus ambobus
7 10
Est urbe egressis tumulus templumque vetustum

desertae Cereris, iuxtaque antiqua cupressus religione patrum multos servata per annos.
7
1
Hanc ex
diverso
sedem veniemus
in
unam.
Tu, genitor, cape sacra
manu
patriosque Penatis;
me, bello e tanto digressum et caede recenti, attrectare nefas, donee me flumine vivo
abluero.'
7 20
Haec
fatus, latos
umeros subiectaque
colla
veste super fulvique insternor pelle leonis, succedoque oneri dextrae se parvus lulus
;
implicuit sequiturque patrem
non passibus aequis
693-739-]
The Tale of Troy.

:
61
725
pone subit coniunx

et
ferimur per opaca locorum

ulla iniecta
me,
quem dudum non
movebant
neque adverse glomerati ex agmine Grai, nunc omnes terrent aurae, sonus excitat omnis
tela
suspensum
et pariter
comitique onerique timentem.
THE FLIGHT OF
lamque propinquabam
evasisse viam, subito
visus adesse
'
portis,
omnemque
videbar
73
cum
creber ad auris
pedum
'
sonitus, genitorque per

'
umbram
'
!
prospiciens,
Nate exclamat, fuge nate, propinquant Ardentis clipeos atque aera micantia cerno
Loss
of Creiisa.
confusam
Hie mihi nescio quod trepido male numen amicum eripuit mentem. Namque avia cursu dum sequor, et nota excedo regione viarum,
heu, misero coniunx fatone erepta Creiisa substitit, erravitne via, seu lassa resedit,
735
62
incertum
The jEneid.
;
[BOOK
nostris.
II.
nee post oculis est reddita
74
prius amissam respexi animumque reflexi, quam tumulum antiquae Cereris sedemque sacratam venimus hie demum collectis omnibus una
;
Nee
defuit, et
comites natumque virumque

Despair
of
fefellit.
/Eneas.
Quern non incusavi amens hominumque deorumque,

aut quid in eversa vidi crudelius urbe
?
745
Ascanium Anchisenque patrem Teucrosque Penatis
commendo
ipse
sociis et
curva valle recondo
urbem repeto
et cingor fulgentibus armis.
Stat casus renovare omnis, omnemque reverti per Troiam, et rursus caput obiectare periclis. Principio muros obscuraque limina portae,
75
qua gressum extuleram, repeto, et vestigia retro observata sequor per noctem et lumine lustro. Horror ubique animo, simul ipsa silentia terrent.
Inde domum,
si
755
forte
pedem,
si
forte tulisset,
me
refero
inruerant Danai, et tectum
omne
tenebant.
Ilicet ignis
edax
summa
ad fastigia vento
760
volvitur
Procedo
et
exsuperant flammae, furit aestus ad auras. Priami sedes arcemque revise.
Et iam porticibus vacuis lunonis asylo custodes lecti Phoenix et dirus Ulixes
praedam adservabant.
incensis erepta adytis,
Hue undique
Troia gaza
765
mensaeque deorum,
crateresque auro solidi, captivaque vestis congeritur pueri et pavidae longo ordine matres stant circum.
;
The Phantom
of Creiisa.
Ausus quin etiam voces iactare per umbram implevi clamore vias, maestusque Creiisam
740-800.]
The Tale of Troy.
63
77
nequiquam ingeminans iterumque iterumque vocavi. Quaerenti et tectis urbis sine fine furenti infelix simulacrum atque ipsius umbra Creiisae visa mihi ante oculos et nota maior imago.
Obstipui, steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit. [Turn sic adfari et curas his demere dictis :]
'
775
Quid tantum insano

dulcis coniunx
;
iuvat indulgere dolori,
Non haec
sine
numine divom
eveniunt
fas,
nee
te
hinc comitem asportare Creiisam

superi regnator Olympi.
780
aut
ille sinit
et
vastum maris aequor arandum, terram Hesperiam venies, ubi Lydius arva inter opima virum leni fluit agmine Thybris
Longa
tibi exsilia, et
illic
res laetae
tibi.
regnumque
et regia
coniunx
parta
Lacrimas dilectae
pelle Creiisae.
785
sedes Dolopumve superbas aut Graiis servitum matribus ibo, aspiciam, et divae Veneris nurus. Dardanis,
Non ego Myrmidonum
Sed me magna deum genetrix his detinet oris iamque vale, et nati serva communis amorenv Haec ubi dicta dedit, lacrimantem et multa volentem
:
79
dicere deseruit, tenuisque recessit in auras. Ter conatus ibi collo dare bracchia circum
ter frustra
comprensa manus
effugit imago,
par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno.
Meeting
of the Fugitives.
Sic
demum
socios
Atque
hie ingentem
consumpta nocte reviso. comitum adfluxisse novorum
795
invenio admirans numerum, matresque virosque, collectam exsilio pubem, miserabile volgus.
in
Undique convenere, animis opibusque parati, quascumque velim pelago deducere terras.
64
lamque
iugis
The Aineid.
[BOOK
II.
summae
surgebat Lucifer Idae
ducebatque diem, Danaique obsessa tenebant limina portarum, nee spes opis ulla dabatur
;
cessi, et sublato
montes genitore
petivi.
BOOK
III.
THE WANDERINGS OF
THE exiles sail in early summer, and arrive at Thrace, but are alarmed by the prodigy of a bleeding thicket over Polydorus's grave At Delos they consult Apollo, and (misunderstanding his (vv. 1-68).
oracle) settle in Crete,
whence they are driven by a pestilence (69-146).

:
/Eneas
sail,
they set but are overtaken by a storm (147-208). Seeking shelter at the Strophades, they are driven thence by the Harpies, and follow the coast
is
warned
in a vision that Italy is the destined land
as far as Epirus (209-293). Here they find Helenus who joyfully receive them in hospitality (294-355).
and Andromache,
The prophecy
of
Helenus
of Italy, the spectacle of Mount Êtna (506-587). Here they rescue one clops of the companions of Ulysses. The monster Polyphemus is seen approaching the shore his cries summon his companions (588-681). Re: :
they depart, laden with gifts (356-505). They hail the coast and proceed till they near Sicily and the residence of the Cy:
tracing their course, to avoid Scylla and Charybdis, they land at the port of Urepanum the death of Anchises (682-718).
:
66
The jEmid.
[BOOK
III.
Embarkation
of the Trojans.
res Asiae Priamique evertere gentem immeritam visum superis, ceciditque superbum Ilium, et omnis humo fumat Neptunia Troia,
POSTQUAM
diversa exsilia et desertas quaerere terras

auguriis agimur divom, classemque sub ipsa
5
Antandro
incerti,
et
Phrygiae molimur montibus Idae,

fata ferant, ubi sistere detur,
quo
contrahimusque viros. Vix prima inceperat aestas, et pater Anchises dare fatis vela iubebat,
litora
et
patriae lacrimans portusque relinquo campos, ubi Troia fuit feror exsul in altum
:
cum
10
cum
sociis
natoque Penatibus
Landing
in
et
magnis
dis.
Thrace.
Terra procul vastis colitur Mavortia campis,
Thraces arant,
acri
quondam regnata Lycurgo,

1
hospitium antiquum Troiae sociique Penates, dum fortuna fuit. Feror hue, et litore curvo
moenia prima loco, fatis ingressus iniquis, Aeneadasque meo nomen de nomine fingo.
Tomb
of the
Murdered Polydorus.
Sacra Dionaeae matri divisque ferebam

auspicibus coeptorum operum, superoque nitentem caelicolum regi mactabam in litore taurum.
20
Forte fuit iuxta tumulus, quo cornea summo virgulta et densis hastilibus horrida myrtus.
Accessi, viridemque ab
humo
convellere silvam
25
conatus, ramis tegerem ut frondentibus aras, horrendum et dictu video mirabile monstrum.
Nam, quae prima
solo ruptis radicibus arbos
i-6i.]
The Wanderings of Aeneas.
67
vellitur,
et
huic atro liquuntur sanguine guttae, Mihi frigidus horror terram tabo maculant.
quatit,
membra
Rursus
et alterius
gelidusque coit formidine sanguis. lentum convellere vimen

:
30
insequor, et causas penitus temptare latentis ater et alterius sequitur de cortice sanguis.
Multa movens animo nymphas venerabar agrestis
Gradivumque patrem,
rite
Geticis qui praesidet arvis,
35
secundarent visus omenque levarent. Tertia sed postquam maiore hastilia nisu
adgredior, genibusque adversae obluctor arenae gemitus lacrimabilis imo eloquar, an sileam? auditur tumulo, et vox reddita fertur ad auris
:
'Quid miserum, Aenea, laceras? lam parce sepulto; Non me tibi Troia parce pias scelerare manus.
externum
tulit,
aut cruor hie de stipite manat.

:
Heu, fuge crudelis terras, fuge litus avarum nam Polydorus ego hie confixum ferrea texit
;
45'
telorum seges et iaculis increvit acutis.' Turn vero ancipiti mentem formidine pressus obstipui, steteruntque comae et vox faucibus haesit.
Hunc Polydorum
infelix
auri quondam cum pondere magno Priamus furtim mandarat alendum
Threicio regi,
cum iam
diffideret
armis
Dardaniae, cingique urbem obsidione videret. Ille, ut opes fractae Teucrum, et fortuna recessit,
res
fas
Agamemnonias omne abrumpit

Quid
fames?
victriciaque
;
arma
secutus,
55
vi potitur.
Polydorum obtruncat, et auro non mortalia pectora cogis,
auri sacra
delectos populi ad proceres
Postquam pavor ossa reliquit, primumque parentem

quae
sit
monstra deum
refero, et
sententia posco.
60
Omnibus idem animus,

linqui pollutum
scelerata excedere terra,
hospitium, et
dare classibus austros.
68
The jEnetd.
[BOOK
III.
Ergo instauramus Polydoro funus, et ingens stant Manibus arae, aggeritur tumulo tellus
;
caeruleis maestae vittis atraque cupresso,

et
circum Iliades crinem de more solutae
65
inferimus tepido spumantia cymbia lacte

sanguinis et sacri pateras,
et
condimus,
animamque sepulchre magna supremum voce ciemus.

Arrival in Delos.
Inde, ubi prima fides pelago, placataque venti dant maria et lenis crepitans vocat Auster in altum,
deducunt
socii navis et litora
complent
provehimur portu, terraeque urbesque recedunt. Sacra mari colitur medio gratissima tellus
Nereidum matri
et
Neptuno Aegaeo,
75
plus Arcitenens oras et litora circum errantem Mycono e celsa Gyaroque revinxit,
quam
immotamque
coli dedit et
contemnere ventos.
Hue
feror
;
accipit
haec fessos tuto placidissima portu egressi veneramur Apollinis urbem.

;
Rex Anius,
vittis et
rex idem
hominum Phoebique
sacerdos
80
sacra redimitus tempora lauro,
occurrit; veterem
Anchisen adgnoscit amicum.

et tecta
lungimus hospitio dextras,
subimus.
:
Templa dei saxo venerabar structa vetusto 'Da propriam, Thymbraee, domum da moenia fessis et genus et mansuram urbem serva altera Troiae
;
;
85
Pergama, reliquias Danaum atque immitis Achilli. Quern sequimur? Quove ire iubes, ubi ponere sedes?
Da, pater, augurium, atque animis inlabere
Response
of the Oracle.
nostris.'
Vix ea fatus eram

liminaque laurusque
dei,
tremere omnia visa repente, totusque moveri
APOLLO.
62-104.]
The Wanderings of
69
mons
circum, et mugire adytis cortina reclusis. Submissi petimus terrain, et vox fertur ad auris 'Dardanidae duri, quae vos a stirpe parentum
prima
tulit tellus,
eadem vos ubere

Antiquam
laeto
95
:
accipiet reduces.
exquirite
matrem
SACRIFICB
(v. 119).
hie
domus Aeneae
cunctis dominabitur oris,

illis.'
et nati
natorum, et qui nascentur ab

;
Haec Phoebus
laetitia, et
mixtoque ingens exorta tumultu
moenia quaerunt, Phoebus vocet errands quo iubeatque reverti? Turn genitor, veterum volvens monumenta virorum,
cuncti quae sint ea
'
et spes discite vestras Creta lovis magni medio iacet insula ponto
Audite,
'
'
proceres
ait
7O
T/te
Êneid.
[BOOK
III.
mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula nostrae. Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna maximus unde pater, si rite audita recorder,
!5
;
Teucrus Rhoeteas primum est advectus in oras, Nondum Ilium et arces optavitque locum regno.
Pergameae steterant; habitabant vallibus imis. Hinc mater cultrix Cybeli Corybantiaque aera
et iuncti
no
Idaeumque nemus hinc fida silentia sacris, currum dominae subiere leones. Ergo agite, et, divom ducunt qua iussa, sequamur
;
placemus ventos
et
Gnosia regna petamus.

;
"5
Nee longo
tertia lux
distant cursu
modo
luppiter adsit,
classem Cretaeis
sistet in oris.'
Sic fatus, meritos aris mactavit honores,
taurum Neptuno, taurum tibi, pulcher Apollo, nigram Hiemi pecudem, Zephyris felicibus albam.
Settlement in Crete.
120
Fama volat pulsum regnis cessisse paternis Idomenea ducem, desertaque litora Cretae,
hoste vacare domos, sedesque adstare relictas.
Linquimus Ortygiae portus, pelagoque volamus, bacchatamque iugis Naxon viridemque Donysam, Olearon, niveamque Paron, sparsasque per aequor
Cycladas, et crebris legimus freta consita Nauticus exoritur vario certamine clamor
hortantur socii
:
125
terris.
;
Cretam proavosque petamus ! Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntis
et
tandem antiquis Curetum adlabimur oris. Ergo avidus muros optatae molior urbis,
Pergameamque
lamque
voco, et laetam cognomine
gentem
J
;
hortor amare focos arcemque attollere tectis.

fere sicco subductae litore
puppes
;
35
conubiis arvisque novis operata iuventus
105-168.]
The Wanderings of ALneas.

:
71
iura
domosque dabam
subito
cum
tabida membris,
corrupto caeli tractu,
miserandaque venit
140
arboribusque satisque lues et letifer annus. Linquebant dulcis animas, aut aegra trahebant
corpora turn sterilis exurere Sirius agros arebant herbae, et victum seges aegra negabat.
;
;
Rursus ad oraclum Ortygiae Phoebumque remenso

hortatur pater ire mari,
veniamque precari
finem rebus ferat; unde laborum auxilium iubeat quo vertere cursus. temptare
quam
fessis
145
Italy
Revealed by the Penates.
Nox
erat, et terris
animalia somnus habebat
effigies sacrae divom Phrygiique Penates, quos mecum a Troia mediisque ex ignibus urbis
extuleram, visi ante oculos adstare iacentis

in somnis, multo manifest! lumine,
150
qua
se
;
plena per insertas fundebat luna fenestras turn sic adfari et curas his demere dictis
:
'Quod
tibi
delate Ortygiam dicturus Apollo est,

155
hie canit, et tua nos en ultro ad limina mittit.
Dardania incensa, tuaque arma secuti, nos tumidum sub te permensi classibus aequor, idem ventures tollemus in astra nepotes,
te,
Nos
moenia magnis ne magna para, longumque fugae linque laborem,. Mutandae sedes non haec tibi litora suasit
;
imperiumque urbi dabimus

:
tu
160
Delius, aut Cretae iussit considere Apollo.
Est locus, Hesperiam Grai cognomine dicunt, terra antiqua, potens armis atque ubere glaebae Oenotri coluere viri nunc fama minores
;
165
Italiam dixisse ducis de nomine
hae nobis propriae sedes
gentem hinc Dardanus

:
ortus,
lasiusque pater, genus a quo principe nostrum.
72
Surge age,
et
The Êneid.
haec laetus longaevo dicta parent!
refer
:
[BOOK
III.
haud dubitanda
Ausonias
;
Corythum terrasque
tibi
Dictaea negat
The Warning
requirat luppiter arva.'
170
is
Obeyed.
Talibus attonitus visis et voce deorum
nee sopor
illud erat,
sed coram adgnoscere voltus

;
velatasque comas praesentiaque ora videbar turn gelidus toto manabat corpore sudor
corripio e stratis corpus,
175
tendoque supinas ad caelum cum voce manus, et munera libo intemerata focis. Perfecto laetus honore
Anchisen facio certum, remque ordine pando.

Adgnovit prolem ambiguam geminosque parentes, seque novo veterum deceptum errore locorum. Turn memorat Nate, Iliacis exercite fatis,
'
:
180
sola mihi talis casus Cassandra canebat.
Nunc
et
repeto haec generi portendere debita nostro,

185
saepe Hesperiam, saepe Itala regna vocare. Sed quis ad Hesperiae ventures litora Teucros
crederet, aut
quem turn vates Cassandra moveret? Cedamus Phoebo, et moniti meliora sequamur.'
Sic
ait,
et cuncti dicto
paremus ovantes.
relictis
19
Hanc quoque deserimus sedem, paucisque
vela damus, vastumque cava trabe currimus aequor.

The Stormy Voyage.
Postquam altum tenuere
rates,
nee iam amplius ullae
adparent terrae, caelum undique et undique pontus, turn mihi caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber,
noctem hiememque ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris. Continue venti volvunt mare, magnaque surgunt
aequora dispersi iactamur gurgite vasto involvere diem nimbi, et nox umida caelum
;
;
195
169-215-]
73
abstulit;
ingeminant abruptis nubibus ignes. Excutimur cursu, et caecis erramus in undis.
Ipse diem noctemque negat discernere caelo nee meminisse viae media Palinurus in unda.
Tris adeo incertos caeca caligine soles erramus pelago, totidem sine sidere noctes.
Quarto terra die primum se
attollere
visa, aperire procul mentis, ac volvere
Vela cadunt, remis insurgimus

adnixi torquent
tandem fumum. haud mora, nautae
205
spumas
et caerula verrunt.
The Harpies
of the Strophades.
Servatum ex undis Strophadum

;
me
litora
primum
accipiunt Strophades Graio stant nomine dictae, insulae lonio in magno, quas dira Celaeno
HARPIBS.
Harpyiaeque colunt
aliae,
Phineia postquam
clausa domus, mensasque metu liquere priores. Tristius haud illis monstrum, nee saevior ulla
pestis et ira
deum
Stygiis sese extulit undis.
215
74
The SEneid.
[BOOK
III.
Virginei volucrum voltus, foedissima ventris

proluvies,
uncaeque manus,
et pallida
semper
ora fame.
Hue
ubi delati portus intravimus, ecce
laeta bourn
passim campis armenta videmus,
220
caprigenumque pecus nullo custode per herbas. Inruimus ferro, et divos ipsumque vocamus
turn litore curvo in partem praedamque lovem exstruimusque toros, dapibusque epulamur opimis. At subitae horrifico lapsu de montibus adsunt
;
225
Harpyiae, et magnis quatiunt clangoribus alas, diripiuntque dapes, contactuque omnia foedant
immundo Rursum in
;
turn
vox taetrum dira
inter
odorem.
secessu longo sub rupe cavata, arboribus clausi circum atque horrentibus umbris,
instruimus mensas arisque reponimus ignem rursuin ex diverse caeli caecisque latebris
:
230
turba sonans praedam pedibus circumvolat uncis, Sociis tune, arma capessant, polluit ore dapes.
cum gente gerendum. secus ac iussi faciunt, tectosque per herbam disponunt enses et scuta latentia condunt.
edico, et dira bellum
235
Haud
litora,
Ergo ubi delapsae sonitum per curva dedere dat signum specula Misenus ab alta
acre cavo.
Invadunt
socii, et
nova proelia temptant,

:
240
obscenas pelagi ferro foedare volucres sed neque vim plumis ullam nee volnera tergo accipiunt, celerique fuga sub sidera lapsae
semesam praedam
et vestigia foeda relinquunt.
Evil Prophecy of Celaeno.
Una
in praecelsa
consedit rupe Celaeno,

:
2 45
infelix vates,
rumpitque hanc pectore vocem 'Bellum etiam pro caede bourn stratisque iuvencis,
2 1 6-279.]
The Wanderings of Aeneas.

paratis,
75
Laomedontiadae, bellumne inferre

et patrio
Harpyias insontis pellere regno? Accipite ergo animis atque haec mea figite
dicta,
250
quae Phoebo pater omnipotens, mihi Phoebus Apollo praedixit, vobis Furiarum ego maxuma pando.
ibitis Italiam,
Italiam cursu petitis, ventisque vocatis portusque intrare licebit
sed non ante datam cingetis moenibus urbem, quam vos dira fames nostraeque iniuria caedis
255
ambesas subigat malis absumere mensas.'

Dixit, et in silvam
pennis ablata
refugit.
At
sociis subita gelidus formidine sanguis

;
cecidere animi, nee iam amplius armis, sed votis precibusque iubent exposcere pacem,
deriguit
sive deae, seu sint dirae
260
obscenaeque volucres.
litore
Et pater Anchises passis de
palmis
:
numina magna
1
vocat, meritosque indicit honores
Di, prohibete
minas
di,
'
!
talem avertite casum,
265
et placidi servate pios
Turn
litore
funem
deripere, excussosque iubet laxare rudentes.
Tendunt vela Noti fugimus spumantibus undis, qua cursum ventusque gubernatorque vocabat. Iam medio adparet fluctu nemorosa Zacynthos
;
270
Dulichiumque Sameque
et
et Neritos
ardua
saxis.
Effugimus scopulos Ithacae, Laertia regna, terram altricem saevi exsecramur Ulixi.
et
Mox
Leucatae nimbosa cacumina mentis

275
;
et formidatus nautis aperitur Apollo.
Hunc petimus
fessi et
parvae succedimus urbi

puppes.
ancora de prora
iacitur, stant litore
Landing
at
Actium.
Ergo insperata tandem
tellure potiti,
lustramurque lovi votisque incendimus aras,
76
The ALneid,
[BOOK
III.
Actiaque Iliacis celebramus litora ludis. Exercent patrias oleo labente palaestras nudati socii iuvat evasisse tot urbes
;
280
Argolicas, mediosque fugam tenuisse per hostis. Interea magnum sol circumvolvitur annum,
hiemps aquilonibus asperat undas. Acre cavo clipeum, magni gestamen Abantis, postibus adversis figo, et rem carmine signo
et glacialis
:
285
AENEAS HAEC DE DANAIS VICTORIBVS ARMA.

Linquere turn portus iubeo et considere transtris certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt. Protinus aerias Phaeacum abscondimus arces,
litoraque Epiri legimus portuque .subimus
:
29
Chaonio, et celsam Buthroti accedimus urbem.

Meeting with Andromache.
Hie incredibilis rerum fama occupat auris, Priamiden Helenum Graias regnare per urbes, coniugio Aeacidae Pyrrhi sceptrisque potitum,
et patrio
295
Andromachen iterum
cessisse marito.
.
Obstipui, miroque incensum pectus amore,
compellare virum et casus cognoscere tantos.

Progredior portu, classis et litora linquens, sollemnis cum forte dapes et tristia dona
ante urbem in luco
libabat cineri
falsi
Simoentis ad
undam
Andromache, Manisque vocabat Hectoreum ad tumulum, viridi quern caespite inanem et geminas, causam lacrimis, sacraverat aras.
Ut me conspexit venientem et Tro'ia circum arma amens vidit, magnis exterrita monstris
deriguit visu in medio, calor ossa reliquit labitur, et longo vix tandem tempore fatur
;
:
'Verane
te facies, verus
mihi nuntius adfers,

si
3 10
nate dea?
Vivisne, aut,
lux alma recessit,
280-329.]
The Wanderings of
Dixit,
77
Hector ubi est?'
lacrimasque effudit et
omnem
Vix pauca furenti implevit clamore locum. subicio, et raris turbatus vocibus hisco
:
'Vivo equidem, vitamque extrema per omnia duco ne dubita, nam vera vides.
Heu, quis
te
casus deiectam coniuge tanto
excipit, aut quae digna satis fortuna revisit Hectoris Andromachen? Pyrrhin' conubia servas?'
OFFERINGS TO THE DEAD
(vv. 301-5).
Deiecit voltum et demissa voce locuta est
320
'O
Priameia virgo, hostilem ad tumulum Troiae sub moenibus aids

felix
una ante
alias
iussa mori, quae sortitus
non
pertulit ullos,
!
nee victoris
eri tetigit
captiva cubile
Nos, patria incensa, diversa per aequora vectae,

stirpis Achilleae fastus iuvenemque superbum, servitio enixae, tulimus qui deinde, secutus
:
325
Ledaeam Hermionen Lacedaemoniosque hymenaeos,
me famulo famulamque Heleno
transmisit
habendam.
78
The j&neid.
[BOOK
III.
Ast ilium, ereptae magno inflammatus amore coniugis et scelerum Furiis agitatus, Orestes
33
incautum patriasque obtruncat ad aras. Morte Neoptolemi regnorum reddita cessit pars Heleno, qui Chaonios cognomine campos Chaoniamque omnem Troiano a Chaone dixit,
excipit
335
Pergamaque Iliacamque iugis hanc addidit arcem. Sed tibi qui cursum venti, quae fata dedere? Aut quisnam ignarum nostris deus adpulit oris?
Quid puer Ascanius? superatne

quern
tibi
et vescitur aura,
iam Troia
340
Ecqua tamen puero est amissae cura parentis? Ecquid in antiquam virtutem animosque virilis et pater Aeneas et avunculus excitat Hector?'
Reception by Helenas.
incassum
Talia fundebat lacrimans longosque ciebat fletus, cum sese a moenibus heros
345
Priamides multis Helenus comitantibus adfert, adgnoscitque suos, laetusque ad limina ducit,
et
multum lacrimas verba inter singula fundit. Procedo, et parvam Troiam simulataque magnis
Pergama,
et
arentem Xanthi cognomine rivum

:
35
adgnosco, Scaeaeque amplector limina portae. Nee non et Teucri socia simul urbe fruuntur
illos
porticibus rex accipiebat in amplis aulai medio libabant pocula Bacchi,
impositis auro dapibus, paterasque tenebant. lamque dies alterque dies processit, et aurae
vela vocant tumidoque inflatur carbasus austro.
355
quaeso "Troiugena, interpres divom, qui numina Phoebi,

:
His vatem adgredior
dictis ac talia
qui tripodas, Clarii laurus, qui sidera sentis,

et
360
volucrum linguas
et praepetis
omina pennae,
330-393-]
The Wanderings of Êneas.
79
dixit
fare age
religio, et
namque omnem cursum mihi prospera

cuncti suaserunt
numine
divi
:
sola
Italiam petere et terras temptare repostas novum dictuque nefas Harpyia Celaeno
canit, et tristis
365
prodigium
denuntiat
iras,
obscenamque famem quae prima pericula vito ? tantos Quldve sequens possim superare labores?'
Prophecy
of Helenus.
exorat
Hie Helenus, caesis primum de more pacem divom, vittasque resolvit
iuvencis,
37
sacrati capitis,
meque ad tua
limina, Phoebe,
ducit,
:
ipse
manu multo suspensum numine
atque haec deinde canit divino ex ore sacerdos nam te maioribus ire per altum 'Nate dea, manifesta fides sic fata deum rex auspiciis
:
375
sortitur, volvitque vices
is
vertitur ordo
pauca
tibi e multis,
quo
tutior hospita lustres
Ausonio possis considere portu, aequora expediam dictis prohibent nam cetera Parcae
et
;
scire
Helenum
farique vetat Saturnia luno.
3^
Principio Italiam,
quam
tu
iam rere propinquam
vicinosque, ignare, paras invadere portus, longa procul longis via dividit invia terris.
Ante
et Trinacria
et salis
lentandus remus in unda, Ausonii lustrandum navibus aequor,
3^5
infernique lacus, quam tuta possis
signa
tibi
Aeaeaeque urbem componere terra tu condita mente teneto dicam,
insula Circae,
:
cum
tibi sollicito secret!
ad fluminis undam
39
ingens inventa sub ilicibus sus triginta capitum fetus enixa iacebit,
litoreis
alba, solo recubans, albi circum

is
ubera
nati,
locus urbis
erit,
requies ea certa laborum.
8o Nee
fata
The ALneid.
tu mensarum morsus horresce futures viam invenient, aderitque vocatus Apollo.
:
[BOOK
III.
395
'Avoid the Eastern Shore.'
'Has autem
terras, Italique
hanc
litoris
oram,
proxuma
effuge
;
quae nostri perfunditur aequoris aestu,

posuerunt moenia Locri,
cuncta mails habitantur moenia Grais.
Hie
et Narycii
et Sallentinos obsedit milite
campos
ducis Meliboei
400
Lyctius Idomeneus
hie
ilia
parva Philoctetae subnixa Petelia muro. Quin, ubi transmissae steterint trans aequora classes, et positis aris iam vota in litore solves,
purpureo velare comas adopertus amictu, ne qua inter sanctos ignis in honore deorum
hostilis facies occurrat et
405
omina
turbet.
:
Hunc
socii
morem
sacrorum, hunc ipse teneto

in religione nepotes.
Sail
hac casti maneant

'
round
Italy.'
'Ast ubi digressum Siculae te admoverit orae

ventus, et angusti rarescent claustra Pelori, laeva tibi tellus et longo laeva petantur
4J
aequora circuitu
dextrum fuge
litus et
undas.
Haec
loca vi
quondam
et vasta convolsa ruina
tantum aevi longinqua valet mutare vetustas

dissiluisse ferunt,
4'5
cum
una
foret
venit
medio
protinus utraque vi pontus et undis
tellus
Hesperium Siculo
litore
latus abscidit, arvaque et urbes
diductas angusto interluit aestu.

Scylla latus, laevum implacata Charybdis imo barathri ter gurgite vastos
420
Dextrum
obsidet, atque
erigit alternos et sidera verberat
sorbet in abruptum fluctus rursusque sub auras unda.
VEILED ROMAN SACRIFICING.

(v.
45->
394-432-]

latebris,
81
At Scyllam caecis cohibet spelunca

Prima hominis
ora exsertantem et navis in saxa trahentem.

facies et pulchro pectore virgo
425
SCVLLA.
pube tenus, postrema immani corpore pristis, delphinum caudas utero commissa luporum.
Praestat Trinacrii metas lustrare Pachyni
cessantem, longos et circumflectere cursus, quam semel informem vasto vidisse sub antro
Scyllam, et caeruleis canibus resonantia saxa.
43
82
The Êneid.
[BOOK
III.
'Appease Juno.'
'Praeterea,
si
si
qua
est
si
Heleno prudentia,
veris implet Apollo,
vati
qua
fides,
animum
unum
illud tibi, nate dea,
proque omnibus unum

:
435
praedicam, et repetens
iterumque iterumque monebo lunonis magnae primum prece numen adora lunoni cane vota libens, dominamque potentem
;
:
supplicibus supera donis sic denique victor Trinacria finis Italos mittere relicta.
44
'Seek the Sibyl.'
'Hue
ubi delatus
Cumaeam
accesseris urbem,
silvis,
divinosque lacus, et
Averna sonantia
insanam vatem
quae rupe sub ima fata canit, foliisque notas et nomina mandat. Quaecumque in foliis descripsit carmina virgo,
aspicies,
445
digerit in
numerum, atque antro seclusa relinquit. Ilia manent immota locis, neque ab ordine cedunt
verum eadem, verso tenuis cum cardine ventus

impulit et teneras turbavit ianua frondes,
deinde cavo volitantia prendere saxo, nee revocare situs aut iungere carmina curat
numquam
45
inconsulti abeunt,
sedemque odere
Sibyllae.
tanti,
Hie
tibi
ne qua morae fuerint dispendia

increpitent socii, et vi
quamvis
cursus in altum
455
vela vocet, possisque sinus implere secundos, quin adeas vatem precibusque oracula poscas ipsa canat,
et
vocemque volens atque ora

populos venturaque
resolvat.
Ilia tibi Italiae
bella,
quo quemque modo fugiasque ferasque laborem

460
expediet, cursusque dabit venerata secundos. Haec sunt, quae nostra liceat te voce moneri.
Vade
age, et
ingentem
factis fer
ad aethera Troiam.'
433-483-]

Parting with Helenus and Andromache.
83
Quae postquam vates sic ore effatus amico dona dehinc auro gravia sectoque elephanto imperat ad navis ferri, stipatque carinis
ingens argentum, Dodonaeosque lebetas, loricam consertam hamis auroque trilicem,
et
est,
465
conum
insignis galeae cristasque comantis,

;
arma Neoptolemi
remigium supplet
sunt et sua dona parenti.

;
Addit equos, additque duces

;
47
socios simul instruit armis.
CHAIN MAIL
(v. 467).
Interea classem velis aptare iubebat
Anchises, fieret vento mora ne qua ferenti.
Quern Phoebi interpres multo compellat honore

'Coniugio, Anchise, Veneris dignate superbo, cura deum, bis Pergameis erepte ruinis,
475
ecce
tibi
Ausoniae
tellus
hanc arripe
velis.
;
Et tamen hanc pelago praeterlabare necesse est
Ausoniae pars ilia procul, quam pandit Apollo. Vade' ait 'O felix nati pietate. Quid ultra
provehor, et fando surgentis demoror austros?'
480
Nee minus Andromache digressu maesta supremo

fert picturatas auri
subtemine vestes
84
et
The Êneid.
[BOOK
III.
Phrygiam Ascanio chlamydem (nee cedit honore),

:
textilibusque onerat donis, ac talia fatur

'
485
quae monumenta mearum Accipe et Andromachae testentur amorem, sint, puer, longum Hectoreae. dona extrema tuorum, Cape coniugis
et haec,
tibi
manuum
O
et
sic oculos, sic ille
mihi sola mei super Astyanactis imago manus, sic ora ferebat
49
nunc aequali tecum pubesceret
aevo.'
:
Hos ego
;
digrediens lacrimis adfabar obortis
'Vivite felices, quibus est fortuna peracta iam sua nos alia ex aliis in fata vocamur.
Vobis parta quies nullum maris aequor arandum, arva neque Ausoniae semper cedentia retro
;
495
effigiem Xanthi Troiamque videtis, vestrae fecere manus, melioribus, opto, auspiciis, et quae fuerit minus obvia Grais.
quaerenda
quam
Si
intraro,
quando Thybrim vicinaque Thybridis arva gentique meae data moenia cernam,
500
cognatas urbes olim populosque propinquos, Epiro, Hesperia, quibus idem Dardanus auctor
atque idem casus, unam faciemus utramque Troiam animis maneat nostros ea cura nepotes.'
;
505
Departure from Epirus.
Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia iuxta, unde iter Italiam cursusque brevissimus undis.
Sol ruit interea et montes umbrantur opaci sternimur optatae gremio telluris ad undam,
;
sortiti remos, passimque in litore sicco corpora curamus fessos sopor inrigat artus. Necdum orbem medium Nox horis acta subibat
;
510
haud segnis
strato surgit Palinurus et
omnis
;
explorat ventos, atque auribus aera captat sidera cuncta notat tacito labentia caelo,
515
484-545-]
The Wanderings of sEneas.
85
Arcturum pluviasque Hyadas geminosque Triones, armatumque auro circumspicit Oriona.
Postquam cuncta videt caelo constare sereno, nos castra movemus, viam et velorum temptamusque pandimus alas.
dat clarum e puppi signum
;
' '
520
Italy
Italy
lamque rubescebat
stellis
Aurora
fugatis,
cum
procul obscures collis humilemque videmus Italian. Italiam primus conclamat Achates,
Italiam laeto socii clamore salutant.
Turn pater Anchises magnum cratera corona

induit, implevitque
'
525
mero, divosque vocavit

:
stans celsa in puppi Di maris et terrae tempestatumque potentes, ferte viam vento facilem et spirate secundi.'
Crebrescunt optatae aurae, portusque patescit iam propior, templumque adparet in arce Minervae. Vela legunt socii, et proras ad litora torquent.
Portus ab Euroo fluctu curvatus in arcum
; ;
53
obiectae salsa spumant aspargine cautes ipse latet gemino demittunt bracchia muro
;
535
turriti scopuli,
refugitque ab litore templum.
Omen
Quattuor
tondentis
hie,
of the Horses.
primum omen, equos

late,
'
:
in
gramine
vidi
campum
candore
nivali.
Et pater Anchises
Bellum,
terra hospita, portas
bello armantur equi, bellum haec
armenta minantur.
sueti
;
54
Sed tamen idem olim curru succedere
quadrupedes, et frena iugo concordia ferre Turn numina sancta precamur spes et pads' ait.
Palladis armisonae, quae prima accepit ovantis, et capita ante aras Phrygio velamur amictu
;
545
86
The Êneid.
rite
[BOOK
III.
praeceptisque Heleni, dederat quae maxima, lunoni Argivae iussos adolemus honores.
Haud mora, continue perfectis ordine votis, cornua velatarum obvertimus antennarum,
Graiugenumque domos suspectaque linquimus arva. Hinc sinus Herculei (si vera est fama) Tarenti
cernitur
;
55
attollit se
diva Lacinia contra,
Caulonisque arces et navifragum Scylaceum.

Charybdis.
Turn procul e fluctu Trinacria cernitur Aetna,
gemitum ingentem pelagi pulsataque saxa audimus longe fractasque ad litora voces,
et
555
exsultantque vada, atque aestu miscentur arenae. Et pater Anchises Nimirum haec ilia Charybdis
'
:
hos Helenus scopulos, haec saxa horrenda canebat. Eripite, O socii, pariterque insurgite remis
'
!
56
ac iussi faciunt, primusque rudentem contorsit laevas proram Palinurus ad undas

:
Haud minus
laevam cuncta cohors remis ventisque petivit. Tollimur in caelum curvato gurgite, et idem
subducta ad Manis imos desedimus unda.
565
:
Ter scopuli clamorem

ter
inter
cava saxa dedere
spumam
elisam et rorantia vidimus astra,
Interea fessos ventus ignarique viae
cum
sole reliquit,
oris.
Cyclopum adlabimur
Landing
in Sicily.
Portus ab accessu ventorum immotus et ingens sed horrificis iuxta tonat Aetna ruinis ipse
;
570
turbine
interdumque atram prorumpit ad aethera nubem, fumantem piceo et candente favilla,
attollitque globos
flammarum
et sidera lambit;
575
interdum scopulos avolsaque viscera montis
546-607.]
The Wanderings of ^sEneas.

saxa sub auras
87
erigit eructans, liquefactaque
cum gemitu glomerat. fundoque exaestuat imo. Fama est Enceladi semiustum fulmine corpus urgueri mole hac, ingentemque insuper Aetnam
et
impositam ruptis rlammam exspirare caminis fessum quotiens mutet latus, intremere omnem
;
580
murmure Trinacriam, et caelum subtexere fumo. Noctem illam tecti silvis immania monstra
perferimus, nee quae sonitum det causa videmus. Nam neque erant astrorum ignes, nee lucidus aethra
siderea polus, obscuro sed nubila caelo,
et
58 5
lunam
in
nimbo nox intempesta

The Deserted Greek.
tenebat.
Postera iamque dies primo surgebat Eoo umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram
cum
subito e
silvis,
macie confecta suprema,
59
ignoti nova forma
viri
miserandaque cultu
procedit, supplexque manus ad litora tendit. Respicimus dira inluvies inmissaque barba,
:
consertum tegumen spinis at cetera Graius, [et quondam patriis ad Troiam missus in armis.]
;
595
Isque ubi Dardanios habitus et Troia vidit
arma
procul,
continuitque
paulum aspectu conterritus haesit, gradum mox sese ad litora praeceps

;
cum
'
fletu
precibusque
tulit
Per sidera
tester,
per superos atque hoc caeli spirabile lumen, tollite me, Teucri quascumque abducite terras
;
600
;
hoc sat
erit.
Scio
me Danais
e classibus
;
unum,
et bello Iliacos fateor petisse Penatis
pro quo,
spargite
Si pereo,
si
sceleris tanta est iniuria nostri,

in fluctus,
me
vastoque immergite ponto.

periisse iuvabit.'
605
hominum manibus
Dixerat, et
genua amplexus genibusque volutans
88
haerebat.
The jEneid.
Qui
;
[BOOK
cretus,
III.
sit, fari,
quo sanguine
hortamur
quae deinde agitet fortuna, fateri. haud multa moratus, Ipse pater dextram Anchises,
610
dat iuveni, atque

Ille
animum
praesenti pignore firmat.

fatur
:
haec, deposita
tandem formidine,
'Sum
patria ex Ithaca, comes'
infelicis Ulixi,
nomine Achaemenides, Troiam genitore Adamasto

profectus. mansissetque utinani fortuna paupere Hie me, dum trepidi crudelia limina linquunt, inmemores socii vasto Cyclopis in antro
!
61 5
deseruere.
Domus
;
sanie dapibusque cruentis,

620
intus opaca, ingens
sidera
ipse arduus, altaque pulsat Di, talem terris avertite pestem

;
nee
visu facilis
nee dictu adfabilis
ulli.
Visceribus miserorum et sanguine vescitur atro. Vidi egomet, duo de numero cum corpora nostro
prensa
limina
manu magna, medio

;
resupinus
in antro,
frangeret ad saxum, sanieque aspersa natarent

vidi atro
625
cum membra
;
fluentia tabo
manderet, et tepidi tremerent sub dentibus artus. Haud impune quidem nee talia passus Ulixes,
oblitusve sui est Ithacus discrimine tanto.
Nam simul expletus dapibus vinoque sepultus cervicem inflexam posuit, iacuitque per antrum immensus, saniem eructans et frusta cruento
per
630
somnum commixta
mero, nos
magna
precati
numina
sortitique vices,
una undique circum

635
fundimur, et telo lumen terebramus acuto, ingens, quod torva solum sub fronte latebat,
Argolici clipei aut
et
Phoebeae lampadis instar, tandem laeti sociorum ulciscimur umbras. Sed fugite, O miseri, fugite, atque ab litore funem
640
rumpite.
Nam
qualis quantusque cavo Polyphemus in antro
608-654-]
The Wanderings of
89
lanigeras claudit pecudes atque ubera pressat,
centum
alii
curva haec habitant ad litora volgo
infandi Cyclopes, et altis montibus errant. Tertia iam lunae se cornua lumine complent,
645
cum vitam
lustra
in silvis inter deserta
ferarum
domosque
traho, vastosque ab rupe Cyclopas
POLYPHEMUS
(v. 657).
sonitumque pedum vocemque tremesco. Victum infelicem, bacas lapidosaque coma,

prospicio,
dant rami, et volsis pascunt radicibus herbae. Omnia conlustrans, hanc primum ad litora classem
conspexi venientem.
addixi
:
650
Huic me, quaecumque fuisset, gentem effugisse nefandam. Vos animam hanc potius quocumque absumite leto.'
satis est
90
The Êneid.
Polyphemus.
[BOOK
III.
Vix ea fatus
erat,
summo cum monte videmus
655
ipsum inter pecudes vasta se mole moventem pastorem Polyphemum et litora nota petentem, monstrum horrendum, informe, ingens, cui lumen ademptum. Trunca manu pinus regit et vestigia firmat
;
lanigerae comitantur oves
ea sola voluptas
660
solamenque mali.
Postquam
altos tetigit fluctus et
ad aequora
venit,
luminis effossi fluidum lavit inde cruorem, dentibus infrendens gemitu, graditurque per aequor
iam medium, necdum
fluctus latera ardua tinxit. trepidi celerare, recepto
665
Nos
procul inde
fugam
supplice sic merito, tacitique incidere
funem
verrimus et proni certantibus aequora remis. Sensit, et ad sonitum vocis vestigia torsit
;
verum ubi
nulla datur dextra adfectare potestas, nee potis Ionics fluctus aequare sequendo,
670
clamorem immensum
Italiae,
tollit, quo pontus et omnes contremuere undae, penitusque exterrita tellus
curvisque immugiit Aetna cavernis.

The Cyclopes.
At genus e silvis Cyclopum et montibus excitum ruit ad portus et litora complent.

Aetnaeos
fratres, caelo capita alta ferentis,
:
altis
675
Cernimus adstantis nequiquam lumine torvo

concilium horrendum
quales
cum
vertice celso
aeriae quercus, aut coniferae cyparissi

constiterunt, silva alta lovis, lucusve Dianae.
680
Praecipites metus acer agit quocumque rudentis excutere, et vends intendere vela secundis.
Contra iussa monent Heleni Scyllam atque Charybdin inter, utramque viam leti discrimine parvo,
685
<
a.
LLJ
a &
g 2
P*
Q ^ 5
S5
DC
&
65S-7 18 -]

;
91
certum est dare lintea retro. Ecce autem Boreas angusta ab sede Pelori missus adest. Vivo praetervehor ostia saxo
ni teneant cursus
Pantagiae Megarosque sinus Thapsumque iacentem.

Talia monstrabat relegens errata retrorsus
litora
690
Achaemenides, comes
infelicis Ulixi.
Sicanio praetenta sinu iacet insula contra Pleromyrium undosum nomen dixere priores
;
Ortygiam.
Alpheum fama
est
hue Elidis
;
amnem
695
occultas egisse vias subter mare qui nunc undis. Siculis confunditur tuo ore, Arethusa,
lussi
numina magna
loci
veneramur
et inde
exsupero praepingue solum stagnantis Helori. Hinc altas cautes proiectaque saxa Pachyni
radimus, et fatis
numquam
concessa moveri
Geloi",
700
adparet Camerina procul campique
immanisque Gela fluvii cognomine dicta. Arduus inde Acragas ostentat maxuma longe
magnanimum quondam generator equorum teque datis linquo ventis, palmosa Selinus, et vada dura lego saxis Lilybeia caecis.
moenia,
Landing
at
75
Drepanum.
et inlaetabilis ora
Hinc Dtepani me portus

accipit.
Hie, pelagi tot
tempestatibus actus,
7l
heu genitorem, omnis curae casusque levamen, amitto Anchisen hie me, pater optume, fessum
:
deseris, heu, tantis
nequiquam erepte
periclis
moneret, hos mihi praedixit luctus, non dira Celaeno. Hie labor extremus, longarum haec meta viarum.
Nee
vates Helenus,
cum multa horrenda
Hinc me digressum Sic pater Aeneas
deus adpulit oris. intentis omnibus unus

vestris
7J5
fata renarrabat divom, cursusque docebat.
Conticuit tandem, factoque hie fine quievit.
BOOK
DIDO
1-50),
IV.
DIDO AND AENEAS.

Anna
of her love for Êneas (vv.
converses with her sister
which she betrays also by other tokens (54-89). Juno concerts with Venus a device for uniting them in marriage (90-128). A hunting Dido and tineas are party is formed for the queen and her guests
:
Fame driven by the divine plot to take shelter in a cave (129-172). reports their alliance: jealous wrath of larbas (173-217). Jupiter sends Mercury to command the departure of Êneas, whom he finds laying the
foundations of the citadel (218-278). Êneas summons his companions Dido reproaches him with his intended flight (279-392). The fleet is
:
made ready he listens unmoved to the entreaties of Dido and Anna (393-449). The queen, maddened, resolves on death, first seeking magic
:
incantations (450-521).
perfidy.
Sleepless, at night, she exclaims against Trojan

:
in a vision again warns Êneas to flee he hastens the departure of the fleet (522-583). Despair of Dido at his she invokes curses upon the fugitive and his posterity (584-629). flight
:
Meanwhile Mercury
Simulating religious rites, she causes her chamber to be prepared, and Juno, by emslays herself, after a last appeal to her sister (629-692). bassy of Iris, releases her tormented spirit (623-705).
1-30.]
Dido and Aeneas.
93
Dido's Love.
AT
Multa
-gentis
regina gravi iamdudum saucia cura volnus alit venis, et caeco carpitur igni.
viri virtus
;
animo, multusque recursat honos haerent infix! pectore voltus verbaque, nee placidam membris dat cura quietem. Postera Phoebea lustrabat lampade terras,
umentemque Aurora polo dimoverat umbram, cum sic unanimam adloquitur male sana sororem 'Anna soror, quae me suspensam insomnia terrent
:
Quis novus hie nostris successit sedibus hospes,
quem
sese ore ferens,
quam
forti
pectore et
armis
Credo equidem, nee vana fides, genus esse deorum Heu, quibus ille degeneres animos timor arguit.
iactatus fatis
Si
quae bella exhausta canebat mihi non animo fixum immotumque sederet,
! !
ne cui
me
vinclo vellem sociare iugali,

;
postquam primus amor deceptam morte fefellit si non pertaesum thalami taedaeque fuisset, huic uni forsan potui succumbere culpae.
Anna, fatebor enim, miseri post fata Sychaei coniugis et sparsos fraterna caede Penatis, solus hie inflexit sensus, animumque labantem
impulit
:
20
adgnosco
vel tellus
veteris vestigia flammae.
Sed mihi
vel Pater pallentis
optem prius ima dehiscat, omnipotens adigat me fulmine ad umbras, umbras Erebi noctemque profundam,
25
ante, Pudor,
Ille
quam
te violo, aut
tua iura resolvo.
abstulit
meos, primus qui me sibi iunxit, amores ille habeat secum servetque sepulchre.'
;
Sic effata
sinum lacrimis implevit
obortis.
94
The ALneid.
[BOOK
IV.
Anna's Counsel.
Anna
'
refert
luce magis dilecta sorori,
solane perpetua maerens carpere iuventa, nee dulcis natos, Veneris nee praemia noris
? ?
Id cinerem aut Manis credis curare sepultos Esto aegram nulli quondam flexere mariti,
:
35
non Libyae, non ante Tyro despectus larbas ductoresque alii, quos Africa terra triumphis
;
dives
alit
placitone etiam pugnabis amori
Nee venit in mentem, quorum consederis arvis ? Hinc Gaetulae urbes, genus insuperabile bello, et Numidae infreni cingunt et inhospita Syrtis
;
40
hinc deserta
Barcaei.
siti
regie, lateque furentes
bella Tyro surgentia dicam, minas ? germanique Dis equidem auspicibus reor et lunone secunda
Quid
45
hunc cursum
Iliacas vento tenuisse carinas.
Quam
tu urbem, soror,
tali
!
hanc cernes, quae surgere regna

!
coniugio
Teucrum comitantibus armis

litatis
Tu modo
Punica se quantis attollet gloria rebus posce decs veniam, sacrisque
50
indulge hospitio, causasque innecte morandi, dum pelago desaevit hiemps et aquosus Orion,
quassataeque
rates,
dum non
tractabile caelum.'
His
dictis
incensum animum inflammavit amore,

55
spemque dedit dubiae menti, solvitque pudorem. Principio delubra adeunt, pacemque per aras exquirunt mactant lectas de more bidentis
;
legiferae Cereri
Phoeboque patrique Lyaeo, lunoni ante omnis, cui vincla iugalia curae. Ipsa, tenens dextra pateram, pulcherrima Dido candentis vaccae media inter cornua fundit,
aut ante ora
60
deum
pinguis spatiatur ad aras,
CERES.
31-92.]
Dido and Êneas.
95
instauratque diem donis, pecudumque reclusis pectoribus inhians spirantia consulit exta.
Dido's Madness.
Heu vatum ignarae mentes quid vota furentem quid delubra iuvant ? Est mollis flamma medullas interea, et taciturn vivit sub pectore volnus.
!
65
Uritur infelix Dido, totaque vagatur urbe furens, qualis coniecta cerva sagitta, quam procul incautam nemora inter Cresia
pastor agens nescius ilia fuga silvas saltusque peragrat Dictaeos haeret lateri letalis arundo.
;
;
fixit
telis, liquitque volatile
ferrum
Nunc media Aenean secum per moenia

;
ducit,
;
Sidoniasque ostentat opes urbemque paratam incipit effari, mediaque in voce resistit
75
nunc eadem labente die convivia quaerit, Iliacosque iterum demens audire labores
exposcit, pendetque iterum narrantis ab ore.
Post, ubi digressi,
lumenque obscura vicissim
80
luna premit suadentque cadentia sidera somnos,

vacua, stratisque relictis ilium absentem auditque videtque absens incubat, aut gremio Ascanium, genitoris imagine capta,
detinet,
sola
domo maeret
infandum
si
fallere possit
Non
coeptae adsurgunt turres,
amorem. non arma iuventus
85
exercet, portusve aut
propugnacula bello
tuta parant
pendent opera interrupta, minaeque murorum ingentes aequataque machina caelo.

;
Juno's Scheme.
Quam simul ac tali persensit peste teneri cara lovis coniunx, nee famam obstare furori, talibus adgreditur Venerem Saturnia dictis
:
96
'Egregiam vero laudem
The jEneid.
et spolia
[BOOK IV.
refertis
ampla
tuque puerque tuus, magnum et memorabile nomen, una dolo divom si femina victa duorum est
!
95
Nee me adeo
fallit
veritam te
moenia nostra
altae.
suspectas habuisse
domos Karthaginis
Sed quis erit modus, aut quo nunc certamine tanto ? Quin potius pacem aeternam pactosque hymenaeos exercemus ? Habes, tota quod mente petisti
:
100
amans Dido, traxitque per ossa furorem. Communem hunc ergo populum paribusque regamus
ardet
auspiciis
;
liceat
Phrygio servire marito,

105
dotalisque tuae Tyrios permittere dextrae.' Olli sensit enim simulata mente locutam,
quo regnum
sic
Italiae
Libycas averteret oras

'
:
contra est ingressa Venus Quis talia demens aut tecum malit contendere bello, abnuat,
si
modo, quod memoras, factum fortuna sequatur? Sed fatis incerta feror, si luppiter unam esse velit Tyriis urbem Troiaque profectis,
no
miscerive probet populos, aut foedera iungi.
Tu
'
coniunx
;
tibi fas
Perge
sequar.'
erit iste
Turn
labor
animurn temptare precando. sic excepit regia luno

: :
Mecum
nunc qua
ratione,
quod
instat
1 1
confieri possit, paucis, adverte, docebo.
Venatum Aeneas unaque miserrima Dido in nemus ire parant, ubi primos crastinus
extulerit Titan, radiisque retexerit
ortus
orbem.
120
His ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum,
dum
trepidant alae, saltusque indagine cingunt,
desuper infundam, et tonitru caelum omne ciebo. Diffugient comites et nocte tegentur opaca
:
speluncam Dido dux

devenient; adero,
et,
et
Troianus eandem
si
tua
mihi certa voluntas,
125
[conubio iungam
stabili
propriamque dicabo.]
93-I40-]
Dido and
erit.'
97
hie
hymenaeus
Non
adversata petenti
repertis.
adnuit, atque dolis risit
Cytherea
The Hunt.
Oceanum
It
interea surgens
Aurora
reliquit.
;
portis iubare exorto delecta iuventus
130
retia rara, plagae, lato
venabula
ferro,
Massylique ruunt equites et odora canum vis. Reginam thalamo cunctantem ad limina primi
Poenorum
stat sonipes, ac frena ferox
exspectant, ostroque insignis et auro spumantia mandit.
'35
Tandem
progreditur,
magna
stipante caterva,
Sidoniam picto chlamydem circumdata limbo.
CHLAMYS.
Cui pharetra ex auro, crines nodantur in aurum, aurea purpuream subnectit fibula vestem.
Nee non
et Phrygii
comites et laetus lulus
140
98
incedunt.
infert se
The Êneid.
Ipse ante alios pulcherrimus omnis
[BOOK
IV.
socium Aeneas atque agmina
iungit.
Qualis ubi hibernam Lyciam Xanthique fluenta deserit ac Deluni maternam invisit Apollo,
instauratque choros, mixtique altaria circum
145
;
Cretesque Dryopesque fremunt pictique Agathyrsi

ipse iugis Cynthi graditur, mollique fluentem
fronde premit crinem fingens atque implicat auro baud illo segnior ibat tela sonant umeris
:
Aeneas; tantum egregio decus enitet ore. Postquam altos ventum in montis atque invia
ecce ferae, saxi deiectae vertice, caprae decurrere iugis alia de parte patentis transmittunt cursu campos atque agmina cervi
;
150
lustra,
pulverulenta fuga glomerant montisque relinquunt. At puer Ascanius mediis in vallibus acri
155
gaudet equo, iamque hos cursu, iam praeterit
illos,
spumantemque
dari pecora inter inertia votis
optat aprum, aut fulvum descendere monte leonem.

The Storm and Refuge.
Interea
incipit
;
magno
misceri
murmure caelum
;
160
insequitur commixta grandine nimbus et Tyrii comites passim et Troiana iuventus Dardaniusque nepos Veneris diversa per agros
tecta
metu petiere ruunt de montibus amnes. Speluncam Dido dux et Troianus eandem deveniunt prima et Tellus et pronuba luno
;
:
165
dant signum
conubiis,
Ille
summoque
;
fulsere ignes et conscius aether ulularunt vertice nymphae.
causa
leti primusque malorum neque enim specie famave movetur, nee iam furtivum Dido meditatur amorem coniugium vocat hoc praetexit nomine culpam.
dies primus
fuit
170
141-186.]
Dido and
99
ROMAN MARRIAGE
(v. 166).
Rumor Spreads
the Story.
Extemplo Libyae magnas it Fama per urbes Fama, malum qua non aliud velocius ullum
;
mobilitate viget, viresque adquirit eundo, parva metu prime, mox sese attollit in auras,
175
ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit. Illam Terra parens, ira inritata deorum,
extremam
Coeo Enceladoque sororem celerem et pernicibus alis, progenuit, pedibus

(ut perhibent)
180
monstrum horrendum,
tot linguae,
ingeris, cui,
quot sunt corpore plumae,
tot vigiles oculi subter, mirabile dictu,
totidem ora sonant, tot subrigit aures.

caeli
Nocte volat
medio terraeque per umbram,

lumina somno summi culmine tecti,
;
stridens, nee dulci declinat
185
luce sedet custos aut
ioo
turribus aut
altis, et
The sEneid.
[BOOK IV.
urbes
magnas
territat
tarn ficti pravique tenax,
quam
nuntia
veri.
Haec
gaudens,
turn multiplici populos

et pariter facta
sermone replebat
:
atque infecta canebat
190
venisse Aenean, Troiano sanguine cretum,

cui se pulchra viro dignetur iungere Dido nunc hiemem inter se luxu, quam longa, fovere
;
regnorum immemores turpique cupidine captos. Haec passim dea foeda virum diffundit in ora. Protinus ad regem cursus detorquet larban,
incenditque
195
animum
dictis
atque aggerat
iras.
Jealous Rage of larbas.
Hie
Hammone
satus, rapta
latis
templa lovi centum
Garamantide nympha, immania regnis,

200
centum aras posuit, vigilemque sacraverat ignem, excubias divom aeternas, pecudumque cruore pingue solum et variis florentia limina sertis. Isque amens animi et rumore accensus amaro dicitur ante aras media inter numina divom multa lovem manibus supplex orasse supinis
:
205
'luppiter omnipotens, cui nunc Maurusia pictis
gens epulata
aspicis haec,
toris
Lenaeum
genitor,
libat
honorem,
torques
210
an
te,
cum fulmina
nequiquam horremus, caecique in nubibus ignes terrificant animos et inania murmura miscent ? Femina, quae nostris errans in finibus urbem exiguam pretio posuit, cui litus arandum
cuique loci leges dedimus, conubia nostra
reppulit, ac
dominum Aenean in regna recepit. Paris cum semiviro comitatu, Maeonia mentum mitra crinemque madentem
Et nunc
ille
215
subnexus, rapto potitur
quippe
tuis ferimus,
nos munera templis famamque fovemus inanem.'

;
187-236.]
Dido and sEneas.

Mercury Despatched
to /Eneas.
IOI
Talibus orantem dictis arasque tenentem

audiit omnipotens, oculosque
ad moenia
torsit
regia et oblitos
Turn
'
sic
famae melioris amantes. Mercurium adloquitur ac talia mandat
age, nate, voca Zephyros et labere pennis, Dardaniumque ducem, Tyria Karthagine qui nunc
Vade
exspectat, fatisque datas non respicit urbes, adloquere, et celeris defer mea dicta per auras.
225
Non
sed
promisit,
ilium nobis genetrix pulcherrima talem Graiumque ideo bis vindicat armis
fore, qui
gravidam imperils belloque frementem

230
Italiam regeret, genus alto a sanguine Teucri proderet, ac totum sub leges mitteret orbem.
Si nulla accendit
tantarum gloria rerum,
nee super ipse sua molitur laude laborem, Ascanione pater Romanas invidet arces?
MERCURY WITH CADUCBUS
(v. 244).
Quid struit, aut qua spe inimica in gente moratur, nee prolem Ausoniam et Lavinia respicit arva?
235
102
Naviget
imperio
The Êneid.
haec
et
[BOOK IV.
summa
patris
est
hie nostri nuntius esto.'
Dixerat.
;
I lie
magni parere parabat

talaria nectit
alis sive
primum pedibus
aurea, quae sublimem

turn virgam capit
pallentis, alias
seu terrain rapido pariter

:
aequora supra flamine portant hac animas ille evocat Oreo
240
cum
sub Tartara
tristia mittit,
dat somnos adimitque, et lumina morte resignat. Ilia fretus agit ventos, et turbida tranat
nubila
245
iamque volans apicem et latera ardua Atlantis duri, caelum qui vertice fulcit,
;
cernit
Atlantis,
cinctum adsidue cui nubibus

et
atris
;
vento pulsatur et imbri piniferum caput nix umeros infusa tegit turn flumina mento
;
250
praecipitant senis, et glacie riget horrida barba. Hie primum paribus nitens Cyllenius alis hinc toto praeceps se corpore ad undas constitit
;
misit, avi similis,
quae circum
litora,
circum
255
piscosos scopulos humilis volat aequora iuxta.
Haud
litus
aliter terras inter
caelumque volabat,
arenosum Libyae ventosque secabat materno veniens ab avo Cyllenia proles.

.ffineas
Warned
to Flee.
Ut primum alatis tetigit magalia plantis, Aenean fundantem arces ac tecta novantem
conspicit atque illi stellatus iaspide f ulva ensis erat, Tyrioque ardebat murice laena
;
260
demissa ex umeris, dives quae munera Dido

fecerat, et tenui telas discreverat auro.
Continuo invadit 'Tu nunc Karthaginis altae fundamenta locas, pulchramque uxorius urbem exstruis, heu regni rerumque oblite tuarum ?
:
265
Ipse
deum
tibi
me
claro demittit
Olympo
MERCURY.
237-298-]
Dido and ALneas.

;
103
regnator, caelum ac terras qui numine torquet ipse haec ferre iubet celeris mandata per auras
270
?
Quid
struis,
aut qua spe Libycis teris otia terris

gloria rerum,
Si te nulla
movet tantarum
[nee super ipse tua moliris laude laborem,] Ascanium surgentem et spes heredis luli
respice, cui
regnum
Italiae
Romanaque
tellus
275
Tali Cyllenius ore locutus mortalis visus medio sermone reliquit,

debentur.'
et procul in
tenuem ex
oculis evanuit auram.
Perplexity of /Eneas.
At vero Aeneas aspectu obmutuit amens, arrectaeque horrore comae, et vox faucibus haesit.
Ardet abire fuga dulcisque relinquere terras, attonitus tanto monitu imperioque deorum.
280
Heu quid agat ? Quo nunc reginam ambire furentem audeat adfatu ? Quae prima exordia sumat ?
in partisque rapit varias
Atque animum nunc hue celerem, nunc dividit perque omnia versat.
illuc,
285
Haec
alternanti potior sententia visa est
Mnesthea Sergestumque vocat fortemque Serestum,

classem aptent
taciti
anna parent,
dissimulent
;
et
quae rebus
sociosque ad litora cogant, sit causa novandis
290
sese interea, quando optuma Dido nesciat et tantos rumpi non speret amores,
aditus, et
temptaturum
quae moHissima fandi
Ocius omnes tempora, quis rebus dexter modus. laeti ac iussa facessunt. imperio parent
Suspicion of Dido.
295
At regina dolos quis fallere possit amantem? praesensit, motusque excepit prima futures, omnia tuta timens. Eadem impia Fama furenti
IO4
detulit armari
The j&neid.
classem cursumque parari.
[BOOK IV.
Saevit inops animi, totamque incensa per bacchatur, qualis commotis excita sacris
urbem
300
Thyias, ubi audito stimulant trieterica Baccho orgia, nocturnusque vocat clamore Cithaeron.
Tandem
his
Aenean compellat vocibus

Dido's Reproaches.
ultro
Dissimulare etiam sperasti, perfide, tantum posse nefas tacitusque mea decedere terra?
'
305
Nee te noster amor, nee te data dextera quondam, nee moritura tenet crudeli funere Dido ?
Quin etiam hiberno moliris sidere classem,
et mediis
crudelis
properas aquilonibus ire per altum, Quid, si non arva aliena domosque
?
310
ignotas peteres, sed Troia antiqua maneret, Troia per undosum peteretur classibus aequor
Per ego has lacrimas dextramque tuam fugis? mihi iam miserae nihil ipsa reliqui) aliud (quando per conubia nostra, per inceptos hymenaeos,
si
Mene
te
315
bene quid de
te merui, fuit aut tibi
quicquam
dulce
meum, miserere domus
labentis, et istam
oro, si quis
adhuc precibus locus
exue mentem.
320
tyranni te propter eundem odere, infensi Tyrii exstinctus pudor, et, qua sola sidera adibam,
;
Te
propter Libycae gentes
Nomadumque
fama
Cui me moribundam deseris, hospes? prior. Hoc solum nomen quoniam de coniuge restat. Quid moror? An mea Pygmalion dum moenia frater
Saltern
si
325
destruat, aut
qaptam ducat Gaetulus larbas qua mihi de te suscepta fuisset
ante fugam suboles, si quis mihi parvulus aula luderet Aeneas, qui te tamen ore referret,
non equidem omnino capta ac deserta
viderer.'
330
299-3 61 -]
Dido and Êneas.
105
.lEneas
Unmoved.
Dixerat.
Ille lovis
monitis immota tenebat
lumina, et
Tandem
obnixus curam sub corde premebat. pauca refert Ego te, quae plurima fando
'
:
enumerare
vales,
;
numquam,
regina,
negabo
335
promeritam
nee
ipse
dum memor
me meminisse pigebit Elissae, mei, dum spiritus hos regit artus.
Pro re pauca loquar. Neque ego hanc abscondere furto ne speravi finge fugam, nee coniugis umquam aut haec in foedera veni. taedas, praetendi
Me
si
fata meis paterentur ducere vitam
340
mea componere curas, urbem Troianam primum dulcisque meorum

auspiciis et sponte reliquias colerem, Priami tecta alta manerent,
et recidiva
manu posuissem Pergama victis. Sed nunc Italiam magnam Gryneus Apollo,
:
345
Italiam Lyciae iussere capessere sortes hie amor, haec patria est. Si te Karthaginis arces, Phoenissam, Libycaeque aspectus detinet urbis,
quae tandem, Ausonia Teucros considere terra, invidia est ? Et nos fas extera quaerere regna. Me patris Anchisae, quotiens umentibus umbris nox operit terras, quotiens astra ignea surgunt,
350
admonet
me
in somnis et turbida terret imago Ascanius puer capitisque iniuria cari, quern regno Hesperiae fraudo et fatalibus arvis.
;
355
Nunc etiam
tester
detulit
interpres divom, love missus ab ipso
utrumque caput
;
ipse
deum
celeris mandata per auras manifesto in lumine vidi
intrantem muros, vocemque his auribus hausi. Desine meque tuis incendere teque querelis
;
360
Italiam non sponte sequor.'
io6
The
[BOOK IV.
Frenzy of Dido.
Talia dicentem
iamdudum aversa
tuetur,
hue
'
volvens oculos, totumque pererrat luminibus tacitis, et sic accensa profatur

illuc
:
Nee
tibi
;
perfide
diva parens, generis nee Dardanus auctor, sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens
365
ITALIAN ORACLE
(v. 377).
Nam Num Num
Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres. quid dissimulo, aut quae me ad maiora reserve
fletu
Num lumina flexit ? ingemuit nostro ? lacrimas victus dedit, aut miseratus amantem est
370
362-402.]
Dido and ALneas.

?
107
Quae quibus anteferam
lam iam nee maxuma luno,

litore,
nee Saturnius haec oculis pater aspicit aequis.
Nusquam
tuta fides.
Eiectum
egentem
;
excepi, et regni
demens
in parte locavi
amissam classem, socios a morte
reduxi.
375
Heu
furiis
incensa feror
Nunc augur
Apollo,
interpres
nunc Lyciae sortes, nunc et love missus ab ipso divom fert horrida iussa per auras.
Scilicet is superis labor est, ea cura quietos
sollicitat.
I,
Neque te teneo, neque dicta refello. Italiam ventis, pete regna per undas. sequere
si
380
Spero equidem mediis,

supplicia hausurum
quid pia numina possunt,
scopulis, et
atris
nomine Dido
saepe vocaturum.
et
Sequar ignibus absens, mors anima seduxerit artus, omnibus umbra locis adero. Dabis, improbe, poenas. Audiam, et haec Manis veniet mihi fama sub imos.' His medium dictis sermonem abrumpit, et auras
cum
frigida
385
aegra
fugit,
seque ex oculis avertit et aufert,

390
linquens multa metu cunctantem et multa parantem

Suscipiunt famulae, conlapsaque membra marmoreo referunt thalamo stratisque reponunt.
dicere.
Preparations for Departure.
At pius Aeneas, quamquam lenire dolentem solando cupit et dictis avertere curas, multa gemens magnoque animum labefactus amore,
iussa
395
tamen divom exsequitur, classemque
revisit.
Turn vero Teucri incumbunt, et litore celsas deducunt toto naves natat uncta carina
; ;
frondentisque ferunt remos et robora

infabricata, fugae studio.
silvis
400
Migrantis cernas, totaque ex urbe ruentis. Ac velut ingentem formicae farris acervum
io8
The Êneid.
[BOOK IV.
cum
it
populant, hiemis memores, tectoque reponunt nigrum campis agmen, praedamque per herbas
;
convectant calle angusto obnixae frumenta umeris

castigantque moras
;
pars grandia trudunt

;
405
pars agmina cogunt opere omnis semita fervet.
Dido's Last Appeal.
Quis
tibi turn,
Dido, cernenti talia sensus
quosve dabas gemitus, cum litora fervere late prospiceres arce ex summa, totumque videres
misceri ante oculos tantis clamoribus aequor ? Improbe Amor, quid non mortalia pectora cogis?
Ire iterum in lacrimas, iterum
410
cogitur, et supplex
temptare precando animos submittere amori,

415
ne quid inexpertum frustra moritura relinquat. Anna, vides toto properari litore circum
' ;
undique convenere vocat iam carbasus auras, puppibus et laeti nautae imposuere coronas.
;
Hunc ego
si
potui tantum sperare dolorem,
et perferre, soror, potero.
exsequere, Anna,
te colere,
inihi.
Miserae hoc tamen unum Solam nam perfidus ille

credere sensus
;
420
arcanos etiam
tibi
sola viri mollis aditus et
tempora noras.
;
I, soror, atque hostem supplex adfare superbum non ego cum Danais Troianam exscindere gentem Aulide iuravi, classemve ad Pergama misi,
425
cur
nee patris Anchisae cineres Manisve revelli, mea dicta neget duras demittere in auris.
Quo
ruit
Extremum hoc miserae det munus amanti
fugam ventosque ferentis. Non iam coniugium antiquum, quod prodidit, oro, nee pulchro ut Latio careat regnumque relinquat tempus inane peto, requiem spatiumque furori,
exspectet facilemque
:
430
dum mea me
victam doceat fortuna dolere.
403-464-]
Dido and Êneas.

oro veniam
dederit,
109
435
Extremam hanc quam mihi cum
miserere sororis
cumulatam morte remittam.'

of Êneas.
Obduracy
Talibus orabat, talisque miserrima fletus fertque refertque soror sed nullis ille movetur
:
fletibus, aut voces ullas tractabilis audit
fata obstant, placidasque viri deus obstruit auris.
440
Ac, velut annoso validam cum robore quercum Alpini Boreae nunc hinc nunc flatibus illinc
eruere inter se certant
;
it
stridor, et altae
;
consternunt terram concusso stipite frondes ipsa haeret scopulis, et, quantum vertice ad auras
aetherias,
445
tantum radice
in
Tartara tendit
baud secus adsiduis hinc atque hinc vocibus heros

tunditur, et
magno persentit pectore curas mens immota manet lacrimae volvuntur inanes.
; ;
Dido Haunted by Visions.
Turn vero
infelix fatis exterrita

;
Dido
450
mortem
vidit,
orat
taedet caeli convexa tueri.
Quo magis inceptum peragat lucemque relinquat, turicremis cum dona imponeret aris,
dictu, latices nigrescere sacros,
horrendum
fusaque in obscenum se vertere vina cruorem.
455
Hoc visum
nulli,
non
ipsi errata sorori.
Praeterea fuit in tectis de marmore templum

coniugis antiqui, miro quod honore colebat,
velleribus niveis et festa fronde revinctum
:
hinc exaudiri voces et verba vocantis

visa
460
;
nox cum terras obscura teneret culminibus ferali carmine bubo solaque
viri,
saepe queri et longas in fletum ducere voces
multaque praeterea vatum praedicta priorum
no
terribili
The ALneid.
monitu
horrificant.
;
[BOOK IV.
465
Agit ipse furentem
in
somnis ferus Aeneas
semperque relinqui
sola sibi,
ire
semper longam incomitata videtur
viam, et Tyrios deserta quaerere terra.

veluti demens videt agmina Pentheus, solem geminum et duplicis se ostendere Thebas
Eumenidum
et
470
Agamemnonius scaenis agitatus Orestes armatam facibus matrem et serpentibus atris cum fugit, ultricesque sedent in limine Dirae.
aut
ORESTES AND THE FURIES.
The Funeral Pyre.
Ergo ubi concepit furias evicta dolore

decrevitque mori, tempus secum ipsa
exigit, et,
modumque
:
475
maestam
dictis
adgressa sororem,
consilium voltu
'
tegit,
ac spem fronte serenat
Inveni, germana, viam gratare sorori mihi reddat vel eo me solvat amantem. quae eum, Oceani finem iuxta solemque cadentem
480
ultimus Aethiopum locus
est,
ubi
maxumus
Atlas
HECATE.
465-5 T 3-]
Dido and
stellis
jfcneas.
Ill
axem humero torquet
ardentibus aptum
hinc mihi Massylae gentis monstrata sacerdos, Hesperidum templi custos, epulasque draconi
et sacros servabat in arbore ramos, spargens umida mella soporiferumque papaver. Haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes
quae dabat,
485
quas
velit, ast aliis
duras immittere curas,

vertere sidera retro
:
sistere
aquam
fluviis, et
nocturnosque movet Manis
mugire videbis
490
sub pedibus terram, et descendere montibus ornos. Tester, cara, decs et te, germana, tuumque dulce caput, magicas invitam accingier artes.
Tu
secreta
erige, et
pyram tecto interiore sub auras arma viri, thalamo quae fixa reliquit
:
495
impius, exuviasque omnis, lectumque iugalem, quo perii, superimponas abolere nefandi
cuncta
viri
monumenta
;
iuvat,
monstratque sacerdos.'
500
Haec
effata silet
Non tamen Anna

germanam
credit,
pallor simul occupat ora. novis praetexere funera sacris
nee tantos mente furores
concipit, aut graviora timet,
quam morte Sychaei
ergo iussa parat.

The Pretended
Sacrifice.
regina, pyra penetrali in sede sub auras erecta ingenti taedis atque ilice secta,
At
505
intenditque locum sertis, et fronde coronat funerea super exuvias ensemque relictum
;
effigiemque toro locat, haud ignara futuri. Stant arae circum, et crines effusa sacerdos
ter
centum tonat ore decs, Erebumque Chaosque, tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianae.
falcibus et
510
Sparserat et latices simulates fontis Averni, messae ad lunam quaeruntur aenis
1 1
The Aineid.
;
[BOOK IV.
pubentes herbae nigri cum lacte veneni quaeritur et nascentis equi de fronte revolsus
et matri praereptus
515
amor.
unum
Ipsa mola manibusque piis altaria iuxta, exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta,
turn, si
testatur moritura deos et conscia fati
sidera
quod non aequo foedere amantes

precatur.
520
curae
numen habet iustumque memorque,

Dido's Despairing Complaint.
placidum carpebant fessa soporem corpora per terras, silvaeque et saeva quierant
erat, et
Nox
aequora
cum medio
volvuntur sidera lapsu,

525
cum
tacet oninis ager, pecudes pictaeque volucres, quaeque lacus late liquidos, quaeque aspera dumis
rura tenent,
somno
positae sub nocte silenti
corda oblita laborum]. At non infelix animi Phoenissa, nee umquam

[lenibant curas, et
solvitur in
accipit
:
somnos, oculisve aut pectore noctem
530
ingeminant curae, rursusque resurgens saevit amor, magnoque irarum fluctuat aestu.
Sic adeo insistit,
'En, quid ago?

experiar,
secumque ita corde volutat Rursusne procos inrisa priores

:
Nomadumque petam conubia
supplex,
535
quos ego sim totiens iam dedignata maritos?

Iliacas igitur classes atque ultima
Teucrum
?
iussa sequar?
et
Quiane
auxilio iuvat ante levatos,

stat gratia facti
bene apud memores veteris
Quis me autem, fac velle, sinet, ratibusve superbis invisam accipiet ? Nescis heu, perdita, necdum
540
Laomedonteae Quid
turn, sola
sentis periuria gentis?
fuga nautas comitabor ovantes, an Tyriis omnique manu stipata meorum

inferar, et,
quos Sidonia vix urbe
revelli,
545
5 I 4-575-]
Dido and JEneas.
113
rursus
Quin
pelago, et ventis dare vela iubebo? morere, ut merita es, ferroque averte dolorem.
agam
Tu
his,
lacrimis evicta meis, tu prima furentem
germana, malis oneras atque obicis

licuit
hosti.
55 o
thalami expertem sine crimine vitam degere, more ferae, tales nee tangere curas Non servata fides cineri promissa Sychaeo
!
Non
'
Tantos
ilia
suo rumpebat pectore questus.

tineas Urged by Mercury.
Aeneas celsa
in puppi,
iam certus eundi,

555
carpebat somnos, rebus iam rite paratis. Huic se forma dei voltu redeuntis eodem
obtulit in somnis, rursusque ita visa
monere
est
omnia Mercuric
similis,
vocemque coloremque
iuventa
:
et crinis flavos et
membra decora
'Nate dea, potes hoc sub casu ducere somnos, nee, quae te .circum stent deinde pericula, cernis,
560
demens, nee Zephyros audis spirare secundos

dolos dirumque nefas in pectore versat, certa mori, varioque irarum fluctuat aestu.
Ilia
Non
fugis hinc praeceps,
Iam mare
si te
dum praecipitare potestas? turbari trabibus, saevasque videbis

Aurora morantem.
565
conlucere faces, iam fervere litora flammis,

his attigerit terris
Heia age, rumpe moras.

femina.'
Varium
et mutabile
semper
570
Sic fatus, nocti se immiscuit atrae.
The Departure.
Turn vero Aeneas, subitis exterritus umbris,

corripit e
'
corpus, sociosque fatigat Praecipites vigilate, viri, et considite transtris solvite vela citi. Deus aethere missus ab alto
:
somno
festinare
fugam tortosque incidere funes
575
114
ecce iterum stimulat.
The dEneid.
[BOOK
IV.
quisquis es, Adsis o placidusque iuves, et sidera caelo
Sequimur te, sancte deorum, imperioque iterum paremus ovantes.

Dixit,
dextra feras.'
vaginaque
eripit
ensem
580
;
fulmineum, strictoque
litora
ferit retinacula ferro.
Idem omnes simul ardor

deseruere
;
habet, rapiuntque ruuntque latet sub classibus aequor

;
adnixi torquent
spumas
et caerula verrunt.
Dido's Counsel of Pursuit.
Et iam prima novo spargebat lumine terras Tithoni croceum linquens Aurora cubile. Regina e speculis ut primum albescere lucem
vidit, et
585
aequatis classem procedere velis,
litoraque et vacuos sensit sine remige portus,
terque quaterque manu pectus percussa decorum, flaventesque abscissa comas, 'Pro luppiter, ibit
hie' ait 'et nostris inluserit
590
advena regnis?
expedient, totaque ex urbe sequentur, Ite, deripientque rates alii navalibus ?

ferte citi flammas, date vela, impellite
Non arma
remos
Quid loquor, aut ubi

Infelix Dido,
sum? Quae mentem insania mutat?
595
nunc
Turn
decuit,
cum
impia tangunt. En dextra fidesque, sceptra dabas.
te facta
quern secum patrios aiunt portare Penates, quem subiisse umeris confectum aetate parentem Non potui abreptum divellere corpus, et undis Non socios, non ipsum absumere ferro spargere? Ascanium, patriisque epulandum ponere mensis? Verum anceps pugnae fuerat fortuna fuisset.
! :
600
Quem
metui moritura?
Faces
in castra tulissem,
implessemque foros flammis, natumque patremque
605
cum genere
extinxem,
memet super
ipsa dedissem.
576-636.]
Dido and sEneas.

Dido's Curse.
115
'
Sol, qui
tuque harum
terrarum flammis opera omnia lustras, interpres curarum et conscia luno,

610
nocturnisque Hecate triviis ululata per urbes, et Dirae ultrices, et di morientis Elissae,
accipite haec,
meritumque mails advertite numen,

Si tangere portus
terris
et nostras audite preces.
infandum caput ac
adnare necesse
est,
:
sic fata lovis poscunt, hie êt
terminus haeret
at bello audacis populi vexatus et armis,
615
finibus extorris,
complexu avulsus
luli,
auxilium imploret, videatque indigna suorum

se sub leges pacis iniquae aut tradiderit, regno optata luce fruatur, sed cadat ante diem, mediaque inhumatus arena.
funera
nee,
cum
620
hanc vocem extremam cum sanguine fundo. Turn vos, o Tyrii, stirpem et genus omne futurum exercete odiis, cinerique haec mittite nostro
Haec
precor,
munera.
Nullus amor populis, nee foedera sunto.

625
Exoriare aliquis nostris ex ossibus ultor, qui face Dardanios ferroque sequare colonos,
nunc, olim, quocumque dabunt se tempore vires. Litora litoribus contraria, fluctibus undas
imprecor,
arma armis
pugnent ipsique nepotesque.'

of Dido.
Death
Haec
ait,
et partis
animum versabat
in omnis,
630
invisam quaerens
quam primum abrumpere
lucem.
;
Turn breviter Barcen nutricem adfata Sychaei namque suam patria antiqua cinis ater habebat Annam cara mihi nutrix hue siste sororem
'
;
die corpus properet fluvial i spargere lympha,

et
635
pecudes secum
et
monstrata piacula ducat;
Ii6
sic veniat
The ALneid.
[BOOK
IV.
tuque ipsa pia tege tempora vitta. Sacra lovi Stygio, quae rite incepta paravi,
;
perficere est animus,
finemque imponere
curis,
Dardaniique rogum capitis permittere flammae.' Sic ait ilia gradum studio celerabat anili.
:
640
et coeptis immanibus effera Dido, volvens aciem, maculisque trementis sanguineam
At trepida,
interfusa genas, et pallida morte futura, interiora domus inrumpit limina, et altos
645
conscendit furibunda rogos, ensemque recludit
Dardanium, non hos quaesitum munus
in usus.
Hie, postquam Iliacas vestes notumque cubile conspexit, paulum lacrimis et mente morata,
incubuitque toro, dixitque novissima verba Dulces exuviae, dum fata deusque sinebant,
:
650
'
accipite
Vixi, et, quern dederat

et
hanc animam, meque his exsolvite curis. cursum fortuna, peregi,

655
nunc magna mei sub terras ibit imago. Urbem praeclaram statui mea moenia vidi
;
ulta virum,
felix,
poenas inimico a fratre recepi heu nimium felix, si litora tantum

'
numquam Dardaniae
Dixit, et os
tetigissent nostra carinae

toro,
' !
impressa
'
Moriemur
inultae,
sed moriamur
'
ait.
Sic, sic iuvat ire
sub umbras.
660
Hauriat hunc oculis ignem crudelis ab alto Dardanus, et nostrae secum ferat omina mortis.'
Dixerat
;
atque illam media inter talia ferro

alta
conlapsam aspiciunt comites, ensemque cruore spumantem, sparsasque manus. It clamor ad atria concussam bacchatur Fama per urbem.
;
665
Lamentis gemituque
tecta fremunt
;
et
femineo ululatu
resonat magnis plangoribus aether, non aliter quam si immissis ruat hostibus omnis
Karthago aut antiqua Tyros, flammaeque furentes
670
637-686.]
Dido and ALneas.
117
culmina perque hominum volvantur perque deorum. Audiit exanimis, trepidoque exterrita cursu
unguibus ora soror foedans et pectora pugnis per medios ruit, ac morientem nomine clamat
'
Hoc illud, germana, fuit ? Me f raude petebas ? Hoc rogus iste mihi, hoc ignes araeque parabant ?
675
DEATH
OF DIDO.
Quid primum deserta querar

sprevisti moriens
?
Comitemne sororem
fata vocasses
;
Eadem me ad
idem ambas ferro dolor, atque eadem hora tulisset. His etiam struxi manibus, patriosque vocavi voce deos, sic te ut posita crudelis abessem?
Exstinxti te meque, soror,
680
populumque patresque
Date volnera lymphis
685
Sidonios urbemque tuam.
abluam, et extremus
ore legam.'
quis super halitus errat, Sic fata, gradus evaserat altos,

si
semianimemque sinu germanam amplexa fovebat
Ii8
The jEneid.
gemitu, atque atros siccabat veste cruores. graves oculos conata attollere, rursus
;
[BOOK IV.
cum
Ilia,
deficit
infixum
stridit
sub pectore vulnus.

;
Ter
sese attollens cubitoque adnixa levavit
690
ter revoluta toro est, oculisque errantibus alto
quaesivit caelo lucem, ingemuitque reperta.
Descent of
Iris.
Turn luno omnipotens, longum miserata dolorem

difficilisque obitus,
Irim demisit Olympo,

695
quae luctantem animam nexosque resolveret artus. Nam quia nee fato, merita nee morte peribat,
nondum
Ergo
sed misera ante diem, subitoque accensa furore, illi flavum Proserpina vertice crinem
abstulerat, Stygioque caput

Iris croceis
damnaverat Oreo.
700
per caelum roscida pennis,

'
:
mille trahens varies adverso sole colores,
devolat, et supra caput adstitit
Hunc ego
et
Diti
sacrum iussa
Sic
ait,
fero,
et dextra
teque crinem secat
isto
corpore solvo.'
:
omnis
una
705
dilapsus calor, atque in ventos vita recessit.
BOOK
V.
S,
AENEAS IN SICILY. THE FUNERAL GAMES.
A storm departing, sees the blaze of Dido's funeral pile. and he turns his course towards Sicily, where he is received He prepares to celebrate with sacriwith welcome by Acestes (1-41). fice and funeral games the anniversary of his father's death (42-103).
threatens,
First contest, race of four Galleys
is
;
incidents of the race
the
first
prize
won by Cloanthus
(104-285).
Euryalus (288-361). the gigantic strength of the latter,

(362-484).
;
Second contest, Foot-race: Nisus and Third contest, the Cestus Dares and Entellus
: ;
who
;
Fourth contest, Archery
wields the gauntlets of Eryx the dove shot in mid-air by
Eurytion the fiery flight of Acestes' arrow (485-544). The Equestrian game, Troianus, led by Ascanius in skillful evolutions (545-603). Juno
moves the Trojan women
to repining at their long wandering led by Pyrgo, they set fire to the fleet the flames cannot be stayed, until Jupiter sends a timely rain, by which all the ships but four are rescued
; :
in
Êneas purposes to found a colony in Sicily ; but is warned (604-699). a vision by Anchises to proceed with his stoutest followers to
Latium : those who desire remain behind under protection of Acestes ; At the entreaty of Venus, Neptune, with the rest set sail (700-778). the Tritons and sea-nymphs, attends his course. The fleet passes safe
upon the waters, with the come by the god of sleep,
loss of the pilot Palinurus alone, who, overfalls into
the sea and perishes (779-871).
I2O
The sEneid.
[BOOK
v.
Voyage Toward
Italy.
TNTEREA
J.
medium Aeneas iam classe tenebat

fluctusque atros Aquilone secabat, quae iam infelicis Elissae
certus
iter,
moenia
causa
respiciens,
conlucent flammis.
latet
;
duri
Quae tantum accenderit ignem, magno sed amore dolores
pollute,
triste
notumque furens quid femina possit, per augurium Teucrorum pectora ducunt.
rates,
Ut pelagus tenuere
olli
nee iam amplius ulla

10
occurrit tellus, maria undique et undique caelum,
noctem hiememque
1
!
caeruleus supra caput adstitit imber, ferens, et inhorruit unda tenebris.

:
Ipse gubernator puppi Palinurus ab alta Heu quianam tanti cinxerunt aethera nimbi
'
Quidve, pater Neptune, paras

colligere
'
Sic deinde locutus

15
arma iubet validisque incumbere remis,

:
obliquatque sinus in ventum, ac talia fatur Magnanime Aenea, non, si mihi luppiter auctor
spondeat, hoc sperem Italian! contingere caelo. Mutati transversa fremunt et vespere ab atro
consurgunt venti, atque in nubem cogitur aer. Nee nos obniti contra, nee tendere tantum
sufficimus.
20
Superat quoniam Fortuna, sequamur, quoque vocat, vertamus iter. Nee litora longe
fida reor fraterna Erycis
si
modo
rite
memor
portusque Sicanos, servata remetior astra.'

'
:
25
Turn pius Aeneas
iamdudum
flecte
poscere ventos et frustra cerno te tendere contra
Equidem
sic
mihi gratior ulla, fessas quove magis optem demittere naves, quam quae Dardanium tellus mihi servat Acesten,
velis.
sit
viam
An
30
et patris
Anchisae gremio complectitur ossa
'
Haec
ubi dicta, petunt portus, et vela secundi
i-62.]
ALneas
in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
121
et
intendunt Zephyri fertur cita gurgite classis, tandem laeti notae advertuntur arenae.
;
Landing
at Segesta.
At procul ex celso miratus vertice mentis adventum sociasque rates, occurrit Acestes,
horridus in iaculis et pelle Libystidis ursae, Troia Criniso conceptum flumine mater
35
quern genuit veterum non immemor ille parentum gratatur reduces, et gaza laetus agresti excipit, ac fessos opibus solatur amicis.
:
40
Proclamation
of
the Games.
Postera
cum primo
Stellas Oriente fugarat

litore
clara dies, socios in

'
coetum
ab omni
:
advocat Aeneas, tumulique ex aggere fatur

alto a
Dardanidae magni, genus sanguine divom, annuus exactis completur mensibus orbis,
45
ex quo reliquias divinique ossa parentis condidimus terra maestasque sacravimus aras.
lamque
dies, nisi fallor, adest, quern,

sic di voluistis
si
semper acerbum,
habebo.
50
semper honoratum
Hunc ego
Gaetulis agerem
Syrtibus exsul,
Argolicove mari deprensus et urbe Mycenae, annua vota tamen sollemnisque ordine pompas
exsequerer, strueremque suis altaria donis. Nunc ultro ad cineres ipsius et ossa parentis,
55
baud equidem sine mente, reor, sine numine divom, adsumus et portus delati intramus amicos. Ergo agite, et laetum cuncti celebremus honorem
;
poscamus ventos; atque haec me sacra quotannis

urbe
velit posita
templis sibi ferre dicatis.
60
Bina bourn vobis Troia generatus Acestes dat numero capita in naves adhibete Penates
;
122
et patrios epulis et
The ALneid.
quos colit hospes Acestes. nona diem mortalibus almum
[BOOK V.
Praeterea,
si
Aurora extulerit radiisque retexerit orbem, prima citae Teucris ponam certamina classis
65
;
quique pedum cursu valet, et qui viribus audax aut iaculo incedit melior levibusque sagittis,
seu crudo
fidit
pugnam committere
caestu,
70
cuncti adsint, meritaeque exspectent praemia palmae. Ore favete omnes, et cingite tempora ramis.'
Funeral Rites to Anchises.
Sic fatus, velat materna tempora myrto hoc Elymus facit, hoc aevi maturus Acestes, hoc puer Ascanius, sequitur quos cetera pubes.
;
Ille e concilio
multis
cum
milibus ibat
75
ad tumulum, magna medius comitante caterva. Hie duo rite mero libans carchesia Baccho
CARCHESIUM.
fundit humi,
'
duo
lacte novo,
purpureosque
iacit flores,
:
duo sanguine sacro, ac talia fatur

:
Salve, sancte parens
iterum salvete, recepti
80
nequiquam
cineres,
animaeque umbraeque paternae.
Non
licuit fines Italos fataliaque arva,
nee tecum Ausonium (quicumque est) quaerere Thybrim.' Dixerat haec, adytis cum lubricus anguis ab imis
septem ingens gyros, septena volumina
traxit,
85
63-103.]
j^Lneas in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
123
amplexus placide tumulum lapsusque per aras, caeruleae cui terga notae, maculosus et auro
squamam incendebat
fulgor,
ceu nubibus arcus
mille iacit varies adverse sole colores.
Obstipuit visu Aeneas.
Ille
agmine longo
90
tandem
inter pateras et levia pocula serpens
libavitque dapes, rursusque innoxius

successit tumulo, et
imo
depasta
altaria liquit.
SERPENT TASTING THE SACRIFICE.
Hoc magis
incertus,
inceptos genitori instaurat honores,

loci
geniumne
:
esse putet
caedit binas de
famulumne parentis more bidentes,

;
95
totque sues, totidem nigrantis terga iuvencos
vinaque fundebat pateris, animamque vocabat Anchisae magni Manisque Acheronte remissos.
quae cuique est copia, laeti onerant ferunt, aras, mactantque iuvencos ordine ae'na locant alii, fusique per herbam
et socii,
Nee non
100
;
dona
subiciunt veribus prunas et viscera torrent
124
The ALneid.
[BOOK
V.
Exspectata dies aderat, nonamque serena Auroram Phaethontis equi iam luce vehebant,
105
famaque
excierat
visuri
;
finitimos et clari
nomen Acestae
laeto complerant litora coetu, Aeneadas, pars et certare parati.
Munera
principio ante oculos circoque locantur
in medio, sacri tripodes viridesque coronae, et pretium victoribus, armaque et ostro
no
palmae
perfusae vestes, argenti aurique talenta et tuba commissos medio canit aggere ludos.
;
The Boat Race.
Prima pares ineunt gravibus certamina remis quattuor ex omni delectae classe carinae.
115
Velocem Mnestheus
agit acri
remige Pristim,
mox Italus Mnestheus, genus a quo nomine ingentemque Gyas ingenti mole Chimaeram,
urbis opus, triplici pubes
Memmi
quam Dardana
versu
120
impellunt, terno consurgunt ordine remi; Sergestusque, domus tenet a quo Sergia nomen,
Centauro invehitur magna, Scy//aque Cloanthus

caerulea, genus
unde
tibi,
Romane
Cluenti.
Est procul in pelago saxum spumantia contra litora, quod tumidis submersum tunditur olim
fluctibus, hiberni
125
condunt ubi sidera cori

attollitur
tranquillo
silet,
immotaque
unda
campus,
et apricis static gratissima mergis.
constituit
Hie viridem Aeneas frondenti ex ilice metam signum nautis pater, unde reverti
longos ubi circumflectere cursus.
130
scirent, et
Turn loca sorte legunt, ipsique in puppibus auro ductores longe effulgent ostroque decori cetera populea velatur fronde iuventus,
;
nudatosque umeros oleo perfusa
nitescit.
135
104-165.]
sEneas in
Sicily.
The Funeral Games.

remis
;
125
Considunt
transtris, intentaque brachia
intent! exspectant signum, exsultantiaque haurit
corda pavor pulsans, laudumque arrecta cupido.

The
Start.
Inde, ubi clara dedit sonitum tuba, finibus omnes,
baud mora, prosiluere suis ferit aethera clamor nauticus, adductis spumant freta versa lacertis. Infindunt pariter sulcos, totumque dehiscit convulsum remis rostrisque tridentibus aequor. Non tam praecipites biiugo certamine campum
;
140
corripuere, ruuntque effusi carcere currus, nee sic immissis aurigae undantia lora
145
concussere iugis pronique in verbera pendent.
Turn plausu fremituque virum studiisque faventum consonat omne nemus, vocemque inclusa volutant
litora, pulsati colles
clamore resultant.
The
Struggle.
150
Effugit ante alios primisque elabitur undis
fremitumque Gyas quern deinde Cloanthus melior remis, sed pondere pinus consequitur, Post hos tarda tenet. aequo discrimine Pristis
turbam
inter
Centaurusque locum tendunt superare priorem; et nunc Pristis habet, nunc victam praeterit ingens
Centaurus, nunc una ambae iunctisque feruntur
frontibus, et longa sulcant
155
vada salsa carina.

160
lamque propinquabant scopulo metamque tenebant, cum princeps medioque Gyas in gurgite victor rectorem navis compellat voce Menoeten
:
'
Quo tantum
mihi dexter, abis

Dixit
Hue
dirige
gressum
;
litus
ama, altum alii teneant.'
et laevas stringat sine

;
palmula cautes
sed caeca Menoetes

165
saxa timens proram pelagi detorquet ad undas.
126
The ALneid.
'
!
[BOOK V.
'Quo diversus abis?' iterum Pete saxa, Menoete cum clamore Gyas revocabat et ecce Cloanthum
;
respicit instantem tergo, et propiora tenentem.

Ille inter
navemque Gyae scopulosque sonantes

laevum
interior,
radit iter
praeterit, et metis tenet
subitoque priorem aequora tuta relictis.
170
Turn vero exarsit iuveni dolor ossibus ingens, nee lacrimis caruere genae, segnemque Menoeten,
oblitus decorisque sui
in
sociumque salutis, mare praecipitem puppi deturbat ab alta;
175
ipse gubernaclo rector subit, ipse magister,
hortaturque viros, clavumque ad litora torquet. At gravis ut fun do vix tandem redditus imo est,
iam senior madidaque fluens
in veste
Menoetes
180
summa
petit scopuli siccaque in rupe resedit.
Ilium et labentem Teucri et risere natantem,

et salsos rident
revomentem pectore
fluctus.
GALLEY.
Hie
laeta extremis spes est accensa duobus,
Sergesto Mnestheique,
Gyan superare morantem.
166-215.]
ALneas in
Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
127
185
nee tota tamen
Sergestus capit ante locum scopuloque propinquat, ille prior praeeunte carina
;
parte prior, partem rostro premit aemula Pristis. At media socios incedens nave per ipsos
hortatur Mnestheus
'
:
Nunc, nunc insurgite remis,

190
Hectorei
socii,
;
Troiae quos sorte suprema
delegi comites
promite vires, nunc animos, quibus in Gaetulis Syrtibus usi, lonioque mari Maleaeque sequacibus undis.
;
nunc
illas
Non iam prima peto Mnestheus, neque vincere certo quamquam o! -- sed superent, quibus hoc, Neptune,
dedisti
;
195
;
extremes pudeat rediisse

et prohibete nefas.'
hoc
vincite, cives,
Olli certamine
summo
procumbunt
vastis tremit ictibus aerea puppis,

;
subtrahiturque solum turn creber anhelitus artus aridaque ora quatit, sudor fluit undique rivis.
The Centaur on the Rocks.
Attulit ipse viris
200
Namque
interior,
furens animi
optatum casus honorem. dum proram ad saxa suburguet
spatioque subit Sergestus iniquo,

et acuto in
infelix saxis in procurrentibus haesit.
Concussae cautes,
murice remi
205
obnixi crepuere, inlisaque prora pependit. Consurgunt nautae et magno clamore morantur,
ferratasque trudes et acuta cuspide contos expediunt, fractosque legunt in gurgite remos.
At
laetus
Mnestheus successuque acrior ipso
210
agmine remorum celeri ventisque vocatis prona petit maria et pelago decurrit aperto.
cui
Qualis spelunca subito commota columba, domus et dulces latebroso in pumice nidi,
fertur in arva volans,
plausumque
exterrita pennis
215
128
dat tecto ingentem,
sic
The
[BOOK V.
mox
acre lapsa quieto
radit iter liquidum, celeres
neque commovet alas
Mnestheus,
sic ipsa
fuga secat ultima Pristis
aequora, sic illam fert impetus ipse volantem.

The
Finish.
Et primum in scopulo luctantem deserit alto Sergestum, brevibusque vadis frustraque vocantem
auxilia, et fractis
discentem currere remis.
Inde Cyan ipsamque ingenti mole Chimaeram

consequitur cedit, quoniam spoliata magistro Solus iamque ipso superest in fine Cloanthus quern petit, et summis adnixus viribus urguet.
;
:
est.
225
Turn vero ingeminat clamor, cunctique sequentem

instigant studiis, resonatque fragoribus aether.
Hi proprium decus
ni teneant,
et partum indignantur honorem vitamque volunt pro laude pacisci

;
230
NEREIDS
(v. 240).
hos successus
alit possunt, quia posse videntur. Et fors aequatis cepissent praemia rostris, ni palmas ponto tendens utrasque Cloanthus
:
fudissetque preces, divosque in vota vocasset

'
Di, quibus
imperium
est pelagi,
quorum aequora curro, 235
vobis laetus ego hoc candentem in litore taurum constituam ante aras, voti reus, extaque salsos
216-267.]
Aineas
in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
129
porriciam in fluctus et vina liquentia fundam.' Dixit, eumque imis sub fluctibus audiit omnis
Nereidum Phorcique chorus Panopeaque virgo, manu magna Portunus euntem ilia Noto citius volucrique impulit sagitta
et pater ipse
;
240
ad terram
fugit, et
portu se condidit
The
Prize.
alto.
victorem
Turn satus Anchisa, cunctis ex more vocatis, magna praeconis voce Cloanthum
tempora
lauro,
in
245
declarat, viridique advelat
muneraque
vinaque
victori
naves ternos optare iuvencos,
et argenti
magnum
dat ferre talentum.

:
Ipsis praecipuos ductoribus addit honores
chlamydem auratam, quam plurima circum purpura maeandro duplici Meliboea cucurrit,
intextusque puer frondosa regius Ida veloces iaculo cervos cursuque fatigat,
acer, anhelanti similis, quern
250
praepes ab Ida
;
sublimem pedibus rapuit lovis armiger uncis longaevi palmas nequiquam ad sidera tendunt
custodes, saevitque
255
canum
latratus in auras.
At qui deinde locum
tenuit virtute
secundum,
260
levibus huic hamis consertam auroque trilicem loricam, quam Demoleo detraxerat ipse
apud rapidum Simoenta sub Ilio alto, donat habere viro, decus et tutamen in armis. Vix illam famuli Phegeus Sagarisque ferebant
victor
multiplicem, conixi umeris indutus at olim Demoleos cursu pal antes Troas agebat.
;
265
Tertia dona facit geminos ex aere lebetas,
cymbiaque argento perfecta atque aspera
signis.
30
The Êneid.
Return of the Centaur.
[BOOK V.
lamque adeo donati omnes opibusque superbi

puniceis ibant evincti tempora taenis, cum saevo e scopulo multa vix arte revolsus,
amissis remis atque ordine debilis uno, inrisam sine honore ratem Sergestus agebat. Qualis saepe viae deprensus in aggere serpens,
270
aerea quern obliquum rota transiit, aut gravis ictu seminecem liquit saxo lacerumque viator
;
275
nequiquam longos fugiens dat corpore
tortus,
parte ferox, ardensque oculis, et sibila colla arduus attollens, pars volnere clauda retentat
nexantem nodis seque

tali
in
sua
membra plicantem
;
remigio navis se tarda movebat
280
vela facit tamen, et velis subit ostia plenis.
Sergestum Aeneas promisso munere donat, servatam ob navem laetus sociosque reductos.
Olli serva datur,
operum haud ignara Minervae, Cressa genus, Pholoe, geminique sub ubere nati.
The Foot Race.
285
Hoc
pius Aeneas misso certamine tendit

in
gramineum
campum, quem collibus undique cingebant silvae, mediaque in valle theatri circus erat quo se multis cum milibus heros
;
curvis
consessu
medium
tulit
exstructoque resedit.
290
Hie, qui forte velint rapido contendere cursu,

invitat pretiis animos, et
praemia ponit.
Sicani,
Undique conveniunt Teucri mixtique
Nisus et Euryalus primi, Euryalus forma insignis viridique iuventa, Nisus amore pio pueri quos deinde secutus
;
295
regius egregia Priami de stirpe Diores hunc Salius simul et Patron, quorum alter Acarnan,
;
268-314-]
ALncas in
Sicily.
The Funeral Games.

;
131
alter
turn
ab Arcadio Tegeaeae sanguine gentis duo Trinacrii iuvenes, Helymus Panopesque,

silvis,
300
adsueti
comites senioris Acestae
multi praeterea, quos
fama obscura
sic
recondit.
:
Aeneas quibus
'
in
mediis
deinde locutus
Accipite haec animis, laetasque advertite mentes nemo ex hoc numero mihi non donatus abibit.
305
Gnosia bina dabo levato lucida ferro

spicula caelatamque argento ferre bipennem omnibus hie erit unus honos. Tres praemia primi
,
accipient, flavaque caput nectentur oliva.
Primus equum phaleris insignem victor habeto
310
HORSE WITH TRAPPINGS.
Amazoniam pharetram plenamque sagittis Threiciis, lato quam circum amplectitur auro
alter
balteus, et tereti subnectit fibula

tertius Argolica
gemma
hac galea contentus
abito.'
132
The ALneid.
Nisus and Euryalus.
[BOOK V.
Haec
effusi
ubi dicta, locum capiunt, signoque repente

similes, simul ultima signant.
315
corripiunt spatia audito, limenque relinquunt,
nimbo
abit
Primus
longeque ante omnia corpora Nisus

;
emicat, et ventis et fulminis ocior alis
proxumus
huic, longo sed

;
proxumus
intervallo,
320
insequitur Salius
tertius Euryalus
:
spatio post deinde relicto
Euryalumque Helymus sequitur quo deinde sub ipso ecce volat calcemque terit iam calce Diores, incumbens umero, spatia et si plura supersint,
;
325
transeat elapsus prior, ambiguumque relinquat. lamque fere spatio extreme fessique sub ipsam
finem adventabant, levi

fusus
cum sanguine Nisus

330
labitur infelix, caesis ut forte iuvencis
humum
viridisque super madefecerat herbas.
Hie iuvenis iam victor ovans vestigia presso haud tenuit titubata solo, sed pronus in ipso
immundoque fimo sacroque cruore. Non tamen Euryali, non ille oblitus amorum nam sese opposuit Salio per lubrica surgens
concidit
ille
335
autem spissa iacuit revolutus arena. Emicat Euryalus, et munere victor amici
prima tenet, plausuque volat fremituque secundo, Post Helymus subit, et nunc tertia palma Diores.
Protest of Salius.
Hie totum caveae consessum ingentis et ora prima patrum magnis Salius clamoribus implet, ereptumque dolo reddi sibi poscit honorem.
Tutatur favor Euryalum, lacrimaeque decorae, gratior et pulchro veniens in corpore virtus.
340
Adiuvat
et
magna proclamat voce
Diores,
345
315-375-]
jfcneas in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
133
qui subiit palmae, frustraque ad praemia venit ultima, si primi Salio reddentur honores.
The
Prizes
'
Awarded.
'
Turn pater Aeneas Vestra' inquit munera vobis certa manent, pueri, et palmam movet ordine nemo
me
liceat
casus misereri insontis amici.'
350
Sic fatus,
dat Salio,
tergum Gaetuli immane leonis villis onerosum atque unguibus

'
aureis.
Hie Nisus,
et te
Si tanta
'
inquit 'sunt praemia victis,
lapsorum miseret, quae munera Niso

355
digna dabis, primam

ni rne,
menu qui laude coronam, inimica tulisset?' fortuna quae Salium, Et simul his dictis faciem ostentabat et udo
membra
fimo.
turpia
et
Risit pater optimus
olli,
clipeum
efferri iussit,
Didymaonis artem,
360
Neptuni sacro Danais de poste refixum. Hoc iuvenem egregium praestanti munere donat.
The Boxing Match.
Post, ubi confecti cursus, et
'
dona peregit
Nunc
ait,
si
cui virtus
animusque
in pectore praesens,
adsit, et evinctis attollat
brachia palmis.'
365
Sic
victori
geminum pugnae proponit honorem, velatum auro vittisque iuvencum,

:
et
ensem atque insignem galeam solacia victo. Nee mora continue vastis cum viribus effert ora Dares, magnoque virum se murmure tollit solus qui Paridem solitus contendere contra, idemque ad tumulum, quo maximus occubat Hector, victorem Buten immani corpore, qui se
;
370
Bebrycia veniens Amyci de gente ferebat,

perculit, et fulva
moribundum
extendit arena.
tollit,
Talis prima Dares caput altum in proelia
375
34
The jEneid.
[BOOK
V.
ostenditque umeros latos, alternaque iactat brachia protendens, et verberat ictibus auras. Quaeritur huic alius nee quisquam ex agmine tanto
;
audet adire virum manibusque inducere caestus. Ergo alacris, cunctosque putans excedere palma,
380
Aeneae
'
stetit
ante pedes, nee plura moratus

tenet, atque ita fatur
:
turn laeva
taurum cornu
si
Nate dea,
nemo audet
? quae finis standi ? Quo Ducere dona iube.' Cuncti simul ore fremebant
se credere pugnae, me decet usque teneri
385
Dardanidae, reddique viro promissa iubebant.

Dares and Entellus.
dictis castigat Acestes, toro ut viridante consederat herbae proximus heroum 'Entelle, quondam fortissime frustra,
Hie gravis Entellum
tantane tarn patiens nullo certamine tolli dona sines? Ubi nunc nobis deus ille magister
390
nequiquam memoratus Eryx

Ille
Ubi fama per omnem

'
Trinacriam, et spolia ilia tuis
sub haec
;
'
:
Non
pendentia tectis ? laudis amor, nee gloria cessit

395
pulsa metu
Si mihi,
sed enim gelidus tardante senecta

iste
sanguis hebet, frigentque effetae in corpore vires.
quae quondam fuerat, quaque improbus

si
exsultat fidens,
nunc
foret
ilia
iuventas,
haud equidem
in
pretio inductus pulchroque iuvenco
venissem, nee dona moror.'

proiecit quibus acer
ferre
Sic deinde locutus
400
medium geminos immani pondere

Eryx
caestus
in proelia suetus
manum, duroque
:
intendere brachia tergo.
Obstipuere animi
terga bourn
tantorum ingentia septem

405
;
plumbo insuto ferroque rigebant. Ante omnes stupet ipse Dares, longeque recusat
et
magnanimusque Anchisiades
pondus
et ipsa
376-436.]
jfcneas in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
135
hue
illuc
vinclorum immensa volumina versat.

tails
Turn senior
referebat pectore voces
The Cestus
'
of Hercules.
Quid,
vidisset,
si
quis caestus ipsius et Herculis

litore
arma
410
tristemque hoc ipso in
pugnam ?
Haec germanus Eryx quondam
tuus arma gerebat,
sanguine cernis adhuc sparsoque inf ecta cerebro, his magnum Alciden contra stetit his ego suetus,
;
melior vires sanguis dabat, aemula necdum temporibus geminis canebat sparsa senectus. nostra Dares haec Troi'us arma recusat, idque pio sedet Aeneae, probat auctor Acestes, aequemus pugnas. Erycis tibi terga remitto
dum
Sed
415
si
solve metus
et tu
Troianos exue caestus.'

reiecit
420
Haec
et
amictum, magnos membrorum artus, magna ossa lacertosque

fatus,
duplicem ex umeris
exuit,
atque ingens media consistit arena.

The Combat.
Turn satus Anchisa caestus pater

et paribus
extulit aequos,
palmas amborum innexuit armis.
425
Constitit in digitos extemplo arrectus uterque,
brachiaque ad superas interritus extulit auras. Abduxere retro longe capita ardua ab ictu,
immiscentque manus manibus, pugnamque lacessunt.

I
lie
pedum
melior motu,
et
f retusque
iuventa
430
hie
membris
viri
mole valens, sed tarda trementi

inter se volnera iactant,
genua Multa
labant, vastos quatit aeger anhelitus artus.
nequiquam
lateri
ingeminant, et pectore vastos dant sonitus, erratque auris et tempora circum crebra manus, duro crepitant sub volnere malae.
multa cavo
435
136
The ALneid.
[BOOK V.
DARKS AND ENTELLUS.
Stat gravis Entellus nisuque immotus eodem, corpora tela modo atque oculis vigilantibus exit. Ille, velut celsam oppugnat qui molibus urbem, aut montana sedet circum castella sub armis,
440
nunc hos, nunc
illos aditus,
omnemque
pererrat
arte locum, et variis adsultibus inritus urguet.
Ostendit dextram insurgens Entellus, et alte extulit ille ictum venientem a vertice velox
:
praevidit, celerique elapsus corpore cessit.
445
Entellus vires in ventum effudit, et ultro

concidit, ut
ipse gravis graviterque ad terram pondere vasto quondam cava concidit aut Erymantho,
aut Ida in magna, radicibus eruta pinus. Consurgunt studiis Teucri et Trinacria pubes
it
450
clamor caelo, primusque accurrit Acestes, aequaevumque ab humo miserans attollit amicum.
At non tardatus casu neque territus heros acrior ad pugnam redit, ac vim suscitat ira.
437-484-]
ALneas
in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
137
Defeat of Dares.
Turn pudor incendit vires
et conscia virtus,
455
praecipitemque Daren ardens agit aequore toto, nunc dextra ingeminans ictus, nunc ille sinistra
;
nee mora, nee requies quam multa grandine nimbi culminibus crepitant, sic densis ictibus heros
creber utraque
manu
pulsat versatque Dareta,
460
Turn pater Aeneas procedere longius iras et saevire animis Entellum haud passus acerbis sed finem imposuit pugnae, fessumque Dareta
eripuit,
'
mulcens
dictis,
ac talia fatur
Infelix, quae tanta
animum dementia
cepit?
465
Non
Cede
vires alias
deo.'
fidi
conversaque numina sends? Dixitque et proelia voce diremit.
aequales, genua aegra trahentem, iactantemque utroque caput, crassumque cruorem ore eiectantem mixtosque in sanguine dentes, ducunt ad naves galeamque ensemque vocati
;
Ast ilium
470
accipiunt
1
palmam Entello taurumque relinquunt. Hie victor, superans animis tauroque superbus Nate dea, vosque haec inquit cognoscite, Teucri,
;
:
'
'
et mihi
et
quae fuerint iuvenali in corpore vires, revocatum a morte Dareta.' qua

servetis
475
Dixit, et adversi contra stetit ora iuvenci,
qui
donum
adstabat pugnae, durosque reducta
libravit dextra
media
inter
cornua caestus,
480
ossa cerebro. arduus, effractoque Sternitur exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos.
inlisit in
Ille
'
super tales effundit pectore voces

tibi,
;
Hanc
persolvo
Eryx, meliorem animam pro morte Daretis hie victor caestus artemque repono.'
138
The Êneid.
The Contest
in Archery.
[BOOK V.
Protinus Aeneas celeri certare sagitta

invitat qui forte velint, et
485
praemia ponit,
SHOOTING WITH THE Bow.
ingentique
erigit, et
manu malum de nave
Seresti
volucrem traiecto in fune columbam
quo tendant ferrum, malo suspendit ab alto. Convenere viri, deiectamque aerea sortem accepit galea et primus clamore secundo
;
490
quem modo
Hyrtacidae ante omnes exit locus Hippocoontis navali Mnestheus certamine victor
consequitur, viridi Mnestheus evinctus oliva. Tertius Eurytion, tuus, o clarissime, frater,
495
Pandare, qui quondam, iussus confundere foedus, in medios telum torsisti primus Achivos.
Extremus galeaque ima subsedit Acestes, ausus et ipse manu iuvenum temptare laborem. Turn validis flexos incurvant viribus arcus
500
485-532-]
&neas
in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.

tela pharetris.
39
pro se quisque
viri, et
depromunt
Primaque per caelum, nervo stridente, sagitta Hyrtacidae iuvenis volucres diverberat auras
;
et venit, adversique infigitur arbore mali.
Intremuit malus, timuitque exterrita pennis ales, et ingenti sonuerunt omnia plausu.
505
Post acer Mnestheus adducto constitit arcu,
telumque tetendit. Ast ipsam miserandus avem contingere ferro non valuit nodos et vincula linea rupit,
;
alta petens, pariterque oculos
510
quis innexa pedem malo pendebat ab alto ilia notos atque alta volans in nubila fugit.
:
Turn rapidus, iamdudum arcu contenta parato

tela tenens, fratrem
Eurytion in vota vocavit,

515
iam vacuo laetam caelo speculatus, et alis plaudentem nigra figit sub nube columbam.
Decidit exanimis, vitamque reliquit in astris
aetheriis,
fixamque refert delapsa sagittam.

The Omen
of the
Arrow.
Amissa solus palma superabat Acestes
qui tamen ae'rias telum contendit in auras, ostentans artefhque pater arcumque sonantem.
520
Hie
oculis subito obicitur

;
magnoque futurum
augurio monstrum
seraque
terrifici
docuit post exitus ingens, cecinerunt omina vates.

525
Namque
volans liquidis in nubibus arsit arundo,
signavitque viam flammis, tenuisque recessit consumpta in ventos caelo ceu saepe refixa
;
transcurrunt crinemque volantia sidera ducunt. Attonitis haesere animis, superosque precati
Trinacrii Teucrique viri
;
nee maximus omen
530
abnuit Aeneas
sed laetum amplexus Acesten muneribus cumulat magnis, ac talia fatur

;
:
140
'
The jEneid.
;
[BOOK
v.
Sume, pater
nam
te voluit rex
magnus Olympi
535
talibus auspiciis exsortem ducere honores.
Ipsius Anchisae longaevi hoc munus habebis, cratera impressum signis, quern Thracius olim
Anchisae genitori
ferre sui dederat
in magno munere Cisseus monumentum et pignus amoris.'
Sic fatus cingit viridanti tempora lauro,

et
primum ante omnes victorem appellat Acesten. Nee bonus Eurytion praelato invidit honori, quamvis solus avem caelo deiecit ab alto.
Proximus ingreditur donis, qui vincula rupit fixit arundine malum.
The Equestrian Game.
;
540
extremus, volucri qui
At pater Aeneas, nondum certamine misso,

custodem ad sese comitemque impubis luli Epytiden vocat, et fidam sic fatur ad aurem Vade age, et Ascanio, si iam puerile paratum
:
545
'
agmen habet secum, cursusque instruxit equorum, ducat avo turmas, et sese ostendat in armis, die ait. Ipse omnem longo decedere circo
'
550
infusum populum, et campos iubet esse patentes. Incedunt pueri, pariterque ante ora parentum
frenatis lucent in equis,
quos omnis euntes

555
:
Trinacriae mirata fremit Troiaeque iuventus. Omnibus in morem tonsa coma pressa corona
cornea bina ferunt praefixa hastilia ferro

pars levis
umero pharetras
it
pectore
auri.
summo
560
flexilis obtorti
per collum circulus
Tres equitum numero turmae ternique vagantur

ductores
:
pueri bis seni
quemque
secuti
Una
agmine partito fulgent paribusque magistris. acies iuvenum, ducit quam parvus ovantem
avi referens Priamus,
nomen
tua clara, Polite,
533- 59 8 -]
sEneas
in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
141
565
quem Thracius albis progenies, auctura Italos, bicolor maculis, vestigia primi portat equus
alba pedis frontemque ostentans arduus albam. Alter Atys, genus unde Atii duxere Latini,
parvus Atys, pueroque puer dilectus lulo.
Extremus, formaque ante omnis pulcher, lulus Sidonio est invectus equo quem Candida Dido
esse sui dederat
570
monumentum et pignus amoris. Cetera Trinacrii pubes senioris Acestae

Excipiunt plausu pavidos, gaudentque tuentes Dardanidae, veterumque adgnoscunt ora parentum.
575
fertur equis.
Postquam omnem
laeti
consessum oculosque suorum
lustravere in equis,
signum clamore paratis dedit insonuitque flagello. Epytides longe Olli discurrere pares, atque agmina terni
580
diductis solvere choris, rursusque vocati
convertere vias infestaque tela tulere. Inde alios ineunt cursus aliosque recursus
adversi spatiis, alternosque orbibus orbes impediunt, pugnaeque cient simulacra sub armis
585
nunc terga fuga nudant, nunc spicula vertunt infensi, facta pariter nunc pace feruntur.
et
Ut quondam Greta
fertur Labyrinthus in alta
parietibus textum caecis iter, ancipitemque mille viis habuisse dolum, qua signa sequendi
590
indeprensus et inremeabilis error baud alio Teucrum nati vestigia cursu

falleret
impediunt, texuntque fugas et proelia ludo,
delphinum
similes, qui per
maria umida nando

595
Carpathium Libycumque secant [luduntque per undas]. Hunc morem cursus atque haec certamina primus
Ascanius,
rettulit, et
Longam muris cum
cingeret Albam, priscos docuit celebrare Latinos,
142
The jEneid.
Tro'ia
[BOOK V.
quo puer ipse modo, secum quo

Albani docuere suos
accepit
;
pubes
Roma,
et
maxima porro honorem servavit patrium

hinc
600
;
Troiaque nunc pueri, Troianum dicitur agmen. Hac celebrata tenus sancto certamina patri.
The Trojan
Women
Roused by
Iris.
Hie primum fortuna fidem mutata novavit. variis tumulo referunt sollemnia ludis, Irim de caelo misit Saturnia luno
Dum
605
Iliacam ad classem, ventosque adspirat eunti, multa movens, necdum antiquum saturata dolorem. Ilia, viam celerans per mille coloribus arcum,
nulli visa cito decurrit tramite virgo.
610
Conspicit ingentem concursum, et litora lustrat, desertosque videt portus classemque relictam.
At procul in sola secretae Troades acta amissum Anchisen flebant, cunctaeque profundum
'
pontum adspectabant
et
flentes.
'
!
Heu
tot
vada
fessis
615
tantum superesse maris

orant
;
vox omnibus una.
Urbem
Ergo
fit
taedet pelagi perferre laborem.
inter
conicit, et
medias sese baud ignara nocendi faciemque deae vestemque reponit

et
Beroe, Tmarii coniunx longaeva Dorycli,
620
;
quondam nomen natique fuissent ac sic Dardanidum mediam se matribus infert: 'O miserae, quas non manus inquit Achaica
cui
genus
'
'
bello
traxerit
infelix,
ad letum patriae sub moenibus cui te exitio Fortuna reservat?
gens
625
Septuma post Troiae exscidium iam
vertitur aestas,
cum
freta,
cum
terras omnes, tot inhospita saxa
sideraque emensae ferimur, dum per mare magnum

Italiam sequimur fugientem, et volvimur undis.
Hie Erycis
fines fraterni, atque
hospes Acestes
630
599-663-]
sEneas
in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
143
iacere et dare civibus urbem? nequiquam ex hoste Penates, nullane iam Troiae dicentur moenia? Nusquam
quis prohibet
muros
patria et rapti
Hectoreos amnes, Xanthum
et
Simoenta, videbo
Quin
agite et
mecum
infaustas exurite puppes.
635
mihi Cassandrae per somnum vatis imago ardentes dare visa faces Hie quaerite Troiam ;
:
Nam
hie
domus
est inquit vobis.
Iam tempus
agi res,
En quattuor arae nee tantis mora prodigiis. faces deus animumque ministrat.' Neptuno ipse
;
640
The
Women
Fire the Ships.
Haec memorans, prima infensum

:
vi corripit
ignem,
sublataque procul dextra conixa coruscat, et iacit arrectae mentes stupefactaque corda
Iliadum.
Hie una e
multis,
quae maxima natu,

:
'
Priami natorum regia nutrix Non Beroe vobis, non haec Rhoetei'a, matres, divini signa decoris est Dorycli coniunx
Pyrgo, tot
;
645
ardentesque notate oculos
qui spiritus
illi,
qui voltus, vocisque sonus, vel gressus eunti. Ipsa egomet dudum Beroe'n digressa reliqui
650
aegram, indignantem, tali quod sola careret munere, nee meritos Anchisae inferret honores.'
Haec
effata.
At matres primo ancipites, oculisque malignis ambiguae spectare rates miserum inter amorem
praesentis terrae fatisque vocantia regna, cum dea se paribus per caelum sustulit alis,
655
ingentemque fuga secuit sub nubibus arcum. Turn vero attonitae monstris actaeque furore
con clamant, rapiuntque focis penetralibus ignem pars spoliant aras, frondem ac virgulta facesque
coniciunt.
;
660
Furit immissis Volcanus habenis
transtra per et
remos
et pictas abiete puppes.
144
The ALneid.
The Appeal
of Ascanius.
[BOOK
V.
Nuntius Anchisae ad tumulum cuneosque theatri

incensas perfert naves Eumelus, et ipsi
respiciunt atram in
665
nimbo
volitare favillam.
Primus et Ascanius, cursus ut laetus equestres ducebat, sic acer equo turbata petivit
nee examines possunt retinere magistri. iste novus ? Quo nunc, quo tenditis' inquit, 'heu, miserae cives? Non hostem inimicaque castra
castra,
'
Quis furor
670
Argivum, vestras spes uritis. En, ego vester Ascanius Galeam ante pedes proiecit inanem,
'
!
qua ludo indutus

Ast
illae
belli
simulacra ciebat
accelerat simul Aeneas, simul
agmina Teucrum.
675
diversa metu per litora passim diffugiunt, silvasque et sicubi concava furtim
saxa petunt piget incepti lucisque, suosque mutatae adgnoscunt, excussaque pectore luno Sed non idcirco flammae atque incendia vires
;
est.
680
udo sub robore vivit stuppa vomens tardum fumum, lentusque carinas
indomitas posuere
;
est vapor, et toto descendit corpore pestis, nee vires heroum infusaque flumina prosunt.
The Flames
are Stayed.
Turn pius Aeneas umeris abscindere vestem,

auxilioque vocare deos, et tendere palmas
'
:
685
luppiter omnipotens,
si
nondum exosus ad unum
quid pietas antiqua labores respicit humanos, da flammam evadere class! nunc, Pater, et tenues Teucrum res eripe leto.
Troianos,
si
690
Vel
tu,
quod superest,
infesto fulmine morti,
si mereor, demitte, tuaque hie obrue dextra.' Vix haec ediderat, cum effusis imbribus atra tempestas sine more furit, tonitruque tremescunt
664-726.]
sEneas
in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
145
695
ardua terrarum et campi
ruit aethere toto

;
turbidus imber aqua densisque nigerrimus austris
implenturque super puppes semiusta madescunt robora restinctus donee vapor omnis, et omnes, quattuor amissis, servatae a peste carinae.
; ;
At pater Aeneas, casu concussus acerbo, nunc hue ingentes, nunc illuc pectore curas mutabat versans, Siculisne resideret arvis,
oblitus fatorum, Italasne capesseret oras.
703
Turn senior Nautes, unum Tritonia Pallas

quern docuit, multaque insignem reddidit arte, haec responsa dabat, vel quae portenderet ira magna deum, vel quae fatorum posceret ordo
isque his
705
Aenean
solatus vocibus infit

of the Colony.
The Division
'
Nate dea, quo fata trahunt retrahuntque, sequamur quidquid erit, superanda omnis fortuna ferendo est. Est tibi Dardanius divinae stirpis Acestes
:
710
hunc cape
consiliis
socium
et
coniunge volentem
huic trade, amissis superant qui navibus, et quos
pertaesum magni incepti rerumque tuarum est longaevosque senes ac fessas aequore matres, et quidquid tecum invalidum metuensque pericli
;
715
est,
habeant terris sine moenia fessi urbem appellabunt permisso nomine Acestam.'
delige, et his
:
Talibus incensus dictis senioris amici,

turn vero in curas
animo diducitur omnes.

:
720
Et nox atra polum bigis subvecta tenebat visa dehinc caelo facies delapsa parentis Anchisae subito tales effundere voces
:
'
Nate, mihi vita quondam,
dum
vita
manebat,
725
care magis, nate, Iliads exercite fatis, imperio lovis hue venio, qui classibus ignem
146
depulit, et caelo
The Êneid.
tandem miseratus ab alto est. quae nunc pulcherrima Nautes
;
[BOOK V.
Consiliis pare,
dat senior
lectos iuvenes, fortissima corda,
defer in Italiam
gens dura atque aspera cultu

est.
730
debellanda
tibi
Latio
infernas accede domos, et
tamen ante Averna per alta

Ditis
Non me impia namque congressus pete, nate, meos. Tartara habent, tristes umbrae, sed amoena piorum
concilia
Elysiumque colo. nigrarum multo pecudum

genus omne
:
Hue
te
casta Sibylla
:
735
turn
sanguine ducet et tuum, quae dentur moenia, disces.
et
vale torquet medios Nox humida cursus, saevus equis Oriens adflavit anhelis.' Dixerat, et tenuis fugit, ceu f umus, in auras.
lamque
me
740
'
Aeneas,
'
Quo deinde
'
ruis,
quo proripis
inquit,
'
Quern
fugis, aut quis te nostris
complexibus arcet
Haec memorans cinerem et sopitos suscitat ignes, Pergameumque Larem et canae penetralia Vestae
farre pio et plena supplex veneratur acerra.
745
The Feeble Left Behind.
Extemplo socios primumque arcessit Acesten,

et lovis
edocet, et quae
imperium et cari praecepta parentis nunc animo sententia constet.

consiliis,
Haud mora
nee iussa recusat Acestes.

750
Transcribunt urbi matres, populumque volentem
deponunt, animos
nil
magnae
laudis egentes.
Ipsi transtra novant, flammisque ambesa reponunt robora navigiis, aptant remosque rudentesque, exigui numero, sed bello vivida virtus.
Interea Aeneas
sortiturque esse iubet.
' urbem designat aratro domos hoc Ilium et haec loca Troiam Gaudet regno Troianus Acestes,
;
755
indicitque forum et patribus dat iura vocatis.
NEPTUNE
727-79-]
Êneas in
Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
147
Turn vicina astris, Erycino in vertice sedes fundatur Veneri Idaliae, tumuloque sacerdos ac lucus late sacer additur Anchiseo.
760
lamque
factus honos
dies epulata novem gens omnis, et aris placidi straverunt aequora venti,
:
creber et adspirans rursus vocat Auster in altum. Exoritur procurva ingens per litora fletus
;
765
complexi inter se
Ipsae iam matres,
ire volunt,
noctemque diemque morantur.

ipsi,
quibus aspera quondam

tolerabile
visa maris facies et
non
nomen,
770
omnemque
fugae perferre laborem.
Quos bonus Aeneas

et
dictis solatur amicis,
consanguineo lacrimans commendat Acestae.
Tris Eryci vitulos et Tempestatibus agnam caedere deinde iubet, solvique ex ordine funem.
Ipse, caput tonsae foliis evinctus olivae, stans procul in prora pateram tenet, extaque salsos porricit in fluctus ac vina liquentia fundit.
775
Prosequitur surgens a puppi ventus euntes. Certatim socii feriunt mare et aequora verrunt.
Appeal of Venus to Neptune.
At Venus interea Neptunum

'
exercita curis
:
adloquitur, talesque effundit pectore questus lunonis gravis ira nee exsaturabile pectus
780
quam nee
cogunt me, Neptune, preces descendere in omnes longa dies, pietas nee mitigat ulla,
nee lovis imperio fatisque infracta quiescit. Non media de gente Phrygum exedisse nefandis
785
:
urbem
odiis satis est, nee
poenam
traxe per
omnem
reliquias Troiae, cineres atque ossa
peremptae
insequitur
causas tanti sciat
ilia furoris.
Ipse mihi nuper Libycis tu testis in undis quam molem subito excierit maria omnia caelo
:
790
148
miscuit, Aeoliis
in regnis
The ALneid.
nequiquam
tuis.
[BOOK V.
freta procellis,
hoc ausa
Per scelus ecce etiam Troianis matribus actis

exussit foede puppes, et classe subegit
NEPTUNE.
amissa socios ignotae linquere terrae. Quod superest, oro, liceat dare tuta per undas
vela
si
795
tibi, liceat
concessa peto,
Laurentem attingere Thybrim, si dant ea moenia Parcae.'

Neptune's Promise.
'
Turn Saturnius haec domitor maris edidit aid Fas omne est, Cytherea, meis te fidere regnis, unde genus ducis merui quoque saepe furores
: ;
800
compressi, et rabiem tantam caelique marisque.
Nee minor
in terris,
Xanthum Simoentaque
tester,
Aeneae mihi cura
tui.
Cum
Troi'a Achilles
exanimata sequens impingeret agmina muris, milia multa daret leto, gemerentque repleti
in
805
amnes, nee reperire viam atque evolvere posset mare se Xanthus, Pelidae tune ego forti
810
congressum Aenean nee dis nee viribus aequis nube cava rapui, cuperem cum vertere ab imo
791-829.]
^Lneas
in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
149
structa meis
manibus periurae moenia Troiae.

perstat mihi
:
Nunc quoque mens eadem

Unus unum
erit
pelle timores.
Tutus, quos optas, portus accedet Averni.
tantum, amissum quern gurgite quaeres pro multis dabitur caput.'
815
His ubi laeta deae permulsit pectora dictis, iungit equos auro Genitor, spumantiaque addit
frena
feris,
manibusque omnes effundit habenas.
NEPTUNE
IN HIS CAR.
Caeruleo per summa levis volat aequora curru subsidunt undae, tumidumque sub axe tonanti sternitur aequor aquis fugiunt vasto aethere nimbi.
;
;
820
Turn variae comitum

et senior
facies,
immania
cete,
Glauci chorus, Inousque Palaemon,

;
Tritonesque citi, Phorcique exercitus omnis laeva tenent Thetis, et Melite, Panopeaque virgo,
Nisaee, Spioque, Thaliaque, Cymodoceque. Hie patris Aeneae suspensam blanda vicissim
825
gaudia pertemptant mentem attolli malos, intendi brachia
iubet ocius
velis.
omnes
50
The
jtfLneid.
[BOOK
V.
Una omnes fecere pedem, pariterque sinistros, nunc dextros solvere sinus una ardua torquent
;
830
cornua detorquentque
Princeps ante
ferunt sua flamina classem.
agmen
omnes densum Palinurus agebat ad hunc alii cursum contendere iussi.

Palinurus Lost.
lamque
contigerat
fere
;
mediam
caeli
nox humida metam
835
placida laxabant
membra
quiete
:
cum
te,
sub remis fusi per dura sedilia nautae levis aetheriis delapsus Somnus ab
ae'ra
astris
dimovit tenebrosum et dispulit umbras,

840
Palinure, petens, tibi somnia tristia portans

;
insonti
puppique deus consedit
in alta,
Phorbanti
'
similis, funditque has ore loquelas : laside Palinure, ferunt ipsa aequora classem
;
aequatae spirant aurae
datur hora quieti. Pone caput, fessosque oculos furare labori ipse ego paulisper pro te tua munera inibo.'
:
845
Cui vix attollens Palinurus lumina fatur

'
Mene
salis placidi
?
ignorare iubes
voltum fluctusque quietos Mene huic confidere monstro

fallacibus auris
'
Aenean credam quid enim

et caelo, totiens
850
deceptus fraude sereni
nusquam
Talia dicta dabat, clavumque affixus et haerens amittebat, oculosque sub astra tenebat.
Ecce deus ramum Lethaeo rore madentem,

vique soporatum Stygia, super utraque quassat tempora, cunctantique natantia lumina solvit.
855
Vix primos inopina quies laxaverat artus, super incumbens cum puppis parte revolsa, cumque gubernaclo, liquidas proiecit in undas
et
praecipitem ac socios nequiquam saepe vocantem ipse volans tenues se sustulit ales ad auras.
860
830-871-]
sEneas
in Sicily.
The Funeral Games.
151
Currit iter tutum non secius aequore classis,
promissisque patris Neptuni interrita fertur. lamque adeo scopulos Sirenum advecta subibat,
difficiles
quondam multorumque
ossibus albos,
865
turn rauca adsiduo longe sale saxa
sonabant
cum
sensit, et ipse
'
pater amisso fluitantem errare magistro ratem nocturnis rexit in undis,

:
multa gemens, casuque animum concussus amici
nimium caelo et pelago confise sereno, nudus in ignota, Palinure, iacebis arena
!
870
'
BOOK
arrives at
VI.
THE WORLD BELOW.

:
Cumas, and seeks the Sibyl's cave
the temple of
Phoebus, constructed by Daedalus (vv. 1-41). Inspiration of the Sibyl: she prophesies war (42-97). JEneas solicits that he may enter the abode
of Hades: the required gift to Proserpine of the Gold Bough (98-155). Death of Misenus. While the trees are felled for his funeral pile, JEnezs,
guided by doves to the mouth of Acheron, finds the sacred bough
the
funeral rites (156-235). After due rites have been paid, he follows the Sibyl to the world of shadows apparitions of horror at its entrance Charon and his skiff (236-336). Shade of Palinurus on the hither side
: ;
(337-381). The passage of Styx Cerberus, and the judge Minos. The abode of suicides and unhappy lovers the angry shade of Dido (382Shades of fallen heroes 476). Deiphobus accosts tineas, but is checked by the Sibyl (477-547). Phlegethon, and the fiery dungeons
: : :
damned: the judge Rhadamanthos the Giants, Tityos, Ixion, Theseus (548-627). The branch is fixed at the entrance of the palace of Dis the Elysian Fields ancient heroes of Troy (628-678). The shade of Anchises is met in a secluded vale he explains the system and divine life of things (679-755). Anchises unfolds the heroic story
of the
;
:
and future glories of Rome (756-854). the two Gates of Sleep (855-902).
Vision of the young Marcellus:
i-3o.]
The World Below.
153
Cumae and the Temple
of Apollo.
fatur lacrimans, classique immittit habenas,

et tandem SIC
Euboicis
Cumarum
;
adlabitur oris.
Obvertunt pelago proras turn dente tenaci ancora fundabat naves, et litora curvae
praetexunt puppes.
litus in
luvenum manus emicat ardens

;
Hesperium
quaerit pars semina flammae
abstrusa in venis
silicis,
pars densa ferarum
tecta rapit silvas, inventaque flumina monstrat.
At pius Aeneas
arces, quibus altus Apollo

10
praesidet, horrendaeque procul secreta Sibyllae antrum immane petit, magnum cui mentem animumque
lam subeunt
Delius inspirat vates, aperitque futura. Triviae lucos atque aurea tecta.
The Work
of Daedalus.
Daedalus, ut fama est, fugiens Minoi'a regna, praepetibus pennis ausus se credere caelo,
15
insuetum per
iter gelidas enavit
ad Arctos,
Chalcidicaque levis tandem super adstitit arce. Redditus his primum terris, tibi, Phoebe, sacravit
remigium alarum, posuitque immania templa. In foribus letum Androgei turn pendere poenas miserum septena quotannis Cecropidae iussi
:
!
20
corpora natorum
hie crudelis
stat ductis sortibus urna.
Contra elata mari respondet Gnosia
tellus
amor
tauri, suppostaque furto
Pasiphae, mixtumque genus prolesque biformis Minotaurus inest, Veneris monumenta nefandae
hie labor
ille
25
;
domus
et inextricabilis error
magnum
reginae sed enim miseratus amorem Daedalus ipse dolos tecti ambagesque resolvit,
filo vestigia.
caeca regens
Tu quoque magnam
30
154
The Aineid.
[BOOK VI.
THESEUS AND THE MINOTAUR
(v. 26).
partem opere in tanto, sineret dolor, Icare, haberes.

Bis conatus erat casus effingere in auro
bis patriae cecidere
;
manus.
Sibyl.
The Cumeean
Quin protinus omnia

iam praemissus Achates una Phoebi adforet, atque Triviaeque sacerdos, Deiphobe Glauci, fatur quae talia regi Non hoc ista sibi tempus spectacula poscit
perlegerent oculis, ni
:
35
'
nunc grege de
praestiterit,
intacto septem mactare iuvencos
totidem lectas de more bidentes.'

40
Talibus adfata Aenean (nee sacra morantur iussa viri), Teucros vocat alta in templa sacerdos.
Approach
of the
God.
Excisum Eubo'icae latus ingens rupis in antrum, quo lati ducunt aditus centum, ostia centum
;
31-76.]
The World Below.

Sibyllae.
155
unde ruunt totidem voces, responsa
fata tempus ait deus, ecce, deus ! Cui talia fanti ante fores subito non voltus, non color unus, non comptae mansere comae sed pectus anhelum,
;
;
Ventum
erat ad limen,
cum
virgo, Poscere
45
et rabie fera
corda tument
'
maiorque
videri,
50
nee mortale sonans, adflata est numine quando Cessas in vota precesque, iam propiore del.
Tros
'
ait
'Aenea?
Cessas?
Neque enim ante dehiscent

Et
talia fata
attonitae
conticuit.
magna
ora domus.'
Gelidus Teucris per dura cucurrit ossa tremor, funditque preces rex pectore ab imo
'
55
Phoebe, graves Troiae semper miserate labores,

direxti tela
Dardana qui Paridis

in Aeacidae,
manusque
magnas obeuntia terras corpus tot maria intravi duce te, penitusque repostas
Massylum gentes praetentaque Syrtibus
iam tandem
Italiae fugientis
arva,
;
60
prendimus oras
hac Troiana tenus fuerit Fortuna secuta.
Vos quoque Pergameae iam fas est parcere dique deaeque omnes quibus obstitit Ilium
gloria Dardaniae.
genti,
et
ingens
65
Tuque, o sanctissima
vates,
praescia venturi, da, non indebita posco regna meis fatis, Latio considere Teucros
errantisque deos agitataque numina Troiae. Turn Phoebo et Triviae solido de marmore templum
instituam, festosque dies de
nomine Phoebi.
:
70
Te quoque magna manent regnis penetralia nostris hie ego namque tuas sortes arcanaque fata, dicta meae genti, ponam, lectosque sacrabo,
Foliis tantum ne carmina manda, alma, viros. ne turbata volent rapidis ludibria vends Finem dedit ore loquendi. ipsa canas oro.'
;
75
156
The
At, Phoebi
The Êneid.
Sibyl's Prophecy.
[BOOK VI.
nondum
patiens,
si
immanis
ille
in antro
bacchatur vates,
excussisse
magnum
;
pectore possit
fatigat
deum
tanto magis
os rabidum, fera corda domans, fingitque premendo. Ostia ianique domus patuere ingentia centum sponte sua, vatisque ferunt responsa per auras
:
So
'
tandem magnis pelagi defuncte
periclis
Sed terrae graviora manent. In regna Lavini Dardanidae venient mitte hanc de pectore curam
;
85
sed non et venisse volent.

et
Bella, horrida bella,
Thybrim multo spumantem sanguine

Simois
tibi,
cerno.
Non
nee Xanthus, nee Dorica castra
defuerint; alius Latio iam partus Achilles, natus et ipse dea nee Teucris addita luno
;
90
tu supplex in rebus egenis quas gentes Italum aut quas non oraveris urbes
usquam
aberit
cum
Causa mali
tanti
coniunx iterum hospita Teucris
externique iterum thalami. Tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior
ito,
95
qua tua te Fortuna sinet. Via prima salutis, quod minime reris, Graia pandetur ab urbe.'
Talibus ex adyto dictis Cumaea Sibylla horrendas canit ambages antroque remugit,
obscuris vera involvens
:
ea frena furenti
100
concutit, et stimulos sub pectore vertit Apollo.

Appeal
of tineas.
Ut primum
cessit furor et rabida ora quierunt,

'
:
Non ulla laborum, incipit Aeneas heros o virgo, nova mi facies inopinave surgit omnia praecepi atque animo mecum ante peregi.
;
105
Unum
oro
quando hie
inferni ianua regis
dicitur, et
tenebrosa palus Acheronte refuse,
ORPHEUS AND EURYDICE.

(Relief at Naples.)
77-I25-]
The World Below.
157
ad conspectum cari genitoris et ora contingat doceas iter et sacra ostia pandas.
ire
;
Ilium ego per flammas et mille sequentia tela eripui his umeris, medioque ex hoste recepi
;
no
ille
meum
comitatus
iter,
maria omnia
mecum
atque omnes pelagique minas caelique ferebat,

invalidus, vires ultra
sortemque senectae.
1 1
Quin, ut te supplex peterem et tua limina adirem, idem orans mandata dabat. Gnatique patrisque,
alma, precor, miserere;
potes
namque omnia, nee
te
nequiquam
si
lucis
Hecate praefecit Avernis;

arcessere coniugis Orpheus,
120
potuit
Manes
Threi'cia fretus cithara fidibusque canoris,

si
fratrem Pollux alterna morte redemit,
itque reditque viam totiens.
quid
memorem Alciden ?
Quid Thesea, magnum Et mi genus ab love summo.'
The Answer.
Talibus orabat
dictis,
am
sic orsa loqui vates
arasque tenebat, Sate sanguine divom,

'
:
158
The ALneid.
[BOOK VI.
Tros Anchisiade, facilis descensus Averno; noctes atque dies patet atri ianua Ditis sed revocare gradum superasque evadere ad auras,
;
hoc opus, hie labor

dis geniti potuere.
est. Fauci, quos aequus amavit ad aethera virtus, aut evexit ardens luppiter,
i-o
Tenent media omnia

atro.
si
silvae,
Cocytusque sinu labens circumvenit

si
tanta cupido est, Quod bis Stygios innare lacus, bis nigra videre Tartara, et insano iuvat indulgere labori, Latet arbore opaca accipe, quae peragenda prius.
tantus
amor menti,
^5
aureus et
foliis et
lento vimine ramus,

;
lunoni infernae dictus sacer

lucus, et obscuris
hunc
tegit
omnis
claudunt convallibus umbrae.

telluris
Sed non ante datur

auricomos
operta subire,
140
quam
quis decerpserit arbore fetus.
Hoc
sibi
pulchra
suum
ferri
Proserpina
munus
instituit.
Primo avulso non
deficit alter
aureus, et simili frondescit virga metallo.
Ergo
carpe
si te
alte vestiga oculis, et rite
repertum
145
manu
namque
;
fata vocant
ipse volens facilisque sequetur, aliter non viribus ullis
vincere, nee duro poteris convellere ferro.
Praeterea iacet
exanimum
tibi
corpus amici
150
heu nescis
totamque incestat funere classem,
dum
Due
sic
consulta petis nostroque in limine pendes. Sedibus hunc refer ante suis et conde sepulchre.
demum
nigras pecudes ea prima piacula sunto lucos Stygis et regna invia vivis
;
aspicies.'
Dixit, pressoque
obmutuit
ore.
155
The Unburied Misenus.
Aeneas maesto defixus lumina voltu

ingreditur, linquens antrum,
caecosque volutat
126-189.]
The World Below.

Cui fidus Achates
159
eventus animo secum.

it
comes,
et paribus curis vestigia figit.
Multa
inter sese vario
sermone serebant,
160
quem socium exanimem vates, quod corpus

diceret.
humandum
Atque
illi
Misenum
in litore sicco,
ut venere, vident indigna morte
peremptum,
165
Misenum Aeoliden, quo non praestantior alter acre ciere viros, Martemque accendere cantu.
Hectoris hie magni fuerat comes, Hectora circum et lituo pugnas insignis obibat et hasta
:
postquam ilium vita victor spoliavit Achilles, Dardanio Aeneae sese fortissimus heros addiderat socium, non inferiora secutus. Sed turn, forte cava dum personat aequora concha,
demens, et cantu vocat in certamina divos, aemulus exceptum Triton, si credere dignum inter saxa virum spumosa inmerserat unda.
praecipue pius Aeneas.
est,
170
Ergo omnes magno circum clamore fremebant, Turn iussa Sibyllae,

flentes,
175
haud mora, festinant
aramque sepulchri
;
congerere arboribus caeloque educere certant. Itur in antiquam silvam, stabula alta ferarum
procumbunt piceae, sonat icta securibus ilex, fraxineaeque trabes cuneis et fissile robur
scinditur, advolvunt ingentis
180
montibus ornos.
primus
Nee non Aeneas opera
inter talia
hortatur socios, paribusque accingitur armis.

Finding of the Golden Bough.
Atque haec
'
ipse suo tristi
cum corde
volutat,
:
185
adspectans silvam inmensam, et sic voce precatur Si nunc se nobis ille aureus arbore ramus
ostendat nemore in tanto, quando omnia vere
heu nimium de
te vates,
Misene, locuta
est.'
60
The
dELneid.
[BOOK VI.
190
Vix ea fatus erat, geminae cum forte columbae ipsa sub ora viri caelo venere volantes, Turn maximus heros et viridi sedere solo.
maternas agnoscit aves, laetusque precatur
'
:
Este duces,
o, si
dirigite in lucos,
ramus humum.
diva parens.'
qua via est, cursumque per auras ubi pinguem dives opacat Tuque, o, dubiis ne defice rebus,
195
Sic effatus vestigia pressit,
observans quae signa ferant, quo tendere pergant. Pascentes illae tantum prodire volando,
quantum
acie possent oculi servare sequentum. Inde ubi venere ad fauces grave olentis Averni,
200
liquidumque per aera lapsae sedibus optatis geminae super arbore sidunt, discolor unde auri per ramos aura refulsit.
tollunt se celeres,
Quale
solet silvis brumali frigore
viscum
205
fronde virere nova, quod non sua seminat arbos, et croceo fetu teretis circumdare truncos,
talis erat
ilice, sic
species auri frondentis opaca

leni crepitabat brattea vento.
Corripit Aeneas extemplo avidusque refringit cunctantem, et vatis portat sub tecta Sibyllae.
Funeral of Misenus.
210
Nec minus
Principio
interea
Misenum
in litore Teucri
flebant, et cineri ingrato
suprema ferebant.
atris
pinguem
taedis-et robore secto

215
ingentem struxere pyram, cui frondibus
intexunt latera, et ferales ante cupressos

constituunt, decorantque super fulgentibus armis.
Pars calidos latices et aena undantia flammis

expediunt, corpusque lavant frigentis et unguunt.
Turn membra toro defleta reponunt, purpureasque super vestes, velamina nota,
Fit gemitus.
220
190-237.]
The World Below.
161
coniciunt.
triste
Pars ingenti subiere feretro, ministerium, et subiectam more parentum
aversi tenuere facem.
Congesta cremantur
225
quievit,
turea dona, dapes, fuso crateres olivo.
Postquam conlapsi cineres

reliquias vino et
et
flamma
bibulam lavere favillam,

ae'no.
ossaque lecta cado texit Corynaeus
Idem
ter socios
pura circumtulit unda,
spargens rore
levi et
ramo
felicis olivae,
230
lustravitque viros, dixitque novissima verba.
imponit, suaque
At plus Aeneas ingenti mole sepulchrum arma viro, remumque tubamque,
PROMONTORY OF MISBNUM.
monte sub
aerio, qui
nunc Misenus ab
illo
dicitur, aeternumque tenet per saecula nomen.

Sacrifices to the
235
Gods Below.
His
actis,
propere exsequitur praecepta Sibyllae.
Spelunca
alta fuit
vastoque immanis hiatu,
62
The SEneid,
[BOOK VI.
tenebris,
scrupea, tuta lacu nigro
nemorumque
super baud ullae poterant impune volantes talis sese halitus atris tendere iter pennis faucibus effundens supera ad convexa ferebat
quam
240
unde locum Grai dixerunt nomine Aornon.

Quattuor hie primum nigrantis terga iuvencos
constituit, frontique invergit vina sacerdos
;
et
summas carpens media
inter
cornua saetas
245
ignibus imponit sacris, libamina prima,
voce vocans Hecaten, Caeloque Ereboque potentem.
Supponunt
alii cultros,
tepidumque cruorem
250
Ipse atri velleris agnam suscipiunt pateris. Aeneas matri Eumenidum magnaeque sorori
sterilemque tibi, Proserpina, vaccam. Turn Stygio regi nocturnas inchoat aras,
ense
ferit,
et solida imponit taurorum viscera flammis, pingue superque oleum infundens ardentibus Ecce autem, primi sub lumina solis et ortus,
extis.
255
sub pedibus mugire solum, et iuga coepta moveri silvarum, visaeque canes ululare per umbram,
adventante dea.
'
'
Procul o procul este, profani,'

;
conclamat vates, totoque absistite luco tuque invade viam, vaginaque eripe ferrum
260
nunc animis opus, Aenea, nunc pectore

The Descent.
firmo.'
ille
Tantum effata, furens antro se immisit aperto ducem baud timidis vadentem passibus aequat.
;
Di, quibus
et
imperium
est
animarum, umbraeque
sit
silentes,
Chaos, sit mihi fas audita loqui
et Phlegethon, loca nocte tacentia late,

;
265
numine vestro
mersas
!
pandere res
alta terra et caligine
Ibant obscuri sola sub nocte per umbram, perque domos Ditis vacuas et inania regna
:
238-299-]
The World Below.
163
270
quale per incertam lunam sub luce maligna est iter in silvis, ubi caelum condidit umbra
luppiter, et rebus
nox
abstulit atra colorem.
Dire Shapes at the Entrance.
Luctus
Vestibulum ante ipsum, primisque in faucibus Orci, et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae
;
pallentesque habitant Morbi, tristisque Senectus, et Metus, et malesuada Fames, ac turpis Egestas,
terribiles visu
275
turn
formae Letumque, Labosque consanguineus Leti Sopor, et mala mentis Gaudia, mortiferumque adverse in limine Bellum,
:
ferreique
thalami, et Discordia demens, vittis innexa cruentis. crinem vipereum In medio ramos annosaque brachia pandit
Eumenidum
280
ulmus opaca, ingens, quam sedem Somnia volgo vana tenere ferunt, foliisque sub omnibus haerent. Multaque praeterea variarum monstra ferarum:
Centauri in foribus stabulant, Scyllaeque biformes, et centumgeminus Briareus, ac belua Lernae
285
horrendum
flammisque armata Chimaera, Gorgones Harpyiaeque et forma tricorporis umbrae. Corripit hie subita trepidus formidine ferrum
stridens,
290
Aeneas, strictamque aciem venientibus offert, et, ni docta comes tenues sine corpore vitas
admoneat
volitare cava sub imagine formae,
inruat, et frustra ferro diverberet
umbras.
The
Styx.
Hinc
via, Tartarei quae fert Acherontis ad undas.
295
Turbidus hie caeno vastaque voragine gurges aestuat, atque omnem Cocyto eructat arenam.
Portitor has horrendus aquas et flumina servat
terribili
squalore Charon, cui plurima mento
64
The AZneid.
[BOOK
VI.
CHARON.
canities inculta iacet
stant lumina flamma,
300
sordidus ex umeris nodo dependet amictus. Ipse ratem conto subigit, velisque ministrat,
et ferruginea subvectat corpora
iam
senior, sed
cymba, cruda deo viridisque senectus.

305
Hue omnis
matres atque
turba ad ripas effusa ruebat,

viri,
defunctaque corpora vita
magnanimum heroum,
pueri innuptaeque puellae, impositique rogis iuvenes ante ora parentum

:
quam multa in silvis autumni frigore primo lapsa cadunt folia, aut ad terram gurgite ab alto
quam multae glomerantur
aves, ubi frigidus
310
annus
300-343-]
The World Below.

fugat, et terris immittit apricis.
165
trans
pontum
Stabant orantes primi transmittere cursum, tendebantque manus ripae ulterioris amore.
Navita sed
tristis
nunc hos nunc
accipit illos,
315
ast alios longe

'
submotos arcet arena.
Aeneas, miratus enim motusque tumultu, Die' ait 'o virgo, quid volt concursus ad amnem?
vel
Quidve petunt animae,

hae linquunt,
'
quo discrimine ripas

320
:
illae
remis vada livida verrunt?'
Olli sic breviter fata est
longaeva sacerdos
proles,
Anchisa generate, deum certissima
Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamque paludem, di cuius iurare timent et fallere numen.
Haec omnis, quam

ille
cernis, inops
;
inhumataque turba est;
325
hi, quos vehit unda, sepulti. portitor Nee ripas datur horrendas et rauca fluenta
Charon
transportare prius quam sedibus ossa quierunt. Centum errant annos volitantque haec litora circum
turn
demum
admissi stagna exoptata revisunt.'

et vestigia pressit,
330
Constitit
Anchisa satus
multa putans, sortemque animo miseratus iniquam. Cernit ibi maestos et mortis honore carentes
Leucaspim
et Lyciae
ductorem
classis
Oronten,
335
quos, simul ab Troia ventosa per aequora vectos, obruit Auster, aqua involvens navemque virosque.
The Ghost
of Palinurus.
Ecce gubernator sese Palinurus agebat,

qui Libyco nuper cursu, dum sidera servat, exciderat puppi mediis effusus in undis.
Hunc
ubi vix multa

:
maestum cognovit
'
in
umbra,
340
Quis te, Palinure, deorum eripuit nobis, medioque sub aequore mersit ? Die age. Namque mihi, fallax haud ante repertus,
sic prior adloquitur
66
The ALneid.
[BOOK
vi.
hoc uno response animum delusit Apollo, qui fore te ponto incolumem, finesque canebat venturum Ausonios. En haec promissa fides est
Ille
345
'
autem
'
:
Neque
te
Phoebi cortina
multa
fefellit,
dux Anchisiade, nee me deus aequore
mersit.
Namque gubernaclum
cui datus
vi forte revolsum,
haerebam custos cursusque regebam, Maria aspera iuro praecipitans traxi mecum. non ullum pro me tantum cepisse timorem,
tua ne, spoliata armis, excussa magistro, deficeret tantis navis surgentibus undis.
350
quam
Tris Notus hibernas

vexit
immensa per aequora noctes

;
355
violentus aqua vix lumine quarto prospexi Italiam summa sublimis ab unda. Paulatim adnabam terrae iam tuta tenebam,
;
me
ni
gens crudelis madida cum veste gravatum

360
prensantemque uncis manibus capita aspera mentis

ferro invasisset,
praedamque ignara
putasset.
Nunc me
Quod
te
fluctus habet, versantque in litore venti. per caeli iucundum lumen et auras,
per genitorem oro, per spes surgentis lull, aut tu mihi terram eripe me his, invicte, malis
:
365
inice,
namque
si
aut tu,
ostendit
qua neque enim, credo, sine numine divom flumina tanta paras Stygiamque innare paludem da dextram misero, et tecum me tolle per undas,
sedibus ut saltern placidis in morte quiescam.' Talia fatus erat, coepit cum talia vates
:
potes, portusque require Velinos; via est, si quam tibi diva creatrix
370
'
Unde
haec, o Palinure, tibi tarn dira cupido
Tu
Stygias inhumatus aquas

aspicies,
flecti
amnemque severum
375
Eumenidum
ripamve iniussus adibis?
Desine fata deum
sperare precando. Sed cape dicta memor, duri solatia casus.
344-49-]
The World Below.
167
tua finitimi, longe lateque per urbes prodigiis acti caelestibus, ossa piabunt,
et statuent
Nam
tumulum,
et
tumulo sollemnia mittent,
380
aeternumque locus Palinuri

His
dictis
nomen
habebit.'
curae emotae, pulsusque parumper

tristi
:
corde dolor
gaudet cognomine terrae.

Charon.
Ergo iter inceptum peragunt fluvioque propinquant. Navita quos iam inde ut Stygia prospexit ab unda per taciturn nemus ire pedemque advertere ripae,
sic prior
'
385
adgreditur dictis, atque increpat ultro Quisquis es, armatus qui nostra ad flumina tendis,
:
fare age, quid venias,
iam
Umbrarum
hie locus est,
istinc, et comprime gressum. somni noctisque soporae

;
390
corpora viva nefas Stygia vectare carina. Nee vero Alciden me sum laetatus euntem
accepisse lacu, nee Thesea Pirithoumque,
dis
quamquam
ille
geniti atque invicti viribus essent.
Tartareum
manu custodem
in vincla petivit,
;
395
ipsius a solio regis, traxitque trementem hi dominam Ditis thalamo deducere adorti.'
Quae contra
'
breviter fata est

;
Amphrysia vates
;
Nullae hie insidiae tales

;
absiste moveri
nee vim tela ferunt
licet
ingens ianitor antro
400
aeternum latrans exsanguis terreat umbras,

casta licet patrui servet Proserpina limen.
Troi'us Aeneas, pietate insignis et armis,
ad genitorem imas Erebi descendit ad umbras.

Si te nulla at
movet tantae
'
pietatis imago,
405
ramum hunc (aperit ramum, qui veste latebat) Tumida ex ira turn corda residunt. 'adgnoscas.' Nee plura his. Ille admirans venerabile donum
longo post tempore visum,
fatalis virgae,
68
The
[BOOK VI.
410
caeruleam advertit puppim, ripaeque propinquat. Inde alias animas, quae per iuga longa sedebant,
deturbat, laxatque foros
;
simul accipit alveo
ingentem Aenean.
sutilis, et
Gemuit sub pondere cymba

415
Tandem
multam accepit rimosa paludem. trans fluvium incolumis vatemque virumque
inform! limo glaucaque exponit in ulva.

Cerberus on the Threshold.
Cerberus haec ingens latratu regna

personal, adverse recubans
trifauci
immanis
iji
antro.
CERBERUS.
Cui vates, horrere videns iam colla colubris,

melle soporatam et medicatis frugibus offam obicit. Ille fame rabida tria guttura pandens
corripit obiectam, atque
420
immania terga resolvit fusus humi, totoque ingens extenditur antro.
410-451-]
The World Below.
169
Occupat Aeneas aditum custode sepulto,

evaditque celer ripam inremeabilis undae.
The Untimely Dead.
425
Continue auditae voces, vagitus et ingens, infantumque animae flentes in limine primo,
quos dulcis vitae exsortes
et
ab ubere raptos
abstulit atra dies et funere mersit acerbo.
Hos iuxta falso damnati crimine mortis. Nee vero hae sine sorte datae, sine iudice, sedes quaesitor Minos urnam movet ille silentum
;
430
:
conciliumque vocat vitasque et crimina discit. Proxuma deinde tenent maesti loca, qui sibi letum
insontes peperere manu, lucemque perosi proiecere animas. Quam vellent aethere in alto
435
nunc et pauperiem et duros perferre labores Fas obstat, tristisque palus inamabilis undae
alligat, et
noviens Styx interfusa coercet.

The Fields
of
Mourning.
Nec procul hinc partem

lugentes campi
:
fusi
monstrantur in
dicunt.
omnem
440
sic illos
nomine
Hie, quos durus

silva tegit
amor
crudeli tabe peredit,
secreti celant calles et

;
myrtea circum
curae non ipsa in morte relinquunt.

445
crudelis nati
His Phaedram Procrimque locis, maestamque Eriphylen monstrantem volnera, cernit,

et
Evadnenque
it
Pasiphaen
comes,
et iuvenis
Laodamia nunc femina, Caeneus, quondam,

;
his
rursus et in veterem fato revoluta figuram.

The Shade
of Dido.
Inter quas Phoenissa recens a volnere
Dido
450
errabat silva in
magna
quam Troius
heros
The
[BOOK
VI.
LAODAMIA
(v. 447).
umbras mense obscuram, qualem primo qui surgere

ut
primum
iuxta stetit adgnovitque per
aut videt, aut vidisse putat per nubila lunam, demisit lacrimas, dulcique adfatus amore est Infelix Dido, verus mihi nuntius ergo venerat exstinctam, ferroque extrema secutam
:
455
'
Funeris heu
tibi
causa
fui
Per sidera
iuro,
est,
per superos, et
si
invitus, regina, tuo
qua fides tellure sub ima de litore cessi.

ire
460
Sed me iussa deum, quae nunc has
per umbras,
per loca senta situ cogunt noctemque profundam, nee credere quivi imperiis egere suis
;
hunc tantum
Siste
tibi
me
discessu ferre dolorem.

465
est.'
gradum, teque aspectu ne subtrahe nostro. Quern fugis ? Extremum fato, quod te adloquor, hoc Talibus Aeneas ardentem et torva tuentem
lenibat dictis
Ilia solo fixes
animum, lacrimasque
ciebat.
oculos aversa tenebat,

47 o
nee magis incepto voltum sermone movetur, quam si dura silex aut stet Marpesia cautes.
Tandem
in
corripuit sese, atque inimica refugit

pristinus
illi
nemus umbriferum, coniunx ubi
respondet curis aequatque Sychaeus amorem.
452-504-]
The World Below.

iniquo,
171
475
Nee minus Aeneas, casu concussus
prosequitur lacrimis longe, et miseratur euntem.

The Souls
of
Warriors.
Inde datum molitur

ultima,
iter.
lamque arva tenebant
quae bello
clari secreta frequentant.
Hie
hie
illi
occurrit Tydeus, hie inclutus armis

et Adrasti pallentis
Parthenopaeus
multum
fleti
imago ad superos belloque caduci

;
480
omnes longo ordine cernens ingemuit, Glaucumque Medontaque Thersilochumque,

Dardanidae, quos
ille
tris
Antenoridas, Cererique sacrum Polyphoeten, Idaeumque, etiam currus, etiam arma tenentem.
;
485
Circumstant animae dextra laevaque frequentes nee vidisse semel satis est iuvat usque morari,
;
et conferre
gradum,
et veniendi discere causas.
At Danaum proceres Agamemnoniaeque phalanges ut videre virum fulgentiaque arma per umbras, ingenti trepidare metu pars vertere terga, ceu quondam petiere rates pars tollere vocem
;
;
490
exiguam, inceptus clamor frustratur hiantes.

Deiphobus.
Atque hie Priamiden laniatum corpore

ora
toto
495 raptis
Deiphobum manusque ambas, populataque tempora

auribus, et truncas inhonesto volnere nares.
videt et lacerum crudeliter ora,
Vix adeo adgnovit pavitantem

'
et dira
tegentem
:
supplicia, et notis compellat vocibus ultro
Deiphobe armipotens, genus alto a sanguine Teucri, quis tarn crudeles optavit sumere poenas ? Cui tantum de te licuit ? Mihi fama suprema nocte tulit fessum vasta te caede Pelasgum
procubuisse super confusae stragis acervum.
500
172
The sEneid.
[BOOK VI.
Tune egomet tumulum Rhoeteo litore inanem constitui, et magna Manes ter voce vocavi.
505
Nomen
et
arma locum servant

'
te,
amice, nequivi
conspicere, et patria decedens ponere terra.' Ad quae Priamides Nihil o tibi amice relictum
:
omnia Deiphobo Sed me fata mea

his
solvisti et funeris umbris.
510
et scelus exitiale
;
Lacaenae
reliquit.
mersere malis
ut
ilia
haec monumenta
falsa inter
gaudia noctem supremam nimium meminisse necesse est. nosti et egerimus,
Namque
Cum
ilia,
fatalis
equus saltu super ardua venit
515
Pergama,
et
armatum peditem
;
gravis attulit alvo,
chorum simulans, evantes orgia circum flammam media ipsa tenebat et summa Danaos ex arce vocabat. ingentem,
ducebat Phrygias
Turn me, confectum curis somnoque gravatum,

infelix habuit thalamus, pressitque
520
iacentem
dulcis et alta quies placidaeque simillima morti. Egregia interea coniunx arma omnia tectis
amovet, et fidum capiti subduxerat ensem intra tecta vocat Menelaum, et limina pandit,
;
525
scilicet id
magnum
sperans fore
munus
amanti,
et
famam
Quid moror
exstingui veterum sic posse malorum. ? Inrumpunt thalamo comes additur una
;
hortator scelerum Aeolides.

instaurate, pio si
Di, talia Grai's

!
Sed
te qui
poenas ore reposco vivum casus, age, fare vicissim,

Pelagine venis erroribus actus, ? An quae te fortuna fatigat,
530
attulerint.
an monitu divom
ut tristes sine sole
domos, loca turbida, adires

of the
'
The Parting
Ways.
535
Hac vice sermonum roseis Aurora quadrigis iam medium aetherio cursu traiecerat axem
;
505-568.]
The World Below.

;
173
omne datum traherent per talia tempus sed comes admonuit, breviterque adfata Sibylla est 'Nox ruit, Aenea nos flendo ducimus horas.
et fors
;
Hie locus
est,
partes ubi se via findit in
ambas
540
dextera quae Ditis magni sub moenia tendit, hac iter Elysium nobis at laeva malorum
;
exercet poenas, et ad impia Tartara mittit.' Ne saevi, magna sacerdos Deiphobus contra
'
:
discedam, explebo numerum, I decus, i, nostrum melioribus utere

;
reddarque tenebris.
'
545
fatis
Tantum
effatus, et in
verbo vestigia
Tartarus.
torsit.
Respicit Aeneas subito, et sub rupe sinistra
moenia
lata videt, triplici circumdata muro, quae rapidus flammis ambit torrentibus amnis,
550
Tartareus Phlegethon, torquetque sonantia saxa. Porta adversa ingens, solidoque adamante columnae,
vis ut nulla virum,
non
ipsi
exscindere bello
caelicolae valeant
stat ferrea turris
ad auras,
555
Tisiphoneque sedens, palla succincta cruenta, vestibulum exsomnis servat noctesque diesque.
Hinc exaudiri gemitus,

verbera
1 ;
et
saeva sonare
turn stridor ferri, tractaeque catenae.
Constitit Aeneas, strepitumque exterritus hausit.
Quae scelerum facies, o virgo, effare quibusve urguentur poenis ? Quis tantus plangor ad auras ? Turn vates sic orsa loqui Dux inclute Teucrum,
; '
:
560
'
nulli fas casto
sceleratum insistere limen
me cum lucis Hecate praefecit Avernis, ipsa deum poenas docuit, perque omnia duxit.
sed
565
Gnosius haec Rhadamanthus habet, durissima regna,

castigatque auditque dolos, subigitque
fateri,
quae quis apud superos, furto laetatus
inani,
1/4
distulit in
The AZneid.
seram commissa piacula mortem.
ultrix accincta flagello
in sultans,
[BOOK VI.
Continue sontes
Tisiphone quatit
570
torvosque sinistra intentans angues vocat agmina saeva sororum. Turn demum horrisono stridentes cardine sacrae
Cernis custodia qualis vestibulo sedeat, facies quae limina servet? Quinquaginta atris immanis hiatibus Hydra
panduntur portae.
575
saevior intus habet sedem.

bis patet in praeceps
Turn Tartarus ipse
tantum tenditque sub umbras,
quantus ad aetherium caeli suspectus Olympum.

Famous
'
Evil-doers.
Hie genus antiquum Terrae, Titania pubes, fulmine deiecti fundo volvuntur in imo.
geminos immania vidi manibus magnum rescindere caelum adgressi, superisque lovem detrudere regnis. Vidi et crudeles dantem Salmonea poenas, dum flammas lovis et sonitus imitatur Olympi.
580
Hie
et Aloidas
corpora, qui
585
Quattuor hie invectus equis et lampada quassans per Graium populos mediaeque per Elidis urbem
ibat ovans,
divomque
sibi
poscebat honorem,
imitabile
demens, qui nimbos
et
non
fulmen
590
acre et cornipedum pulsu simularet equorum. At pater omnipotens densa inter nubila telum
contorsit,
non
ille
faces nee fumea taedis
lumina, praecipitemque immani turbine adegit.
Nee non et Tityon, Terrae omniparentis alumnum, cernere erat, per tota novem cui iugera corpus
porrigitur, rostroque
595
immanis voltur obunco
immortale iecur tondens fecundaque poenis viscera, rimaturque epulis, habitatque sub alto
pectore, nee fibris requies datur ulla renatis.
600
569-612.]
The World Below.
175
Quid memorem Lapithas, Ixiona Pirithoumque? quos super atra silex iam iam lapsura cadentique
imminet adsimilis; lucent genialibus
aurea fulcra
toris,
altis
epulaeque ante ora paratae
TANTALUS, IXION, AND SISYPHUS.
regifico luxu
Furiarum maxima iuxta manibus prohibet contingere mensas, exsurgitque facem attollens, atque intonat ore.
;
605
accubat, et
Punishments
'
of the Impious.
Hie, quibus invisi fratres, dum vita manebat, pulsatusve parens, et fraus innexa clienti, aut qui divitiis soli incubuere repertis,
610
nee partem posuere suis (quae maxima turba est), quique ob adulterium caesi, quique arma secuti
176
impia nee
inclusi
veriti
The AZneid.
dominorum
fallere dextras,
[BOOK vi.
quam Saxum ingens volvunt

districti
;
Ne quaere doceri exspectant. poenam, aut quae forma viros fortunave mersit.
poenam
alii,
615
radiisque rotarum
pendent sedet, aeternumque sedebit, Theseus Phlegyasque miserrimus omnis admonet, et magna testatur voce per umbras
infelix
;
:
Discite iustitiam moniti, et non temnere divas.
620
Vendidit hie auro patriam, dominumque potentem

imposuit
hie
;
fixit
leges pretio atque refixit
thalamum invasit natae vetitosque hymenaeos ausi omnes immane nefas, ausoque potiti. Non, mihi si linguae centum sint oraque centum, ferrea vox, omnis scelerum comprendere formas, omnia poenarum percurrere nomina possim.'
625
ubi dicta dedit Phoebi longaeva sacerdos iam Sed age, carpe viam et susceptum perfice munus adceleremus ait Cyclopum educta caminis
:
Haec
'
'
'
630
moenia conspicio atque adverse fornice portas, haec ubi nos praecepta iubent deponere dona.' Dixerat, et pariter, gressi per opaca viarum, corripiunt spatium medium, foribusque propin quant. Occupat Aeneas aditum, corpusque recent!
spargit aqua,
635
ramumque adverso
The Elysian
in limine figit.
Fields.
His
demum
exactis, perfecto
munere
divae,
devenere locos laetos et amoena virecta

fortunatorum
Largior hie
nemorum sedesque
beatas.
640
campos aether et lumine vestit purpureo, solemque suum, sua sidera norunt. Pars in gramineis exercent membra palaestris,
contendunt ludo
et fulva luctantur
arena
pars pedibus plaudunt choreas et carmina dicunt.
613-678-]
The World Below.

veste sacerdos
177
645
Nee non Threicius longa cum
obloquitur numeris septem discrimina vocum, iamque eadem digitis, iam pectine pulsat eburno.
Hie genus antiquum Teucri, pulcherrima proles, magnanimi heroes, nati melioribus annis, Ilusque Assaracusque et Troiae Dardanus auctor.
650
Arma
per
procul currusque virum miratur inanes. Stant terra defixae hastae, passimque soluti
campum pascuntur
fuit vivis,
equi.
Quae
gratia
currum
armorumque
quae cura nitentis

655
sequitur tellure repostos. Conspicit, ecce, alios dextra laevaque per herbam vescentis, laetumque choro paeana canentis
pascere equos,
eadem
odoratum lauri nemus, unde superne plurimus Eridani per silvam volvitur amnis. Hie manus ob patriam pugnando volnera passi,
inter
660
quique sacerdotes quique

pii
casti,
dum
vita
manebat,
locuti,
vates et
Phoebo digna
inventas aut qui vitam excoluere per artes, quique sui memores alios fecere merendo,
omnibus
his nivea cinguntur tempora vitta. circumfusos sic est adfata Sibylla, Quos Musaeum ante omnes, medium nam plurima turba
665
hunc habet, atque umeris exstantem

'
suspicit altis
optime vates, quae regio Anchisen, quis habet locus ? Illius ergo venimus, et magnos Erebi transnavimus amnes.'
Dicite, felices animae, tuque,
670
Atque huic responsum paucis ita reddidit heros Nulli certa domus lucis habitamus opacis,
1
;
riparumque toros et prata recentia rivis incolimus. Sed vos, si fert ita corde voluntas,
hoc superate iugum
desuper ostentat
;
675
et facili
iam tramite
sistam.'
Dixit, et ante tulit gressum,

;
camposque
nitentis
dehinc
summa cacumina
linquunt.
78
The Êneid.
Anchises.
[BOOK VI.
At pater Anchises penitus convalle virenti inclusas animas superumque ad lumen ituras
lustrabat studio recolens,
forte recensebat
680
omnemque suorum
nepotes,
numerum carosque
fataque fortunasque virum moresque manusque. Isque ubi tendentem adversum per gramina videt
alacris palmas utrasque tetendit, effusaeque genis lacrimae, et vox excidit ore 'Venisti tandem, tuaque exspectata parenti
Aenean,
685
vicit iter
durum
pietas
Datur ora
tueri,
?
nate, tua, et notas audire et reddere voces
equidem ducebam animo rebarque futurum, tempora dinumerans, nee me mea cura fefellit. Quas ego te terras et quanta per aequora vectum
Sic
690
quantis iactatum, nate, periclis metui, ne quid Libyae tibi regna nocerent Tua me, genitor, tua tristis imago, Ille autem
accipio
!
!
Quam
'
!
'
695
saepius occurrens, haec limina tendere adegit

stant sale
Tyrrheno classes. Da iungere dextram, amplexu ne subtrahe nostro.' Sic memorans, largo fletu simul ora rigabat. Ter conatus ibi collo dare brachia circum,
da, genitor, teque
ter frustra
700
comprensa manus
effugit imago,
par levibus ventis volucrique simillima somno.

The River Lethe.
Interea videt Aeneas in valle reducta seclusum nemus et virgulta sonantia silvis,
Lethaeumque, domos placidas qui praenatat, amnem. Hunc circum innumerae gentes populique volabant
;
705
ac
velut in pratis ubi apes aestate serena
floribus insidunt variis, et

lilia
Candida circum
funduntur
strepit
omnis murmure campus.
679-741-]
The World Below.
179
710
Horrescit visu subito, causasque requirit

inscius Aeneas, quae sint ea flumina porro,
viri
quive
tanto complerint agmine ripas.

Discourse of Anchises.
Animae, quibus altera fato corpora debentur, Lethaei ad fluminis undam secures latices et longa oblivia potant. Has equidem memorare tibi atque ostendere coram,
:
Turn pater Anchises
'
715
iampridem hanc prolem cupio enumerare meorum, quo magis Italia mecum laetere reperta.' O pater, anne aliquas ad caelum hinc ire putandum
'
est
sublimis animas, iterumque ad tarda reverti corpora ? Quae lucis miseris tarn dira cupido
'
720
'
Dicam equidem, nee

'
te
suspensum, nate, tenebo,'
suscipit Anchises, atque ordine singula pandit.
Principio caelum ac terras
camposque
liquentis
725
lucentemque globum Lunae Titaniaque astra

spiritus intus
alit,
totamque infusa per artus

et
mens
agitat
molem
magno
se corpore miscet.
Inde hominum pecudumque genus, vitaeque volantum, et quae marmoreo fert monstra sub aequore pontus.
Igneus est
ollis
vigor et caelestis origo
730
seminibus, quantum non noxia corpora tardant, terrenique hebetant artus moribundaque membra.
Hinc metuunt cupiuntque, dolent gaudentque, neque auras

dispiciunt clausae tenebris et carcere caeco.
Quin et supremo cum lumine vita reliquit, non tamen omne malum miseris nee funditus omnes
corporeae excedunt pestes, penitusque necesse est multa diu concreta modis inolescere miris.
735
Ergo exercentur poenis, veterumque malorum

supplicia expendunt
:
aliae
;
suspensae ad ventos
aliis
panduntur inanes sub gurgite vasto
740
i8o
The Êneid.
[BOOK VI.
infectum eluitur scelus, aut exuritur igni; quisque suos patimur Manes exinde per
;
amplum
;
mittimur Elysium, et pauci laeta arva tenemus
donee longa dies, perfecto temporis orbe, concretam exemit labem, purumque relinquit
aetherium sensum atque aurai simplicis ignem. Has omnes, ubi mille rotam volvere per annos,
scilicet
745
Lethaeum ad fluvium deus evocat agmine magno, immemores supera ut convexa revisant,
750
rursus et incipiant in corpora velle reverti.'
Dixerat Anchises, natumque unaque Sibyllam conventus trahit in medios turbamque sonantem,
et
tumulum capit, unde omnes longo ordine possit adversos legere, et venientum discere vultus.
Future
1
755
Roman
Heroes.
Dardaniam prolem quae deinde sequatur maneant Itala de gente nepotes, gloria, qui inlustris animas nostrumque in nomen ituras,
age,
Nunc
expediam
Ille,
dictis, et te
tua fata docebo.

760
pura iuvenis qui nititur hasta, proxuma sorte tenet lucis loca, primus ad auras
vides,
aetherias Italo
Silvius,
Albanum nomen,
quern tibi educet silvis regem regumque parentem, unde genus Longa nostrum dominabitur Alba.
'
commixtus sanguine surget, tua postuma proles, longaevo serum Lavinia coniunx
765
Proxumus
ille
Procas, Troianae gloria gentis,
et
Capys, et Numitor, et qui te nomine reddet Silvius Aeneas, pariter pietate vel armis
770
si umquam regnandam acceperit Albam. Qui iuvenes Quantas ostentant, aspice, vires, atque umbrata gerunt civili tempora quercu Hi tibi Nomentum et Gabios urbemque Fidenam,
egregius,
742-784.]
The World Below.
181
hi Collatinas
imponent montibus arces, Pometios Castrumque Inui Bolamque Coramque.
775
terrae.
Haec
turn
nomina
erunt,
nunc sunt
sine
nomine
AUGUSTUS
(v. 792).
Romulus.
'Quin
educet.
et
avo comitem sese Mavortius addet
Romulus, Assaraci
Viden, ut
et pater ipse
quem
sanguinis Ilia mater

cristae,
?
geminae stant vertice

ilia
suo superum iam signal honore

incluta
780
En, huius, nate, auspiciis
Roma
imperium terris, animos aequabit Olympo, septemque una sibi muro circumdabit arces, felix prole virum qualis Berecyntia mater
:
82
The sEneid.
[BOOK VI.
785
invehitur curru Phrygias turrita per urbes,

laeta
deum
partu,
omnes
caelicolas,
centum complexa nepotes, omnes supera alta tenentes.

The
Julian Line.
'
Hue geminas nunc

tuos.
flecte acies,
Romanesque
Hie Caesar
et
hanc aspice gentem omnis lull

790
progenies, magnum caeli ventura sub axem. Hie vir, hie est, tibi quern promitti saepius audis,
Augustus Caesar, Divi genus, aurea condet

saecula qui rursus Latio regnata per arva
Saturno quondam, super et Garamantas et Indos

iacet extra sidera tellus, proferet imperium extra anni solisque vias, ubi caelifer Atlas
:
795
axem umero torquet stellis ardentibus aptum. Huius in adventum iam nunc et Caspia regna responsis horrent divom et Maeotia tellus,
et
septemgemini turbant trepida ostia

aeripedem cervam
et
licet,
Nili.
800
Nee vero Alcides tantum

fixerit
telluris obivit,
aut Erymanthi
;
pacarit nemora,
Lernam
tremefecerit arcu
nee, qui pampineis victor iuga flectit habenis, Liber, agens celso Nysae de vertice tigres.
805
Et dubitamus adhuc virtute extendere
vires,
?
aut metus Ausonia prohibet consistere terra The Kings.
Quis procul ille autem ramis insignis olivae sacra ferens ? Nosco crines incanaque menta
regis
'
Romani, primus qui legibus urbem

Cui deinde
subibit,
810
fundabit, Curibus parvis et paupere terra
missus in imperium magnum.

otia qui
rumpet patriae residesque movebit Tullus in arma viros et iam desueta triumphis
ROMAN EMPEROR RECEIVING SUBMISSION.

(Marcus Aurelius.)
785-823.]
The World
Belozv.
Quern iuxta sequitur iactantior Ancus, nunc quoque iam nimium gaudens popularibus auris. Vis et Tarquinios reges, animamque superbam
agmina.
fascesque videre receptos ? Consulis imperium hie primus saevasque secures
ultoris Bruti,
NUMA
(v. 810).
natosque pater nova bella moventes ad poenam pulchra pro libertate vocabit. Infelix, utcumque ferent ea facta minores,
accipiet,
820
vincet
amor
patriae
laudumque immensa cupido.
184
The
aspice
Quin Decios Drusosque procul saevumque securi Torquatum et referentem signa Camillum.
Caesar and
'
825
Pompey.
Illae autem, paribus quas fulgere cernis in armis, Concordes animae nunc et dum nocte premuntur, heu quantum inter se bellum, si lumina vitae
attigerint,
quantas acies stragemque ciebunt
Aggeribus socer Alpinis atque arce Monoeci descendens, gener adversis instructus Eois.
Ne, pueri, ne tanta animis adsuescite
bella,
;
830
neu patriae validas
in viscera vertite vires
tuque prior, tu parce,

'
genus qui ducis Olympo,
proice tela manu, sanguis

Ille
meus
835
triumphata Capitolia ad
alta
Corintho
victor aget currum, caesis insignis Achivis.
Argos Agamemnoniasque Mycenas, ipsumque Aeaciden, genus armipotentis Achilli, ultus avos Troiae, templa et temerata Minervae. Quis te, magne Cato, tacitum % aut te, Cosse, relinquat Quis Gracchi genus, aut geminos, duo fulmina belli,
ille
Eruet
840
?
Scipiadas, cladem Libyae, parvoque potentem
Fabricium vel
te sulco, Serrane,
?
serentem
Quo fessum
rapitis, Fabii
Tu Maxumus
ille
es
845
unus qui nobis cunctando restituis rem. Excudent alii spirantia mollius aera,
credo equidem, vivos ducent de marmore voltus, orabunt causas melius, caelique meatus
describent radio, et surgentia sidera dicent
tu regere imperio populos,
:
850
;
hae
tibi
erunt artes
Romane, memento pacisque imponere morem,

:
parcere subiectis, et debellare superbos.' Sic pater Anchises, atque haec mirantibus addit
'Aspice, ut insignis spoliis Marcellus opimis
855
TRIUMPHAL CHARIOT.
824^863.]
The World Below.

!
i8 5
omnes Hie rem Romanam, magno turbante tumultu, sistet, eques sternet Poenos Gallumque rebellem, tertiaque arma patri suspendet capta Quirino.'
ingreditur, victorque viros supereminet
POMPEV
(V. 831).
The Young Marcellus.
una namque ire videbat Atque hie Aeneas, egregium forma iuvenem et fulgentibus armis, sed frons laeta parum, et deiecto lumina voltu
:
860
'
Quis, pater,
ille,
virum qui
sic
comitatur euntem
86
anne
aliquis
The jEneid.
[BOOK VI.
Filius,
magna de
comitum
!
stirpe
nepotum
Quantum Quis Sed nox atra caput tristi circumvolat umbra.' Turn pater Anchises, lacrimis ingressus obortis
'
strepitus circa
instar in ipso
865
gnate, ingentem luctum ne quaere tuorum ostendent terris hunc tantum fata, neque ultra
esse sinent.
Nimium
virum
vobis
Romana propago
si
870
visa potens, Superi, propria haec
dona
fuissent.
Quantos
ille
magnam
Mavortis ad urbem
campus
funera,
aget gemitus, vel quae, Tiberine, videbis

!
cum tumulum praeterlabere recentem Nee puer Iliaca quisquam de gente Latinos in tantum spe toilet avos, nee Romula quondam
ullo se
875
tantum
tellus iactabit
fides,
alumno.
invictaque bello
tulisset
Heu
pietas,
!
heu prisca
illi
dextera
Non
se
quisquam impune
obvius armato, seu cum pedes iret in hostem, seu spumantis equi foderet calcaribus armos.
880
Heu, miserande puer, si qua fata aspera rumpas, tu Marcellus eris. Manibus date lilia plenis,
purpureos spargam
his saltern
flores,
animamque nepotis
885
adcumulem
latis,
donis, et fungar inani
munere.'
aeris in
Sic tota passim regione vagantur
campis
atque omnia lustrant.
Quae postquam Anchises natum per singula duxit, incenditque animum famae venientis amore, exin bella viro memorat quae deinde gerenda,
Laurentisque docet populos urbemque Latini, et quo quemque modo fugiatque feratque laborem.
The Gates
of Sleep.
890
cornea,
Sunt geminae Somni portae, quarum altera fertur qua veris facilis datur exitus umbris
;
altera candenti perfecta nitens elephanto,
895
864-901.]
The World Below.
8;
sed falsa ad caelum mittunt insomnia Manes.
His ubi turn natum Anchises unaque Sibyllam

prosequitur
ille
dictis,
portaque emittit eburna,

:
viam secat ad naves sociosque revisit turn se ad Caietae recto fert litore portum. Ancora de prora iacitur, stant litore puppes.
900
NOTES.
BOOKS
I-VI.
GENEALOGY OF THE ROYAL FAMILY OF TROY.
Scamander.
Idaea
Teucer.
Batea.
llus.
Erichthonius.
Tros.
llus.
I
Assaracus.
Laomedon.
Priam.
Capys.
Anchises.
Venus.
Hector, etc.
>neas.
Ascanius.
THE
yENEID.
BOOK
I.
VERSES 1-33 are introductory, giving The action begins with Juno's soliloquy.
Lost,
the subject and the occasion. Cf. the beginning of Paradise
where
vv.
i-
vv. 27-33 to
8-1
1-26 correspond to /En. i. 1-7 (general subject), 1 (invocation, with an inquiry), vv. 34-49 to i. 12-33
(answer to the inquiry), and the action begins with v. 50. The opening stanzas of Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered are a close imitation of Virgil's introduction.
It will add greatly to the understanding and interest of the Êneid to consult the corresponding passages in Homer, which are frequently In general, the cited, with references to Bryant's translation (Bry.).
first six
books have a certain correspondence with the Odyssey, and the

with the Iliad
;
last six
but the direct allusions to the Iliad are
much
more frequent in the former portion. The following verses (generally regarded
prefixed to the ./Eneid:
as spurious) are sometimes
Ilie
ego, qui
quondam gracili modulatus avena
Carmen, et egressus silvis vicina coegi Ut quamvis avido parerent arva colono, Gratum opus agricolis : at nunc horrent ia Mortis.
These have been often

(proem)
:
imitated, as
by Spenser, Faery Queen,
i.
Lo As
Am
I, the man whose Muse whylome did maske, time her taught, in lowly shephard's weeds, now enforst, a farre unfitter taske,
!
For trumpets steme
to
chaunge mine oaten reeds,
And
sing of knights' and ladies' gentle deeds.
Cf. also the beginning of Milton's Paradise Regained Task.
and of Cowper's
i. Arma virumque, i.e. the conflicts attending the settlement and the adventures of the hero who led the expedition. (For construction see 238 G. 333,2; H. 371, n.) Compare the opening of the Iliad and of the Odyssey.
Verse
in Italy,
92
O goddess,
Notes.
sing the wrath of Peleus' son Achilles, sing the deadly wrath that brought Woes numberless upon the Greeks, etc.
Iliad, Bry.
i.
i.
Which
of the
gods put
strife
between the
chiefs
That they should thus contend ?
Latona's son
Ibid.,
i.
And
Jove's.
9.
7 primus venit ( 191 G. 325, R. ) the settlement of Antenor (i. 242 Liv. i. i) is not reckoned, as North Italy (Cisalpine Gaul) was not until 42 B.C. considered as belonging to Italy proper. By some primus is
: ; ;
made
2.
5 G. 337, N. 1 H. 380, 258, b, N. H. 416) profugus, i.e. not merely an advenhome by fate the verbal adj. here a perf. Lavinia (the last i has the sound of y, as in pinion, and participle. is not counted in scanning), i.e. the western coast of Italy, where is the town of La-vinium, assumed to be named for Lavinia, the Italian bride The reading Lavina is less approved. of .<Eneas. 3. ille, etc., the man long tossed ; there is no verb to be supplied, the locative pronoun is in a kind of apposition with qui= terris, alto 1 H. 425, 2, N. 3 ). abl. ( 258,7; G. 385, N. 4. vi, the immediate cause or instrument, while ob iram is more
:
of old. Italiam ace. of end of motion

fatO
(
; ;
245 G. 408 turer, but driven from his

3).
remote, the primary cause cf. fato above. superum, gen. pi. ( 40, e G. 33, R.4 H. 52, 3). memorem, ever-mindful, i.e. which would never
;
;
let
him escape from her mind. Juno, the goddess of the sky, is here, Greek mythology, represented as filled with a vindictive and relentless hatred of Troy, which does not stop at the
after the fashion of
destruction of the city, but pursues .Êneas into his distant exile. 5. et bello, i.e. his sufferings did not end with his arrival, but con-
tinued in the subsequent wars
258,
;
f; G.
519,
1 385, N.
H. 425,
2,
N. 3 ).
he could found : the subjunctive here shows the act as the purpose of the gods for although they thwarted him to please Juno, yet they meant in the end that he should succeed.
dum
conderet
328
G. 572
H.
ii,
2),
till
6.
385, 4).
1 H. Latio, dat. after inferret ( 228, but cf. 225, b G. 347, R. Latium is the undulating plain between the Sabine mountains
;
and the sea its inhabitants are called Latini, and its language Latin. The name was thought to be derived from an ancient king, Latinus ; but in fact the king is mythical: he is a so-called eponymous hero, i.e. one invented to account for the name. The Latin race Latinum. existed before the arrival of Êneas; but in Virgil's time it had long
:
1. 14.]
The ALneid.
193
been incorporated with Rome, and many great families traced their dehe therefore represents the whole as if sprung from scent from it
:
Troy.
Alba Longa was the head of the Latin league 7. Albani patres. When conquered by Rome, its leading of thirty confederate towns. families, Albani patres, were said to have been transferred to Rome,
which then became chief of the confederacy.
general, to the great senatorial families.
8. Musa, etc. Virgil follows the regular epic method, invoking the Muse and referring all the plot to the gods. Cf. Bry. quoted in note Of this vexed passage the meaning on v. i. quo numine laeso. seems to be: what purpose [of Juno] having been thwarted? The an-
The term
refers here, in
swer
is
in
w.
order.
The two
12-22, as that to quid dolens is in w. 23-28 in inverse causes, then, were that ^neas hindered her plans, and
will
that he
was personally hateful to
etymology of numen, the their nod (nuo).

9.
her. This view agrees best with the or power of the gods as expressed by
prose.
"
quidve dolens, feeling pain at what : dolere 1 H. 371, iii. See 237, 6; G. 330, R.
;
is
transitive also in
tot volvere casus.
The misfortunes are regarded as a destined circle which Êneas goes through." For the infinitive with impulerit by a poetic use, see 331, 8 H. 535, iv. g; G. 546, N. 10. pietate ( 245; G. 408; H. 416), i.e., his filial devotion in the res;
cue of his father, as well as his piety towards the gods. The gods could pursue with vengeance even a pious man, either because under the power of Fate he thwarted their purposes, or because his ancestors had committed crimes, as was the case with the descendants of Pelops. Both causes existed in the case of Êneas (see the story of Laomedon). H. 386, 3. G. 331 labores : 228, a
; ;
impulerit, indir. question ( 334; G. 467; H. 529, tantae . dative; supply sunt (231; 6.349; 11.387).
11.
i).
. .
animis,
irae, such
2,
wrath
12.
13.
(as
though the use
G. 204, N.6 H. 130, she exhibits); for plu. see 75, c is here slightly different (cf. Teacher's Book).
; ;
antiqua,
i.e.
:
in reference to Virgil's time.
Karthago the probable date of the foundation of Carthage (B.C. 812), was some three centuries later than that generally assumed for the destruction of Troy (B.C. 1184), and so later than the occurItaliam contra the map shows how prerences here referred to. longe, modifying contra. cisely the two cities front each other.
:
14.
(
dives
;
opum:
a poetical extension of the gen. with relative adjs.

;
218, c
G. 374, N. 6
H.
399,
i,
3).
studiis, in
its
passion for, abl. of
194
specification
(
Notes.
253; G. 397;
i.
H.
424).
above.
Fig.
Virgil
For the plural see note on irae had in mind no doubt the
experience of
1
Rome
.
in the
Punic Wars.
5.
quam
coluisse, -which
etc.
(
Juno
;
is
said to have cherished,
330, b
G.
The gods were naturally 528; H. 534, i). supposed to be especially fond of the places where they were most worshiped,
or whence their worship first came. had an old and famous temple at
(see Fig.
i
;
Juno
Samos
:
from a
coin).
unam
often
;
used with superlatives for emphasis a superlative. magis omnibus
here,
16.
posthabita Samo, holding Samos in
less
regard
Fig.
2.
255; G. 410;
H. 431)
is
arma
Juno
in
several of her manifestations
represented with
(see Fig. 2
;
shield
and spear
coins).
from
The reference here is probably to some arms long

preserved in her temple, corresponding to the relics of saints in Christian
churches.
the
Compare, also, famous chariot tied with the Gordian knot, Q.

currus
:
Curtius,
iii.
2.
see the elaborate description in Iliad, v. 720-723; Bry. hoc refers to Carthage, but takes the gender of regnum ( 195 903. 5 d; G. 211, R. ; H. 445, 4). tendit fovetque, this the goddess
17.
. . .
if by
any means
the fates permit
already aims
nations.
and fondly hopes to make
gentibus, dative of reference 2 35; G. 350, ( sinant, future protasis, of which the iam turn, even then while Carapodosis is absorbed in tendit esse, etc. tendit esse thage was in its infancy, and before Rome was founded.
the seat of royal
:
power for the 2 2; H. 384, i ).
see
331,
G. 423, N. 2
H.
533,
ii,
esse
is
used with regnum instead

j
of the regular subjunctive construction, adire, z'. 10. fovet, cherishes the hope.
and depends on tendit
cf.
19. sed enim, but [she feared for Carthage] for, etc., referring to the doubt implied in si ... sinant. An ellipsis is implied, as with Greek dXXA ydp. duel (336 A; G. 650; H. 523, i): present tense, because vEneas, the founder of the race, was still living.
20.
Tyrias
arces
Carthage was one of a group of colonies
1.
26.]
The AZneid.
quae verteret,
286
;
195
from Tyre.
2
1
.
for the tense see
subj. of purpose (317; G. 630; H. 497, i); G. 510; H. 491. populum late regem, a people widely ruling. The word populus,
its political
used in
sense,
188,
is
constantly personified.
R.;
For the adjective

bello:
use of regem, see
d; G. 288,
:
H.
441,
3.
253
G.
belloque superbum: properly, flushed with victory (see 398; H. 424. Cf. Milton, Comus, v. 33 Vocab.).
An
old and haughty nation, proud in arms.
22. excidio Libyae, datives: one to what, the other for what (233, a; G. 356; H. 390). volvere, i.e. the thread of destiny (Servius): the simple verb is not elsewhere used in this meaning, but its compounds often mean to spin (Ovid, Her. xii. 4; Sen., Here. F. 181; Claud. R.
P.
I,
53).
the threads of
The Parcae, or Destinies (Gr. Hotpot), are conceived as spinning human fate Clotho holds a spindle Lachesis draws
:
the thread, and Atropos cuts
it
off
Comes
the blind Fury with the abhorred shears,
And slits
the thin-spun
life.
Lycidas.
Those three fatall Sisters, whose sad hands Doo weave the direfull threds of destinie,
And in
their wrath brake off the vitall bands.
SPENSER, Daphndida, vv. 16-18.

Cf. also Milton, Arcades, vv. 65
ff.,
and see the song of the Fates from
The three Classic Myths, p. 279. Macbeth are originally the Scandinavian goddesses of destiny (cf. Gray, Bard, vv. 49 ff., 98-100). G. 374 H. 399). Sa23. veteris belli, the Trojan war ( 218, a turnia, daughter of Saturn (Kronos), according to the Greek theogony;
Catullus, " weird
translated by Gayley, "

fateful) sisters
(i.e.
in
Italian mythology does not connect Saturnus, the old god of husbandry, and Juno cf. Eel. iv. 6, note. Saturnia has no verb. 1 G. 386, R. 2 cf. H. 380, 24. ad Troiam, round Troy ( 258, c, N. Hera the Grecian ii, i). (identified with Juno) was .pro caris Argis
;
; ;
worshiped with especial veneration at Argos, as the great goddess of the Dorian race. The ruins of a famous temple have lately been discovered near there. prima, as chief. Argos is here put for all Greece.
25-28.
25.
necdum etiam, nor even now.

manifestations of her wrath
:
Parenthetical, particularizing the grounds of Juno's enmity. irarum, plural, referring to the
(
many
26.
75, c
G. 204,
R. 6
H.
\
130, 2).
;
8 animo prose ex would be repeated ( 243, b G. 390, R. H. i. H. 412, 2). G. etc. alta manet: i; d; 463, mente, 285, 205, 2 H. 425, N. 8 ), laid away deep in her mind. ( 258, /; G. 385, N. for repostum repositum, a syncopated form ( 10, c G. 725; H. 635, 2).
in
196
27.
Notes.
the story.
iudicium Paridis, see Introduction. Tennyson's CEnone tells spretae formae, of her slighted beauty, i.e. of the disparageto her beauty in the decision of Paris
N. 2 ).
(
ment shown R. 2 H. 549,

;
292, a
G. 667,
In George Peele's Arraignment of Paris, Juno thus expresses her
resentment when the apple

But he [Paris]
is
awarded
to
Venus
and ban the dismal day Wherein his Venus bare the ball away And heaven and earth just witnesses shall be, I will revenge it on his progeny.
shall run
;
28. genus invisum : i.e. from jealousy, since Dardanus, the founder of the Trojan race, was son of Jupiter and Electra (.rEn. viii. 135). Ganymedis: see Introd., p. 34. 29. his accensa, inflamed by these things, i.e. what has been told in the foregoing lines ( 248, c, i; G. 401; H. 420). super (=insuper), "besides, i.e. in addition to her anxiety for Carthage. aequore: 258, /,
2;
G. 388; H. 425,
30.
2.
Troas
Greek
ace. pi. of
Tros
64; G. 66, 4
H.
68).
reliquias
escaped from them (literally, in our vulgar phrase, the " leavings " of the Greeks) cf. Addison, Cam" Refuse of swords and paign: gleanings of a fight." Virgil uses the
Danaum,
those left by the Greeks,
i.e.
Homeric
Greeks
cf.
tribal
names Danai, Achrvi,

atque,
etc.,
(
in general.
and
especially
indiscriminately for the 56, a) for construction,

:
note, v. 27.
31. 32.
Latio
8 258, a, N.
G. 390,
2,
N. 3
H. 414, N. 1
277, b; G.
errabant,
;
had wandered (and

cf.
still
were wandering):
234; H. 469, 2
note on gero,
v. 48.
33. tantae molls, [a task] of so great toil was it (as is indicated by the description preceding), a very common use of the demonstrative H. 402). condere adj. or pronoun, cf. tantae, v.\\ (215; G. 365, 366
; :
270; G. 422;
34.
.
H.
538.
The story begins in the middle, as in the Odyssey (in medias res auditorem rapit, Hor. Ars Poetica, 148). The Trojans are sailing round Sicily to avoid the dangerous Strait of Messina (iii. 562), and
.
have just
left
Drepanum
(iii.
707; see Map).
The
earlier
adventures
are told afterwards by the hero himself (books ii., iii.). This is a natural device to rouse interest (as in many modern novels). Cf. also Par.
" hastes into the midst of Lost, which, as Milton himself says, things, " presenting Satan with his angels now fallen into hell (see i. 50), the story of their fall not being fully told till bk. v, w. 563 ff.
35.
vela dabant laeti, at the prospect of a speedy end of their wan-
1.
42.]
The
sails,
197
So
fiXs
derings.
of the
salt
[sea].
in
Greek.
acre, bronze
(beaks of the ships).
The most
ancient metal work was chiefly of
bronze, an alloy of copper and tin, much easier to melt than pure ruebant, were ploughing up ; ruo, here copper, as well as harder.
transitive,
= eruo.
The construction would secum, sc. loquitur. sub require the omitted verb in the indicative ( 325,^; G. 581, R.). The ancients as well as we localpectore, i.e. in her heart, as we say.
36.
cum luno
ized the passions, but referred anger to the lower vital organs (subter praecordia) instead of the heart, which was with them the seat of the intellect. servans: cf. "Nursing her wrath to keep it warm." Burns,
Tarn o Shanter.
37.
incepto
243, 6; G. 388;
H. 413,
iii).
N. 3
I
ut
desist!
(
(274;
;
G. 534; H. 539,
The
mene desistere, what! similar construction with

but here there
is little
G. 558; 332, c difference. nee posse,
H. 486,
ii,
N.) refers to the future,
38.
v. 31.
and
be unable.
Italia: for construction,
cf.
Latio,
39. quippe, to be sure (expressing indignation by giving an ironical Pallasne potuit, i.e. could Pallas do explanation of the facts). this, while I, forsooth, the queen of the gods, am baffled in my efforts ? This is a reply to the ironical suggestion of vetor. ne regularly, as
.
.
here,
appended
to the emphatic word,

(
classem Argivom
511; Bry. 641). 40. ipsos, the
7), i.e.
the fleet
which regularly comes of Ajax Oileus (see Od.
first.
iv.
499-
men
themselves (opposed to the ships).
ponto, either
instrumental (means) or locative.

41.
etc.,
-v.
unius, a whole fleet for one man's crime; opposed to classem, furias: the great crimes of antiquity were supposed to be 39.
Fig.
3-
committed
in a frenzy induced by the Furies, the agents of divine wrath (compare "by " in modern indictinstigation of the Devil
ments).
Hence
furiae
is
often
used of
ungovernable passion. Ajax is said to have offered violence to Cassandra, daughter of Priam and priestess of Pallas, and that, too,
even at the altar of the goddess.

42.
ipsa iaculata, hurling -with her

Pallas
own
hand.
was the only deity except Jove

(See Fig.
coin.)
who might
3
;
wield the thunderbolt.
from an ancient
198
44.
Notes.
H. 414, N. 1). R. 8 pectore, abl. of separation ( 243, b; G. 390, i abl. of 0.401; H.42O). scopulo, locative means( 248, c, turbine, 2 So in the speech of H. 425, N. 3 abl. or dat.; see 260, a; G. 385, R.
;
;
Belial to the fallen angels, Par. Lost,
ii.
178
ff.
While we, perhaps Designing or exhorting glorious war, Caught in a fiery tempest, shall be hurl'd Each on his rock transfix'd, the sport and prey
Of racking whirlwinds.
46. incedo, move : the word suggests dignity by mentioning the gait The incessus of the gods was an at all when there is no need of it. even gliding movement, not the mere human act of walking. Cf. Gray,
Progress of Poesy,
v.
39 (of Venus):
In gliding state she wins her easy way.
47.
soror: see
II.
xvi. 432; Bry.
545:
When the
son of crafty Saturn saw them meet, His heart was touched with pity, and he thus bespoke His spouse and sister Juno.
In Greek mythology, the king and queen of heaven are both children of Kronos (Saturn). una cum gente here is a double antithesis, first
:
in reference to unius, v. 41, a
whole race compared with a single man a race of men compared with the queen and second to single Ajax, ego, of the gods. annos 256 G. 336 H. 379.
: ; ;
48.
2)
;
gero, have been (and
still
adoret: the reading varies with adorat; ( the subjunctive seems better ( 268; G. 466; H. 486, ii). 49. imponet: the future in this usage differs little from the subjunctive. aris, praeterea, any more (save those who adore already).
dative
50.
note on errabant, 105, h\ G. 317; H. 457).

cf.
v.
am) waging ( 276, a G. 230; H. 467, 32. quisquam implying a negative

; :
228; G. 347 ; H. 386). ( corde: 258,/; G. 385, N. 1
H. 425,
:
2,
N. 3
these words belong strictly patriam, luctantes, indignantes their use makes a lively personification of the only to persons Winds. H. 420), one of the most austris ( 248, c, 2; G. 401
51.
; ;
violent winds used for
them
all.
feta: translate by teeming* keeping
the metaphor.
52.
Aeoliam, one of the Lipari Islands, north-east of

described the
visit
Sicily.
In Od.
x. 1-27, are
of Ulysses to JEoYiz, his friendly reception by .^Lolus, and his departure with the unfavorable winds tied up in a bag (cf. the witches in Macbeth, i. 3. ioff.); for construction cf.
Italiam,
-.
2.
1.65.]
The Êneid.
imperio:
:
199
248,*-; 0.401; H. 420. vinclis, for vinculis: so v. 26. words cf and other carcere cf. repostum, many periclum, " That not a blast was from his dungeon stray'd." Lycidas, v. 97 cf. v. 245, and Hor. Od. iii. 29, 38. For 55. cum murmure mentis Imitated by Phineas construction see 248; G. 399; H. 419, iii.
54.
; .
Fletcher, Purple Island,
vi.
15:
So have
seen the earth strong winds detaining

;
In prison close
Her
dull subjection,
they scorning to be under and her power disdaining,
With horrid
strugglings tear their bonds in sunder.
56. arce, a lofty seat or citadel within the cave or beside it, not the mountain itself ( 258,/; G. 385, N. 1 ; H. 425, N. 3 ). sceptra : the poets often use the plural for metrical reasons; see note on irae, v. n.
animos, passions, regular in the .plural for the feelings, especially pride. iras: cf. v. 25, and note. old form for nisi, retained in laws, religious formulas, and 58. ni ni faciat, more vivid than the imperpoetry, and found in late prose. fect as suggesting the possibility that he may omit it see 308, e, and N. G. 596, R. 1 H. 509, N. 2 The apodosis is in ferant, verrant; cf.
: ; ; ;
Lucretius,
i.
277-79
Sunt igitur venti nimirum corpora caeca,

quae mare, quae terras, quae denique nubila verrunt ac subito vexantia turbine raptant.
caefi
59. quippe (not here ironical), doubtless they -would bear away. " the cf. verrant, sweep, here intrans. sweeping whirlwind's sway."
;
Gray, The Bard,

61.
v. 75.
molem
et
mentis
(ace. plur.), the
called hendiadys, a figure by which conjunction instead of one modified noun.
use
is
mass of lofty mountains; this two nouns are used with a
62.
insuper, above them. foedere certo, under fixed conditions; a compact, as it were,
between sovereign and vassal ( 248; G. 399; H. 419, iii). 63. sciret, etc., should know, when bidden, both how to check and to give loose rein ( 317,2; G. 630; H. 497, i). premere, from the motion of the hand in drawing the reins (cf. xi. 600) is opposed to laxas dare; habenas is obj. of both verbs. For the inf. see 271 G. 423; H. 533. iussus: 292; G. 664; H. 549, i.
;
64.
vocibus
(
usa'st
13, b ;
249; G. 407; H. 421, G. 719, exc.; H. 27, N.).
i.
usa est:
elide,
reading
65. namque (in prose more commonly etenim, for, you duces the reason of her coming to him. rex : cf divom
.
. .
see) intro.
II.
i.
544
Bry. 688.
2OO
Notes.
G. 423, N. 2 H. 535, iv). 66. mulcere, in prose ut mulceas ( 331, g the winds were See Od. x. 21 vento thought to calm, as Bry. 25.
;
;
well as raise, the sea

67.
(cf.
Eel.
ii.
26).
(
aequor
a kind of cognate accusative
238
G. 332, 333,
H.
371, ii, N.). 68. Ilium.
" carried Ilium " because they were on their way to found a new city to continue the old race. victos : as the old home of the Penates was destroyed, they might be called conquered. Penates
They
household gods, but very vaguely conceived. 69. incute vim, give force to the -winds, as it were by a bloû of his " sceptre. submersas, i.e. so that they will be sunk," so-called prolepthese were the
Roman
use of the participle. age diversos, drive them (the men) scattered disice, often improperly spelled disiice ( n, b, 2).
tic
70.
(cf.
last note).
71
sunt mini
for dat. cf animis, v.

.
1 1
praestanti corpore
251;
G. 400; H. 419,
72.
ii.
quarum:
H. 424.
73.
forma: 216; G. 371 ; H. 397, 3. 253; G. 397; Deiopea, instead of being in the ace. as obj. of iungam, is
rel.
attracted into the case of the
quae.
act
:
iungam,
iii.
sc. tibi:
Juno bribes him, because the

267; Bry. 320).
-will
is
beyond
his
lawful province
(cf. II. xiv.
conubio
H. 419,
propriam dicabo,
pi.
assign [her] to
248; G. 399; you as your own
(186,^5 G. 325). 74. omms, ace.

G. 545; H. 497,
75.
ii).
meritis, services.
exigat, purpose
(317,
i;
373).
76.
facial te parentem, two accusatives (239, i, a; G. 340; H. 420). prole, abl. of means ( 248, c ; G. 401
;
H.
tuus
have : the whole speech
explorare, yours the task to determine what you will is exculpatory as well as submissive.
Father Eternal, thine is to decree ; Mine, both in heaven and earth, to do thy
will.
Par. Lost,
x. 68, 69.
For construction see 270; 6.422; H. 538. optes 334; 6.467; H. 529, i. 2 77. mini: 167, c\ G. capessere: 235; G. 350, 2; H. 384, i 2 191, 5; H. 336, N. 78. tu mihi concilias, you win for me whatever rule I have, hoc quodcumque implying that it is small; cf. our "such as it is." regni, a short form for hoc regnum quodcumque est (216; G. 369; H. 397, 3). sceptra lovemque, the sceptre (i.e. power) from Jove (hen: . .
1.85.]
The Aineid.
201
;
cf. v. 61 and note). By v. 62 his power is direct from Jupiter but Juno might be supposed to have obtained it for him. see note on mulcere, v. 66. The Romans reclined 79. accumbere at meals, and Virgil attributes the same custom to earlier nations and to
diadys,
the gods, though in fact the early Greeks sat, as

80.
we
do.
8 H. 399, 3. 218; G. 374, N. 81. conversa cuspide, with spear-point turned.
nimborum:
Macrobius says the
description of the storm

v.
is
taken from Nasvius' Punic War, but see Od.
295
82.
Bry. 347.
velut agmine facto (abl. abs.), like an assaulting column, the technical term for a column of attack.
83.
qua, where
258^,
cf.
148, e
G. 389
ff.
:
H. 304,
ii,
3).
tur-
bine, abl. of manner.
Cf. Par. Lost, x. 695
Now
Of Norumbega, and
from the north

the
Samoed
shore,
ice,
Bursting their brazen dungeon, arm'd with
and stormy gust and flaw, Boreas and Caecias, and Argestes loud, And Thracias, rend the woods, and seas upturn With adverse blast upturns them from the south Notus, and Afer black with thunderous clouds
hail,
And snow, and
From
Serralonia
thwart of these, as
fierce,
Forth rush the Levant and the Ponent winds, Eurus and Zephyr, with their lateral noise,
Sirocco and Libecchio.
84. incubuere : the perfect suddenly shifts the point of view, to indiand now they have fallen upon the sea, and cate the swiftness of the act
;
are ploughing up (ruunt, cf. v. 35 and note); cf. Od. v. 291 Bry. 348. H. 386. The sea is so often mentioned that, 228 G. 347 mari
-
for variety, a large
number of names
are necessary.
sal,
Thus, altum
alta,
aequor aequora, marts aequor, mare maria, aestus,
salum,fluctus (sing,
and
plur.),
gurges, are
all
pontus, unda undae, pelagus, freta, vada (salsa), vortex, used in essentially the same meaning. Cf. Thomson's
Seasons, Winter:
Then
issues forth the storm with sudden burst,
And hurls the whole precipitated air Down in a torrent. On the passive main
Descends the ethereal force, and with strong gust Turns from its bottom the discolored deep.
The winds from all quarters are conceived as let 85. Eurusque, etc. loose together, and by their simultaneous action in opposite directions, causing the storm, a natural enough conception in a cyclonic disturb8 H. 421, ii). ance. procellis, gusts ( 248, c, 2; G. 405, N.
;
2O2
86.
is
Notes.
Africus
the south-west wind (sirocco), blowing hot from Africa,
v. 4.
often one of the most violent on the Italian coast.

87.
89.
virum:
cf.
superum,
the
Teucrorum,
Trojans: so called from Teucer, one of their
forefathers.
As
the Trojans have to be constantly mentioned, Virgil,
for variety, uses all the names that can be made from the names of their various ancestors or heroes, or from anything else connected with
them
(as Anchisiadae,
Laomedontiadae, Dardani,
tribal
etc.
:
etc.), just
as the Greeks
etc. (see v.
are called
30, note).
by various
ponto nox,
names, Achivi, Danai, Argivi, cf. Thomson, Winter :

that sits
Through the black night

90.
immense around.
poll, the poles
= the heavens
to the ancient astronomy). micat, flashes : the the glittering and the quivering effect of the flash.
92.
which revolve upon them (according word expresses both
Od.
time.
v.
more
etc., his limbs are paralyzed by the chill of terror (see 297; Bry. 356); the ancients betrayed their emotions in a far lively way than would be allowable in heroes of the present
solvuntur,
on like billows tossed and all his country lost, Dissolves with fear and, both his hands upheld, Proclaims them happy whom the Greeks had quelled
His bold
.(Eneas,
In a
tall ship,
In honorable
fight.
WALLER,
Oftlie Dangers his Majesty Escaped,
w.
89-93.
The ancient attitude of prayer 93. duplicis palmas, both his hands. was not with clasped hands, but with the palms spread upward, as if to receive the blessing: hence the emphasis of the phrase "worship with
clean hands."
94. refert, simply, utters (strictly, brings back his words to the light as things before hidden). ter quaterque : cf. Od. v. 306 Bry. 366.
;
ante ora : quis, dat. plur. following contigit. because their friends were witnesses of their deeds
95.
a happy
lot,
and glorious
here.
death.
96.
contigit, befell
usually said of
to die.
good fortune, as
oppe-
tere, sc.
mortem, hence,
97.
Tydide, son of Tydeus, Diomedes, who met Êneas

:
in single
comto
bat
mene potuisse, campis locative abl. 297; Bry. 201). think that I could not have, etc. ; cf. v. 37 ( 274; G. 534; H. 539). dextra : abl. of instrument.
(II. v.
99.
saevus, stern, not sparing the foe
so even the gentle tineas
is
I.
108.]
The j&neid.
xii.
203
hence
telo, abl. of instru-
called saevus,
107.
i.e.
iacet, lies slain;
grandson of Êacus. In Homer, his the Lycian prince, son of Jupiter. loo. Sarpedon body is said to have been borne home by Sleep and Death but Virgil
ment.
Aeacidae,
Achilles,
: ;
does not care for
this detail.
Simois,
etc., the Simo'is rolls the shields,
and
its
helms,
and
waves (see
102.
II. xii.
stalwart forms of so many heroes carried away beneath, 22 Bry. 29) grammatically tot belongs to all the
; ;
accusatives.
384,
),
H. iactanti, as he utters (dat. of reference, 235; G. 350, 2 supply ei: the Latin often omits a pronoun when a word
;
it is present to indicate the case. procella, the hurricane, concretely, as the solid body that strikes Aquilone, the particular wind that produces it, and so makes it howl (stridens) for The various winds are loosely spoken abl. see 248, c ; G. 401 ; H. 420.
; ;
which would agree with
of,
without
much
regard to their direction, but the most violent are G. 325,

R. 6
chosen.
103.
adversa, right in his face (adj. for adv.,

is
191
H.
443)-
Exaggeration
description
natural in unstudied narrative.
Virgil adopts
it
here
in imitation of the
(cf.
iii.
more
artless epic.
The hyperbole
in the following
two thousand years.

(Othello,
ii.
564-7) set a literary fashion which lasted for almost Among countless examples, one from Shakspere
will serve
:
I.
II
ff.)
For do but stand upon the foaming shore, The chidden billow seems to pelt the clouds The wind-shaked surge, with high and monstrous mane, Seems to cast water on the burning Bear
;
And quench
I
the guards of the ever-fixed pole never did like molestation view the enchafed flood.
On
Cf. Pericles,
hell."
iii.
i.
I:
"These
cf.
surges,
That wash both heaven and

dat: the subject
is
104.
avertit
(sc.
se;
v.
158, note),
prora.
The prow by
105. 106.
:
away is said to cause the broaching-to. cumulo, abl. of manner; cf. v. 83. 2 his 235 G. 350, 2 H. 384, i.
turning
; ;
107.
aestus, the seething flood (originally the boiling of heated water). arenis : the water is turbid with sand; they are approaching the
Syrtes. 108.
See
v.
in.
Notus:
word
is
cf. note on torquet, hurls: the Aquilone, v. 102. usually applied to the hurling of a spear, from the revolving
204
motion
(like that of
Notes.
latentia, hidden
immune,
109.
'
v.
a rifle-ball) given by the thong wound round it. by the roaring waves in calm they are visible (dors-urn no) at the surface. These reefs are supposed to lie just
:
outside the
Bay of Carthage. Rocks like what, in midwater, the Italians call Parenthetical
:
altars?
not, necessarily, this particular group,
which they probably
knew nothing
about.
:
no. Eurus cf. notes on w. 102, 108. in. in brevia et Syrtis, shoals and quicksands,
;
i.e.
probably the
shoals of the great Syrtis but Virgil has evidently compressed the northern coast of Africa from south to north. visu : 303 G. 436
; ;
H.
embankment: a figure from military operations; ships drawn up on land were thus intrenched (cf. castris, iv. 604).
Êneas, the leader himself; cf. the common ipse dixit. like our phrase " a heavy sea." a vertice the as often, belongs probably with the verb, but in sense serves as phrase,
114.
547. 112. aggere,
ipsius,
i.e.
ingens pontus
an
adj.
115.
puppim:
56, b
G. 57
H.
62.
CXCUtitur,
ts
thrown over-
board : the regular term for being thrown from a chariot or horse, etc. 116. ter: the number is proverbial ("three times round went our
gallant ship ").
117.
rapidus, greedy
rari, scattered,
(cf.
118.
119.
i.e.
rapio, seize). aequore, locative abl. the drowning crew.
arma
shields, for instance,
would
248, c
float visibly for
a while
but
the word
121. 122.
may
refer to
any equipments.
(
;
qua, instrumental ablative

laxis
G. 401
H. 420).
compagibus (instrumental abl.), with loosenedjoints. 123. imbrem, properly rain-flood; but here water in general. rimis, abl. of manner cf. w. 83, 105.
;
124.
126.
murmure,
abl. of
manner.
stagna refusa, i.e. the still waters beneath were forced forth (lit., poured back} upon the surface. vadis, abl. of separation ( 243
;
G. 390, N. 8 H. 414, N. 1 ). commotus, disturbed, inwardly; but as a god he must be represented with placidum caput (cf. v. n). alto,
;
locative abl. or possibly abl. of separation. 127. unda, abl. of separation.

128. 129.
aequore,
cf. v. 29.
caeli ruina, the
wreck of the sky: the violent rain

itself.
(
is
regarded as
an actual downfall of the sky

130.
fratrem, obj. of latuere, were hidden from
239, d).
doli,
I.
145-]
The ALneid.
(known to him as her
brother),
205
and the -wrath which led
irae, her craft to its exercise.

131.
i
dehinc, here monosyllabic.
generis fiducia vestri, confidence in your origin : the winds were the sons of Aurora and the Titan Astraeus and so on one side of divine
32
;
and on the other sprung from the rivals of the gods. 133. iam, at length, with the notion of a gradual progression, the regular force of the word. caelum, etc. cf. Par. Lost, iv. 452-3
origin,
:
heard the wrack,
As
134. 135.
earth and sky
would mingle.
H. 533. G. 423 271 quos ego: he leaves the threat to their imagination; he can Such a break is called aposiopesis, i.e. a spare no time for words. sudden silence ( 386; G. 691 H. 637, xi, 3). 270 G. componere
miscere:
;
422
H.
538.
136.
(abl. of
post, hereafter; commissa,
your misdeeds.
non simili poena
instrument), no penalty like this. luetis, atone for: the word signifies the payment of a debt or fine (the true meaning of poena). 139. sorte datum: Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto were said to have
lot. Supply esse ( 336, 2 G. 650; H. 523, i). aula though addressing Eurus, he includes them all. as a king, he must have his court somewhere. 141. clause, i.e. reign over the imprisoned winds, without power to
chosen their realms by

140.
vestras
let
them
142.
loose.
dicto:
247, b;
H. 417,
N. 5
144. Cymothoe, a sea nymph, and Triton, Neptune's trumpeter ("the herald of the sea "), blowing a conch-shell, are mentioned to suggest all
the minor sea-divinities.
"Or
Scaly Triton's winding shell." Camus, v. 873. hear old Triton blow his wreathed horn." Wordsworth, Sonnet,
is,'
"
'The World
adding
:
etc.
the rest of the
fifty
Spenser mentions "lightfoot Cymothoe" and all Nereids by name in the Faery Queen, iv. n. 48-51,
All these the daughters of old Nereus were, Which have the sea in charge to them assinde,
To rule his tides, and surges to uprere, To bring forth stormes, or fast them to upbinde, And sailors save from wreckes of wrathfull winde.
adnixus, pushing against the ships.
145.
scopulo,
abl.
of separation.
levat
using the trident as a
" lever."
2O6
146. 147.
Notes.
cf. v. 112. syrtis, the sand-banks piled against the ships leVibus, light, skimming the surface. rotis, abl. of manner. 148. veluti,yJ/J introducing the first and one of the most celebrated of Virgil's similes. The ferocity of a mob and the power of
; .'
eloquence were things very familiar to the Romans. For a Roman riot quelled in this way see the lively scene with which Shakspere's Coriolanus opens. magno in populo the greater the crowd the more strik:
ing the effect. saepe belongs properly to the whole idea, and so equivalent to as often happens.
is
animis (abl. of 149. seditio, revolt, lit. a going apart ( se-itio). manner) -with passion ; cf. v. 56, note. ignobile, mean or obscure (lit. of no recognizable standing: in- gnosco).
,'
50.
iam
see note, v.
33.
faces
wood, was very vulnerable to

151.
this favorite
Rome, then largely weapon of the mob.
built
of
turn, correl. with cum, v. 148. gravem, of weight or influence. si quern belongs with virum. meritis, services (to the state). 152. conspexere, plur. because here the individuals are thought
of,
though a
.
collective
noun
is
used before.
adstant, stand by
(attentive).
animos, sways their minds by words (addressed to pectora mulcet, calms their passion (whose seat is in the mulcet: used originally of the stroking of breast; cf. note to v. 36). an animal, and so of soothing the blind passion of the crowd.
153. regit their reason)
.
. ;
154. 155.
fragor, crash of the breakers (f range). 2 caelo, locative abl. curru, dat. (68; G. 61, N.
(lit.
H.
116).
secundo, smoothly gliding
form
= sequendo).
following [the horses]
old participial
157. 158.
quae proxima
(sc.
:
erant), the nearest.
vertuntur, turn
used
in the reflexive or
"middle" sense
(cf.
expressed in English by the active form and in Latin more commonly by the passive ( in, a; G. 219; H. 465); but the active is also common in the same sense after Cicero's time; cf. v. 104.
TptirofJUL),
1
60.
obiectu, interposition,
i.e.
an island makes a harbor by
inter-
posing its shores, against which every billow breaks, dividing and rolling back in two curving (sinus) reflected waves. quibus, abl. of instrument G. 401 ; H. 420). 248, c (
;
rapes, the rocky shore in general scopuli,/ra&r or headlands. scopulus (ffKOirf\os, from <r/coir^w) is a rock suitable for a look-out, a bor162.
;
sense.
rowed word; the corresponding Latin form, speculum, has a different gemini, twin, i.e. corresponding, one on each side. For the whole description cf. Od. xiii. 96 Bry. 117 also ix. 136 Bry. 164.
; ; ;
1.
176.]
The jEneid.
207
164. scaena, properly the decorated wall (frons scaenae) at the back of the stage in Roman F 'S- 4 theatres ; here, the back-
ground
hills
of
as
woods and seen from the

4.)
:
shore.
silvis
;
(See Fig.
(abl. of
quality
419, 251 ii; cf. scopulis, v. 166), a
G. 400;
H.
dark forest
shade
-with bristling
(referring to the forms of the firs, etc.),

like a scene
with waving
woods, juts over

tion,
ii.
from
above.
Cf. Akenside, Pleasures of the Imaginaridge,
277
Aloft,
recumbent o'er the hanging

etc.
The brown woods waved,

165.
umbra,
abl. of
manner.
Cf. Comus,
w. 37-39
This drear wood,
The nodding
Par. Lost,
\.
horror of whose shady brows Threats the forlorn and wandering passenger.
296
A
166.
pathless desert, dusk with horrid shades.

i.e. it
scopulis (abl. of quality),
is
a cave of overhanging
rocks.
aquae dulces, fresh springs (opposed to amarae, brackish or cf. Tennyson, Enoch Arden : % Where the rivulets of sweet water salt] 8 H. 415, iii), ran." vivo saxo (abl. of material, 244; G. 396, N. in the common life of living rock, i.e. in its natural site, and so sharing
167.
;
nature.
170. omni ex numero, twenty in all (v. 381): one was were scattered but afterwards came to shore (v. 393).
171.
lost
;
twelve
172.
amore, TroSs:
i.
abl. of
manner.
G. 66, 4;
64;
H.
68.
arena:
249; G. 407;
H. 421,
173. 174.
175.
sale tabentis, dripping with the brine (abl. of means).

1 229, c; G. 345, R. ; H. 385, 4). foliis, dry leaves, used as tinder ( 248, c ; G. 401 ; H. 420). chips, nutrimenta, any thing that would keep the spark alive,
8ftici,/romj?int
176.
stubble, etc.
blaze in
225,
d; G. 348
H.
dry fuel.
The word seems
rapuit, etc., he kindled a 384, 2). to refer to the sudden bursting out
of the flame.
2O8
177.
Notes.
Cererem, corn: identified
with
the
goddess herself by the
so-called figure,
Bacchi, ^.215. corruptam, damaged. arma, utensils, such as hand-mills (saxa), baking pans, etc. fessi rerum, -weary of toil : 178. expediunt, i.e. from the ships.
metonymy;
cf.
theâre eager to catch ever so short a

G. 374, N. 6
179.
;
respite.
For
genitive, see
218, c;
receptas, recovered from the sea. torrere, to parch, before grinding or bruising (frangere)
H. 399,
iii.
the
wet grain would particularly need

1
it.
80.
scopulum conscendit:
pelago, locative abl.
(indir. quest.,
cf.
Od.
x.
(
;
146
63,
Bry. 176.
;
181.
Anthea
/; G. 65
529,
i),
H. 68)
si
videat
see
334, /; G. 460, b
H.
[to see] if he
quern can
any [thing
of] Antheus.
:
183.
in
Capyn
:
63,
H.
68, 2.
arma,
shields,
perhaps arranged
order along the quarter. see Od. x. 158; Bry. 190. 184. cervos 187. hie, adverb.
188.
tela:
201, d; G. 616, 2
H. 445,
9.
G. 400; H. 419, ii. 191. miscet inter, i.e. he breaks up the herd and disperses the trees so that trees and deer are in a manner mixed.
190.
cornibus:
251
it
among
193. 195.
fundat:
deinde
327, a; G. 577;
H.
520,
i,
2.
(dissyl.), next.
cadis onerarat,
had laden
in jars (dat,
Acestes : they 225, d; G. 348 ; H. 384, ii, 2). on their way and been entertained by Acestes.
stated here, though implied in
had stopped at Segesta This is not distinctly
v. 34, because Êneas is to stop there again on his later voyage (Book vj. see Od. ix. 196; Bry. 2, 7. 196. heros, Acestes ante: adv. equivalent to an adj. 198. ignari, without knowledge.
;
malorum, which is itself used as a noun (cf. 188, e H. 443, N. 8 ), a use common in Greek, and not very rare Cf. Od. xii. 208 Bry. 249.
qualifying
2
;
G. 439,
in Latin.
199.
1
passi graviora, ye
who have
suffered heavier woes ;
cf.
Od. xx.
Bry. 20. 200. Scyllaeam, ofScylla ( 190 G. 362, R. 1 ; H. 395, N. 2 ). rabiem, madness, especially of animals ; appropriate of Scylla, who is sur; ;
rounded by dogs or wolves (iii. 424-432). (See Fig. on p. 81 of Text.) penitus, far within, i.e. the depths of Charybdis, to which scopulos
refers.
201.
accestis
= accessistis
i.e.
128, b
;
G. 131, N. 4
iii.
H.
235, 3
cf. iv.
606, v. 786).
203.
Cyclopea,
of Sicily
cf.
569.
meminisse:
270; G. 422; H. 538.
I.
225.]
The jEneid.
209
204. discrimina rerum, doubts and dangers : discrimen is properly the decision, hence the turning-point on which the decision hinges.
205. 207.
208.
tendimus, sc. iter. rebus secundis, dative

curis, abl. of cause.
225
G. 344
H. 384,
ii).
209.
voltu, abl. of instrument.
altum corde, deep
in
his heart
(locative abl.). 210. se accingunt,
gird themselves
= make
:
ready : the loose-hanging
clothes of the ancients had to be buckled up for any active work. praedae, for their prey, i.e. to prepare the feast.
211. costis, abl. of separation. viscera properly, the great internal organs, heart, liver, etc., but often used for flesh in general, or whatever soft parts are beneath the skin.
212.
pars secant
205,
c,
G. 211, exc. a
H. 461,
v, i)
; :
i),
see
II.
i.
465
v.
Bry. 582.
veribus, abl. of instrument.

248,
c,
(See Fig. 42,

cf.
p. 343.)
215.
177,
Bacchi ( and note.
R.
G. 383,
:
H. 410,
;
Cererem,
cf.
implentur
in, a
G. 219
H. 465;
v. 158.
exempta, sc. est, when their hunger had been satisfied (lit., H. 471, 4, taken away). For mood and tense see 324; G. 561 and 518. 217. requirunt, i.e. they question one another as to the fate of each
216.
;
of their lost comrades.

218.
shall
we
seu credant, ind. quest., of which the direct would be credamus, H. 486, ii) it depends on believe ( 334, b G. 467 dubii,
; ; ;
wavering.
fear
Cf.
Comus,
v.
410:
"Where an
equal poise of hope and
Does
arbitrate th' event."
exaudire, hear [as they call] from the distance. Possibly Virgil refers to the custom of calling the dead (conclamatio) as a part of the
219.
funeral rites.
221.
secum: he must not show

finis, the
grief in
the sight of his
men
(cf.
w.
198, 208-9).
223.
223-225.
Cf. Spenser,
end of the day, or of the feast. Mother Hubberd^s Tale, w. 1225
ff .
The
high Jove, in whose almightie hand care of Kings and power of Empires stand, Sitting one day within his turret hye,
Now when
From whence he viewes, with his black-lidded eye, Whatso the heaven in his wide vawte containes,
And
all that in
iii.
the deepest earth rematnes.

:
Milton, Par. Lost,
56
th'
ff.
Now
Almighty Father from above From the pure empyrean where he sits
had
2IO
Notes.
High thron'd above all highth, bent down his eye, His own works and their works at once to view.
For an ancient wall painting 224. despiciens, looking down upon. of Jupiter in a similar attitude see Fig. 5. velivolum, winged with
Fig.
5.
sails.
pounds as
225.
Latin as compared with Greek is curiously bare of such comthis, and most of those attempted by the poets gained no
despiciens.
locative abl.
root in the language.

sic,
i.e.,
:
226. 227.
regnis
iactantem, revolving, properly shifting his cares about like a tails curas, such cares as became the ruler of the world, heavy load.
indicated by despiciens, etc.
228.
tristior,
oculos, with suffusa

231.
H. 444, i). G. 297 ( 93, a G. 338 H. 378. quid committere potuere, what can they have done ( 288, a
sadder than her wont
:
:
see
240, c
G. 254,
R.l
H.
537,
i).
232. tot funera passis, having suffered ( 290, d) so particularly in the fall of Troy. 233. terrarum orbis, the circle of the lands : nearly
many
losses,
the whole (known) earth, though referring in particular to the Mediterranean countries. ob Italiam, i.e. on account of Juno's opposition to their
destined voyage to Italy

234. "
all
harbors are closed in order to hinder them.

.
.
Romanos nine, from him and his race. depending on pollicitus ( 336 G. 650 H. 523).
; ;
fore, ind. disc,

:
volventibus annis
recalled
cf.
circling years." Par. Lost,
vii.
342.
235. Teucri, destruction.
see note, v. 89.
revocato, restored,
from
1.
253.]
The ^Sneid.
tenerent, shall hold;
;
211
(
236.
imperf. by sequence of tenses

13, b
286;
G. 703,
G. 509
2 37R. 3 ,
H. H.
493,
i).
:
pollicitus
36,
supply es, or better, read pollicitu's

1
,
N.;
N.).
sententia,
248, c
(new) purpose.
te,
i.e.
your
action.
238.
hoc, abl. of
means
G. 401
H. 420).
equidem,
at least.
239. fatis . . . rependens, compensating adverse fate by [the hopes of a happier] fate (abl. of means). 240. mine, opposed to the time indicated by solabar : / used to find comfort for the fall of Troy ; but now I find that hope was vain.
243. tutus (emphatic), i.e. though far within the bounds (intima regna) of a hostile people (Liburnorum) 244. superare, pass beyond, but with the suggestion of surmounting
.
difficulties.
Cf. Eel.
viii. 6.
Venus pauses in her appeal to describe a The Timavus is the name of a small curious natural phenomenon. river and bay, or creek, at the head of the Adriatic, where several springs the actual number is seven flow by underground channels in the
245.
per ora novem.
limestone into the salt water.
When
the waters are forced back by a
storm, the salt water finds its way through these crevices, so as to dis" " gorge with roaring flood through the springs upon the land, pelago
premit arva sonanti. 247. urbem Patavi

248.
arma
fixit, i.e. in
made them
useless.
H. 396, vi. 2i4,/; G. 361, N. the temples, in gratitude for the peace which This refers to an ancient custom by which the
1
:
;
implement of an abandoned vocation was made a votive

in Eel. vii. 24.
offering.
So
249.
compostus, undisturbed ;
literally, settled to rest after
the tur-
moils of his former wars.

the burial of Antenor.
By many editors it is taken as referring to The words are capable of either meaning (see
v. 26.
Vocabulary).
250.
For the form, see note on
progenies, i.e. Venus the daughter of Jove, and ./Eneas her son, with whom she naturally identifies herself. adnuis, dost promise (by thy nod) present tense, as if no change of Jove's purpose were possible.
:
caeli
Liv.
i.
arcem, the height of heaven
./Eneas
was
deified
(xii.
794
2).
O horror (lit., unspeakable)! unius, i.e. of Juno. hie (referring to the previously stated facts, but agreeing in G. 211, R. 6 H. 445, 4), is this the gender with honos see 195, d honor shown to piety ? reponis, restore us to our rule, i.e. give us that
251.
253.
infandum,
212
which
act
i.
:
Notes.
is
[,/ENEID.
already ours by your promise.
Cf.
Marlowe and Nash, Dido,

?
What,
254.
olli,
False Jupiter, reward's! thou virtue so is not piety exempt from woe ?
illi
(
old form for
100, a
G. 104,
iii,
N. 1
H.
186,
iii,
foot-note).
Virgil so identifies Jupiter with the sky that he 255. voltu, etc. indicates his personal expression by the corresponding appearance of
Nature.
256.
(See derivation of the name in Vocabulary.) oscula (dim. of os), the pretty lips. libavit, gently kissed; for
development of meaning see Vocabulary.

257. 258.
tibi:
parce metu (dat, cf. curru, v. 156), spare your fears. H. 384, 4. 235 G. 350, 2
; ;
259.
Fig.
6.
191
G. 325, R.e 260. sententia

;
sublimem, on high (see H. 443).

;
see
v. 237.
vollongius, farther. vens, unrolling, as it were, the scroll of fate. (See Fig. 6.)
262.
movebo,
263.
disclose
(lit.
disturb).
;
Italia, ablative
notice
the quantity of the a.

264.
mores,
i.e.
institutions.
viris:
235; G. 344;
H.
384,
ponet, shall establish; used in a slightly different sense

4.
with
its
is
usage
two objects. This sometimes called

in
zeugma; but the difference
sense often exists only in the translation, and was not perceptible to the Romans. 265. tertia aestas, i.e. he shall live to reign three years in peace.
regnantem
erence,
292, e; G. 536.
viderit:
;
328
3.
266. terna:
8 95, b; G. 97, R.
:
H.
174, 2
G. 571 H. 519, ii. Rutulis (dat. of ref;
see viris, v. 264) a Volscian people who, with their king Turnus, were the chief antagonists of Êneas on his settlement in Italy. (See Book vii. and Livy, i. 2.) at, i.e. though Êneas's reign shall be
short, yet, etc.
liilo:
5 231, b; G. 349, R. ; for tense, see 276,
iii.
267.
268.
H.
e,
stetit
1 387, N. N. ; G. 569
H.
519,
i.
regno
248; G. 399; H. 419,
1.
284.]
The
213
269. volvendis, with an active force, as if from a deponent (reflexive) form volvor ( 296, footnote). mensibus, apparently abl. abs. see Livy, i. 2. see note, -v. 247. 271. longam Albam 270. Lavini
:
:
272.
hie,
i.e.
at Alba.
;
146, d; G. 208, 2 G. 336 II. 379. the race is here called after its greatest hero, perhaps 273. Hectorea See note, v. 89. also with a hint of the prowess of the kings.
(impers.,
:
iam, i.e. after the transfer. regnabitur H. 301, i), the dynasty shall last. annos
256
Thus in stout Hector's race three hundred The Roman sceptre royal shall remain.
years
MARLOWE AND NASH,
Dido,
\.
regina, princess, as daughter of Numitor; sacerdos, priestess, as vestal

virgin. 2 74-
geminam
;
248; G. 399
i.e.
H. 419, iii. of the house of Ilus
prolem, shall give birth to twin children. partu H. 519, ii. dabit 328 G. 571 Ilia, she is commonly
:
called
Rhea
Silvia
see the story in Livy,

;
Fig.
i.
7.
3.
275. lupae tegmine ( 245; G. 408 H. 416): Romulus was no doubt represented in pictures,
etc.,
clad in a wolf skin, as Hercules in the lion's
skin.
(See Fig.
7.)
laetus, exulting,
i.e.
proud
of the distinction.
276.
Mavortia moenia,
the -walls sacred to
the patron deity of Rome, and naturally the imputed father of its founder. 279. quin, nay even (qui-ne ? why not ?).
280.
Mars (Mavors),
metu
abl. of
manner or means.
fati-
gat, harasses. 282. togatam of the

all
the toga was the peculiar garb Romans, and was required to be worn on state occasions. (See Fig. 80.) As it was
:
the robe of peace, the phrase here alludes to their civil greatness, while rerum dominos, lords
of affairs, indicates their military dominion.

283.
placitum,
sc.
est.
lustris (abl. abso-
between two successive public purifications (luo), in theory four years, but in later practice five here used indefinitely. Ilus and Assaracus, sons of Tros, were the founders 284. Assaraci of the two royal families of Troy (see Table, p. 190 of notes). Phthia
lute), the period
;
(the home of Achilles, Agamemnon) stand for
in Thessaly),
all
and Mycenae
subject to
(the royal city of

B.C. 146.
Greece,
made
Rome
214
285. 286.
Notes.
Argis, dat.
229, c
G. 346, N. 6
H.
385, 4).
Caesar (also lulius, G. 400 H. 4 1 9, ii.

;
v. 288), i.e.
Augustus.
origine
251
287.
Oceano,
terminet, subj. of purpose ( 317, 2; G. 630; H. 497, Cf Par. Lost, xii. 369-7 1 abl. of means.
.
i).
He
shall
ascend
heavens.
The throne hereditary, and bound his reign With Earth's wide bounds, his glory with the
289.
Augustus was honored as a divinity before his death, though no temples were erected to him in Rome (see Horace, Odes, (Mentis the allusion is probably to the surrender by the passim). Parthians of the standards taken from Crassus (cf. vii. 606).
caelo
: :
290. 291.
and
hie quoque, he too, as well as Êneas. See Eel. iv (Pollio) return of the Golden Age is suggested. Pope's adaptation of it (Messiah), and see note on vi. 792. Cf.
The
Spenser, Faery Queen, v (proem):

For during Saturnes ancient reigne it's sayd That all the world with goodnesse did abound All loved vertue, no man was affray'd Of force, ne fraud in wight was to be found No warre was known, no dreadfull trompets sound Peace universal! rayn'd mongst men and beasts.
:
292. cana, clad in -white, a type of purity and dignity. of the most characteristic features of the Roman religion
Fides one was the wor:
goddess of the Hearth (see note,
ship of abstract qualities, as Faith, Honor, Modesty, Fortune. Vesta, v. 68). Quirinus, a Sabine god of
war
(quiris, spear), with

hill
whom Romulus was

its
identified after his death.

it
The
Quirinalis had
name from him, and on
was
his chief
here represented as ruling with his brother, not as slain by him according to the common legend. 293. ferro, depending on claudentemple.
:
Remo
Fig.
8.
tur
(abl.
of means).
:
the temple gates of Janus Quirinus were open in time of war and closed in peace. They
294.
Belli portae
were closed by Augustus for the first time after two hundred years (B.C. 29,
and again
in
B.C. 25).
By a
image, Bellona (to
whom
free poetic the actions
w. 295 and 296 belong) as well as Furor seem to be here confounded with Janus. For the temple of Janus
I.
307.]
The ALneid.
:
215
impius alluding to the civil war, a conflict between persons bound together by a common kindred and religion. 296. Cf. Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, iii. 45
see Fig. 8 (from a coin).
:
Shall shut up
Mars remote from
light of
day
And
Furor's hands shall bind behind his back.

:
See Spenser's description of the binding of Furor

4-
Faery Queen,
ii.
H.
297.
15;
fied
Maia ( 244, a G. 395; H. 415, ii) genitum, Mercury, identiHis mother Maia, daughter of Atlas, with the Greek Hermes.
chief star of the Pleiades.
ff .
:
became the
Tale,
Cf. Spenser,
Mother Hubberd's
w.
1257 The Sonne

That word,
of Maia, soone as he receiv'd
The
Ne
streight with his azure wings he cleav'd liquid clowdes, and lucid firmament staid, till that he came with steep descent
;
Unto
the place,
There stouping,
He soft And fairly paced

Till that
where his prescript did showe. like an arrow from a bowe, arrived on the grassie plaine,
forth with easie paine,
unto the Pallace nigh he came.

;
;
H. 498, i), to have (see that they are) G. 546 331 on the idea of commanding implied in demittit. fati 218, a G. 374 H. 399, i, 2. 299. hospitio, abl. of manner. H. 497, the purpose of Jupiter ( 317, i G. 544, i 300. arceret The tense changes on account of the difference in the relations of ii).
298.
pateant
opened, depending
the clauses.
(
The
strict
R. 1
;
287, e
G. 511,
H. 495,
sequence would be secondary in both cases ii), but the object-clause (the command),
:
like indirect discourse,
pure purpose-clause.
ace. (for
admits irregular sequence more easily than the finibus G. 390 H. 414, N. 1 243, a aera,
;
63,7; G. 65 H. 68). 301. remigio, oarage: the winged cap of Mercury (petasus) and the winged sandals (talarid) are compared to a ship's banks of oars.
;
form see
302. -que, and accordingly, this idea being expressed by the closeness of the connection made by -que.
their
quietum, i.e. free from alarm, which might lead her to oppose coming benignam, implying active good will and help. 306. lux alma, the kindly light (root in alo). exire, depending on
303.
;
constituit, below.
(Observe that each pair of
infinitives
exire, ex-
is connected by -que, while the two pairs plorare ; quaerere, ref erre are joined by no conjunction.)
307.
oras, governed by
is in ind.
ad
in accesserit
228,0; G. 331
H. 386,
3).
The subjunctive
quest, after explorare.
216
Notes.
He sees they are not 308. nam introduces the reason of his doubt. cultivated, but he is in doubt whether they are the waste lands of a
people, or absolutely wild.
videt
the long final syllable
is
retained
from an
362,
N. 8
;
earlier quantity
;
b, R.
G. 753,
3,
R. 2
on account of the caesura (caesura bucolica, see H. 61 1, 2). -ne ne 149, d G. 458,
; . .
. : ;
H.
529,
N. 1
(lit.
309.
exacta, his discoveries
things found out).

;
;
2 H. 231, 2). Achate: comitatus, passive ( 135, b G. 167, N. G. 214, R. 2 ; H. 415, i, I. 248, c, I G. 97, N. 1 H. 174, 313. bina, because usually borne in pairs ( 95, d
312.
cf. II. xii. 298 ; crispans, brandishing (shaking as he moved) ferro : abl. of quality. Bry. 360. G. 325, R. 6 ). 228, b ; G. 344. obvia, to meet him ( 191 314. cui : Notice that the metre enables us to tell the case of media and of obvia.
; ;
2 4.
shape
virginis : to address a mortal, a divinity must take mortal here, that of a huntress maid is appropriate to the locality. habitum, carriage (appearance). arma, loosely used of the dress as
315.
;
well as the equipments, see w. 318-320. 316. Spartanae : used as if in apposition with virginis, i.e. either of a Spartan maid or such a one as Harpalyce,
Fig.
9.
etc.
Representations familiar to the
Harpalyce, a female warrior of Thrace. of these were probably
Romans
in
works of
art
qualis, in such guise as (supply talis virginis). fatiFor a similar costume gat, urges on, drives. see Fig. 9 (from a statuette of Diana).
hence
the
present,
fatigat.
Hebrum ( 228, a ; G. 331 ; H. 386, the other reading Eurum seems better, but is against the manuscripts.
317.
:
3)
de more, after 318. umeris, abl. or dat. the manner of hunters. habilem, light for
handling
319.
(
;
(cf.
English handy).
venatrix,
;
184 G. 325 diffundere see

:
H.
explanatory apposition 363), as a huntress.

;
2 331,^; G. 423, N.
H.
533,
ii,
cf v. 66.
.
320.
cf
.
genu
240, c
G. 338
H. 378
(See Fig. 9.) oculos, v. 228. sinus, folds (of the outer garment), governed by " collecta used in a reflexive or " middle
1.336-]
The ALneid.
1 1 1,
217
sense
a,
240,
c,
N.
G. 338, N. 2 )
having her flowing folds gathered
in a knot.
321.
N. 1 ).
indir. quest.,
I,
monstrate, show, ifyou have seen (hence, easily passing into an whether you have seen ; see 334, f', G. 460, b\ H. 529, ii, Cf. Marlowe and Nash, Dido, act i.
:
Ho, ycrang men
saw you, as you came,

wandering here,
to her side,
?
Any
of all
my
sisters
Having a quiver girded
And
clothed in a spotted leopard's skin
322. errantem, ranging in quest of game in pursuit, and so following a long distance lose their way.
prementem, pressing
:
close
in either case
they might
325. Venus, Veneris filius, brought together, to put the fact that they do not meet as mother and son.
326.
327.
more sharply
G. 354; H. 388, i. 232, a deliberative subj. ( 268; G. 465; H. 484, v). The namque gives the reason for the question takes the place of a name. doubt implied by the question. virgo : this, his first idea, he corrects
mihi
memorem,
as inconsistent with the divinity suggested by her face

sc.
and
voice.
tibi,
G. 349 H. 387). 6 328. hominem, a kind of cognate accusative (237, c; G. 333, N. This mode of address became a literary H. 371, ii, N.). o dea certe.
est
(
231
convention.
ii.
Thus Ferdinand
accosts Miranda in Shakspere's Tempest,

sure, the goddess
!
i.
421
Most
On whom these airs attend Vouchsafe my prayer May know if you remain upon this island, etc.
Cf. Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered,
iii.
iv.
35
361
Spenser, Faery Queen,

;
ii.
3.
33
5.
35,
36
Milton, Par. Lost,

:
v.
etc., etc.
329.
Phoebi soror
(
partitive genitive
Diana, as he judges from her dress. 216 G. 367 H. 397).

;
;
sanguinis,
330.
sc. es.
sis,
subjunc. of wish
267
G. 260
H.
483).
quaecumque,
locorumque -que is elided before erramus in the next verse H. 608, i, N. 6 ); cf. v. 448. R-; G. 728 334. multa hostia, many a victim, in case you grant my prayer. 335. equidem, /'/ is true (concessive): "though I claim no such title, H. 421, N.2 G. 402 honore yet I will reply." 245, a, 2 H. G. mos 336. virginibus: 231 349; 387. est, i.e. this is only
332.
:
359,
',
the usual dress of Tyrian maidens, and does not indicate a goddess as
you suppose.
218
337. coturno dress; see Eel.
Notes.
the high-laced boot was also a part of the hunting Cf. Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 6. 16: 32.
vii.
Sometimes Diana he her takes to be, But misseth bow and shaftes, and buskins
to her knee.
338. Punica (Poenica, compare munio, moenia), a word kindred added to explain Punica, of with Phoenician. Tyrios, Agenoris which .(Eneas could be expected to know nothing, as well as to indicate
:
civilized race
hence sed in the next verse.
Agenor was father
of
Cadmus and Europa, and founder of Sidon, the metropolis The lands, however, are not Phoenician, but Libyan.
339. 341.
of Tyre.
genus : in app. with the noun implied in Libyci. fugiens, present in reference to profecta. longa est, i.e. it would be a long story to recount the wrongs ( 311, c; G. 254, R. 1 H.
;
476,
5)-
fastigia, 342. ambages, details (lit. roundabout ways, ins and outs). the main (salient) points (only); hence sed. ditissimus, etc., richest of the Phoenicians in 343. huic, i.e. Dido.
land
218, c; G. 374
H. 399,
iii).
Many
read auri as better suited
to the circumstances.
But agri seems best supported, and, to a Roman,

indication of wealth.
land would be the

344. 345.
first
miserae
see note to mini, v. 326.

(abl.
intactam, a maid ; primis ominibus, in her first marriage

;
of means)
ters,
the ritual of consulting
omens (used
in all
important mat-
and
especially in marriage,
cf. iv.
166, note) is put for marriage-
rites in general.
scelere: 347. ante, etc., than all others. 253; G. 397 ; H. 424. 348. quos inter medius, in the midst between them came a feud, i.e.
a quarrel came between (inter) and separated them (medius): 191 G. 325, R.6 H. 443 ; cf. sublimem, v. 259. Sychaeus the y is here The poets often take such liberties with short, though long in v. 343. foreign proper names.
; :
Notice the colloca349. impius ante aras, clam ferro incautum. tion of words, which heightens the impiety and treachery of the act.
350. 352.
amorum
2).
218
G. 374
H.
399. as a
malus, wickedly.
ipsa sed: the idea
amantem, used
is,
noun
188, a
G. 437
H. 441,
353.
"but
in vain, for her
husband himself
restless
came and revealed the crime."

spirit
inhumati, unburied, hence his

see
must haunt the

aras
.
place.
:
355.
pectora
the plurals have no real force
v. 57.
1.
374.]
The ALneid.
219
356. nudavit, laid bare the altars as the scene, and his breast as the evidence, of the crime (the so-called zeugma, which may here be imitated in English; cf. i. 264, note). retexit, uncovered; cf. recludit,
v.
358
the particle re, by reversing an act,

cf.
may be
said to
undo
it.
357.
358.
celerare
accumbere,
v. 79,
mulcere,
v. 66.
and so not discovered by Pygmalion. 359- ignotum, i.e. kept secret, apart from his other wealth. the treasures give 360. his commota, i.e. the crime produces fear parabat, began to make ready (for the so-called zeugma hope of escape. cf. note on v. 356).
veteres, old,
;
quibus, dat. ( 231 361. conveniunt, those gather, in whom, etc. G. 349; H. 387). odium, i.e. for past wrongs metus, i.e. for wrongs to come. tyranni, obj. gen. ( 217 ; G. 363, 2; H. 396, iii). his greed is contrasted with the distance to which 363. avari, etc.
; ;
:
G. 389; H. 425, i, i. ; pelago: 258, devenere locos, landed at the spot, lit. came down (from the sea 365. that rises toward the horizon) to the places. Cf. conscendi, v. 381, also
his treasures are gone.
dvdyeiv, Kardyeiv.
locos
sc.
258,
b,
N. 5
G. 337, N. 2
H.
380, 3.
367.
story,
mercati,
sunt.
Byrsam.
The
colonists, according to the

bull's hide.
bought as much land as they could cover with a
By cutting the hide into strips, they got a generous site for their town. The legend probably arose from a confusion of the Phoenician bursa,
" " hide." citadel," with /3fy<ra,
368.
possent
(
:
subj. in ind.
;
disc.,
being part of the terms of the
bargain
369.
ject
(
H. 528, i). vos expressed for emphasis on account of the change of subG. 207 H. 446). 194, a
341, c
G. 628
370. talibus, as follows.
371.
372.
imo:
193; G. 291,
R. 2
H. 440,
N. 12
;
H. 509), repetens, going back; pergam ( 307, b; G. 596, i continue on, i.e. give the whole story in detail from first beginning. 374. ante componat, Vesper would sooner bring the day to an
. .
.
end, closing [the gate of] Olympus. the morning " as in Landor, Gebir,
;
So the phrase
vi.
"
open the gates of
1-4
Now
to
The sacred
Aurora borne by dappled steeds gate of orient pearl and gold

to strains of harmony.
Expanded slow
Mount Olympus in Thessaly, the residence of the gods, had In English poetry the conventional poetic term for heaven.
come
it
to
be
is
some-
22O
Notes.
times used even for the Christian heaven, as by Henry More, The Philosopher's Devotion
:
He
[i.e.
God]
that
on Olympus high
Tends
forte sua, by
oris
:
.
his flock with watchful eye.
377.
intent.
its
own chance
(fors),
i.e.
there
was no
hostile
cf Latio, v. 6.
378.
plus
away
his father
properly so called on account of his filial piety in carrying but the word was probably not restricted to that, but
;
indicates Virgil's whole idea of his character.

379.
ex, from the midst
of.
a boast quite in keeping with ancient notions. Modesty, real or assumed, is a late growth of civilization. because Dardanus, son of Jupiter and Electra, came 380. patriam
. .
.
fama
notus
originally from Italy. (See Table, p. 190.) the race in its old home.
381.
genus
he
is
to reestablish
bis denis: the distributive

95, c
; ;
is
used, because ten are counted each
time
sea,
G. 97, R. 2 H. 174, 2). conscendi aequor, / climbed the because the sea seems to rise as it recedes (cf. v. 365) or, aban
(
;
navibus 248, doning the figure, translate by embarked upon. G. 392, R. 2 ; H. 420. G. 282, N. H. 550, N. 1 290, b 382. secuta: data, spoken
:
; ;
at
various times (see
771 ; iii. 94, 154). 383. vix, i.e. and these with difficulty. 384. ipse, opposed to the ships. ignotus, though he has just said
ii.
:
fama notus
his person is unknown, though his fame has spread. Libyae, the only continent left, for he has been driven from Asia (Troy) and Europe (Thrace), and is still forbidden to reach Italy.
385.
querentem
6).
(cf.
i.
102, note), conative pres.
276, b
G. 227, N. 2
H. 467,
Him more
But broke
complaining Venus suffered not,

his sad tale in the midst
and spake.
nec,
tive
and
not (qualifying passa)
The
Latin likes to combine nega-
and connective in one word. for 387. baud invisus caelestibus have arrived in this hospitable land.
:
it is
by favor of heaven that you

;
adveneris, subjunc. with causal qui ( 320, e; G. 633 H. 517). perge modo, only go on, and you will find good fortune. 390. reduces, etc.: for two accusatives in apposition after verbs of H. 373. G. 340 186, c knowing, saying, etc., see medius, v. 348, etc.), not neces392. vani, falsely (cf. malus, v. 352 sarily implying any conscious deceit on the part of the parents.
388. 389.
; ;
;
1.
4i2.]
Tfte
Aineid.
221
393-400. The swans are in two groups, one alighting (terras capere), the other looking down on the place where the first has alighted (terras These groups are again described, captas), and preparing to join them.
The ships the former as reduces, the latter in cinxere, etc., in 398. in the harbor those to the two groups already (portum correspond
:
tenet), to the former,

latter.
and those
just
coming
in (subit ostia), to the
394. lapsa, swooping down on the swans, which flew low like most other water-fowl. aperto caelo, where they were explaga, abl. posed, as were the ships on the open sea.
395.
i.e.
turbabat, of late was scattering ; but now (nunc), etc. reunited after their dispersion (turbabat).
ordine,
398. cinxere, encircled (a poetic way of saying that they made a cantus, showing their coetu, abl. of manner. ring in the sky). freedom from alarm. This picture of security is a good omen for the
ships.
pubes tuorum, the 399. baud aliter correlative with ut in v. 397. band of your youths (lit., the youth ofyours; tuorum and pubes refer to the same person); cf. \abv 'AXCUWP, II. ii. 120.
:
to speak nautically, as subit ostia, are making the entrance, H. 386, 3). in this connection ( 228, a G. 331 402. avertens ( 292 G.66S H. 549, i), as she turned away, and not till then, she allowed her divine nature to appear.
400.
we may
>
403.
ambrosiae
commonly
(II. i. 529 Bry. 668) applied to the food of the gods

;
;
properly immortal. Most but the gods used ambrosia
also for ointment
(II. xiv. 170 Bry. 206) Translate here by ambrosial. Bry. 573). dewy locks distilled ambrosia."
and perfume (Od.
iv.
:
445
Cf. Par. Lost, v. 56
" His
404.
flowing garments.
dess ;
the goddesses except Diana (v. 320) had see note, v. 371. 405. patuit (used in a kind of passive sense), was manifest a godvestis defluxit
:
all
:
imos
cf. incedo, v. 46. 407. natum, your [true] son : emphatic by its position. i.e. as well as the other divinities. dextrae : 248, a, R.
tu quoque,
;
G. 346, N.6
H. 3 8S,3408. 409.
iungere cf. note, v. 66. veras, i.e. in our true character, as mother and son. G. 204, N. 2 H. 441, i. 410. talibus 189, b with circumfudit 412. amictu, ( 225, d G. 348 H. 384,
: : ; ; ;
;
2).
;
Con-
cealment by a mist
345
;
is
a very
common
device in epic poetry
cf. II. v.
Bry. 422.
222
415.
Notes.
Paphum, Paphos,
;
in
and worship of Venus.

sublime in English
Cyprus, the seat of the most noted temple sublimis cf. v. 259, and the poetical use of
:
as in Cowper's Task,
Kites that
i.
203
swim sublime
In
still
repeated circles, screaming loud.
416.
Sabaeo ture
cf.
Par. Lost,
iv.
162
Sabaean odors, from the spicy shore
Of Arabic the
blest.
The 417. ture, sertis: no blood was shed on the altars of Venus. garland played a prominent part in religious and other rites. The manufacture of garlands as an article of commerce is represented in Fig. 10.
Fig.
10.
419. ascendebant, they were now climbing (descriptive imperf., as the plurimus, high above, i.e. so poet here takes a new point of view). large that much of its bulk was above the city ( 200, d; H. 453, 5).
420. 421.
adversas arces, the towers before him. molem from a distance the city seems one mass of buildings. magalia quondam, but now (i.e. shortly before) a cluster of huts.
:
The word itself is name of Magalia.

422. miratur
.
Phoenician,
and the suburbs of Carthage retained the

:
city in
viarum he wonders at these signs of a great what he thought a desert (v. 384). strata {pavements) viarum, a Greek way of speaking stratas vias ( 216, b G. 372, N. 2 H. 397, N. 4 ).
.
.
423-436.
"
Cf. the similar description
in
Lander's Gebir,
ii.
8-22
Some
raise the painted
pavement,"
etc.
1.
442.]
The ALneid.
.
223
pars, in appos. with Tyrii, but best translated with ducere, depending on instant (271 G. 423 H. 533). 424. subvolvere, to roll up by putting levers, etc., under (observe the two opposite senses of sub in composition, as seen in submitto, which
423. pars the infinitives.
. .
; ;
means
either to send
up [from below] or
to
send down [from above]).

; ; :
G. 344 H. 384, 4) the 425. tectO,/or a group of buildings ( 235 plough does not seem to have been used in tracing the site of single dwellings. sulco, with a furrow. peculiar idea of appropriation
was by the ancients associated with the use of the plough.

426.
427. theatris
This apparently spurious line contradicts an idea from Virgil's own time
:
v.
;
507
see note,
v. 264.
was built in Rome till B.C. 58, had been attempted a hundred years before.
429. rupibus see note, v. 164. 430.
:
no permanent theatre and none of stone till B.C. 55, though one
G. 390,
4.)
2,
3 258, a, N.
N. 3
H. 414,
N. 1
scaenis
(See also Fig.

. .
qualis
labor, suc/i (the omitted antecedent of qualis) toil

;
was theirs as busies the bees. A celebrated simile, often imitated the most famous imitation is Milton's {Par. Lost, i. 768-75). 2 434. venientum, archaic form of genitive ( 87, d G. 83, N. ); cf. To Mrs. Anne Soame : Herrick,
;
So smells the breath about the hives
When well the work of honey And all the busy factors come
thrives
Laden with wax and honey home.
agmine facto, as if making a sally ; cf. v. 82. 435. ignavom, lazy, or inefficient for lack of skill. pecus, praesepibus, used strictly only of cattle. The whole description is taken
from Georg.
436.
iv.
162-169.
is all
alive (a figure derived from the agitation of boiling). 438. suspicit (see note, v. 424), looks up to. He has now come down the hill and approached the walls.
fervet,
439-440. Cf. Par. Lost,
x.
441
ff.
He through the midst unmark'd, In show plebeian angel militant Of lowest order passed, etc.
440. viris
:
248, a, R.
G. 346, N. 6
H. 385,
;
3.
ulli
232,
l>,
cf.
c; G. 354, N.I;
200, b G. 616 H. 445, opposed to iactati undis for the juxtaposition of primum and iactati).
(
;
:
388, 3. 442. quo loco, the spot where signum, the first token of rest
H.
8).
primum
accounts
(this
224
444.
acris, spirited
is,
:
Notes.
an omen of
their energy
and warlike
disposition.
as often in poetry, a descriptive epithet, not denoting an individual, but expressing a general characteristic, as we should say " the cruel this omen. i.e. fore : a continuation of adjective
tiger."
sic,
The
by
the omen, in indir. disc.

445.
2 336, N.
G. 649, N. 2
H. 523,
i,
N.).
facilem victu, easily subsisting: the supine ( 303; G. 436; H. 547) is to be taken from vivo. Thus the horse is represented as an omen both of prosperity in peace and success in war. See Anchises'
interpretation in
iii.
540.
i.e.
the presence of the goddess herself, meaning and show her power there. 448. surgebant, crowned (lit. rose on the steps). gradibus 258, H. 425, 2, N. 8 G. 385, N. 1 nexaeque trabes, cross-beams 3 /, cased with bronze. The abundance of metal-work shows the costliness and splendor of the structure. quo is elided before acre, in next line see v. 332, and note.
447. that she loved to dwell
:
;
numine divae,
the temple gives the first hint of Dido's in450. hoc primum, etc. terest in his fortunes (see the description that follows).
:
G. 401, N. ; H. 425, i, N.). H. 467, 4). 276, e G. 229, R. lustrat, as he surveys ( 453. This verb is used originally of the priest's going about in purification : hence of other forms of survey or passing under review.
452.
rebus, abl.
254, b
dum
454.
quae
sit,
notice
how
easily
(
miratur takes two different

334
;
constructions,
common
an object and a clause thing in Latin and Greek.
G. 467
H.
529,
i)
455. artificum manus, the artists' skill ; operum laborem, the toil of the work, i.e. the toilsome work. There is nothing to indicate that the
inter temple was unfinished. paring them with each other.

:
se, a doubtful expression, perhaps, com-
456. pugnas probably painted in the vestibule or colonnade. These pictures could have no significance for the Phoenicians. Virgil here trans fers to this nation the arts and customs of the Greeks and Romans. Cf.
Chaucer, House of Fame,
i.
140-475 (where the dreamer sees the whole
story of the ./Eneid painted
Knighfs
457.
Tale,
w.
1109-1230.
on the walls of the temple of Venus), and The device was a favorite one with
mediaeval poets.
iam, by
this time.
458. saevum hostile to Troy.

Iliad.
ambobus
enraged against Agamemnon as well as His quarrel with Agamemnon is the subject of the
:
461.
en Priamus, probably
in the scene of the
ransom of Hector's
1.
480.]
The
484).
(
22$
relief.)
body
its fit
(v.
reward
(See Fig. 1 1 from an ancient 196, c\ G. 309, 2; H. 449, 2).

;
sua praemia,
rerum,/0r trials, obj. gen. ( 217 G. 363, 2 H. 396, iii). solve metus as if fear contracted or congealed the heart. aliquam salutem, some [degree of] safety. fama, this renown of Troy.
462.
;
;
463.
The scenes are 466. uti, how, introducing the indir. question. generally taken from the Iliad, Books xii., xix., x., vi., xxii., xxiv., v. ; those representing Troilus, Memnon, and Penthesilea, are from the
"Cyclic poets."
467.
hac: see
II.
xiv. 14
Bry. 17.
Fig.
ii.
468.
1
hac
another scene,
II.
xv. 7
Bry. 8.
cristatus
see
II. viii.
60
Bry. 199.
: ; : ;
niveis veils an anachronism 469. Rhesi see II. x. 474 Bry. 560. Homer's " tents " are board huts thatched with straw. 471. vastabat, imperf. describing the scene shown by the picture.
472.
avertit, perf. of narrative
:
the fact is simply told historically. gustassent, subj. as showing the motive (327, N. G. 577; H. 520, ii). The city, said the oracle, could not be taken if these horses should taste food on the plain of Troy. Hence on the night of their
473;
arrival they
475. 476.
227,
Achilli:
were seized by Ulysses and Diomedes 6 229, c G. 346, N. 385, 4.*

; ;
(II. x.
434
Bry. 515).
e,
curru fertur, haeret : the present tense describes the picture. G 3 ; G. 346, N. resupinus, on his back, and feet foremost.
235, a
: ;
477479.
huic:
interea
G. 350,
H. 384,
4, N.2
;
another picture, see II. vi. 293 Bry. 383. 480. crinibus passis (pando), with dishevelled hair (lit., spread loosely over their shoulders) a sign of mourning, which is closely connected
;
226
with supplication in
excite
all
Notes.
ages.
The Romans
often wore mourning to
compassion for their friends in peril. peplum, the outside garment of the Grecian women in particular, the costly robe borne to the temple of Pallas in the Panathenaic festival. Virgil ascribes this Athen;
ian rite to the Trojan
women.
;
tunsae pectora, beating their [own] breasts ; see 240, c, N. G. 338 H. 378; cf. note on v. 320. For tense see secuta, v. 382. solo: 482. aversa, averting her face; see II. vi. 311 Bry. 406.
481.
; ;
G. 385, N.i; H. 425, 2, N.3 483. raptaverat, i.e. the scene of the ransom been dragged about the walls.
258,7, 3
;
is
after the
body has
484.
exanimum, indicating
;
at the car of Achilles
of the living body.
had been dragged still living which would be used only In Homer, however, he seems to have been dead.
that Hector
(ii.
cf.
tumentis
273),
Bry. 600. the common historical present have been descriptive of the actual pictures.
II.
;
See
xxiv. 477
485.
turn dat
the preceding verbs
p.
I2
vero, introducing as usual the most important moment of
the narrative.
487.
cation.
tendentem manus,
se quoque,
i.e.
:
in suppli-
488.
tle
in
another batviris,
-v.
scene.
Achivis
cf.
440.
489.
Memnonis
Memnon, son
of
Tithonus and Aurora, led the Êthiopian allies of Troy. The myth, however, places
Êthiopia in the East;

the
hence Eoas.
490. lunatis, crescent: of the Amazonian shield
form
cres-
was a
of
cent, with a cusp in the middle.
(See
Fig.
(
12.)
;
peltis,
abl.
quality
251
491.
G. 400; H. 419, ii). mediis, in the midst (as often
cf. v.
109).
492. exsertae, uncovered, as represented in works of art. 493. bellatrix, virgo suggested in these words
:
the contrast
is
heightened
by their position as
first
and
last in the verse.
Such personages as the
1.
508.]
The ALneid.
227
Amazons Penthesilea and Hippolyta (who was conquered by Theseus), and the Volscian princess Camilla (./En. vii. 803), have in modern romanpoetry given rise to the familiar figure of the warlike maid, e.g. Bradamante, Tasso's Clorinda, Spenser's Britomartis. cf. note on Achilli, v. 47 5. viris
tic
Ariosto's
:
494.
at
Bry. 161. an almost technical word for escorting about, thronging 497. stipante, a great personage so attendants are often called stipatores. 498. quails, correlative with tails, v. 503; see Od. vi. 102; Bry.
; ;
miranda, pred. after videntur them with wonder; see Od. vii. 133
seem marvelous
i.e.
he gazes
128.
shiped
499.
502.
Eurotae, the Eurotas, a river of Sparta; here Diana was worMt. Cynthus was also one of her favorite haunts.
Latonae
Chores, the dancing bands. notice with what effect the

:
human element
is
intro-
duced, the mother's pride heightening the daughter's glory. 505. forlbus, in the doorway, i.e. of the cella, or interior temple (d in The Fig. 13), in front of which was the porch (pronaos ; c in Fig. 13).
Fig.
13-
temple had a vaulted roof (called testudo, as resembling the shell of a media: cf. v. 491. (See Figs. 13 and 14.) tortoise). 506. alte subnixa, sitting on high.
a Roman picture. From the close relation of 507. iura dabat government and religion in Rome, temples were used for all public purposes the Senate met, the treasury was kept, and courts were held in
:
iura, leges, i.e. she acted both as judge and as law-giver. the shares were first made as equal as aequabat, trahebat as the Romans divided possible, and were then assigned by lot,
temples.
508.
provinces,
etc.,
among
their magistrates.
228
509.
Notes.
Dido was thus occupied when suddenly, crowd that had flocked about them as strangers. G. 581 H. 521, ii, i. videt for mood see 325, b
subito
:
:
;
cum
etc.
COncursu, the
510. 511. 512.
aequore,
cf.
loc. abl.
penitus, far
away
(a
secondary meaning;
see Vocabulary).
oras
Italiam,
v. 2.
Fig.
14.
514.
coniungere depends on ardebant

i.e.
515. res incognita, their reception. 516.
(= volebant). the object of their embassy and the nature of
remain hidden (they conceal something, that is, v. 352, pretending something that is not). 517. linquant (ind. quest.) depends on speculantur (watch to see). he wonders why they come, for they have the appearance 518. nam of a regular embassy, and the formal nature of the embassy, also sugdissimulant,
;
their presence
cf.
simulans,
gested in this clause, indicates something of importance. 519. orantes, used almost like the fut. part, of purpose
293,
,
290, a, 3
2; G. 670,
3,
N.
H.
549,
3).
clamore
occasion explained
byw.
520.
539-41-
521.
coram fandi, of speaking to the queen maxumus, eldest, and so first in rank.
;
in person.
placido
as suited his
cf. w. 66 (note), 319, 408. : 523. iustitia, with just restraint, as representing a superior civilizaIn reality, tion among the savage tribes of Africa (gentis, ace. pi.).
age and dignity 522. condere
contrasted with clamore,
u.
519.
Dido had only built her city by sufferance properly be spiced with flattery.
524.
525.
but this address might
maria
cf.
aequor,
v. 67.
infandos, inhuman, as violating the
right of peaceful strangers.
I.
545.]
The jEneid.
propius aspice, look more closely at our condition in an armed fleet, we have no hostile purposes.
:
229
:
526.
though
coming
527.
"
non emphatic from its position at the beginning of the line. have not, as your people seem to suppose." populate, infin. of 1 purpose ( 273, e; G. 421, N. a H. 533, ii).
We
528.
529.
vertere, drive
away
i.e.
as booty.
non ea
vis, etc.,
we have no such thought
of violence
con-
quered men
are of course capable of no such insolence. " the western land," a name for Italy borrowed 530. Hesperiam, i.e. from the Greeks. Greek &T7re/>os (the breathing stands for the digam-
ma)
is
represented in Latin by the cognate vesper, evening.
532. Oenotri : (Enotria (from olôs), means "land of vines." this implies that CEnotria was its former name. fama, sc. est.
533.
nunc:
Italiam (a word allied with vitulus) means "land of herds." duels, i.e. Italus, the eponymous hero (see v. 6), said to have been a
colonist
534.
from Arcadia.
is
hie cursus fuit, this (namely, to this land) was our voyage. This the first of many incomplete verses found in the Êneid, evidences of
the unfinished state in which the

535.
cum
subito
cf. v.
stormy sea. The noun seasons in ancient times were named from the rising and setting of When Orion sets just before sunrise, winter is certain constellations.
:
poem was left by Virgil's early death. note. adsurgens fluctu, rising over the 509, maybe either dat. or abl. nimbosus Orion
at
hand
its ill-repute.
ance in
was this sign which originally gave that constellation But perhaps Virgil had no distinct astronomical appearmind, but merely associated Orion with bad weather, using
and
it
:
nimbosus simply as a descriptive

iv.
n.
536.
13
"Huge
tulit, sc.
Cf. Spenser, Faery Queen, epithet. Orion, that doth tempests still portend." nos. austris, one wind put generally for all.
pauci, only a few of us, with a negative idea, as almost always 1 with this word. G. 358 H. 380, 4. oris 258, N. 539. tarn barbara, i.e. is so barbarous as to, etc.
538.
:
; ;
541.
prima
N.I
2).
terra, the very
margin of
the
land
193;
G. 291,
R. 2
H. 440,
543.
at sperate, at least expect (supply esse).
fandi, right (only
used in this sense, as the opposite of nefandi, unspeakable, and so

wrong).
544.
erat
he does not know that ./Eneas
is still alive.
: ;
253 545. pietate (abl. of specification, qualifying iustior H. 424), i.e. scrupulous in performing his duties to the gods. H. 562). the chiastic order of the words ( 344, /; G. 682
;
G. 397
Observe
230
546.
Notes.
vescitur, breathes
(lit.
feeds on, air being as necessary to
life
as
food).
Bry. 51. to the 547. aetheria, of heaven, as opposed umbris, loc. ablative. bat, now lies low.
; :
See Od.
xiv.
44
Lower World.
occu-
that case you need have no fear, for Êneas will 548. non metus in repay the obligation. The connection would be easier if we could read ne te, no fear lest you repent of being beforehand with him in kind offices. As it is, we must separate the two clauses, and translate the second, nor
kind offices, i.e. by making tineas your debtor in receiving us hospitably. certasse: 270, 6,; G. 280, 2. G. 422 H. 410, iv for tense see 288, e 266; 6.263, 3! H. 484; cf. Eel. x. 17): it is 549. poeniteat ( with reference to the ideas here expressed that Êneas is described in
regret to have been the first in the rivalry of
; ; ;
vv. 544,
545
his virtue (pietate)
would prompt him, and
his
power
i.e.
(bello, etc.)
would enable him
to repay kindness.
stint et, etc.,
in
the event of his death (which Ilioneus, to avoid the omen of speaking of such a calamity, does not mention), the cities and fields (arva) of Sicily will be our refuge, and you will have the friendship of Acestes to
repay your kindness to us.

551.
liceat (for
to
mood
cf.
poeniteat,
v.
549) subducere, let
it
be
allowed us
552.
haul up our storm-racked
ships.
:
silvis, loc. abl.

fitted
;
aptare trabes
the
beams would have
to be
hewed and
stringere remos : the oars, hardly more than saplings, would only need to be stripped and slightly trimmed. 553. Italiam, with tendere (for ace. see v. 2, note).
554. tendere (sc. iter), depending on datur (see v. 66, note). petamus, the purpose of subducere, etc. salus, 555. sin (opposed to si, v. 553), but if (on the other hand).
hope of safety.
iam, any longer. sedes paratas, i.e. the cities of Acestes, freta, seas, as often. in contrast to those they hoped to build themselves.
556.
557.
559.
fremebant, murmured their applause, according to the manners

;
of the heroic age

561.
see
II. i.
22
Bry. 29.
ad-
voltum demissa, with downcast face (in womanly modesty as dressing men) for construction: cf. sinus collecta, v. 320.
;
562.
solvite
talia,
563.
(v. 541).
see note, v. 463. the attack on the Trojans as they attempted to land This is Dido's apology for the inhospitable conduct of her
:
i.e.
Observe the distinctly modern motive. late tueri, i.e. for fear of Pygmalion she cannot safely allow strangers even to land.
subjects.
564.
1.
587.]
The JEneid.
Aeneadum,
ii),
23
565.
the Trojans generally, but with a courteous refer-
ence to their chief.
quis nesciat (deliberative subj.,

be
268; G. 259;
H. 486,
who can
ignorant?
:
566. virtutesque virosque (hendiadys) more emphatic than virtutes virorum. Observe that, while these words are connected by -que, the calamities (incendia), being a separate class, are introduced by the ad-
versative aut.
567.
tanti, that great.
obtusa, blunted by their own misfortunes. for the whole soul, including the intellect.
568.
pectora: here put
nec
skies, as
tam aversus sol, i.e. their hearts are not chilled by unkindly men's might be in cold regions, far from the sun's course.
Nearer the sun, though they more
civil
seem,
Revenge and luxury have
their esteem.
WALLER, Epitaph on Dunch.

569.
Saturnia arva
because Saturn was supposed to have ruled as
king
Golden Age. Erycis fines Eryx, a son of Butes and Venus, gave his name to a mountain in the west of Sicily, where was a celebrated temple of Venus. He is mentioned afterwards as a famous pugilist (v. 392).
in Italy in the
570.
571.
auxilio,
men and arms;
572.
voltis et
= et si VOltis, and again ifyou wish

; ;
opibus, supplies of food, money, etc.

(
310, c
G. 598;
H.
507, i).
urbem quam statuo ( 200 b G. 617, N. 2 H. 445, 9). More commonly the relative would precede the noun, and a demonstrative (ea) stand in the antecedent clause as, quam urbem statuo, ea vestra est but the commonest form of all is ea urbs quam statuo vestra est.
573.
;
subducite,
574.
i.e.
and remain
here.
mihi : cf. ulli, v. 440. agetur, shall be dealt with. 576. adforet, were [now] here ( 267 and b ; G. 260, 261 H. 483, I, 2). equidem, in fact: I will even go so far as to send in search of him.
;
578.
580.
si,
in case.
.
iamdudum
2).
ardebant, had been long eager
277, b
G. 234
H. 469,
582.
584.
: cf. note on Maia, v. sententia, purpose (not feeling). 297. unus, one only, Orontes (z/. 113). Cf. Od. vii. 586. circumfusa, surrounding (lit, poured about them).
dea
143; Bry. 174.

587.
purgat, clears, as
we say
of the weather.
Then melted
And
all
into air the liquid cloud, the shining vision stood revealed. AKENSIDK, Pleasures of the Imagination,
ii.
229.
232
588.
restitit, stood forth,
ii.
Notes.
a very
common meaning
of rein composi-
tion; see
590.
Cf. Lander's lines:
When
Her
sea-born Venus guided o'er
warrior to the Punic shore, Around that radiant head she threw
In deep'ning clouds ambrosial dew:
The
589.
But when the Tyrian queen drew near, light pour'd round him fresh and clear.
i.e.
umeros
(Gr. ace.),
in
form and
build.
ipsa, herself, the
goddess of beauty.
590.
v.
41
"
:
lumen purpureum, the ruddy glow. Cf. Gray, Progress of Poesy, The bloom of young desire, and purple light of love."
laetos, of the sparkling of the eyes in joy. Cf. Od. vi. 229; Bry. honores, charms. 592. quale decus, such beauty as art gives to ivory ; strictly there would be an antecedent, tale decus, in apposition with the objects of
591.
291.
adflarat
594.
200, b
G. 616,
H. 445,
9).
to all
(
cunctis improvisus, unexpectedly

Cf.
all
232, a; G. 354;
H.
388, 4)595. 597. 598.
coram, before you.

sola, alone,
i.e.
.
Od. xxiv. 321; Bry. 389.

us sharers in your city
of
strangers.
quae nos
:
socias,
:
who make
;
and home.
reliquias
599. 600.
Danaum see omnium 218, a

non opis
note on
;
v. 30.
G. 374
it is
H. 399,
i,
3.
urbe, locative ablative.

est nostrae,
601.
;
not -within our resources
214, d; G.
nee quicquid, nor [of] 366 H. 401), i.e. our means are insufficient. whatever exists of the Dardan race (with an implied antecedent in the
genitive).
603.
si
G. 107, N.2
qua numina: H. 190, i.

;
cf.
ii.
536, v. 688.
For the form see
105 d;
Cf.
si quid, etc., if justice is

v.
of any account.
Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered,
68
For, if the heavens look not with eyes unjust On mortal deeds and innocence forget, etc.
di
ferant,
i).
may
the gods repay,
etc.
(optative subj.,
267;
G. 260;
N. 1
H. 484,
604.
605.
sibi:235;G.359;H.39i.
recti:2i8;G.374;H.
been so blest as
to, etc. ?
399,
3.
tam
laeta, etc.,
what age has
montibus, dat. of reference for gen. modifying convexa ( a;G. 350, I; H. 384,4, N. 2 ). 608. conveza, the rounded masses. pascet the aether of the
607.
:
235,
sky,
1.
630.]
The ALneid.
from gross exhalations of the
earth,
Hi.
233
was thought to feed the
per-
refined
petual
609.
610.
fire
of the stars.
Cf. Par. Lost,

us.
716-719.
the poets
manebunt, shall abide with

quae
me cumque
(tmesis,
thus separate
611. 612. 613.
interest
many compounds
G. 726; H. 636, inseparable in prose.
385
v, 3):
HIS neS pe|tit: see

post
= postea.
347, a, 4; G. 706, 7;
H.
577,
5.
First her feeling
was astonishment at the apparition; then her was awakened by the strange fate which had brought him there.
casus, destiny. 6 1 6. vis, not merely power but violence, as usual in the singular. immanibus oris, these wild shores, as inhabited by the barbarous African tribes (for dat. see v. 538, note).
615. 617.
Dardanio
(
a spondaic line
;
362, a; G. 784;
ii).
H. 610,
3); the o is
not elided
6 359, e\ G. 784, N.
H. 608,
619.
618. a\SBSi t fostering (alo), a regular epithet of Venus. atque equidem, and in fact : now I think of it, I do remember.
Teucrum: Teucer, upon his return from the Trojan war, was driven from home by his father Telamon because he did not bring back his brother Ajax, and sought a home in Cyprus, where he built a second He is here represented as stopping on the way at Tyre, apSalamis. parently to make terms with Belus, who was then master of Cyprus. 1 G. 281, N.; H. 537, i. venire: 336A, N.
;
iam, even (cf. iam turn). 624. Pelasgi, Grecian: properly, a race inhabiting Greece before the
623. Hellenic.
Some
of the populations of Greece, notably the Arcadians,
were of
625.
extolled.
this race.
ipse, emphasizing hostis, which
= though an enemy.
"
;
ferebat,
which would be vellet:
etc. (not wished he had been," 311, b; G. 258 H. 486, i) : see iii. 108. There was also in the Trojan line a Teucer, from whom the Trojans are called Teucri (see Table, p. 190).
626.
volebat, would have
it that,
627.
629.
1 G. 358 ; H. 380, 4. tectis agite, come ! 258, N. " demum, as usual, has an implied exclusive force, in this land
: ;
and no one before."

630. mali miseris: observe the effect of the juxtaposition note) of these words and of the alliteration.
(cf. v.
349,
Who, by
the art of
known and
feeling sorrows,
Am pregnant to good pity.

King Lear,
iv. 6.
226.
234
Notes.
What sorrow was, thou bad'st her know, And from her own she learned to melt at others' woe. GRAY, Hymn to Adversity, w.
15, 16.
632.
templis,
loc. abl.
indicit, proclaims
an almost technical word
in connection with sacred observances.
honorem, technical term for
a sacrifice of thanksgiving.
635.
terga suum, chines of swine (the part put for the whole).
636. munera, laetitiam, in appos. with terga, etc. These gifts were as well the usual marks of hospitality (munera) as a means to enable the companions to join in the festivities (laetitiam). dii, for diei ( 74,
1 a; G. 63, N.
;
H.
121,
i).
;
637. 638.
tectis
:
interior:
instruitur,
193
is
H. 440,
N. 1
decked, temporarily, for the occasion.
mediis
not in the ordinary dining-room (triclinium}, but
in the great
state apartment (atrium).
639. laboratae, embroidered (lit. wrought}. vestes, mantles, used as drapery for the couches, as is still the custom in many parts of the East being uncut fabrics they were as well adapted for this purpose as for clothing, and were also a valuable article of wealth. ostroque superbo,
;
of gorgeous purple,
costly dye (murex). 640.
i.e.
plain,
The Tyrian
but precious on account of the royal and purple was famous.
ingens argentum, a vast [amount of ] silver plate.
auro
in-
stead of directly mentioning the golden goblets and vases, Virgil speaks of the heroic figures chased and embossed (caelata) upon them.
642.
ducta, brought
down
R. 6
(i.e.
continued in unbroken
;
series).
(adj.
644.
for adv.
rapidum
:
(predicate,
186, c
;
G. 325), swiftly, or in haste
191
G. 325,
H. 443).
H. 499,
is really
2), fol-
645.
lowing the
646.
ferred).
G. 546, R. 2 ; t R.; ferat, to report these things($-$y.,f command implied in praemittit.

stat, centres.
can, fond
(lit.
dear ; the feeling
trans-
647.
dat.
(
is
munera the guest also was expected to offer gifts. ruinis, 229; G. 345; H. 385, 4, 2). It 648. pallam a rectangular mantle of wool reaching to the feet. not definitely distinguished from thepallium, but has more heroic and
: :
dignified associations.
ton, // Penseroso, v. 97.
Cf. " gorgeous
Tragedy
in sceptred pall," Mil-
gold (hendiadys, cf. Fig. 15; for other articles of apparel here mentioned see Fig.
signis auroque rigentem, stiff with figures of For a highly ornamented robe see note, v. 61).
16.
649. In Homer the various articles of head-dress, especially the veils, are treated as most important points of feminine apparel hence the
;
veil is
a suitable gift to Dido.
1.
659.]
Tile
235
The
objects are of
16.
Agamemnon's capital. 650. Mycenis more value from their associations.

:
all
the
Fig.
Fig.
15.
651.
654.
cf.
iii.
peteret
collo
:
the last syllable is long see note on v. 308. an unusual case of the dat. (cf. 233, b} without a verb;
:
;
109
:
optavit locum regno.

Fig. 17,
monile see
655.
and
. .
tail-piece, p. 396.
.
corona m, a duplicem coronet of two rings, one set with jewels and the other of gold. gemmis, abl. of manner.
656.
haec celerans, speeding these

faciem,
earlier
is
commands.
658. consilia: see^. 674.
form, retaining no doubt an meaning of the word (which

:
con-
nected with facio, cf. the theatrical "make-up"). 866^.714. It has sometimes been thought that donis 659. donis
236
Notes.
was not a suitable means for the action of incendat, but the practice of Cf. Shakspere's Twelfth Night, iii. the world seems to justify Virgil. Besides, these were royal gifts, and associated with ./Eneas him 4. 1-3. self, so that their cost was no measure of their value. furentem, inflame the queen to madness (proleptic use of the adjective, cf. v. 69).
660.
661.
domum ambiguam,
bilingues,
i.e.
ossibus, in her frame (dative); cf. iv. 101. the treacherous house, as described in vv.
348-368.
saying one thing and meaning another.

fides)
The
bad faith of the Carthaginians (Punica among their enemies the Romans.
662.
urit, inflames
was proverbial,
at least
her with anxiety. solus, i.e. who alone art: nom., as if it were in a rel. clause, and not voc. though in appos. with nate ( 241, a; G. 201, R. 2 H. 369, 2). favorite idea with the ancients, 665. tela Typhoea : see Vocab.
664.
;
who sometimes even

Jove,
represented Cupid as wielding the thunderbolts of

resistless
an indication of the
st.
force of love.
Cf.
Denham,
Friendship,
19
'Tis he commands the Powers above Phoebus resigns his darts, and Jove His thunder to the god of love.
666.
667.
numina,
i.e.
the exercise of your power.
frater ut iactetur, how thy brother (Êneas was Venus' son) is tossed, etc. (indir. quest, after nota, sc. sunt). 668. iactetur, with u long, perhaps according to an earlier usage
(
359. /; G. 721
H. 608,
v).
to
669.
nota, are things
known
y oil
neut. plur. in imitation of Greek.
The plural of the first person is often used in Latin, as nostro, my. that of the second regularly is in English, for the singular.
671. vereor quo, lam anxious whither (indir. question), a common construction in colloquial and early Latin. 672. cardine, crisis: lit. hinge or turning-point ( 259, a; G. 393; H. 429). cessabit, supply luno. 673.
meditor
H-
The infinitives depend on capere, cingere : military phrases. in the sense of cogito or some similar word ( 271; G. 423 533)ante, in advance. flamma, the flames of love, but with an
ne quo numine,
lest by the influence of some divinity (i.e. Juno). teneatur, botind to me (as if they were tied together). qua possis, indir. question depending on the idea of thought
allusion to military operations.
674.
675. 676.
mecum
implied in mentem. 677. accitu : 245
G. 408
H. 416.
1.
700.]
The SEneid.
cura, object of care (as often).
237
678.
679.
pelago restantia, remaining from the sea
243, a;
G. 390;
H. 414, N. 1 ).
680.
alliterative use of
sopitum somno (abl. of manner), slumbering in sleep. This words from the same root is common in poetry (figura
344, m).
etc., i.e.
(
etymologica,
682.
Cythera
see note,
v.
257.
medius,
come
in to interrupt.
(
683.
G. 296,
noctem R. 4 H.
;
417,
non amplius 256; G. 336; H. 379). 2 N.' ) unam, one night, no more.
247, c
684. falle, counterfeit. notos, because Cupid is also a boy hence the disguise will be easy. 688. ut (v. 685) inspires, purpose of indue (v. 684). fallas veneno, i.e. poison her unnoticed, the same idea as in occultum ignem. Cf.
;
iii.
56
Through her bones the false instilled fire Did spred it selfe, and venime close inspire.
light in the
gaudens incedit he practises his steps with a mischievous masquerading trick. 691. Ascanio membra, frame. 235, a G. 350, i H. 384, 4. 692. inrigat, sheds like dew, cf. Od. ii. 395; Bry. 447.
690.
:
de-
Entice the dewy-feathered sleep.
// Penseroso.
693.
adspirans, breathing
floribus, abl. of
:
its fragrance.
694.
means with complectitur.

.
695. ibat the use of the imperf prevents any break in the narrative, by throwing the action into the same time as what precedes. laetus imitating the feeling 696. duce 255, a G. 409 H. 431, 4. and action which Ascanius would naturally have shown (different from
: ; ; :
the mischief implied in v. 690). iam se composuit 697. cum venit

. . .
the indicative
is
used because
cum
here
=ut or ubi
;
325
G. 580
H.
518).
In prose
we should have
venit, composuerat
698.
;
we may compare
the historical present.

;
727 at the middle place of the middle couch, with .^Lneas on her left and Bitias on her right, with the rest on the side couches. For an ancient
aurea, contracted into two syllables in scanning ( 347, c G. H. 608, iii). mediam \oca.v\\., placed herself in them idst, probably
representation of this feast see head-piece to book ii. Virgil describes a banquet of his own time. H. 465, i), i.e. they recline 700. discumbitur ( 146, d; G. 208, 2 G. 418, 4; H. in their respective (dis-) places. ostro 260, c, N.
; : ;
435.
238
701.
Notes.
dant lymphas
this
washing of hands was usual

v.
at ancient
manibus : seen, on viris, banquets. N. 8 G. 390, N. 2 H. 414, N. 1

; ;
.
264.
canistris
258, a,
702.
tonsis villis
;
with the nap clipped close
(abl.
of quality,
251
G. 400
H.
419,
ii).
703. quibus (dat. of possession, see v. 336, note) cura struere, whose care it was to set forth the provisions. longam penum, i.e. the long array of the banquet.
G. 630 H. 497, i). ( 317, 2 limina laeta, the glad door-ways, as if they shared the joy of the feasters. G. 449 H. 553. nee non 209, a
706.
onerent, subj. of purpose
707.
ruddy as flame, i.e. of more than human beauty. 711. Apparently v. 649 repeated from the margin of some manuscript.
710.
flagrantis,
712.
pesti, ruin.
713.
expleri
;
mentem:
iv.
see n. on sinus,
v. 320.
tuendo
301,
G. 431
715.
H.
542,
G. 561
717. 718.
it
complexu, abl. of separation or H. 518, N. 1

oculis:
;
loc. abl.
pependit:
324;
Dido
were "
719.
alas,
poor Dido
G. 401 ; H. 420. 248, c, i the repetition of the subject gives an added pathos, as "
!
if
and so, plots against her ; or, as this lit. lies in wait ; not found elsewhere, clings to her. 721. praevertere, turn away, i.e. from Sychaeus to a new object. vivo amore (abl. of means), as opposed to the dead Sychaeus.
insidat,
is
meaning
722.
resides, pi. of reses.
desueta, disused to love.
723.
postquam
(sc.
est or fuit; see note
on pependit,
is
v.
715)
the
wine was not brought in till after the feast. 724. coronant, wreathe with a garland, as
Fig. 18.
epulis, dative.
seen by comparison with

iii.
525 and the Greek
i. 470; Bry. 593). (See Fig. 18 from an Cf. ancient relief.)
(II.
ii.:
Cowley, Davideis, bk. " And the crown 'd

goblets nimbly
mov'd
around."
725.
tectis
fit,
then
rises.
(abl.),
through
the hall.
726. atria: see note,
1.
733.]
The ALneid.
:
239
-.'.
laqueari638. dependent night has come on before they finish. bus (see note on complexu, v. 715), panels: the sunken panels (lacus) between the cross-beams of the ceiling were decorated with
gilding,
two
an arrangement often imitated in modern buildings. aureis, lychni see Fig. 20. Cf. Par. Lost, i. 726-730: syllables.
:
From
the arched roof,
Pendent by subtle magic, many a row Of starry lamps and blazing cressets, fed With naphtha and asphaltus, yielded light As from a sky.
Pope, Temple of Fame, vv. 143, 144 As heav'n with stars, the
And
ever-living
i.e.
lamps depend
roof with jewels glows, in rows.
727. funalia, links, service as wicking.
torches in which a stout cord (funis) did
728.
hie, hereupon.
728-730.
Thus
translated by Sir Walter Raleigh:

the weighty bowl,
The queen anon commands
Weighty with precious stones and massy gold,
To flow And all
with wine.
This Belus used of old,
of Belus' line.
729. pateram, a shallow bowl or saucer used for libations (Fig. 19),
here an heir-loom in the royal house it is here brought out to honor the
;
F 'g-
J 9-
guest.
silentia : 730. soliti, sc. implere. the first bringing in of the wine had a
sacred character, and, before the drinking began, a small quantity was always poured out as a libation.
731. luppiter, as the god of hospitality (liospitalis~).
dare iura, define the rights of strangers : the term properly

refers to the func-
tion of a judge,
and hence
266,
is
732. 733.
Tyriis, dative after laetum

veils,
;
here equivalent to protect the rights. ( 234; G. 359; H. 391).

;
G. 376
grant H. 406, ii.
and a
G. 263
H.
484).
huius
219
240
734.
Notes.
luno, as the tutelar divinity of Carthage. hence used in 735. celebrate, throng, or attend in large numbers faventes, strictly, nearly the same sense as its English derivative.
;
"speaking words of good omen" hence, with expressions of joy, and without wrangling to disturb the hallowed rites. Ill-omened words, among which were reckoned all expressions of hatred or sorrow, were
;
supposed to mar the effect of religious observances. 736. laticum honorem, i.e. the liquid which pays honor to the
divinity.
first in rank. libato, impersonal, when G. 410, N. 4 H. 431, N.'2 ). summo 255, c Ore, with the tip of her lips : as hostess she must go through the form,
737-
prima, she
first,
as
libation
had
been
made
but she keeps the feminine proprieties. 738. increpitans, with a challenge (to drink deep). ing loth, contrasted with Dido's summo ore.
740. cithara, lyre, abl. of means accompanying musical instrument).
(the
impiger, noth-
usual
way
crinitus:
of expressing an so ancient bards are

;
See Od. viii. 62 represented, as well as Apollo, the god of song. " Cf. Milton, Vacation Exercise, v. 37 Listening to what unBry. 86.
:
shorn Apollo sings." Atlas was fabled to have been the 741. Atlas
:
was
is
identified with the
mountain
horizon of the ancients.
first astronomer, and which bounded the western So here, lopas, coming from the same vicinity,
in Africa
represented as a Numidian taught by Atlas. The subject of his song was common matter for poetical treatment among the ancients. So
;
Silenus gives an account of the origin of the universe in Eel. vi. 31-40 see also Ovid., Met. i. The present passage is elaborately imitated by Cowley, Davideis, bk. iii
:
Whilst Melchor to his harp with wondrous
skill
His noble verse through Nature's secrets led He sung what spirit through the whole mass is spread, Everywhere all how heavens God's laws approve
:
And
742.
think
it
rest eternally to
cf.
move,
ii.
etc.
labores,
eclipses ;
Par. Lost,
665, 666:
laboring Eclipses at their charms.
The
moon
743. unde (sc. sint), indir. quest. see Vocab. and note on v. 535. 744. Hyadas the two Bears (i.e. the Great and the Little Bear).
:
geminos Triones,
II. 6.]
The ALneid.
mora
its
241
opposed to properent.
746.
noctibus,
i.e.
in winter.
tardis,
Night has
747. 748.
heavenly course as well as day.
ingeminant plausu (abl. of means), increase their applause. nec non et (cf. v. 707), so also, as another part of the entertain-
ment.
749.
longum amorem, long draughts of

: ;
love.
750. multa : the particularity of her inquiries shows her wish to pro260 c cf. note on ostro, v. 700. Priamo long the interview. since he came from a different region from the 751. quibus armis
:
rest of the forces (Ethiopia), his
arms seem
;
to
have been famous and

:
to
have been described
the Epic Cycle cf. z>. 489. Aurorae filius in " son of the Isaiah, xiv. 12, the monarch of the East is called morning."
in
752.
753.
quantus, how
tall or how mighty. immo, nay rather (always with a negative
force).
Here
it
intro-
duces the request for a complete narration from the beginning (a prima origine), as contrasted with the preceding separate details.
755.
nam, introducing the reason for her asking an account
of his
wanderings.
BOOK
Eneas'
tale to
II.
and brings the story On the simiopens. larity between Virgil's conduct of the narrative and Milton's in Par. Lost see note on i. 34.
iii.
i.
Dido takes up Books

to the point at
of the
poem down
ii. and which book
1. conticuere (perf. indicating a momentary act), -were hushed ; tenebant, imperf. of continued action. 2. toro, the couch on which he reclined at table.
3.
infandum,
etc.
Cf. Par. Lost, v. 561

;
ff .
and Raphael After short pause assenting, thus began " High matter thou enjoin'st me, O prince of men, Sad task and hard for how shall I relate
:
Thus Adam made request
To human
Of warring
sense the invisible exploits spirits ? how, without remorse
The
ruin of so
many
"
4. ut eruerint (indir. quest, depending on the verb to tell implied in dolorem renovare), how the Greeks utterly destroyed, etc. miserrima, emphatic, from its position in the relative clause 5.
(
200,
6.
d; G. 616; H. 453,
5).
et
quorum,
v.
etc.,
may be
mer's Field,
12
"
:
And been
translated literally ; cf. Tennyson's Aylhimself a part of what he told." So in
242
his Ulysses, v. 18
:
Notes. "I am a part

i.
of
all
that
have met."
fando,
'in
speaking; compare tuendo,

7.
713.
Myrmidonum Dolopumve,
the soldiers of Achilles,
who was
the
Ulysses (Ulixes) was the wiliest of the Greeks. Being of the same class, they are connected with each other by -ve, and with the
fiercest, as
H. 554, ii, 2). others by the disjunctive aut ( 156 c; G. 493 8. temperet a lacrimis, could refrain from tears (lor subjunc. see 268 G. 259; H. 486, ii): the verb is more commonly followed in this
; ;
sense by the abl. alone or the dat.

9.
:
caelo,
from
the sky.
Night is regarded as running its course through the praecipitat heaven in the same way as the day or the Sun. So Pope, Dunciad, " Now i. Night descending, the proud scene was o'er." See the 89 : cf. description of Night's chariot in Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 5, 20
;
Comus,
10.
w.
553, 554.
cadentia sidera, indicating the approach of

inf.
morning.
cognoscere
:
complem.
(
with
amor
est,
which
is
equivalent to
G. 423; H. 533); cognoscendi would be the prose construction ( 298 G. 428 H. 542, i). n. supremum laborem, the last agony: labor implies suffering as
a verb of wishing
271
well as struggle.
12.
meminisse horret, shudders

;
;
to recall.
Verbs of fearing regularly
take the infinitive in this sense, though usually only vereor is in fact so used ( 271 G. 550, N. 6 H. 498, iii, N. 3 ). luctu refugit, shrinks back
from
the grief
The
complete, though 14. labentibus

glide
1
perfect can be used because the shrinking itself is the effect which is meant to be expressed still remains.
(abl. abs), i.e.
i.
having passed and

; (
still
continuing to
the image)
;
away
cf.
note,
48.
5.
really
4).
instar mentis, huge as a mountain an indecl. noun in appos. with equum
instar
(lit.
is
Palladis
Minerva was
H. 398, 223, e ; G. 373 the patroness of all kinds of handi-
craft.
1
(See Fig. 36.)

is
6.
which
aedificant, build, indicating the size by the very use of a word used of houses. intexunt, line, i.e. with strips running across
\j abiete, trisyllable ; 347, d, R. syllable see
the ribs.
w;
;
for the synaeresis

;
cf.
i.
for
the long
18.
first
G. 723
H.
608,
iii,
N. 2
it,
hue includunt, they shut up in
it (literally hither, i.e. into
mo-
delecta corpora, implying the selection of individuals only the bravest chiefs were to dare the perilous ambuscade. 19. lateri, dat., in a sort of apposition with hue, but governed by
tion being implied).
;
includunt
hint at the
228
G. 347;
size.
H.
386).
penitus, deep within, another
immense
II- 46.]
The ALneid.
(
243
21. 22.
est, there is
opum:
276,
c,
218, c
;
344 c). G. 374;

; ;
II.
399,
Hi, i.
manebant
for tense
G. 569 H. 467, 4, N. male fida, ill-faithful, i.e. treach23. tantum sinus, a mere bay. erous. male, like ling, badly, has with adjs. expressing good qualities
see
N.
a negative force
25.
gone.
with those expressing bad, an intensive force (cf. iv. 8). ; abiisse rati [sumus] ( 336, a, i, N.; G. 527, R. 3 ), supposed they had Mycenas, a very ancient city near Argos, and the home of
Its
Agamemnon.
(cf.
i.
the most interesting in

30, note).
remains, in a very archaic style of art, are among Here used for all Greece generally Greece.
cf. note, i. 463, and notice the different construction. Dorica, Grecian, see note, i. 30. tende29-30. Quoted as specimens of the remarks of the Trojans.
26.
luctu
27.
bat, used to spread (his tents), i.e. had his camp. 30. classibus: 235 G. 344 H. 384, 4. acie, abl. of manner.
; ;
31.
33.
stupet, as equivalent to a strong miratur, here governs an ace.

duel, sc.
equum
. . .
331,^; G. 532, N.; H. 535,
iv).
34.
35.
iam,
i.e.
the time had
now come
6);
for this destiny.

better
(i.e.
i.
quorum
(
menti, those in whose mind was a

;
wiser)
thought
36.
200, c; G. 621
H. 445,
;
menti,
;
cf.
virginibus,
336.
1 G. 358 pelago, dative ( 258, N. with cavas latebras. 38. agrees
H. 385, 4 1 ).
in
39. studia, parties (more lit. party feelings'). Cf. the scene where the people are admiring the brazen horse
:
Chaucer
To
Greet was the pres that swarmeth to and fro gauren [i.e. stare] on this hors that standeth so,
etc.
ff.
Squire's Tale, vv. 181
40.
41.
42.
primus ante omnis, i.e. taking the lead in his eager partisanship. ab arce, where he had been occupied as priest. quae, etc., what madness is this (tanta) ? The use of tam, tails,
in nearly the sense of
and tantus,
our simple demonstratives,
is
very
common
44. 45.
in Latin.
(
dolls, abl.
inclusi, etc.
243, a\ G. 405; H. 414, i). Cf. Chaucer, Squire's Tale,

elles
it
w. 209-214:
was the Grekes hors Synon, That broughte Troye to destruccion,
Or
As men may
"
in thise olde gestes rede. herte," quod oon, "is evermore in drede. I trowe som men of armes ben therinne
Myn
That shapen hem

46.
this citee for to
winne."
2.
fabricata:
135, b
G. 167, N. 2
H.
231,
244
47.
Notes.
inspectura, ventura
of purpose,
6, 2
(fut. part,
H.
549, 3), to look
down on our
houses, etc.
One
293, of the
G. 438, N.;
common means
was to build towers overtopping the walls, and move them forward on wheels. The huge horse is suspected to be such an engine of war (macblna). H. 386, 3. urbi see v. domos 228, a G. 331
of siege
:
;
36, note.
48. error, trick.
ne credite
49.
269, N.,
et, even.
mistake (error) purposely caused is a deception. and a G. 270 and R. 2 H. 488, 489. " And f erentis, ace. plural. Cf. Par. Lost, ii. 391
; ;
:
count thy specious
gifts
no
gifts,
but guiles."
51. inque feri, etc., against the belly of the monster rounded -with jointed framework (compagibus, abl. of manner or means). 52. ilia, the spear: expressed because in Latin the verb agrees with
the last subject mentioned, unless the contrary appears ; and so here if ilia were not expressed Laocoon would be the subject. recusso (abl.
abs.), reechoing
53.
(lit.
of the sound, struck back).

:
insonuere,
etc.
cf.
Par. Lost,
ii.
788,
789
Hell trembled at the hideous name, and sigh'd From all her caves, and back resounded Death
54-56. si fata, etc.
a condition cont. to
fact,
with past prot. (fuisset)

;
and mixed apod, (impulerat,

507, iii) impulerat 2 3 c, N. ; G. 254, R. ).
;
is
stares, maneres) (see 308 G. 597 H. used for impulisset for metrical reasons ( 308,
;
54.
it
laeva, as applied to fata,

dull, blinded.
means
of augury. among the Greeks,
means unpropitious ; as applied to mens, meaning is derived from the language An appearance on the left was inauspicious (cf. sinister)
The
first
whom Virgil here follows, though originally the left was the fortunate quarter among the Romans. Cf. Ben Jonson, Silent Woman, iii. 2 " That would not be put off with left-handed cries." The second meaning comes from the awkwardness (gaucherie) of the left hand. Such uses of words in a double sense are avoided in modern style, and, in the classics we explain them by the so-called rhetorical figure zeugma ; but they probably seemed neither irregular nor objection:
able to the ancients (see

55.
i.
356, note).
when
57.
Argolicas, of the Greeks. The Latin uses an adj. of possession 1 it can, often where English prefers of ( 190; G. 362, R. ; H.
2 395. N. ).
The "Greek"
59.
manus, Greek accus. with revinctum (which agrees with iuvenem) See ace. sinus in i. 320 is different. 240, c and N.; G. 338 and notes; H. 378, i.
.
qui, subject of obtulerat.
II. 84.]
The ALneid.
ipsum
c,
:
245
very thing, that
i. is,
60.
to
aperiret explains hoc

fidens
to contrive this
open, etc.
61.
62.
animi:
218,
R.
G. 374, N. 7
H. 399,
:
iii,
,
versare depends on paratus ( 273, b; G. 421, N. 1 c; H. 533, 3), and is in a kind of apposition with utrumque to practise wiles (if he should succeed) or to die if discovered.
64.
certant: the
;
individually though they gather (ruit) in a exc. a, N.; H. 461, i, N. 2 ); cf. iii. 676.
65.
number changes because they body (

so da
is
vie with each other
205,
c,
i,
N.
G. 21
1,
accipe, learn
used for
tell
me.
68.
70.
71.
agmina
cui
cf.
note to domos,
v. 47.
Spondaic verse.
iam, any longer.
neque locus, who have no place among the Greeks, For dat. cf. menti, v. 35. even the Trojans, etc. (super) 72. poscunt, exact the penalty; cf. v. 139.
73.
and
besides
animi, feelings.
75.
quidve ferat, or what news he brings
(indir. quest.).
;
memoret
(in indir. disc, for
him
tell
imperative of direct,
fiducia,
i.e.
tell
us (we say).
G. 652 H. 523, iii), let on what he relies to save him.
339
formidine, pavitans (v. 107): the embarrassment was genuine and natural not enough to destroy his presence of mind and so spoil his scheme, but enough to make a favorable impression on his captors.
76.
;
77.
will,
" equidetn makes the whole expression more forcible, like our I indeed I will." fuerit (fut. perf.) quodcumque, whatever shall
come of it.
78.
79.
Argolica in answer to the question in v. 74. hoc primum (sc. dictum esto), i.e. let this compromising fact be
:
stated once for

80.
all
vanum:
fando
:
186, c;
hence the nee that follows. G. 325; H. 373, N. 2
improba, malicious
goddess.
6. aliquod nomen, any [such] name. Ulysses, to avoid joining in the Trojan expedition, feigned madness, yoking together a horse and a bull, ploughing a field with this team, and sowing it with salt. Palamedes laid Telemachus in
81.
cf.
note, v.
82.
Palamedis.
the furrow.
to the service.
Ulysses turned out, and being thus proved sane, was held In revenge he procured the death of Palamedes in the
text.
way hinted at in the the renown itself.

83.
fama
is
the talk about his renown; gloria,
falsa sub,
etc.,
under a false and treacherous charge.

vetabat, tried
to stop (conative imperf.,
i,
84.
indicio, (false) charge.
277, <r;G. 233;
H. 469,
i).
246
85.
Notes.
mine cassum lumine
dead.
:
243,
G. 405, N. 8
H. 414,
iii),
now when
he
is
87. pauper his poverty was his reason for sending the boy, as war was with the ancients a regular means of gaining wealth. primis ab
annis,
88.
89. 91.
92.
i.e.
at an early age.
cf.
stabat:
manebant,
v. 22.
regno
loc. abl.
consiliis, loc. abl.
baud ignota
to win confidence, he weaves in well-known facts.

:
trahebam, tacui
notice the change of tense.
93.
mecum,
alone by myself.
me ... ultorem: indir. disc, dependent on promisit. Me me ulturum ultorem (to which promisit gives a future sense) ultor ero ulciscar) [esse] and so stands for a fut. apod. (dir. disc.
94-96.
.
the prot.
is
;
tulisset,
337. a, 3
97.
remeassem G. 516 H. 525, 2.

;
(dir.
disc.
tulerit,
remeavero)
see
labes
misfortune
is
represented as a gradual subsidence or sink(
ing to ruin.
98.
mihi
dat. of reference
etc.
:
235
v.
G. 344
:
H. 384,
4).
nine spargere,
cf.
Par. Lost,
702-3
Tells the suggested cause, and casts between
Ambiguous words and

99.
jealousies.
quaerere, etc., i.e. conscious of his guilt, he began to seek arms H. of defense against him who might be his accuser ( G. 647 275
; ;
536, I)100. nee

lost),
enim (the negative of etenim, in which the force of et is donee for he did not rest, etc., referring back to prima labes. Sinon artfully breaks off just when he has roused the keenest curiosity. 101. sed autem pleonastic and colloquial. 102. quidve moror, or why do I delay you? uno ordine (abl. of
:
manner), in one degree of estimation, i.e. as all alike. iamdudum implies that 103. id, i.e. the fact that I am a Greek. 2 G. 269). sumite they have been long eager to do it ( 276, a, N.
; :
regularly looked on as a fine or forfeit which the inflicter takes (hence sumere, to inflict) and the sufferer gives (hence dare, to
punishment
suffer)
cf.
is
i.
136;
ii.
72, 139, 366.

it
104.
velit,
(
would like
311
;
(future apod.,
307, b
:
G. 596),
i.e.
if
you
G. 600; 11.509). magno 252; 6.404; H. 422. Notice that these words regu105. turn vero, then more than ever. larly introduce the most important point or the decisive moment in the
should doit
narrative.
109.
ardemus,
:
bello
i.e. before we were eager, but now we long. to be taken with both fessi and discedere : they were
it.
wearied with the war, and anxious to depart from
ir. 132.]
The Aineid.
: ; ;
247
H. 483, i. G. 261 no. fecissent 267, b in. euntis, just going, with a sort of future meaning, as in Greek, French, and English. 112. praecipue the previous occurrences were omens forbidding cum departure, and now still more were there signs of divine wrath. when now. iam, cf. note on orantes (i. 519). 114. scitantem, to inquire oracula,
: ;
the responses (the proper

116.
Strait),
meaning of the word).
sanguine, i.e. the sacrifice of Iphigenia at Aulis (on the Eubcean where the Greek fleet mustered for the Trojan expedition, and
where
it
was detained by head winds

daughter to Diana.
sts.
until
Agamemnon
consented to the
sacrifice of his
Women,
118.
ficed).
1
25-30.
The
story
is
See Tennyson's Dream of Fair told in the Hecuba of Euripides.

sacri-
anima, abl. of means (a regular construction for the thing litandum [est] (impersonal), expiation must be made.
gelidusque
. .
20.
cucurrit
cf Par. Lost, ix.

.
888-90
amaz'd, Astonied stood, and blank, while horror chill

. . .
Adam
Ran through
121.
his veins,
and
all his joints relax'd.
cui fata parent, [in doubt] for

;
whom
the fates are preparing

;
(such a destiny)
is
parent
is
used absolutely without an object
the doubt
pre-
implied in tremor, etc.
the liminary arrangement for agitation of the people is explained by v. 130. 122. hie, adv. Calchanta Calchas, the "dread soothsayer" of See Êsch. Agam. 156. the Grecian armament.
:
The response itself is supposed to be a the death of some one. The cause of
123.
1
numina,
i.e.
expressions of the divine
will.
24.
flagitat implies violence or insistence.
iam canebant, began

also saw, but were
to foretell
(prophecies being usually given in verse).

i.e.
125.
silent.
artificis,
Ulysses.
taciti
i.e.
some
126. cf
.
i.
38 1
29.
is regularly used with numeral adverbs; tectus, hiding his thoughts. composite, according to compact, strictly an impersonal ablative
quinos
,
the distributive
note.
absolute
cf.
i.
737, note.
:
manner causative
130.
rumpit, breaks his silence ; rumpit is in a he makes his voice >reak the bands that held it.
quae
permitted)
tulere, what each dreaded for himself, they bore (i.e. when turned to one wretch's ruin. The emphatic position of
.
unius and tulere suggests

132.
this as the best interpretation. sacra, arrangements for the sacrifice. parari
:
for construc-
tion see note
on quaerere,
v. 99.
248
:
Notes.
the coarse meal and salt (called also mola), 133. salsae fruges vittae, as in all sacrifices. always accompanying an immolation. it was sacrilege to escape, for he was already devoted 134. fateor
:
(sacer) to the god.
leto, dat.
229; G. 345,
R. 1
H.
385, 2).
vin-
escaped from confinement. dedissent by sequence 328; 0.572; H. 519, ii, 2. 136. darent of tenses for fut. perf. (see note, v. 94), because the action would take
cula rupi,
i.e.
: :
place before the time of
dum
darent.
For mood see
342
G. 663,
H. 529,
137.
139.
ii.
iam, any longer.
quos poenas
239, c;
G. 339;
H. 374) reposcent, of whom
they, perchance, will exact the penalty for
my
escape.
;
140.
quod, therefore
i).
(lit.
as to which, Gr. ace.
240, c
G. 338
H. 378,
141.
The word
regularly introduces adjurations.
veri:
218, a; G. 374;
si
H.
399.
142.
per, sc. earn fidem.
qua
est
the perfidy of the Greeks

restet
:
makes him doubt if good faith exists anywhere. H. 503, i. 631, 2 H. 406, G. 377 221, a 143. laborum: 144. non digna, undeserved misfortunes.
;
; ;
320, a
G.
i.
145.
count of the tears
lacrimis, dat., a bold synecdoche: what is given to him on acis said to be given to the tears themselves ; cf.
iii.
Shakspere, Cymbeline,
4. 61,
62
Sinon's weeping
Did scandal many a holy

ultro, besides
147. 148.
1
tear.
(lit.
beyond
his asking,
which was only for his
life).
dictis: abl. of manner.
hinc iam, from henceforth.
50.
molem,
etc.
cf.
George
Peele, Tale of Troy,

a horse.
i.e.
w.
382, 383
A
Much
quo,
151.
to
huge unwieldy frame
like
what end?
religio,
quis auctor,
by whose counsel
(or offering}*.
quae
what
religious
questions in various forms as his doubt.

154.
show
repeated the old man's eager curiosity, as well
vow
The
non
violabile,
i.e.
an oath by these divine powers must not be
broken.
156.
gessi,
deum (gen. pi.), i.e. worn in honor of the gods. quas hostia and hence so much the more sacred an oath to him.
sacrata, consecrated by religious 157. iura, i.e. iura iuranda, oaths. resolobligation, like the oath of enlistment of the Roman soldier.
II.
79.]
The ALneid.
lit.
249
(
vere, to break ;
to unbind, that
is,
to loose the obligation
270, b
G. 4 28, N.2; H. 538).

1
58.
ferre
sub auras, bring out

abl.
to light
(lit.
to air)
from
their hiding-
place.
160. 161.
promissis, loc.
maneas
266, a
G. 263, 2
repay.
H. 484,
iv.
Troia
an appeal
to the holy city itself,
more impressive than
one to the king alone.
magna rependam, greatly

307,
On
(
the form
of the conditional sentence see
d'; G. 595; H.
(cf.
i.
508, 4. 254,
6, i).
163. auxiliis, loc. abl., the idiomatic construction with sto
164.
sed enir-,
elliptical,
as usual
19, note): but [their
hopes
began
to fail] for, ever since (ex quo), etc. Again a well-known story, the capture of the Palladium, is woven into his tale. 166. Palladium (Greek dimin. of Pallas), a small wooden image of
the goddess.
I5 2 -I54:
It
goddess was offended.
was polluted by Chaucer

But aldermost
in
their touch,
calls
Sinon says, and hence the

i.
Palladium a "relic": Troilus,
honour, out of doute,
They hadde a
That was
168.
reljk hight Palladion,
hir trist
aboven everichon.
have differed
169.
virgineas vittas, the fillets of the maiden goddess: these seem to in form from those of matrons (cf. the Scotch snood},
illo (correl. to
ex
171. ea signa, signs of
ex quo), since then. this ; cf. vii. 595;
fluere, ebb.
xii.
468.
monstris (mo-
neo), warnings.
luminibus arrectis (abl. of separation), staring eyes. ipsa, the goddess herself (more amazing than the other warnings). 175. trementem : the agitation of the goddess is indicated more vividly by the rattling of her arms.
173.
174. 176.
178.
canit: see note,
v. 124.
temptanda
omina
Virgil here transfers a
Roman custom
[esse], ind. disc. to the
Homeric
Greeks.
of the
The Romans undertook no expedition without the direction gods, who were supposed to dwell in the city, and were consulted
by auspices before setting out. If the event was unsuccessful, the aushad to be taken again in the city, and the whole enterprise be begun anew. The term for this was repetere auspicia, of which repetere
pices
omina
is
here a variation.
;
Argis,
;
from Argos.
repetant,
f ut.
prot.
H. 527). numen, the favoring presence ( 337 of the gods, as shown by renewed favorable auspices. J curvis carinis, 179. pelago ( 258, g\ G. 389 H. 425, i ), by sea. II. 420), in the crooked ships ; cf. II. G. 401 abl. of means ( 248, c, I
in indir. disc.
G. 657
ii.
297.
250
180.
Notes.
quod, in that
is
[.#:NEID.
333, a; G. 525, 2
H. 516,
2, N.);
the antecedent
clause
182.
183.
parant,
etc.
omina, i.e. those referred to in w. 171-175. pro Palladio, in lieu of the Palladium ; pro numine, in propitiation of the offended divinity. The goddess is, however, identified with her image the Palladium, hence pro can be used with both, though not
in precisely the
same sense
(see note
on
v. 54).
184. 185.
triste,
gloomy
(in its effect).
gist of the idea is in immensam molem. They were to huge so as to keep it outside, where it would protect them and not the enemy. tamen, i.e. though it was in lieu of the Palladium, yet it was to be of no service to the Trojans. 186. caelo see note on pelago, v. 36. 187. recipi and duel are branches of the same general idea neu introduces a different one. Sinon accounts for the size of the horse, and at the same time suggests that disposal of it which he desires.
The
make
it
188.
antiqua,
i.e.
:
just as formerly
this
under the protection of the Palla-
dium.
sanctity
religione
which
calls
it
word implies piety (religious veneration), the forth, and the object which possesses that sanctity.
all,
Here
it
seems
to
be used with a confused notion of

;
chiefly the last.
189.
violasset, ind. disc, for fut. perf.

.
. .
cf.
COnvertant ( 267 190. quod di gods turn the omen against himself (Calchas). The anger of the gods had to be satisfied, but might by prayers be diverted from its original
; ;
note on tulisset, v. 94. G. 260 H. 483, 2), may the
object to another person.

191.
futurum
(
[esse], indir. disc, following the verb of saying implied

;
in iussit
venturam, i.e. would make an offensive war, beyond the defensive warfare they were now waging (cf. v. 145, and note).
193.
.
330, e ultro . .
G. 649, N. 2
H.
523,
i,
N.).
the fates implied in exitium. Sinon's name was long a by-word in literature for an arch-traitor. Chaucer, for example, associates him with Genilon,
194.
ea,
i.e.
195.
periuri Sinonis.
who
Tale,
betrayed Roland at the pass of Roncevaux (as told in the Old

Priest's
French Chanson de Roland}, and with Judas Iscariot (Nun's
w.
196.
199.
407, 408). capti, those (implied anteced. of quos, cf. v. 35, note) were caught. aliud : by this prodigy the fall of Troy is shown to have been
fate,
due to
200.
and not merely

ill-fated.
to the wiles
and valor of the Greeks.
miseris, [to us]
201. Neptuno, dat.

sorte, a
improvida, not knowing the future, blinded. G. 350, i H. 384, ( 235, a

;
4,
N. 2 ).
v. 178).
ductus
Roman custom
transferred to
Troy
(cf.
note on
II. 234-]
The ALneid.
251
204.
orbibus, coils (abl. of manner).

parrter, side by side. iubae cf. Milton's description of the serpent " with hairy
:
205. 206.
mane
terrific."
The word seems literally to mean/*V ; hence used of the course of a vessel, and so here of the monster. volumine (abl. of manner) the plural would be more natural, but doubtless the singular is occasioned by the metre. Cf. capita, v. 219.
:
Par. Lost, vii. 497. 208. legit, skims (the flood).
210.
oculos,
Greek
ace.; see
note on
v. 57.
212.
visu, abl. of cause.
agmine
certo, with steady
march
(like
an
if
army), not roaming about aimlessly as they might be expected to do not divinely sent.
216. 218.
auxilio, to their help (dat. of service, COllO (dat.), about their neck ( 225, d
233, a
;
G. 356
;
H.
2).
390).
G. 348
H. 384,
219. terga : see note on sinus, i. 320. capite, abl. of degree of difference ( 250; G. 403; H. 423): capltibus could not be used in
hexameter.
220.
223.
tendit, strives.
divellere
271, a
G. 423, 2
H.
498,
ii,
N. 1
quales mugitus, cum,

xx. 403
for tales
clamores), quales tolluntur,

(cf. II.
;
etc.,
mugitus (in apposition with such roarings as are raised when, etc.
ii.
Bry. 507).
Like to a
So Dante, Inferno,
bull, that
22-24
with impetuous spring
Darts, at the moment when the fatal blow Hath struck him, but, unable to proceed,
Plunges on either
side.
224.
incertam, ill-aimed.
securim
56, b;
G.
57,
H.
62,
iii.
225.
lapsu
(abl.
delubra
226.
summa.
of manner), gliding (as if it were a participle). The chief shrines of an ancient city were regularly in
(cf. the Capitol at Rome and the Parthenon at Athens). saevae, cruel, in withdrawing her protection from Troy. 227. clipei many statues of Minerva show a shield resting on the 1 1 1, a G. 218; ground, the upper edge held by her hand. teguntur
the stronghold
H. 465.
228.
turn vero
terror at the serpents
see note, v. 105. novus the former fear the new is a religious awe. cunctis ;
:
was mere
:
cf.
Nep-
tuno, v. 201, note. 229. scelus expendisse merentem, has expiated his guilt, as he deserves; see 292 G. 666; H. 549, i.
;
mood see 320, e; G. 633 ; H. 517. 234. dividimus, etc., we break down the walls (muros), and [tAus] lay open the defenses (moenia) of the city ; moenia is the more general word. Cf. Gower, Confessio Amantis, bk. i. :
231.
laeserit: for
252
The
Notes.
gates that
[>ENEID.
Neptunus made
thousand winter ther-to-fore They have anon to-broke and tore,
The stronge walles doun they So that into the large strete
bete,
This hors with greet solempnite Was brought withinne the cite\
rotarum lapsus, rolling wheels 235. accingunt : see note on i. 210. the rollings of -wheels') a bold form of expression, common in poetry; the quality or property of a person or thing, which would naturally be
(lit.
:
expressed by an adj., is embodied in an abstract noun, and the person This emphasizes the quality. Cf. or thing itself follows in the gen.
minae murorum, menacing

iv.
-walls
(lit.
menaces of walls),
iv.
88
cf.
also
132.
238.
Virgil's
again a Roman custom. Many such customs of pueri, etc. time alluded to in the /Eneid were supposed to have been im:
ported direct from Troy. 239. gaudent, because

240.
ilia
it
was a sacred
service.
as Menelaus tells the story in the Odyssey (iv. 274289; Bry. 355), Helen went thrice about the horse, calling the several and they were chiefs by name, imitating by her voice the wife of each
subit
only kept from betraying themselves by the strong hand of Ulysses laid
upon
their
mouths.
241. 243.
divom domus:
substitit,
minans, towering high. see v. 351 and note.

stumbling,
as
it
stopped:
were, on
the threshold,
always a bad
244.
245.
omen with the Romans. utero, abl. of separation. immemores they had forgotten Laocoon's warning (v 45). monstrum infelix, the inauspicious, i.e. fatal, prodigy. arce
: .
1 260, a; G. 385, R.
and
N. 1
H. 380,
N.
246. tune etiam, then too (besides the other warnings which she had given in vain). fatis, abl. of manner. Cassandra, daughter of Priam. She had been endowed by Apollo with the gift of prophecy but, as she
;
rejected his love, the gift was accompanied with the curse that no one should believe her inspired words. Cf. the prophecy of Cassandra in
Landor, Espousals of Polyxena
Hearest thou not the marble manger crack Under the monster's jaw ? It scales our walls And human voices issue from its bulk.
247.
non credita, agrees with

4).
(
ora.
Teucris, dative
232, a
G.
354; H. 388,
248.
quibus esset
320, e
G. 634; H. 515,
iii),
THOUGH
that day
was our
last (contrasting the signs of joy with their real fate).
Notice
II. 268.]
The jEneid.
253
how
etc.
this idea is
brought out by the position of miseri before quibus, decking temples with garlands had a religious in con-
249.
velamus
its
nection with
festival
:
meaning.
night, like day, 250. ruit oceano vast Ocean that encircles the earth.
was conceived as
rising
from the
251.
252.
involvens
fusi:
cf.
notice the grave effect of the spondees.
herbam, i. 214. was on its -way already, anticipating Sinon's success. 1 1 H. 412, N. 258, a, N. 0.391, R. per arnica 255. Tenedo silentia lunae, by the friendly silence of the moon (cf. v. 340).
254.
fusi per
ibat,
256.
flammas,
is
Helen
the signal light, as a sign to Sinon cf. vi. 518, where This said to have held forth a lighted torch as a signal.
;
clause should properly be the subordinate one, but, as often, is emphaH. 521, ii, i). sized by its present form (see 325, b ; G. 581 257. fatis deum: cf. vi. 376.
;
from
Danaos . . 258. utero, loc. abl. claustra, lets loose the Greeks their fine-wood prison. As the verb laxat can apply in slightly different senses to both Danaos and claustra, the zeugma, always a
.
favorite
form of expression (cf. notes on i. 356, ii. 54), is preferred to the ablative of separation (claustris). 259. laxat is in the same construction as extulerat, but the action of
;
the latter verb precedes and that of the former is brought forward to hence the great difference of tense. present time (hist, pres.) auras, cf. George Peele, Tale of Troy, TJV. 414open air ; see ii. 158, iv. 388
;
417:
The monstrous
horse, that in his spacious sides
traitorous throng of subtile Grecians hides, 'dan now discharge his vast and hideous load
silently disperse his strength abroad.
And
260.
the story
263.
cf. Od. viii. 500-520; Bry. 613, where by Demodocus. primus Machaon Machaon, son of ./Esculapius primus may
cavo robore promunt

is
told
be a translation of dpurTftioma
the first.
264.
doli,
i.e.
(II. xi.
506), or
may perhaps mean among
the horse.
Notice the variety of words Virgil uses to
refer to the horse (cf. note
on
i.
84).
266. 267.
268.
portis, ablative of means.
conscia, allied, knowing each other's plans. tempus erat : this, with nox erat, has been observed to be a
favorite
form of transition with
Virgil.
Cf. Spenser, Visions of Bellay,
254
It
Notes.
was the time, when
rest, soft sliding
downe
From heaven's
hight into
mens heavy
eyes,
In the forgetfulness of sleepe doth drowne
The carefull thought of mortall miseries Then did a ghost before mine eyes appeare.
;
269.
dono divom
:
cf
the
Homeric
virvov
Swpoc
Milton, Par.
gift
Lost, iv. "
sleep
271.
" And when we seek, as now, thy [i.e. God's] 735 and Psalm cxxvii. " He giveth his beloved sleep."
:
of
effundere fletus
273.
pedes tumentis
so Patroclus' ghost, II. xxiii. 65 Bry. 77. see note, i. 484. lora : for full explanation
;
of construction see
274.
239,
b, R.
quantum mutatus,
Often
etc.
cf.
iv.
49
my
mother's shade to
alas
!
me
appeared,
A pallid ghost,
Her face,
"
redit,
!
with bearing dolorous,
how changed from what had been

cried.
Flee, flee
" she
275.
i.e.
as I
seem
;
to see
him
returning.
The
tense
is
used
like the historical present
see
cf.
II.
xvii,
188; Bry. 232.

iv. I. 123,
277.
concretes, matted ;
Macbeth,
"The
blood-boltered
Banquo."
278.
volnera
likely, the
less : apparently honorable wounds received in battle hurts and bruises from being dragged at the car of Achilles.
;
quae plurima, of which he had received so many (cf. v. 5, note). cf. w. 145, 193. ultro, first (without being spoken to) that Hector has been a moment Êneas etc. for 281. forgets lux,
279.
;
:
slain.
285.
287.
ut, how,
i.e.
in
how sad
a plight.
moratur, stay for (i.e. heed). 289. his, with a gesture (the so-called
291.
deictic
sat
datum, a
legal
phrase
use of the pronoun). your debt to your country and

. . .
si ... possent f uissent, if Troy king has been fully paid. could be saved (at all) by human hand, it would have been saved (before) G. 597, R. 1 H. 510, N. 2 ). Satirically by mine (for tense see 308, a
;
applied by Pope, Dunciad,
i.
195-198
Could Troy be sav'd by any single hand, This grey-goose weapon must have made her stand.
293.
penates
associated with Vesta, goddess of the home.
Eneas'
duty
is
to protect his
home, not to
try vainly to
defend Troy.
294.
295.
his, dative of reference.

i.e. moenia. pererrato ponto, abl. abs. vittas Vestamque, hendiadys see i. 61, note.
quae
296.
11.322.]
the sacred
The Aineid.
:
255
297.
ignem
fire,
which was carried from the hearth of
Vesta, in the mother city, to kindle that of the new community. The gods and fire here referred to were supposed to be preserved in the
temple of Vesta at Rome.

298.
ceri
is
miscentur,
the regular
etc.,
word
disturbed by many mingled sounds of grief; misfor any confusion.

:
299.
301. 302.
303.
top
of.
used as predicates with recessit, stood apart secreta, obtecta the din of arms. dread horror,
somno, probably
ascensu
(
ablative.
;
248, R.
G. 399;
H. 419,
iii)
supero, mount
to
the.
/ stand listen304. veluti cum: compare II. xi. 492-497 Bry. 599. ing [to the roar of battle] just as, when the blaze driven by furious southern blasts falls upon the crops, or the hurrying torrent of a mountain flood ouenvhelms the fields, etc., the shepherd, ignorant of the cattse,from
;
the lofty
summit of a rock, bewildered, hears (stupet accipiens) the roar. manifesta fides, the truth is clear (belief is forced upon me of what would otherwise seem impossible).
309.
Od. viii. 517 Bry. 636. Deiphobus, the next of the 310. Deiphobi sons of Priam after Hector and Paris, had married Helen after Paris'
:
;
death
his
house was therefore the
first
destroyed.
fall
dedit, as
we
say
ruinam means both the "gave a crash." of it (cf. v. 465 and note).
311.
and the consequences
Volcano, not merely fire, but the God of Fire in person. fire-god, Hephaistos, with whom Vulcan was identified, favorite son of Juno (ffera).
The
is
Homeric
the
312. Ucalegon (i.e. his house): one of the ancient counsellors sat with Priam on the wall (II. iii. 148 Bry. 186). 314. nee sat rationis, and yet (= though) there is no reason.
;
who
notice the 315. animi of passion, while mentem

:
common
is
use of the plural animi in the sense

etc.
the intellect, or judgment.
317.
succurrit,
it
conies [to
et
my
est
thought],
Cf. the familiar line
from Horace, dulce

318. 319.
decorum
e.
pro patria mart.
Achivom
Panthus
:
40,
another aged counsellor

cf. v.
bique (hendiadys,
v.
arcis Phoe(II. iii. 146). 296, note), of Apollo in the citadel ; see note,
225.
321. ipse,
i.e.
he alone without attendants to bear the sacred burden.
manner. amens tendit, comes running wildly. arquam quo loco, where is the main struggle? cem, what stronghold shall we occupy ? supposing the citadel to be
cursu, abl. of
. .
322.
256
already taken.
Notes.
This seems the best rendering of this much-vexed pasAnother meaning of the first question is, In what condition is G. 228 the decisive struggle ? For tense of prendimus see 276, c and jEneas accordingly H. 467, 5. Panthus replies that all is lost
sage.
;
rushes out in the general direction of the noise (v. 337). vocative; it represents Greek ov contracted from oe.
324.
Panthu,
ineluctabile, inevitable (lit. that cannot be wrestled away from). fuimus Troes, etc. " It was a common phrase with the Romans," " to See 279, a say, Antiochus the Great has been." says Appian
325.
;
0.236,
i;
H. 471,
2.
;
:
acG. 337; H. 380, ii). transtulit 326. Argos, ace. ( 258, b " the gods departed in a body from Troy cording to the Greek legend, on the night of its capture, bearing their own images with them " (see
v 35 1 )ferus of feeling.
-
not a general epithet, but indicating his present state
327.
incensa
urbe
(loc. abl.), i.e.
they have set
fire to
the
city,
and are masters

328.
there, a vivid
in
it.
mediis in moenibus,
i.e.
in the very citadel.
adstans, standing
329. 330.
presence. victor (in app. with Sinon), in his success (lit. as victor). bipatentibus, i.e. thrown wide open (lit. with both folding-doors
sc. tot
way
of indicating
its
open); for case see

331.
quot,
258, g\ G. 389; H. 425, I milia, in appos. with alii; see

1.
200, b
G. 616.
332.
333-
angusta viarum (cf. i. 422), the narrow ways. oppositi, on guard (to prevent flight).
334. parata neci, ready for slaughter (of the foe). primi vigiles, the foremost of the guards (there is scarcely a show of resistance).
335.
336.
tions, is
caeco,
i.e.
:
having no orders or plans, they fight wildly.

i.e.
numine
the idea must be general, under the divine direction.

i.e.
that this, as all his ac-
337. Erinys, the Fury, Battle of Alcazar, v. I

:
the
demon
of battle
cf.
George Peele,
me what Fury rageth in our camp, That hath enforced our Moors to turn their backs.
Tell
341.
Coroebus
Cassandra's lover, lately

;
(illis
;
diebus)
come
to Troy,
who
is slain
by Idomeneus
it
:
see
II. xiii.
363~37~2
Bry. 449.
342. forte, as
343. 344.
happened.
mad because untimely. gener, as a son-in-law (by betrothal). for mood cf. note on laeserit, v. 231. 346. audierit
insano
his love is
:
11.369.]
The Êneid.
257
347. confertos, in close array (as we say, shoulder to shoulder), indicating unity of purpose and readiness for any fate.
348.
abl. of
super
(adv.),
besides
(though already they were brave).
his,
manner
or means.
349. 350.
extrema, the worst.

sequi depends on the phrase certa cupido, which
is
equivalent
to a verb of wishing (in prose,

(dat. of possession).
sequendi
cf. v.
10).
rebus, of affairs
351. excessere: an allusion to the evocatio of the gods of the enemy as practised by the Romans. See A. & G.'s Cicero, Notes, p. 314; cf.
Dryden, To Clarendon, w.
17
ff.
When
our great monarch into exile went, Wit and religion suffered banishment.
Thus once, when Troy was wrapt in fire and smoke, The helpless gods their burning shrines forsook.
352. 353.
quibus, abl. of means. incensae (emphatic), you are rushing

first is
to
defend a
city
already in
moriamur et ruamus: the flames. includes the other hence we need not
;
the
more important and
assume any inversion of the ideas
(hysteron proteron). 354. una, the only.

355. animis, courage, are roused to madness.
.
i.e.
they had determination before, but
now
they
356. improba . . rabies, ravening hunger has driven out [to prowl] in blind fury. G. 325. caecos : 186, c
;
360.
nox
umbra.
It
is
moonlight, but the streets are dark.
Besides, such expressions are not to be taken too strictly.

361. quis . . . explicet ( 268; G. 259; H. 486, ii), who can tell in speech ? The expression is a prelude, to the account not of his own exploits, but of the scene of slaughter which they now witnessed in the
streets.
364.
365.
inertia, lifeless. religiosa, venerable ; see derivation in Vocabulary.
366.
367.
dant^
cf.
note on sumite,
v. 103.
;
H. 384, 4, N. 2 ). ( 235, a; G. 350, l cruel a crudelis not uncommon 368. anguish. luctus, By figure the cruelty is transferred from the author or cause to the effect. ubique,
victis, dative of reference
etc.
:
cf.
Drayton, Queen Margaret ; The earth is fill'd with groans,
the air with cries
Horror on each side doth enclose her eyes.

369.
plurima, singular, as
in
many
a.
imago, form.
258
371. SOCia
372. 373.
374.
Notes.
agmina,
i.e.
{that
ultro, first,
we were} a friendly band. without being spoken to (cf. v. 279).
rapiunt,
sera segnities, tardy, or, imitating the alliteration, sluggish sloth. etc., plunder and bear away [the spoil of] burning Troy.
375.
376.
primum,/rj/
neque fida
sensit
;
( 151, d; G. 325, R.'). satis, not very trustworthy,
i.e.
377.
(
delapsus
= se
dubious, suspicious.
esse delapsum,
'
a Greek construction
it).
272, b
G. 527, N. 2 ).
delapsus, fallen (without knowing
378. retro repressit, checked : strictly, tautological, but such repetition for emphasis is common in all languages cf., for example, Shakspere,
;
Love's Labor's Lost,
ii.
I.
159
"I'll
repay
it
back."
380. nitens, treading. refugit : notice that this verb is transitive in Latin. The perfect is used to express the moment when the man has Cf. Parnell, The Hermit: just recoiled in his fear.
As one who
spies a serpent in his way, Glist'ning and basking in the summer ray, Disorder'd stops to shun the danger near,
Then walks with

382. 383.
faintness on
and looks with

;
fear.
abibat, was about
to flee
277, c
G. 233; H. 469,
the
i).
circumfundimur, plunge into; " surround ourselves with."

384.
strictly, in
"middle"
sense,
passim, i.e. in all parts of the scene of battle. 386. successu animisque (abl. of cause), exultant with the courage of H. 416. success (hendiadys); 245; G. 408
;
388.
lively
dextra
we should
expect dextram, but the word
is
made more
their
by agreeing with subject.

insignia,
389.
equipments: helmets, shields,
etc.,
by which
211,
wearers
390.
may be
dolus,
2).
distinguished.
etc.,
supply
sit in
a double question
G. 458
in hoste, in dealing with enemy, a very common meaning of in).

392.
clipei insigne
is
;
H. 353,
an enemy
(lit.
in the case of an
expression
somewhat
:
decorum, the gorgeous blazonry of his shield. The like lapsus rotarum (v. 235), though more
^
complicated it is, however, natural enough in poetry. cf. ii. 275. see note to collecta, i. 320 393. induitur
;
394.
396.
i.e.
ipse Dymas, Dymas too. baud numine nostro (abl. of manner), with no favoring divinities, the plan was destined to be fatal, as the sequel showed. This is, on
the whole, the best meaning of this disputed passage. Possibly, however, the idea that being under the Greek ensign, as it were, they were not under their own divinities, was in Virgil's mind for it is a privilege
;
II.
423-]
The ALneid.
mean two
;
259
of poetry to
would be a pun may

398. Oreo, that of the Lower
to
things at once in other words, what in a jest in serious language be a poetic suggestion.
Cf. invitis divis, v. 402.
nostro
Orcus.
This
also used for 401. 402.
World; the Lower World

:
G. 312, R. H. 447, N. ; is, properly, the god of Death, as Dis but they are often confounded. Orcus
1
:
197,
is is
itself.
scandunt equum cf. vi. 489, ix. 152. heu nihil, etc., alas, it is right for no man. invitis divis (dat. 2 H. 385, ii). Throughout this book, the gods are 227; G. 346 and R. represented as bent on the destruction of Troy.
:
403. trahebatur, i.e. by Ajax Oileus, who dragged with her the statue of Pallas to which she clung. P'or his punishment see i. 41-45. passis
.
crinibus, with dishevelled hair.
404.
templo
Êneas has now reached the

eyes,
citadel.
Cf. v. 410.
406.
407.
Lost,
lumina, her
I say.
vi. 1 1
408.
409.
we say); cf. the Latinism in Par. " Abdiel that sight endured not." periturus : see note on inspectura, v. 47.
non
tulit, could not bear (as
:
densis armis, into the thick of the fight (dat.
228
G. 347
H.
i.e.
386).
410.
primum, i.e. this was our first disaster (cf. v. 385). delubri, the temple of Pallas, where the whole scene seems to take place.
miserrima, because slain by their own fellow-citizens.
facie, ablative of cause.
:
411.
412.
413.
a new element in their peril. gemitu turn, etc. dolore, the It is opposed to their feeling of wrath (ira). for the thing. sign put ereptae virginis ira, rage for the rescued maid.
414. acerrimus
416.
iii.
Aiax
see note v. 403.
adversi, face to face (pred.).
rupto, bursting forth ;
cf.
Georg.
428.
:
the fitful blasts of a veering storm are often con417. confligunt Cf. the storm, i. 81. laeceived as a conflict of the different winds.
tus equis (cf. i. 275): by a common and very old metaphor he sented as driving his steeds like a warrior to battle.
420.
421. 422.
si
is
repre-
quos fudimus, whomever,
i.e.
all
whom we
have routed.
tela, the lying
insidiis, by the trick (see
w.
389-95).
primi:
.
7 1 191; G. 325, R. ; H. 443, N.
mentita
(not counterfeited} weapons.
own
ora . . signant, they mark our tongues, discordant from their for the Trojans spoke a different dialect from the Greeks, though probably not a different language.
423.
:
26o
424. 428.
ilicet, instantly (see
Notes.
derivation in Vocab.). dis aliter visum, the gods judged other-wise (lit. it seemed otherwise to the gods), i.e. if one draws an inference from his fate, for, though
innocent, he suffered death like the guilty.
430. infula
in sacred offices
a broad woolen band worn by priests and others engaged even this badge of sanctity was no defense, cf II. i. 28
;
.
Fig. 21 (from an ancient relief) represents a Bry. 36. a statue of Hermes with a fillet.
woman
decorating
431-434.
Nobly rendered
in the old version

!
by the Earl of Surrey

!
Ye Troyan ashes
I fled
and
last
flames of mine
last fall
I call in witness, that at
your
no stroke of any Greekish sword, And if the fates would I had fallen in fight, That with my hand I did deserve it well.
Closely imitated by Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, viii. 24. 431. flamma extrema, i.e. the blazing city is regarded as their funeral
pile.
433. vitavisse, sc. Greeks. 434.
me.
vices
Danaum, changes
which
is
in combat -with the
caderem
;
after si fata fuissent,

;
equivalent to a verb of
determining manu, i.e. mea, by my deeds, 331, d G. 546; H. 498, i. such a death being regarded as the reward of valor. G. 65 H. 68), given by Ulysses. 43, a 436. Ulixi (genitive, 437- protinus, (farther) on. vocati, summoned, agreeing with the
; ;
subject of divellimur. pugnam, obj. of 438. hie vero : cf. turn vero, v. 105 and note. forent ( 312 G. 602; H. 513, ii, N. 2 ), i.e. comceu . . cernimus. pared with this the others were not fights at all.
. ;
II. 4 6o.]
The ALneid.
:
261
441 acta testudine (abl. abs.) the regular way of assault on a fortified Here there are two distinct attacks, one place (cf. Caesar, B. G. ii. 6). to scale the walls and one to burst in the gates. mentis refers to the
.
scaling party, testudine to the other. cf. 445, etc., to the latter in v. 449
'. ;
The defense
zt>.
to the former
is in
479
ff.
:
442.
for scaling-ladders
haerent, cling, by hooks (crows) at the end were really a later invention.
an anachronism,
parietibus
:
see
postis sub ipsos, close at the -very gateway, instead curru, i. 476, note. so much advantage have they gained. of being repulsed from afar, the subj. is the Greeks. 443. nituntur gradibus, steps or rounds G. 401, N. G H. 425, i 1 N.). of the ladders (loc. abl. 254, />, i 444. protecti, shielding themselves ; fastigia, battlements, or (more
:
:
accurately) the projecting top of the wall. 446. his telis, with these as missives. quando, was no use in sparing the house.
449.
450.
alii
:
and therefore there
opposed to those
(
in v. 445.
imas
= below.
fores
228, a;
G. 331;
H. 372), the great doors, opening
inward.
451.
instaurati animi, our courage was refreshed (at the sight of this
Fig. 22.
resistance).
succurrere, depending on the idea of admonition or suggestion in

instaurati, etc.
(
331,
g; G. 423,
N. 2
H.
535. iv).
453. pervius usus tectorum =usitata via per tecta, a much-used passage. inter se, i.e. connecting them with each
other.
454.
relicti,
postes a tergo, a postern gate.

i.e.
when
the palace
was
of
built.
455. death.
infelix,
because
Hector's
cf.
manebant, for tense
w.
22
(and note), 88.

457. soceros, Priam and Hecuba. trahebat, used to lead by the hand, as he
followed, nott passibus aequis

458.
(cf.
i.
724).
evado,.//flJJ up and out.
460.
turrim, obj. of convellimus.

tectis,
summis
from
it
the top of the roof.
We may
and
Florence.
imagine
rising
above the
wall,
flush with the front, as in the machi-
colated tower of the Palazzo Vecchio at
(See Fig. 22.)
262
Notes.
this
In 463. adgressi ferro, i.e. with crowbars and other tools of iron. and the following verses, to z/. 467, the spondees and dactyls may well represent, first, the slow effort, then the sudden toppling over and
summa tabulata, the upperflooring, i.e. the planking of the roof where the tower and roof join (cf. Caesar, B. G. vi. 29), afforded weak fastenings in which to apply the leverage.
swift fall of the turret.
465.
ruins;
ruinam
cf.
trahit, falls in ruin ; properly, carries with

cf.
it
a mass of
w. 310 (note), 631;
i.
8,
23 (of a castle):
At last downe falles, and with her heaped Her hastie mine does more heavie make.
469.
hight
Pyrrhus, or Neoptolemus, son of Achilles, who was sent for The Scyria pubes (v. 477) are the youth of of his grandfather Lycomedes. Here where was the kingdom Scyros, begins the detailed account of the attack on the door, though it is interafter his father's death.
rupted by the action of Periphas (v. 476). 470. telis, etc., hendiadys; see i. 61.
471.
Bry.
1 1
in lucem, construed with convolvit terga

8.
mala gramina pastus
cf. II. xxii. 93-95 ; poisonous plants would be more

;
rank and potent in early spring. Even so the serpent with returning spring Grows fierce again, though harmless in the
472. 473.
cold.
i.
TASSO, Jerusalem Delivered,
85.
tumidum,
i.e.
with venom.
positis exuviis, having shed his old skin : an image of renewing one's youth which often suggested itself to
Fig. 23.
ancient fancy.
475. arduus sunshine.
478.
ad solem, raising
his
head to the
house
succedunt tecto, come up
to the
and
try to set fire, while
Pyrrhus attacks the door
itself.
480. perrumpit, vellit, is trying to burst and cavawrench, by repeated efforts (descriptive) vit, dedit (perf. definite, taking a new point of
;
Ml
into the upper
the beams
view as the narrative moves on), has cut through and made a -vast breach. postis, the
of the door.
frame
cardine
.a pivot-hinge let
is
(See Fig. 23.) An entrance, however, 482. robora, the wood of the door itself. not yet effected, but only an aperture made. ore, abl. of quality.
:
and lower casing.
the general arrangements of a Roman house are 483. atria, etc. apparently kept in view (see Fig. 24, and cf. the Grecian house, Fig. 25).
II. 496-]
The ALneid.
263
485. vident, i.e. the invaders can now see the defenders (armatos). in limine primo, i.e. those nearest the outside.
Fig. 24.
femineis : 487. plangoribus: see plango and plangor in Vocab. see note on Argolicas, v. 55. cavae aedes, i.e. the interior, where were apartments, apparently for the women, ranged like cloisters about an open court, probably the second one Fig. 25.
(the peristyle).
490. postis, pillars. of farewell. 491. 487.
oscula,
i.e.
patria
cf.
w.
55 (and note),
cre-
492. ariete, three syllables. bro, not many battering-rams, peated blows of one. 493.
494.
but
re-
cardine
fit
cf. v.
via,
i.e.
480, note. the door yields.
rumpunt, they force.

495. 496.
cf.
milite
cf. v.
i.e.
20.
not so violently; Thomson, Winter:

sic,
o'er
non
Wide
the
brim, with
its
many
a torrent
swelled, And the mixed ruin of
banks o'erspread,
:
At
last the
roused-up river pours along
Resistless, roaring, dreadful, down it comes, From the rude mountain and the mossy wild,
Tumbling through rocks abrupt, and sounding

far.
264
497.
500.
i.e. dykes, etc. caede, abl. of manner.
Notes.
moles,
to include Priam's own daughters and the sons (see Introd. p. xxvii). Priamum his death is here only stated in general terms details are given in vv. 506-558. H. 450, 4 but the literal trans102, b; G. 307, 2 503. illi: see
501.
centum nurus, used

fifty
wives of his
lation will give the
same
idea.
tineas here speaks from a Roman 504. barbarico, i.e. of the East, " barbaric pearl and gold." Par. point of view. Cf. Milton's famous
Lost,
ii.
4.
;
3 forsitan, etc.: cf. Georgics, ii. 288. requiras : 311, a, N. G. 457, 2, N. ; H. p. 267, footnote i. 506-558. Cf. the account of the murder of Priam given in Hamlet,
506.
ii.
2.
474
ff.
The rugged Pyrrhus,
he whose sable arms, Black as his purpose, did the night resemble,
ii.
etc.
See also Marlowe and Nash, Dido, act
medium, more lively than mediis, as agreeing 508. limina, doors. with hostem, but it is required also by the metre. 510. circumdat umeris (dat., see v. 218, note), binds upon his shoulders,
inutile
cf.
Hamlet,
ii.
2.
491-3
Rebellious to his
His antique sword, arm, lies where it falls.

c,
ferrum
392,
i.
cingitur
240,
N.
G. 338, N. 2
H. 377
cf.
w.
275,
320.
; ;
;
2 H. 467, 6) cf. v. 655. fertur, starts to rush ( 276, b G. 227, N. nudo sub aetheris axe. In a Roman house, the Penates were kept by the family hearth and altar, in the atrium, or principal hall, but not in the open air here, however, is apparently meant a great hall or court, which had a larger opening than the atrium, and contained a
511.
512.
garden, or at least a tree or two. (See Fig. 24.) it afforded them no asylum. 515. nequiquam, for 516. tempestate, abl. of means depending on the idea of driven contained in praecipites (driven headlong). 518. ipsum, even him (aged as he was).
519.
520.
mens
tarn dira, so dreadful a thought. cingi, reflexive; see note, v. 511.
521.
522.
in
non taliauxilio, i.e. prayers, not arms, must help us. non si, no, not if, etc., sc. egeret; see 308 G. 597 H. 510. 523. tandem, pray : a word of entreaty or impatience, used here as questions ( 210, /; H. 351, 4).
; ;
II. 547-]
The <Lneid.
:
26$
.
1 i Polites has escaped towards the back of the house. door and fleeing 530. lam iamque tenet, and now he is just about to grasp him, and closes on him (premit) loith the spear ; the repetition of iam pictures the
528.
porticibus
258,^-; G. 389;
is
H. 425,
from the melee
at the
scene,
532.
and so makes the impression more

COncidit, etc.
:
lively.
:
cf.
Par. Lost,
xi.
446-7
and, deadly pale, Groan 'd out his soul with gushing blood effus'd.
fell,
He
533.
figure).
in
media morte,
in the
jaws of death (using a more modern

:
534. 535.
voci iraeque, angry words (hendiadys

at,
i.e.
see
i.
61, note).
though you now triumph.

is itself
in entreaties introducing a suggestion as
The word is often thus used opposed to some thought of the

;
speaker which
of
caelo
unexpressed.
(
ausis, passive, like the participles
some deponent verbs

536.
:
135, b
G. 167, N. 2
H.
231, 2).
dat. of possession.
of dutiful regard towards some other party in the same relation
pietas, justice ; properly, only used one, but transferred sometimes to the
cf. iv.
382.
curet
320, a
G. 631, 2
H.
503,
i.
H. 484, i). persolvant, optat. subj. ( 267 G. 260 2 cernere: 273, c\ G. 423, N. (end); H. 535, iv. foedasti voltus, hast 319, head-note. 539. fecisti for mood see defiled a father s sight (not, literally, "stained his face"), i.e. made him
537.
; ;
538.
ceremonially impure by making him see such a deed.

540.
satum
whom you falsely

his lineage.
mentiris, whom you falsely call your father (\it.from " claim that you are descended}, for this deed " belies
.
quo: for
abl. see
541.
in, in the case of,
note on Maia, i. 297. hence equal to towards (cf. note,

i.e.
v.
390).
fidem, the faith due to a suppliant.

542.
erubuit, respected,
blushed to disregard
;
237, b; G. 330, R.;
H. 371, iii). See the story in II. xxiv. 468-676 Bry. 600; and cf. yn. i. 461, and note. H. 384, 4). sepulchre, for burial ( 235 547. referes, with an imperative force ( 269, /; G. 243; H. 470, i). We should expect ibis to come first, but, as often, the general word
;
precedes and the particular follows to explain
it (cf. v.
353).
And
to
him said
' ;
Goe now, proud
miscreant,
;
Thyselfe thy message do to gentian [i.e. brother, gtrmaitus] deare Alone he, wandring, thee too long doth want
:
Goe
say, his foe thy shield with his doth beare.'

his heavie
Therewith
hand he high gan
reare,
Him
to have slaine.
SPBNSBR, Faery Quern,
i.
5.
13.
266
549.
Notes.
[JNEID.
degenerem, referring to Priam's taunt in v. 540. trementem, from the feebleness of age. H. 434, N. 4 G. 413, R. 1 260, e 553. capulo tenus lot of an individual. the ; strictly, 555. sorte, by fate
550.
: ;
;
556.
557.
tot populis, over so ingens truncus : so

:
many tribes (dative of reference). Homer represents Priam and Hector

still
as
tall.
the body were thinking of the fate of Pompey.

iacet litore
as
if
lying there.
Virgil
seems to be
558.
sine nomine,
i.e.
560.
563.
imago, the vision
unrecognizable. (i.e. the thought,
not a real phantom).
direpta, casus, i.e. the probable pillaging of his house, and death of his son ( 292, a G. 664, R. 2 H. 549, N. 2 ).
; ;
564.
usually only in the plural in this sense. 567-588. Though lacking in most MSS., these lines are generally
copia
accepted. The momentary impulse to kill a woman as famous as her charms, would have been held no
age,
whose treachery was shame in the heroic
though some editors think otherwise.

.
567.
.
.
iamque, etc., and just at eram, as in Eel. vi. 6.

servantem, keeping
this
moment I
alone
was
left ;
super
568.
close to, for the
sake of sanctuary.
to see her.
;
dant, etc., explains 570. erranti (sc. mini). scends to the streets.
569.
why he happened
He
is still in
the citadel
at v. 632
he de-
571.
572.
eversa: for construction see

:
v. 563, note.
coniugis Menelaus hesitated at first whether to kill Helen with his own hand but her old fascination prevailed, and later she appears
;
Odyssey in full honor as and Helen at Troy.

in the
his queen.
See Lander's poem Menelaus
573.
574.
praemetuens,
i.e.
forecasting in her fear.
invisa sedebat, was crouching unseen. 575. ira, a wrathful impulse.

576.
ulcisci,
(cf.
depending on ira subit, which

sceleratas poenas
is
wishing
note, v. 10).
= -vengeance on the guilty.
equivalent to a verb of
sumere, inflict (see v. 103, note). 577. scilicet, giving an ironical turn to the thought. for Greece in general.
580.
Mycenas, used
581.
turba COmitatS, attended by a throng (see note on i. 312). Occident (fut. perf.), i.e. shall she return to Greece in triumph
when Priam has perished ? Grammatically aspiciet, Occident, arserit, sudarit are coordinate and independent.
583.
nullum memorabile nomen:
cf. iv.
94, xi. 791.
II. 6oi.]
The sEneid.
267
585.
laudabor
with the
extinxisse laudabor, / shall be praised for having destroyed. " I shall be said with is equivalent to a verb of saying, praise
inf. is
to have," etc.
peculiar to poetry
This extension of the personal use of dicor, videor, etc. G. 528, N. 4 H. 534, i, N. 1 ). ( 330, d
; ;
sceleratas, v. 576. on i. cineres satiasse note). 215, explesse (cf. 587. flammae, dep. vengeance is imagined to be a satisfaction to the spirits of the dead,
;
merentls, deserved, agrees with poenas
cf.
a very old idea.

589.
se
videndam
be seen): see
590.
294,^/5 G.
i.e.
obtulit, presented herself in visible presence 2 430 ; H. 544, N.
(lit.,
to
pura in luce,
confessa
:
not in that cloud or mist which usually shrouds

e.
divinity.
591.
135,
deam,
are
for se
deam esse
see note to
i.
390.
qualis, supply talem. 592. quanta : the gods
represented as larger than
men
so
" Tennyson describes Helen as a daughter of the gods, Fair Cf. Keats, Hyperion, i. 26-28 Women.) (Dream of
divinely tall."
:
She was a goddess of the infant world
By her
in stature the tall
Amazon
Had
dextra, by the hand.
stood a pigmy's height.
prehensum
(
[sc.
two co-ordinate clauses

. .
.
292, R.
G. 664,
. .
.
me] continuit R. 1 H. 549, 5).

:
;
translate
by
is this which : a tantus, -what great very common 594. quis Latin form of expression. dolor, indignation felt as a sudden pang or sting.
quonam notice the force of nam ( 210, f; G. 106 H. 351, The emphasis on the question gives it the tone of a reproof. G. 363, 2 H. 396, iii; cf. 217 99, c nostri,y^r me (object, gen.
595.
: ;
1 4, N. ).
G. 304,
597.
H. 446,
N. 8 ).
:
tibi
235, a
;
G. 350,
I
i.
H.
a 384, 4, N.
liqueris, superet
334
G. 467
H.
529,
The condition is 599. ni resistat, did not my care withstand them. cont. to fact with pres. subj. for imperf. in protasis and perf. for pluperf.
in
(
apodosis (tulerint, etc.), by an old construction preserved in poetry 2 308, e\ G. 596, R.I; H. 509, N. ).
601. tibi (dat. of reference): it is not Helen that you should hate, or Paris that you should blame. Not that they are guiltless, but their guilt omnem nubem abripiam : see II. v. 127 ; only fulfils the divine decree.
So in Par. Lost, xi. 412, when preparing him for the vision, Bry. 154. the archangel " Michael from Adam's eyes the film removed," etc.
tuenti,
sc. tibi,
(drawn) over you as you
look.
268
606.
Notes.
ne
time
thing
show you, or
parere:
(see v. 48, note), i.e. do not fear to look at anyhesitate to do (by my direction) what is still in
your power.
H. 505, ii. Neptunus: Neptune, the builder of Troy (cf. v. 625), now takes the main part in its destruction (cf. II. xii. 27-30 Bry. 22).
607. 610.
332, h, N.
; ;
G. 548, N. 2
that had the gods in pay, Neptune, with him that rules the sacred day, Could no such structures raise.
Laomedon,
WALLER.
prima, the foremost. socium agmen, i.e. the Greeks, who are still pouring from the
613.
ships.
615.
arces, governed
by in-
sedit(228,a;G.33i;H. 37 2). 6 1 6. nimbo probably re:
ferring to the divine effulgence
surrounding the gods when they appeared to mortals, which is the origin of the technical nimbus or aureole of later times. (See Figs. 26, 27.) effulgens, gleaming, a not uncommon conception of the divinities cf. i.
;
p.
402.
aegis,
Gorgone,
i.e.
it
or both, where
on her shield or her often appears in works
of art.
(See Fig. 27
from an ancient MS.)
That snaky-headed Gorgon shield That wise Minerva wore, unconquer'd virgin, Wherewith she freez'd her foes to congeal'd stone.
Conius,
w.
447
ff.
pater, of course Jupiter. 619. eripe fugam, a stronger form for ca617.
pere
peril.
fugam
hinting also at escape from

260, a
620. limine
258,/, 3
cf.
G. 385,
eyes
N. 1
H. 380,
ii,
N.
624.
being opened.
turn vero, then at length, considere in ignis

v.
my
:
cf.
Pope,
Temple of Fame,
sink in floods of
625.
478: "Tow'rs and temples
fire."
Neptunia
cf. v.
610, note.
II. 644-]
The
.
. .
jfcneid.
269
626.
ac veluti
cum, even as when.

;
Downe
he tombled
as an aged tree,
clift,
;
High growing on
the top of rocky
Whose hartstrings with keene steele nigh hewen be The mightie trunck, halfe rent with ragged rift,
Doth
roll
adowne
the rocks,
and
fall
with fearefull
drift.
i.
Faery Queen,
627.
ferro, abl. of
8. 22.
means.
all
628. 629.
630.
usque, ever
(lit.,
comam, Gr. ace. vertice, abl. supremum, cognate ace. ( 238,

deo,
i.e.
the way, to a place or time). of specification.

6 b; G. 333, 2, N.
;
H. 371,
ii).
631. traxit ruinam, has fallen -with a crash
cf. v.
465 and note.
632.
633.
expedior,
Venus (see Vocab.). I make my way out ("middle":
in, a; G. 219;
465). 634. iam, at length. perventum [est], impersonal, the regular construction when mere sequence of time and progress of action is to be
H.
indicated without personal reference.

note), femineis, v. 487.
patriae
cf.
Argolicas,
v.
55 (and
635. tollere belongs only with optabam. 636. optabam primum, it -was my first wish : the imperfect hints at the non-fulfillment of the wish (cf. 277, c, G. 233; H. 469, i). 637. excisa Troia, abl. abs. producere : the ind. disc, would be se
producturum, but here Virgil follows the analogy of verbs of refusing, which may take the complem. inf. cf. v. 607.
;
638.
vos (emphatic),
;
i.e.
without me.
quibus [est]:
(
see
231;
;
G. 349
H.
iii),
H. 399,
639.
387. aevi, to be taken with integer the fresh blood of youth.
6 218, c\ G. 374, N.
i.e. without help from others. robore, might ( 248, c, i H. 420), the strength of resistance so here of the unimpaired vigor of manhood. solidae, pred. adjective. vires, the active powers, hence here of the ability to do and dare.
SUO,
G. 401
641-2.
Satirically applied
by Pope, Dunciad,
i.
195, 196
state,
Yet sure, had Heav'n decreed to save the Heav'n had decreed these works a longer 642.
date.
una exscidia
94, a
G. 95,
R. 1
H.
1 175, N. ), it is
more that I have seen one
destruction, namely, that
enough and by Hercules and
Telamon
644.
(see Introd. p. xxvii).
positum, lying thus (helpless): cf. v. 699, iv. 681. Anchises has apparently composed himself on his couch, to meet death with
sic
270
dignity,
Notes.
and his friends are to leave him as already dead. adfati, i.e. with the words of greeting, salve, vale, ave, uttered by the relatives when they parted from the body at the funeral pile (cf. vi. 231, xi. 97).
645.
manu, by
word, by
ipse, i.e. without your staying to defend me or die with me. Various views have been taken of this the sword (lit., hand).
my own hand
or,
(either
by
suicide, or vain
resistance
to
the
enemy),
better, in a general sense, by the
hand of man.
misere-
bitur, etc., i.e. both pity and desire for spoil will combine as motives to I shall not die a lingering death lead the enemy to kill me. by starLeave me without hesitation, as if I were dead already. vation.
646. facilis iactura sepulcri, the loss of burial is easy to bear the expression of a sentiment so contradictory to all the ideas of the ancients brings out all the more strongly the old man's unselfish devotion. 648. demoror, have I lingered out ( 276, a; G. 230; H. 467, 2).
;
ex quo
cf.
ex
illo, v. 169.
649. f ulminis ventis, by the blasts of the thunderbolt : the wind is given as one of its ingredients, viii. 430. This had been his punishment
for divulging the love of
Venus
for him.
igni:
57, b;
G.
2 57, R.
H.
62, iv.
651.
nos,
i.e.
. .
the warriors.
vellet,
lacrimis, abl. of manner.
652.
efiusi
depending on the idea of entreaty contained in vertere equal to [sumus] lacrimis ( 331 G. 546 H. 498, i).
ne
the
common
;
evertere, as in
i.
20,
ii.
625.
f ato, dat.
653.
(
228
654.
incumbere, add to the burden of overwhelming fate. H. 386). G. 347

5
On
haeret, etc., clings firmly to his purpose the so-called zeugma, see notes w. 54, 258. 655. feror : cf. v. 511, and note.
656.
and
to the
(same)
spot.
consilium refers to
human means
of safety
fortuna, to divine
I
means.
iam, any longer.

. .
(i.e.
sperasti, what! did 657. mene . that you could induce me to go)?
you hope that
could depart
its
me
is
emphasized by
po-
sition
and by the enclitic. 658. tantum nefas, etc., can such an impiety fall from a father's
patrio : cf. w. 55 (and note), 488, 491. 660. hoc, i.e. his purpose. animo : 254, a
661.
662.
;
lips?
2.
G. 385, N. 1
v.
H. 425,
patet ianua, alluding to Anchises' words in
645, etc.
i.e.
iam, straightway (of an immediate future). reeking with the blood (de is literally from).
multo de sanguine,
663. qui obtruncat, etc., descriptive. well as cruelty.
Both acts indicate impiety as
11.688.]
The AZneid.
is it for For tense of erat see
271
you snatch me, that I The whole
;
664.
hoc erat quod eripis,

see, etc.
is
this that
should
N. 2 ).
277,
';
G. 233, N. 8
quid est quod, nihil est quod', etc. ( 238, b G. 525, is a purpose-clause in apposition with hoc (331, 2 H. 499, 3). head-note; G. 546, N. parens in his despair he reconstruction
i,
like
ut cernam
proaches Venus for saving him, and prepares to return again to the whence she had conducted him.
fight,
668. vocat, etc., i.e. death, the only refuge of the conquered, calls us. 2 H. 499, 669. sinite revisam, let me return to ( 33i,/, R. G. 546, R. 167, e, N.). 2); viso is an old desiderative, meaning ^v? to see ( a colloquial expression, frequent in comedy, 670. numquam hodie
;
expressing merely an emphatic negative.

671.
to
hinc, hereupon;
gird on
my sword
cf. inde, then. accingor rursus, I begin again (which had been laid aside on his return)
. . .
;
cf. v.
633, note.
: ; ;
H. 469, ii, i): the strap G. 233 672. insertabam (tense 277, c by which the shield was made fast to the arm was called insertorium. this appeal is imitated from the meeting of Hector 674. tendebat and Andromache (II. vi. 394-485; Bry. 515 ff.).
:
67 5. et nos, us
676.
too.
expertus, after the trial you have made.

R. 2 ;
sumptis
292, a
G. 664,
678. 680.
H.
2 549, N.
quondam,
cum
once (but oritur:
now no
longer, since you desert me). dictu: 325, b; G. 581. 303; G. 436;
H.
547.
i.e.
68 1. manus,
682.
;
as she held
him out
to his father
:
cf. v.
674.
properly any sharp point, as of a hill but especially the cap with pointed top worn by the flamen (the priest of some special divinity), and the Salii, or dancing priests of Mars. No doubt Virgil had these sacred caps in mind, though the phrase
strictly
levis apex, a light tip (of flame)
means only the appearance of a flame on the

it
child's head.
As
in the case of
Servius Tullius, 684. pasci, i.e. stray, as if
signifies his future royalty.
it
were an animal grazing.

Lightnings in
Cf. Cowley,
The Ecstasy :
Like harmless lambent flames about
my way my temples
;
play.
685. ( 275 G. 647 H. 536, i); the construction, as usual, marks the haste and excitement of the occasion. 686. excutere, snatch away ; properly, striking it off with the hand.
trepidare, histor. inf.
688.
sanctos, because caelo (dat.,
it
was a divine omen.

;
1 258, N.
G. 358
II. 385,
1
),
towards heaven.
272
690.
691.
Notes.
hoc tantum, supply precor or the like. deinde, i.e. after having looked upon us and judged our case. firma, i.e. by some fresh omen. In augury it was customary to wait for a second omen. This, if of similar meaning, confirmed the first if of
;
contrary meaning, it neutralized it. 692. -que, here used like cum in inverted temporal clauses (see
note).
v.
680,
the
laevum ( 238, a; G. 333, N. 6 H. 371, ii): thunder on was a favorable sign in Roman augury (see ii. 54, note). Cf. Landor, Death of Paris and CEnone :
693.
intonuit
left
When she had spoken, on the left was heard Thunder, and there shone flame from sky serene.
694. stella, i.e. of course, a shooting-star or meteor, a phenomenon facem ducens, always regarded with superstition by the ancients. drawing a trail of light, like a firebrand (fax) waved in the hand.
695.
illam, the star
notice
;
how
the Latin, by the skilful use of pro-
nouns, avoids repetition in English we cannot secure the emphasis here by using a pronoun, as the Latin does.
The light, says 696. Idaea silva, marking the place of gathering. the fiery trail, that some Servius, signified the future glory of the house would stay behind the length of the path, their long voyage the furrow (sulcus), that it must be by sea; and the sulphur-smoke, the death
;
of jEneas, or the
war
in Italy.
Probably the Trojans did not see so
much
697.
in the
omen.
claram,
still bright.
limite, abl. of manner. 699. se tollit, i.e. from the couch (see v. 644, note). used of any coming forth from obscurity or seclusion.
701.
ad auras
on
often
iam iam,
-with
etc.
Anchises' words.
mora,
i.e.
my part.
ad-
sum, / am
703. 704. 706.
you. Troia, i.e. the

cedo,
new Troy
more.
that
is
to be.
/ resist no
etc., the
equidem only emphasizes the words.

it
aestus,
surging flames roll the conflagration nearer ;
seems best to take aestus as subject rather than incendia.

707.
movement
"middle"
708.
ergo age observe the haste marked by the abruptness and rapid of the verse. imponere, place yourself (imperf. pass, in
:
sense,
cf. v.
633, note).
umeris,
salus,
abl. of
means.
710. 711.
rity of
means of safety.
;
going
longe, at a distance, apparently on account of the greater secuin charge, perhaps, of the servants. in small parties
II.
73 8 -]
The j&neid.
;
273
;
G. 353 H. 384, 4, N. 8), as 713. urbe egressis (dat. of ref., 235, b desertae Cereris the goddess is confounded you go out of the city.
:
with her temple.

715.
religione, reverence (see Vocabulary).
717.
sacra: exactly what these were

Cf.
iii.
gods (Penates) themselves.
12,
it is hard to and note.
tell,
perhaps, the
The whiche Anchises
in his
bond
Bar the goddes of the lond, Thilke that unbrenned were.
CHAUCER, House of Fame,

718.
i.
171-173.
me, for me (emphatic).
abluero
donee attrectare with subj. ace. me is subj. of est understood. similar purifying rites are common in all religions. : 722. insternor, see w. 633 (note), 671, 707. veste, pelle (hendiaThe figure in the super, adverb. dys), a tawny lion-skin as a robe.
719.
text (p. 61) is

1 1
from an antique gem.
Cf. Shakspere, Julius C&sar,
i.
2.
2-1 1 5
Ay, as jEneas, our great ancestor, Did from the flames of Troy upon his shoulder The old Anchises bear, so from the waves of Tiber
Did
725.
the tired Caesar.
opaca locorum:
cf.
note to
i.
422.
movebant, could alarm. G. 346, N. 2 729. comiti ( 227, c G. 346, R. 2 b; 225, 730. portis:
726.
;
H. 385,
i), i.e.
lulus.
731. creber
734. aera
:
= of many, as
229
;
if it
prob. helmets,
:
etc.,
agreed with pedum. or it may be a case of hendiadys.
735.
cf.
mihi
G. 345,
R. 1
note, v. 23.
529, 5
).
nescio quod
= a weak aliquod
H. 385,
2.
male amicum, unfriendly,

(
334, e
G. 467,
R.
1 ;
H.
confusam eripuit mentem, robbed me of my presence of mind in ; lit., took away my confused senses, i.e. took them away by confusing them (cf. i. 69). 737. To avoid capture he had to follow by-paths.
736.
my
confusion
v. 735, note), but it may The doubt then in Eneas' mind would be, whether she stopped without any human agency, as she might well do, being fato erepta, or whether the gods used some ordinary human means. Translate: Ah, wretched me! my wife Creiisa either stayed behind, torn from me by fate, or strayed from the path, or, tired out, sat down to
738.
misero
best taken as dative (see mihi,
be ablative with fato.
rest,
/'/
is
uncertain which.
274
739.
Notes.
substitit
for the
mood
see
334,
G. 467, N.
The
. .
question,
until. This though strange to us, agrees with the manners of the Of ancients, according to which ./Eneas' chief care would be for lulus. course in following the legend Virgil must get rid of Creiisa. see G. 576 H. 520. collectis omnibus 743. venimus 327
.
however, may possibly be regarded as direct. 741. nee prius quam, nor did I look back
.
.
want of
care,
ablative absolute.
una, she alone. 744. fefellit, was missed by (literally

745.
in the active voice).

(
deorumque
;
G. 728
the enclitic -que is elided by synapheia H. 608, N. 5). amens, in my madness.

:
359,
c,
R.;
His 749. fulgentibus armis, no longer seeking to avoid notice. armor would have been brought along by some one of the servants.
cingor
:
see v. 722, note.

;
750. stat, my purpose is fixed ( 270, b Battle of the Summer Islands, iii. 62-64
:
G. 422
H.
538).
Cf. Waller,
The pious Trojan so, Neglecting for Creiisa's life his own, Repeats the danger of the burning town.
Gay, Trivia,
iii.
94-96
force
my
passage where the thickest swarm.
Thus
his lost bride the
Trojan sought in vain

hills of slain.
Through
751.
752. 753.
night,
and arms, and flames, and
caput, life. obscura limina,

vestigia
.
i.e.
the archways or the
like.
lustro, tracing back our footsteps,
I follow them
sc. est.
through the darkness, and scan them with my eyes. 755. horror, i.e. scenes that make him shudder.
7 56.
si forte
(
. . .
animo,
tulisset, if haply by
any chance she had turned her

i).
steps thither
334, /; G. 460, b;
H.
529,
The
repetition of si forte
emphasizes the hopelessness of the search as well as

:
its diligence. 761. asylo selecting the temple of Juno, their patroness, for protection from their own forces (hence asylo, see Vocab.), the Greek chiefs were here guarding their spoil in the vacant colonnades.
762.
Phoenix, the aged instructor of Achilles (see

:
II. ix.
168, 432).
dat. (see note on mihi, v. 735). 764. adytis 765. auro, a poetic use of the abl. of material H. 415, iii). vestis : cf. i. 639, and note.
:
(cf.
244, e
G. 396, N. 8
766. pueri, matres the women and children are to be sold as slaves, an important part of the booty (see v. 238) cf. vEsch. Ag. 326-329. 768. voces iactare, to utter cries [at random] in the darkness.
:
II. 8oi.]
The ALneid.
among
:
275
to
771.
tectis,
the houses.
[mihi] furenti,
me, as
I roamed
wildly (dat. following visa, cf. i. 102, note). Creiisa just below assures 772. infelix
788) but she in her prime.

(v.
;
is
"
sad
"
him of her own felicity from /Eneas' point of view, as being cut off
This would seem
N.
773. nota maior, larger than the well-known form. to indicate a deification, cf. w. 592 (note), 788.
774.
steterunt
vi.
for the short penult see
351, a,
G. 722;
H. 608,
775.
779.
780.
781.
H. 536, i). G. 647 adfari, demere, histor. inf. ( 275 fas, the divine will, sc. est. longa exsilia, i.e. exile far away. Lydius Thybris, the Etruscan Tiber. The Lydians were said to
; ;
have colonized Etruria (Tuscany). 784. parta, won, though not yet possessed (cf. iii. 495) for gender see G. 286 H. 439, 2, N. Creusae (obj. gen.), for the loved 187, b, N.
; ;
Creiisa.
non ego, emphatic, cf. v. 787. Cf. II. vi. 454-465; Bry. 581. servitum 302 G. 435 H. 546. 787. This line has been completed with the words et tua coniunx. 788. deum genetrix Cybele was the chief divinity of this region. "Virgil means evidently that Creiisa is to become one of her attendants, passing from ordinary humanity to a half-deified state." Cf. v. 773 iii. in.
785.
786.
790. 795.
lacrimantem, supply me.

sic, i.e. bereft
dare
circum, tmesis.
of her.
798.
pubem
(poetic for iuventus), a general expression for all
who
i 8 ),
have outgrown their boyhood. for exile, and not for defence.
799-
exsilio
233
G. 356
H.
384,
opibus
(abl.
of specification), see note,
i.
571.
parati, sc. de-
duci, supplied from deducere. 800. velim : for mood see 342
G. 629
H.
529,
ii.
pelago
258,^ ;
G. 389
H.
425,
1.
deducere, the word regularly used of a

Lucifer.
Cf. Cowley, firutus:
the
Roman
colony. 801. iugis, loc. ablative.
One would have thought 't had heard Or seen her well-appointed star
morning crow
Come marching up
the Eastern hill afar.

:
Crashaw, Suspicion of Herod, L 30

Art thou not Lucifer,
he to
whom
the droves
Of
stars that gild the
morn
in charge
were given ?
276
803.
804.
Notes.
spes opis, hope of help
cessi,
i.e.
(i.e.
of giving or receiving assistance).
I yielded to fate.
BOOK
III.
In this book, the wanderings of Êneas are purposely made to cross here and there the track of Ulysses in the Odyssey but, with modesty as well as skill, Virgil avoids coming into direct comparison with the far
;
wilder
and bolder narrative of Homer.

Cf. Drayton, Poly-Olbion,
1-12.
song
When long-renowned Troy lay spent in hostile fire, And aged Priam's pomp did with her flames expire,
jEneas (taking thence Ascanius, his young son, And his most rev'rend sire, the grave Anchises, won From shoals of slaughtering Greeks) set out from Simois' shores.
1.
evertere:
270, b; G. 422, N.*
2.
[est]
immeritam, unoffending ; cf. 324; G. 561 H. 471, 4.

;
;
H. 538. dis aliter vt'sum,

; '
ii.
428.
visum
3 3. hwnOyfrom the ground, showing its utter demolition ( 258,0, N. the G. 390, 2, N. 4 H. 412, 2). fumat present, although historical, here denotes continued action; the perfect (visum [est]), a momen;
tary act.
4.
desertas, desolate,
i.e.
remote and uninhabited.
diversa,
first
one
and then another (cf. ii. 5. sub ipsa, hard by.

8.
780).
9.
well
their
prima aestas, early summer. a variation upon the usual ventis dare vela, to indicate as fatis the divine guidance (which is emphasized throughout the poem) as
:
own
helplessness.
. . .
10.
cum
relinquo
this, logically
the main clause, has
become
the temporal clause, while vix inceperat et iubebat, the logical temporal This form of clause, has become the main clause (see ii. 680, note).
expression here gives a stronger suggestion of haste. 12. magnis dis (a spondaic verse 362, a ; G. 784
:
carried, as
H. 610, 3): he were, the protection of the greater gods of his country, as well as the penates, or household deities, whose actual images he took
;
it
with him.
Herrick had
.flLneas in
mind when he wrote

and
let
Rise, household-gods,
us go,
his Household-gods.
But whither,
myself not know.
To
III. 29.]
The sEneid.
277
13.
a narrow
tribes of
procul, at some distance, not necessarily very far: in reality, across strait. Cf. Eel. vi. 16. Mavortia Virgil makes the fierce
:
Thrace know no god but Mars.

The
Cf. Chaucer,
Knighfs
Tale,
III 3 ff.:
grisly place
That highte the grete temple of Mars in Trace, In thilke colde frosty regioun, Ther as Mars hath his sovereyn mansioun.
14.
LycurgO
(dat. of
agent
232, a
G. 354
H. 388,
4):
Lycurgus,
the nurses of Bacchus with an ox-goad, and was blinded and afterwards destroyed by Jupiter (II. vi. 130-140 Bry. 165).
;
who attacked
1
5.
SOCii penates, ivith household

;
gods allied with ours (a symbol of

in
hospitality
and friendship) hospitium and penates are grammatically

:
apposition with terra. 16. fuit for the tense see

18.
Aeneadas
Ênos
276, there was a town
e,
N.
^nea
G. 569; H. 519, i. on the west coast of Thrace

;
(Liv. xliv. 10), with

earlier
(II. iv.
whose name
520), at the
Virgil thus connects his story
also an
mouth
of the Hebrus, where was said to

in the effort to
be a tomb of Polydorus.
20.
Here the two are confounded
associate this region with /Eneas.

i.e. the sacrifices were intended to win a white bullock was the usual taurum: nitentem protection. Roman offering to Jupiter, as at the Latin festival and the Ludi Romani. 2 H. 440, N. 1 ). 22. quo summo, on whose summit ( 193; G. 291, R.
auspicibus, protectors:
their
Supply erant.
Cf. Landor, Espousals of Polyxena
Why,
A
hastilibus
Polydoros, callest thou? why waves barren cornel o'er a recent tomb
tinkle
While the loose pebbles

23.
:
down
the base
for spear-shafts.
both the cornel and the myrtle have shoots suitable myrtus cf. Georg. ii. 447. Myrtle is sacred to Venus,
:
and "loves the sea." cf ii. 249. 25. ramis 26. dictu see note on
:
.
ii.
680.
;
H. 385, 4). sanguine, 244; G. 396; H. 415, iii). The prodigy of blood drops from a tree is a wide-spread piece of folk-lore. Modern poets who make use of it, commonly imitate Virgil or Ovid (see Met. ii. 358-62).
28.
huic,/rom
this
1 229, c\ G. 345, R.
abl. of material
A famous instance is Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 2. 30-33. Ariosto, Orlando Furtoso, vi. 26 ff., imitates Virgil, but has omitted the blood drops, and introduced some clever variations.
29.
mini
235, a
G. 350,
H. 384,
a 4, N.
278
Notes.
32. temptare, to try or explore ; cf. ii. 691, and the note. He regards the prodigy as an omen. 34. nymphas agrestis, the hamadryads or nymphs of the grove,
making
the tree
ties of
their
itself,
abode in trees (Spvs, oak): the hamadryad was the spirit of born and perishing with it. First he worships the diviniall
the immediate place, then the greater divinity of
Thrace.
venerabar, I prayed with reverence (the request follows in v. 36). the omen, though alarming as far as observed, was 36. secundarent not understood, and might be a good one it had to be interpreted by
:
;
further occurrences (see note on

523, iii. favorable.
37. 38. 39.
H.
levarent,
i.e.
691); for mood see 339; G. 652 lighten the weight of the omen by making it
ii.
;
sed, but (instead of the result hoped for). 228 arenae genibus, abl. of manner.
:
eloquar
268
G. 465
H. 484,
v)
G. 347 H. 386. ; the occurrence seems to

;
him
too frightful to relate.

41.
42.
quid
240, a
G. 333, 2
H. 454,
2.
iam, at
;
length.
2,
non
parce scelerare, forbear, etc. ( . . tulit, Troy did not bear me
G. 271, 269, a, 2, N. (to be) alien to you.
N. 8 ).
43. aut . . . manat, and it is from no tree-stock this gore flows. The negative force is continued by aut and so another negative is not needed. 45. ferrea seges, i.e. the spears thrust into him have taken root, and grown up through the sand-mound that has heaped itself above his body.
There were several

(xx. 407
;
tales respecting the

is slain
death of Polydorus.
in fight.
In the Iliad
in
Bry. 513) he
xiii.
by Achilles
The account
429-38) and that in the prologue of the Hecttba of Euripides are like Virgil's. In the latter the ghost of Polydorus tells the story. 47. turn vero (regularly used of the most important moment in a
narrative),
Ovid (Met.
parison.
ah ! then indeed ; before, his horror had been slight in comancipiti formidine, double terror, from the sight and the voice. mentem, Gr. ace. ( 240, c; G. 338, i ; H. 378, i).
infelix,
i.e.
50.
in all his later fortunes.
yneas
tells
the story, ap-
parently, as related to
294, d; G.
him by the ghost of Polydorus.

;
alendum
430
H.
:
2 544, N.
cf. ii.
589.
the imperfect with iam regularly denotes the be51. iam diffideret ginning of an action ( 277, c, N.). introduced to change the subject and refer to Polymnestor, 53. ille the Thracian king.
:
54.
56.
potitur
1 secutus, siding with ( 290, b G. 282, N. ; H. 550, N. ). is here of the third conjugation. quid : 240, a ; G. 333,
;
H.
375-
III. 69.]
The Êneid.
(cf.
i.
279
349): sacer,
57.
auri sacra fames, accursed craving for gold

to perish.
anciently applied to things set apart for sacrifice to
some
;
doomed
58.
auri, obj. gen.

to
217
G. 363, 2
as
first
primum parentem,
my
father
first,
and hence H. 396, iii). in rank and age.

deity,
The Trojan
chiefs are consulted in turn, like the
Roman
senators, re-
specting the prodigy, and Anchises, as princeps, speaks first. 59. refero, the regular word for laying a matter before the senate. sententia, view (properly, official opinion, or vote).
Roman
61. linqui : the construction changes to the passive in Latin, doubtless for metrical reasons, but it need not change in the translation. dare
classibus austros, call the -winds to the [waiting] ships. 62. instauramus, the technical word for a renewal of any imperfect ceremonies the funeral rites (funus) had, of course, been cut short, if
;
not omitted altogether, by the murderer. Their due performance was thought to lay the ghost. See the long description of the funeral of Misenus in vi. 177-235, with the notes.
63.
Manibus
the
Manes
are the spirits of the dead considered as
inhabiting the Lower World. When conceived as ghosts hovering about their old homes or haunting the living, they are lemtires or larvae. Cf.
Herrick, To the Shade of his Father:

Behold, behold,
I
bring
Unto thy ghost th' effused offering, And look, what smallage, nightshade, cypress, yew, Unto the shades have been, or now are due, Here I devote.
64.
atra cupresso
ii.
so
vi.
216: ferales cupressos.
Cf.
Davenant
Gondibert,
The palace seems all hid in cypress boughs, From ancient lore of man's mortality The type, for where 'tis lopped it never grows.
66.
inferimus, a
iii.
sacrificial
term.
lacte
244, e
G. 396, N. 3
H.
as
415,
etc., we lay the [perturbed] spirit: the expression here it would seem that the soul was supposed to remain with the body after death but compare iv. 705, v. 517, which seem to imply a different idea. The first
67-68.
animam
condimus,
we say "to
lay a ghost."
From
is doubtless the more primitive and less philosophical, and was retained and confused with the later one. supremum ciemus, we call
view
upon him for the

69.
last time cf. ii. 644 placata dant, render calm (see as personal and so is appeased?
;
for constr. cf
i.
ii.
630, note.
66, note).
The
sea
is
conceived
280
71.
Notes.
deducunt, launch: their ships were regularly beached while in this word is the technical term for drawing them into the water.
port,
73.
74.
and
mari medio, in mid-sea.
Nereidum matri,
is
Delos
Doris, cf. i. 144, note; Eel. x. 5. Neptuno said to have been sacred to Poseidon, until yielded by him to
:
Latona.
75.
76.
plus, filial, referring to his care of Latona. errantem it is possible that the little island of Delos from
:
its
position had often eluded the early mariners, and so led to the story that it was adrift, until its place was fixed by Myconus and Gyarus, to which Apollo was then supposed to have " moored " it. Cf Par. Lost,
.
celsa Myconus 295-6: "as firm as Delos, floating once." high except as any island would be celsa compared to the sea.
x.
:
is
not
77.
immotam,
cf.
i.
pred. adj.
186,
b,
:
G. 325
H. 438,
2).
coli, to be
dwelt on ;
65, 79, 522.
dedit
this use of
dare (of which we have

;
had several
instances) has been often imitated in English poetry Milton, Par. Lost, ix. 818, 819:
as by
And gave him
to partake
Full happiness with me.
78.
haec,
sc. tellus.
79.
egressi, landing, the regular word.

:
80. Anius see Ovid, Met. xiii. 632-704. Various legends connect him with Anchises and with Êneas. rex, etc., the two offices were no
doubt regularly united

of the early
81.
in the
most ancient times
compare the functions
Roman
:
kings.
vittis
83. 84.
hospitio, in hospitality,
these he wore as being a priest. i.e. as hereditary friends
(cf. v. 15).
saxo
244
G. 396, N. 8
H.
415,
iii.
:
85. propriam, permanent. temple at Thymbra near Troy. 86.
Thymbraee
Apollo, having a famous
87.
mansuram, that shall abide ( 293, b, \ reliquias, etc.: Pergama, i.e. citadel.
i.e.
G. 283
cf.
i.
H.
549, 3).
30.
88. quern sequimur, on prendimus, ii. 322. 89.
who
shall be our guide
For tense see note
inlabere
his worshippers with

90.
Apollo, as the god of prophecy, is supposed to inspire knowledge, as well as his priest.
. .
tremere
laurus
cf.
Chaucer, Troihis,
iii.
540-4
And moste
Answered
at
swich a temple alone wake,
of Apollo for to be,
And
Er
first
to seen the holy laurer
quake
that Apollo spak.
III. 104.]
The ALneid.
:
281
altar
in many ancient representations of Delphi an limina, laurus appears in front of the temple there is a laurel near by. 92. cortina (lit. vat or caldron} is strictly the vessel which formed the
91.
body of the tripod;

sat.
it was provided with a cover, on which the priestess 28 Fig. (from a vase painting) represents Apollo sitting on the
cortina.
Fig. 28.
94.
95.
duri, hardy (suggesting the toils which they had undergone). G. 325, R. 7 H. 443. tellus 200, b, and prima 191
: ; ;
N.;
G. 616.
ubere laeto, in her fruitful bosom,
i.e.
nourishing (alluding to
matrem, below).
from
domus Aeneae, etc. these two lines are taken (slightly altered) xx. 307, 308 An old tradition reports Homer to Bry. 387. have received this oracle from Orpheus, who had it direct from Apollo.
97.
hie
II.
For explanation see v. 99. mixto tumultu,

102.
163.
oris
6 229, c; G. 346, N.
H.
385, 4.
abl. absolute.
suited to Virgil's time than to that of his hero

;
volvens monumenta, unrolling the records, a metaphor better see note to i. 262. cf. Od. xix. 172 104. lovis insula, see note on v. 131 Bry. 212.
; ;
282
105.
Notes.
gentis cunabula
proved to his mind by the existence of a Mt.

ii.
Ida
in Crete.
106.
centum urbes
cf. II.
649
Od.
xix. 174.
F g2g
107.
audita:2i 9;
108.
Rhoeteas:
was
the
Rhoeteum
name
of a small town
just
and promontory
north of Troy
;
cf. II.
xx. 215-218, Bry. 217. 109. regno: for

dat. see
233, b
G.
356
279,
e,
H.
R.
390,
ii.
no. steterant:
;
G. 241,
3.
in. hinc, i.e. from

this colony of Teucer.
cultrix, patroness.
Cybela (or -us) was a Phrygian mountain

sacred to Cybele or
Cybebe, "mother of
the gods "(cf.
vi.
ii.
788,
784-7), a Phrydivinity
in
gian
the Troad.
wor-
shipped
and about
Her
rites
were orgiastic and were performed by the Cory-
Fida silentia bantes, her votaries, with the clashing of cymbals, etc. (v. 112) refers to the mysteries associated with her worship, not to the
mode
of worship
itself.
tured as drawn by lions.
She wears a turreted crown. Her car is Her worship was introduced into Rome
picB.C.
207 and became very popular in the later republic. (Her journey to Rome is quaintly represented in Fig. 30, from an ancient relief.)
112.
sacris, dat.
(231
:
116.
nee longo cursu

;
G. 349; H. 387). about one hundred and
fifty
miles
250;
adsit
:
G. 403
H.
423).
;
luppiter, as
-
god
of the sky
and of storms.
3M
G- 573
H
.
S'3.
i.e. by custom. albam (II. iii. 103 nigram the power whose wrath is deprecated (cf.
118.
meritos, due,
.
.
120.
vi.
Bry. 130): a black victim to 250); a white one to the

330.
friendly deity.
felicibus,
favoring ;
cf.
i.
III. 128.]
The
258, a,
;
283
G. 390, N. 2
;
121.
regnis:
'5
N. 3
H. 412,
2.
cessisse:
33
122.
2 5 2 7. R:
H.
535,
3.
Idomenea according to the story, Idomeneus, overtaken by a vowed to sacrifice to the sea-god the first living thing that should meet him on his safe return. This proved to be his son, who
storm, had
Fig. 30.
was accordingly sacrificed but a pestilence followed, and Idomeneus was driven from Crete, and settled in Italy (v. 400); compare the story
;
of Jephthah.
123.
124.
hoste
243, a
258,
pelago:
G. 405 H. 414, i. G. 389; H. 425,

;
relictas
i
see v. 77, note.

in the
1
;
cf.
ii.
800.
i.e.
125.
rites of
126.
bacchatam iugis, -whose heights are visited in the orgies, Bacchus iugis is loc. abl. niveam, on account of its much-prized white marble.
;
127.
consita (cotisero),
ii.
clotted
wkh
islands.
tenis
248, c
G. 405;
H.
421,
128.
nauticus
cf.
ii.
55 and note (Argolicas),
ii.
487.
284
129. 130.
Notes.
petamus,
direct discourse (hortatory subjunctive). This word is regularly used of human prosequitur, attends. escort, and so here in a manner personifies the favoring wind. 131. Curetum, priests of Jupiter in Crete, where his worship was con-
ducted with orgies and noisy rites, like that of Cybele. His infancy was passed there in concealment, and his cries were drowned by the clashing of the arms of the Curetes. (See Fig. 31, from an ancient relief.)
oris
:
225,
b, cf.
258,
:
133.
Pergameam
G. 358 H. 385, 4.1 2, N.I an historical Cretan town Pergamum

;
is
thus con-
nected by Virgil with the wanderings of Êneas. 8 H. 535, 134. amare: 331, g; G. 546, N.
;
iv.
tectis
235;
G. 344
135.
affairs
:
H.
ifi2),for their habitations.
fere qualifies not merely subductae but the whole situation of the colony was well-nigh established. subductae, the technical
term for beaching the ancient ships, which were usually kept on land and only launched on occasion of a voyage (cf. v. 71).
136.
conubiis
(trisyllable), abl.
of means, match-making (with Cretan

Cf. the long description, Georg.
(cf.
women
137.
iii.
apparently).
tabida goes with lues
(v.
139).
478-566.
138.
membris, upon
.
. .
their limbs
tectis, v. 134, note).
corrupto
tractu (abl. of cause,
245
G. 408
;
H.
416),
;
from an infected quarter of the sky, i.e. an epidemic see Eel. vii. 57 cf. Thomson's description of plague and famine, The Seasons, Summer,
w.
1092-1134; especially
w. 1122-1126:
The
circling sky,
The wide
They
139.
enlivening air is full of fate ; And, struck by turns, in solitary pangs

fall,
unblest, untended, and
unmoum'd.
here subst. in the same constr. as membris. satis, from sero linquebant dulcis animas, they laid down their dear lives. 141. sterilis (ace. plural) etc., burned the fields barren (i.e. so that 1 H. 373, i, N.'2 G. 340 Sirius: they became barren): 239, a, N.
;
140.
cf. x.
274
II.
xxii. 31
cf.
Milton, Lycidas,
w.
136-8
Ye
valleys low
On whose
exurere:
143. 144.
fresh lap the swart star sparely looks.

i
275
G. 647; H. 536,
cf.
ii.
99, 132.
negabat, refused.
veniam, a gracious answer.
The
question
is in
the indirect form
in the next line.
III. 183.]
The Êneid.
:
285
147.
148.
nox erat
effigies,
cf. ii.
268 (note),
viii.
26, 27.
it
images (not apparitions):
was "a mixture of dream
and vision."
150. 154.
ante oculos iacentis, before delate, when arrived (i.e.

say, equivalent to dicat
(
;
my
if
eyes as
I lay.
go).
you should
dicturus est,
would
a fut. apodosis, the protasis being im-
plied in delate
310, a; G. 593, 2;
(i.e.
H.
7 507, N. ).
155. ultro, unasked i.e. of his chamber.
without your going to him).
ad limina,
158. idem (plur. contracted) nepotes, we will also ( 195,^; G. 310; H. 451, 3) exalt, etc.: said rather of the general glories of the race than of the apotheosis of special heroes.
. . .
159.
1
60.
161.
magnis, for great things (i.e. a mighty destiny). ne linque see note on ii. 48 (note), 606. haec ( 227, /; G. 345 H. 385, ii), not this shore
:
;
did, etc.
162.
Cretae, locative
258,
i.
c,
G. 411
H. 426,
i).
163-166.
167. hae
168.
:
Repeated from
530-533, which see.

5
;
H. 445, 4. R. propriae, i.e. appointed. the lasius, according to one legend, a brother of Dardanus traditions respecting the two are somewhat confused. pater, merely
195, d; G. 211,
:
an honorary epithet.
principe, as the founder ;
see
184;
G. 325
H.
363, 3:
see 170. dubitanda 294, a. Corythum (afterwards Cortona), a very ancient city in Etruria. There were many traditions of its connection with Greeks and Pelasgians. requirat, for imperative of dir. disc.
173-175. Cf. the vision of Eliphaz \njob, iv. 13-17. 174. velatas : there is no known representation of these divinities from
Virgil's time.
See the head-piece to
this
book
for a
somewhat
later
conception.
175.
176.
corpore, abl. of separation. supinas manus : see note on
i.
93.
177.
munera,
:
i.e.
a libation of wine.
fulfilled
his cheerfulness, when he has 178. laetus comes from the assurance of divine direction.
179.
1 80.
the sacrifice,
ordine, in full with
all
the details.
in its literal sense, twofold.
prolem, race.
ambiguam,
homes
181.
novo errore
nate, etc.
. .
perhaps a mere verbal antithesis to veterum locoof the race.

v. 725.
rum,
i.e.
the ancient
:
182.
183.
repeated
.
fatis, abl. of instrument.

alliteration,
casus though not so
canebat: VirgiP seems rather fond of

so as the earlier poets.
much
286
184.
Notes.
nunc repeto, now (though before
earn)
:
forgetful)
N. 1
;
recall.
;
porten-
dere
(sc.
for tense see
i.
619
336 A,
ii.
187. crederet, would have believed ( 1 moveret : see quern . 485, N. ).

.
.
308, a,
247
H. 537, i). cf. 268 G. 466 H. cf. Landor, Espousals

G. 281, N.
; ;
of Polyxena
1
Thou
fearest the wild wail of our Cassandra.
Phoebo, the god of prophecy, who, as he thought, must have commissioned the Penates (cf. w. 154-5). meliora, a higher destiny. 189. ovantes, because they at length know their true destiny.
88.
190.
quoque,
i.e.
as well as Thrace.
paucis relictis, to account for

in historical times (y. 133).
the existence of the Cretan

191.
is
Pergamum
often used as transitive; but the construction of resembles that of the cognate ace. ( 238, c G. 333, 2
;
aequor, depending on currimus, in the sense of navigare, which all such words
;
192.
altum tenuere, gained
the deep;
cf. v.
8-11; Od.
H. 371, ii. N.). xii. 403-406;
Bry. 491.
195.
storm.
inhorruit, roughened, with a hint at the dread (horror) of the tenebris, abl. of manner. The allusion is doubtless to the
common
199.
appearance of the darkening of the sea under a wind.

:
abstulit, shut out, but the figure is livelier in Latin. ignes, flashes. nubibus, loc. ablative ; cf. Paradise Regained, iv. 410-13
The
clouds,
From many
a horrid
rift,
abortive pour'd
fire
Fierce rain with lightning mix'd, water with In ruin reconcil'd.
201.
ipse
if
to
know
202.
203.
emphatic because Palinurus is the skilful pilot, and ought discernere, distinguish. anybody on board could. viae: 219; G. 376; H. 406, ii. H. 379. G. 336 soles incertos, i.e. undistinguish256
:
:
; ;
able.
caligine (abl. of cause), to be taken with incertos.
The land discloses 206. aperire, volvere, depending on visa est. the peaks and rolls up the smoke. fumum, the sign of an inhabited
country.
207. vela : it would seem that in all difficult places, as when nearing the coast, the ancients used only their oars. insurgimus : we say bend to the oars ; but the ancients used larger oars, so that the corresponding expression in Latin is rise, as here.
208.
209.
2 caerula, the dark blue sea ( 189, b G. 204, N. ; H. 441, i). of the Ionian Sea, west of PeloponStrophadum, two islands
;
nesus.
They were
said to be so called because there Zetes
and
Calais,
sons of Boreas, turned (orplô/xai) from pursuing the Harpies.
III. 242.]
The sEneid.
name has a Greek
287
derivation (as given in the
210.
Graio, because the stant,
preceding note).
lie.
212. Harpyiae, perhaps originally personified storm-winds, but worked up by the mythographers into the monsters described in the text. They infested the house of Phineus, a king of Thrace, but were driven out by
the Argonauts, Zetes and Calais, as here described hence metu (abl. of cause). There are countless references and allusions to the Harpies
;
in ancient
and modern
literature.
is
Phineia
cf.
iii.
128, note.
put for its instrument. such monsters regularly had their home in the world below; So in Milton, Camus, 603-5
215.
ira, scourge,
:
the wrath
Stygiis
cf. vi.
285.
All the grisly legions that troop Under the sooty flag of Acheron,
Harpies and Hydras.

2 1 6.
voltus,
sc.
sunt.
57, c
;
218.
219.
fame:
:
for e see
G. 68, 8
H.
137, 2.
intravimus
i. 381 and note. H. 518. G. 561 220. laeta, thriving: a common word for any luxuriant growth here possibly only of numbers, countless.
delati, sailing in (literally,
down); compare
324
221.
222.
custode, abl. of manner, or perhaps abl. absolute. ferro, abl. of instrument. ipsum the emphasis
:
is
either to
give a stronger indication of their honesty of purpose, or else to show a still greater folly on their part in calling on Jupiter, the protecting
divinity of strangers, in their acts of violence. 223. in partem, etc., to a share of the prey (hendiadys, see 224. toros, i.e. for reclining. dapibus, abl. of means.
i.
61).
clangoribus, i.e. the noise of their flapping wings. Hence in Shakspere's Tempest (iii. 3) Ariel diripiunt, etc. enters in the shape of a harpy, " claps his wings upon the table, and with a quaint device the banquet vanishes."
226.
227.
228.
vox, their cry as birds of prey
not yet articulate, as

4 397, N.
i.
v.
247.
horrentibus, darkening. 2 216, b; G. 372, N. 232. caeli: abl. of instrument. 233. pedibus,
230.
H.
H.
(cf.
422).
234.
would
236.
be, capessite
his words in dir. disc, 523, iii) est ; cf. v 36. ac, than, as often in early Lat. and poetry. tectos, proleptic.
capessant
339
.
G. 652
gerendum
240.
241.
in
nova proelia, strange warfare.

foedare
:
in a
;
syntax to
242.
871,*
kind of apposition with proelia, but to be referred G. 423 H. 533, i.

;
plumis,
loc. ablative.
288
243.
Notes.
sub, up toward, a
in composition
common meaning
of the
word
compare
its
424, note). 245. una, one only, with emphasis as usual. 246. infelix, ill-omened. rumpit, hurls forth ; here causative " causes to burst forth " (cf ii. 1 29, note). notice the emphasis on this word from its position as 247. bellum well as its repetition. pro, i.e. to defend and continue the outrage
(i.
. .
meaning
already committed.
248.
Laomedontiadae
:
used with special reference to the perfidy of
Laomedon
252.
divinities.
(see Introduction, p. xxvii).
Furiarum apparently a mere confusion of the two sets of Such creatures were not very exactly defined in the minds of the ancients, and the two might easily be identified with each other,
especially as these
divine vengeance. Lycidas,

v. 75,
Cf Par.
.
Harpies, as well as the Furies, were ministers of " Lost, ii. 596 harpy-footed Furies." In
:
Atropos, one of the Fates, "the blind Fury." vocatis the ordinary invocation of the 253. cursu, abl. of manner. winds, but here with the idea that they will surely be favorable. for ace. cf. i. 2, and note. 254. Italiam
Milton
calls
255.
256.
non ante quam, never fames: an appropriate vengeance

.
. .
.
until.
;
cf. v.
:
217.
nostrae
217,
a; G.
396, vi.
257.
2 364, N.
11.396,
iii,
N. 2
caedis
214,^/5 G. 361;
H.
subigat
Fig. 31-
mails: notice the 327,0; G. 577; H. 520, 2. long penult. As to the fulfilment of this
prophecy see
4,
iii.
394-5,
v. 29.
vii.
107-119.
259. N. 2
;
sociis:
cf.
235, a; G. 350, i;
H. 384,
mihi,
260.
animi, their
exposcere
:
spirits.
belonging properly with votis precibusque alone, but (by the common zeugma) used also with armis.
261. 262. 263.
sint
342
i.e.
i.
G. 663,
H.
529,
ii.
passis,
;
in the ordinary attitude
of prayer
264.
cf.
93,
and note
iii.
176.
meritos, i.e. due by custom, such as the greater victims usually sacrificed to the
higher (magna) gods.

267.
rudentes,
:
i.e.
266. placidi, be propitious and, etc. the clew-lines that held the sail furled (as seen in
Fig. 32
Ulysses and the Sirens, from an antique gem).
III. 281.]
The
:
289
no doubt
268.
Noti
perh. for winds in general, though they could
lay their course with a south wind.

425,
i
undis
258, g; G. 389; H.
1
.
271. 273.
saxis
Ulixi:
245; 0.408; H. 416. H. 396, 217; G. 363, 2

;
iii.
Fig- 32-
VIEW OF LEUCATK.
nautis: for dat. see
v. 14,
275.
note.
aperitur, shows
itself,
i.e.
the
temple appears above the horizon as they approach. 276. urbi, i.e. Ambracia.
279.
ing the
280.
in
votis, etc., lustramur, make an expiatory sacrifice. vowed sacrifices they kindle the fire on the altars.
:
i.e.
by
offer-
Actia an ancient festival was held on the promontory of Actium honor of Apollo, whose temple there, said to have been founded by the Argonauts, was renewed by Augustus in honor of the battle of Actium. This festival is made more distinguished by being here connected with Êneas. celebramus, we crowd, the literal meaning of the word. ludis, abl. of means.
281. oleo (abl. of
manner)
oil,
in their
gymnastic games the ancients
anointed their bodies with
becoming
stiff
bottle of oil
:
Fig. 33, objects found at Pompeii.) palaestras properly, the place for wrestling, but often used, as here, for the exercise itself.
from exposure. and strigils. (See
apparently to prevent the muscles from The tegular emblem of the gymnast is a
290
:
Notes.
282. nudati the games were all practised without any clothing, hence the term gymnasium (Gr. yv^vaaiov, from yv/j.v6s, naked). 2 G. 331, a. 1 284. annum 239, b, N.
: ;
Fig- 33-
H. 376,
286.
N.
acre
(abl.
of material) cavo, on
account of the form of the shield.
Abantis: see Vocab.
This shield, an
old trophy apparently, must have been taken away in the flight from Troy.
287.
i.e.
postibus adversis
(loc. ablative),
on the door-posts fronting you. such inscriptions were often carmine

:
in verse.
288.
.ffineas, sc.
dedicat (often omit-
ted, as here).
289.
turn,
i.e.
in the following spring.

cf.
considere, etc.:
Bry. 127.
291.
cf.
Od. ix.io3, 104;

v.
aerias: see Od.
280; Bry. 334;

i.
Shelley, Revolt of Islam,
The peak
292.
of
an
aerial
promontory.
cf.
portu, a contracted dative; G. 61 H. 1 16, ft.-note. 68, N.

; ;
293.
Chaonio
:
see v. 334 and note.
a stock epithet (cf. " Towered L" Allegro); see cities please us then."
celsam
v. 76.
lying coast town.

b,
Buthrotum was apparently a lowFor case see 258,

it
N. 5
G. 337
H. 380,
3.
occupat, meets, with the additional idea of seizing them, as " takes cf. were, with surprise Hamlet, ii. prisoner Priam's ear."
294
2.
499-
regnare, ind. disc, in apposition with fama. 249; 6.407; H. 421, i). coniuge (for case see Andromache, the widow of Hector, had fallen in the distribution of
295.
296.
coniugio
booty to the lot of Pyrrhus, son of Achilles and great-grandson of Êacus (Aeacidae). The rest of the story is told in w. 325 ff cf. Euripides' Andromache, 1243-1249, where it is given as a prophecy by
.
sceptris : cf note on metrical reason for the plural.

Thetis.
.
i.
56,
though here there seems to be no
III. 319.]
The AZneid.
291
:
patrio, of her own people 297. cessisse, had fallen (passed over). her father, the king of the Cilicians, had been an ally of Troy. 298. amore, desire, abl. of means.
299.
compellare, depends on incensum [est] pectus;
cf.
ii.
10, note.
portu, ablative. 301. sollemnis dapes

300.
grave, consisting
among
the
the anniversary offering (parentalia) at the Romans of wine, milk, oil, honey, with more
solid food, such as eggs
with wreaths.
and beans, while the graves were decorated For a similar observance see figure in text, p. 77, from
a vase painting.
302. falsi, pretended, i.e. named for the original (and so itself not " real cf. z*u. 349 ff. "), a natural memorial of the old familiar places 303. libabat : the indicative seems to violate the rule for cum in nar;
ration
etc.),
ii).
but a definite past time is meant (just at the time -when she was, so that the violation is only apparent ( 325, a G. 580; H. 521, Manis the spirit in its semi-deified condition would visit, like any
; ; :
monument erected to it, and receive the offering (cf. v. 84 ff.). Hectoreum ad tumulum, to a mound consecrated to Hector, i.e. a 3 H. 244; G. 396, N. cenotaph erected to his memory. caespite: quern inanem, an empty tomb, which: the ashes of Hector 415,111. had been buried in Troy (II. xxiv. 797 Bry. 1004). the number is common. lacrimis 226, b; in 305. geminas 1 prose it would be genitive (H. 392, N. ). the apparition of ALneas seems to her a prodigy. 307. monstris
divinity, the
304.
308.
deriguit visu in medio, even while gazing at
me
she swooned.
H. 423, N. 2 adfers, do you present yourself, a real form ? 310. vera if he is a spirit from below, then Hector might be 311. recessit expected to appear in bodily form as well as he cf. v. 303.
309.
tempore:
. . :
259, d;
313. 314.
clamore, wailing.
furenti
see
i.
102, note.
lips in these
1
hisco (incept.), agitated,
I scarce open my
it is
few words.
all).
vocibus, abl. of manner.
equidem, 317. deiectam

315.
'tis
= deprived (with violence).

:
true (with a hint that
barely
life,
after
Two questions 318. digna, equal to her worth. revisit, returns to. are compressed into one " What fate is hers, and is it worthy of her ? " 319. The weight of MS. authority is perhaps in favor of Andromache,
with which te must be supplied.
erable
from
N. 2
its
simplicity.
H.
398,
Pyrrhin
1
:
But th# present reading seems prefFor construction see 214, b; G. 362, N. 1 the omission of the e is colloquial and
;
antiquated.
292
320.
deiecit
:
Notes.
for the mention of Pyrrhus reminds her of her slavery
and humiliation.
321.
felix, etc., the
one most happy -woman beyond all others
93, b
0.303; H.
riage,
443,
3).
under a truce,
Priameia virgo: Polyxena, promised in marIt was at an interview with her that to Achilles.
in the heel
Achilles
was treacherously shot

;
by
Paris.
;
After the
fall of
Troy Pyrrhus
Euripides
322.
cf
.
sacrificed her at his father's
tomb
see the Hecuba of
Lander's poem, The Espousals of Polyxena.

:
see ii. 55 (note), 487. sortitus, the allotment of captives 766, and note.
hostilem
323.
among
1
the victors
cf.
ii.
324. 325.
eri
often wrongly spelled herus, see
2, b.
The story of Pyrrhus, Andromache, nos, opposed to Polyxena. and Hermione, and of the death of Pyrrhus at the hands of Orestes, is the subject of the Andromache of Euripides, imitated, in seventeenth
century French pseudo-classic taste, by Racine in his Andromaque. 327. servitio enixae, having borne offspring to him in slavery (a H. 550, N. 1 son named Molossus). secutus 290, b\ G. 282, N.
: ;
Hermionen the one child of Menelaus and Helen, daughter of Leda. She is variously said to be the wife and the betrothed of Orestes. 329. me famulo, etc., i.e. I was his slave, and so he made me over to Helenus a slave as well. A kind of apology for her present position. H. 544, N. 2 cf. v. 50. habendam 294, d; G. 430
328.
: : ;
330.
ereptae
see note
:
v. 328.
331.
murder)
scelerum Furiis the furies that avenged his crimes (his mother's by which the ancients meant the madness caused by the act.
:
Cf. the speech of the First
Fury
in Shelley's
Prometheus Unbound, act
We are
And And
the ministers of pain, and fear,
disappointment, and mistrust, and hate,

clinging crime.
:
but the altar where Pyrrhus was slain was 332. patrias ad aras So in the Andromache of Euripides. usually said to be at Delphi.
333. as
if
reddita
ce'ssit
= has come by succession

253
;
(i.e.
in the natural order
Helenus were
his son).
334.
cognomine:
:
G. 397
H. 424.
according to 335. Chaone tally killed by him.

336.
338.
one story a brother of Helenus, acciden-
iugis, dat.
aut
the alternative
is
between an accidental
arrival (venti),
and divine direction (deus). a common form of inquiry for one's health. 339- <l u id, sc. agit
:
III. 301.]
The sEneid.
(abl.):
left
293
340.
Troia
would perhaps mean "whom,

Creiisa bore you."
341.
unfinished by Virgil. The line completed after the siege of Troy was already begun,
ecqua cura ? ecqua emphasizes the question, has he any regard. tamen, though she is dead, yet, etc. 2 H. 378, 2. 240, a G. 333, R. 342. ecquid, at all ; see antiquam,
;
ancestral.
Creiisa was a daughter of Priam (cf. patruus, uncle 343. avunculus on the fathers side). excitat, i.e. does their fame arouse him to emu:
late
them
348.
349.
verba inter singula,
-with every
v.
word.
si-
Troiam
see note,
302.
magnis, dative, depending on

like.
it
mulata
350.
in its original
sense of
:
made
234
:
arentem rivum
a picturesque way of contrasting

xxi.
;
:
with the
formidable Xanthus of
II.
depend on cognomine or rivum H. 396, vi. 214, /; G. 361 cognomine 253 G. 397 H. 424. Scaeae: cf. ii. 612. 351. amplector: cf. ii. 490. in imitation of the manners of heroic times the 353- porticibus attendants are entertained in open galleries, of which there were many in the ancient houses see Tabula Iliaca, p. 64. accipiebat the imper;
Xanthi the word may Bry. 300. for the construction in either case see
:
;
fect denotes the repetition,
day
after day, of the feast.

;
2 H. 49, 2): the great court-yard of the ( 36, a; G. 29, N. here referred to palace (compare Figs. 24 and 25), where stood the 2 altar of Zeus. For constr. see H. 440, N. 3 193 N. G. 372, N.
354.
aulai
is
libabant
736).
the libation
cf.
i.
was a regular accompaniment

177, 215.
to the feast
(cf.
i.
Bacchi:
356. dies alterque processit, day after day -went by. The chronology of the poem seems to require that another winter should have been
passed in Epirus. dressing Helenus.
The
lapse of time
is
is
given as Eneas' reason for ad-
represented as possessing all powers of divination, being a vates (as priest of Apollo), an auspex (or augur), and
Helenus
an astrologer.
357.
358.
vocant,
etc., i.e.
vatem
:
for Helenus' gift of

(
the weather again becomes favorable. prophecy see II. vi. 76 Bry. 93.
;
quaeso
359.
360.
the old form of quaero
1 1,
a,
H.
31),
preserved in this use.

to
sentis
numina, purposes. since he was a "seer," thing% future and unseen were
:
him objects of
direct perception.
life."
sidera, the stars in the astrological
meaning, as "lords of
361. linguas, pennae: the birds or their flight.
two forms of augury, from the voices of
294
362.
Notes.
an epithet logically belonging to cursum, is here " to agree with religio. namque : the thought is, I do my voyage or my destination ; but, since one ill-boding
perils,
prospera:
poetically
made
not ask about
prophet has sung of

365.
how
may
avoid or overcome these best?"
dictu,
to tell,
horror
a thing.
367.
368.
(in appos. with prodigium), a probably on account of the bad luck of mentioning such We have something similar in our "Oh! don't speak of it."
cf.
ii.
680, note.
nefas
vito:
cf.
note to
ii.
322,
and
iii.
88.
fut.
possim, apod, of quid, etc., i.e. following what course ? condition the protasis is implied in sequens (cf. note on v. 1 54). apparently because the sacrifice was ended and he 370. resolvit
; :
now
appeared
372. 373.
in his character as vates, or prophetic seer.

.
.
multO
numine, awed by the mighty presence of the god.
divino, inspired.
374. nam, introducing the reason of pauca expediam below. maioribus, greater than Helenus to wit, under the protection of Jove. H. 535, 3. G. 527 ire 330, e
; : ; ;
375.
manifesta
volvit
; :
fides, the assurance is clear.
376.
in reference to the
changing succession of events, as
if
in a cycle
so also vertitur following. " 377. hospita (neut. plur.), not here hospitable," but "which you shall traverse as a hospes," or stranger, i.e. strange, foreign. lustres 317, b;
:
G. 545, 2
H. 497,
.
2.
;
H. 535, ii), i.e. he is not . . fari ( 271, b; G. 423, N. 6 380. scire permitted by the Fates to know, nor by Juno to tell if he did know. 381. Italiam, obj. of dividit. iam, now.
382. vicinos (pred. adj.), as if near at hand. paras, supply cuius, corresponding to quam this omission of the relative when it would be in another case is not uncommon in Latin.
:
383.
terris, stretches
:
via dividit invia
of land, i.e. the coasts along which he must sail. the alliteration is intentional as well as the use of
;
two words, via, invia, etymologically related (figttra etymological 344, m G. 68 1 H. 563). The latter device was a favorite with the Elizabethan
;
poets
cf.,
for example
Cleanse the stuff'd bosom of that perilous stuff
Which weighs upon

Alliteration
is
the heart.
Macbeth,
v. 344.
common
i.e.
:
in all literatures.
Sicily.
384.
T rinacria,
possis
(v.
around
lentandus,
sc. est.
ante
387) see note on subigat, v. 257. 385. Ausonii, the Tuscan sea as opposed to the Ionian. dum : see note i. 453.
quam
lustran-
III. 417.]
The ALneid.
295
386. lacus, the marshy regions of Avernus, the supposed entrance to the infernal regions see vi. 237.
;
387. 389.
quam, with ante

litoreis
:
(v.
384).
viii.
secret!: for fulfilment of the prophecy see

cf.
ii.
82.
390. 391.
392.
55,
fetus, ace. pi.
note on Argolicas. capitum, cf. our use of head.
nati, in the same construction as sus, with a verb to be supplied from iacebit; but we may translate with her white, etc. 393. is, ea: we should expect turn corresponding to cum, v, 389 but 5 the constr. changes on the principle of H. 445, 4. 195, d; G. 211, R.
;
;
395396.
vocatus,
i.e.
in
answer to prayer.
has, i.e. toward Epirus (Helenus' land). II. 388, 4): Apulia was colonized very G. 354 398. Grais ( 232, b so early that traditions were invented which, like early from Greece
;
that of /Eneas, referred the settlements to heroes of the Trojan war. H. 420. G. 331 228, a 248, c G. 401 400. milite: campos
;
;
H. 386,
402.
3.
desperate siege
subnixa muro, resting on its wall ; see Liv. xxiii. 30, for the it stood from Hannibal. Petelia an old city of Brut:
tium, said to have been founded by Philoctetes. Petelia.

405. velare (imperat. pass, in "middle" sense), in a purple mantle. (See Fig., p. 8.)
Philoctetae, with
wrap your head
close
407.
408.
hostilis facies
:
this
would be of
evil
omen.
hunc morem there is an old story that tineas once, while sacrificing, was surprised by Diomed coming to restore the Palladium, but did not interrupt the rite. teneto 269, d; G. 268, 2 H. 487, 2.
: ;
religione, sacred observance, or ritual. 411. claustra, the headlands, which seem to close the passage. seem wider apart (rariores) as the ships approach.
409.
These
tibi
412. laeva, i.e. along the eastern and southern shores of Sicily. for dat. see Grais, v. 398, note. : 414. haec loca dissiluisse, these shores, they say, sprang apart, the strait being formed, as was thought, by some earthquake shock,
. . .
connected, perhaps, with an eruption of ./Etna. ruina, convulsion. Par. Lost, i. 230-2 As when the force Of subterranean winds transports a hill Torn from Pelorus.
:
Cf.
417. foret: 326; undis, abl. of means.
0.587; H.
515,
iii.
medio
loc.
ablative.
296
419. litore, along the shore. with aestu (abl. of manner). see v. 400, note. 420. latus
:
Notes.
diductas,
now
separated.
angusto,
in Homer (Od. Scylla, Charybdis 73-110; Bry. 100) Scylla is a monster with six heads, each of which snatches a man from the deck (235-259; Bry. 293), and Charybdis,
:
xii.
dwelling below the flood, swallows the ship, which is afterwards cast meanwhile to a wild fig-tree (428-441); cf. Spenser's adaptation of this passage to his allegory, faery Queen, ii. 12. 3-8.
forth, Ulysses clinging
422.
sorbet Charybdis
the descriptions of the two monsters are
given in inverse order (chiastically).

423. 425. 426. 428.
sidera alternos, in turn. prima facies, the face and
pectore, abl. of quality
sub auras, upward into the air. on the hyperbole see note to i. 103. form above, which appear first. G. 400 H. 419, ii). 251
:
caudas (Gr.
ace.)
to the bellies
formidable
of wolves. but there
commissa, having the tails of dolphins fastened The rock which stands for Scylla is no longer
much dreaded by
is still a whirlpool or eddy near the Sicilian coast, the native boatmen in some states of the weather.
Milton's descriptioi of Sin, in the famous allegory of Sin and Death,
owes some features
to Virgil's Scylla
The one seem'd woman But ended foul in many

Voluminous and
to the waist,
and
fair,
a scaly fold
vast, a serpent
:
arm'd
With mortal
sting
about her middle round

full loud.
A cry of hell-hounds never ceasing bark'd

With wide Cerberean mouths
Par. Lost,
ii.
650-655
(cf.
659-661).
;
429.
iii. For con385. lustrare, to skirt along ; cf. i. 453 and note struction see metas: the 270, i ; G. 535 ; H. 538. Fig. 34Roman circus was divided lengthwise in the middle by
a wall, round which the race took place, and at each end of this were three conical pillars called metae,
round which the racers must turn to these the promontory, which the ship must double, is compared.
:
(See Fig. 34.)

430. cessantem, lingering, i.e. taking a less direct The word belongs to the unexpressed subj. course.
of lustrare.
431. 2;
vidisse
537.
for the perf. inf. see
288
e;
G. 280,
H.
432. caeruleis: the regular color of everything belong-
ing to the sea.
canibus resonantia:
cf.
Milton, Comus,
Scylla wept,
w.
257, 258:
And
chid her barking waves into attention.
III.
459-]
The sEneid.
297
435. illud, this (which follows). pro, i.e. this is so important as to take the place of all the rest. unum repeated for emphasis, but with a slightly different shade of meaning, as contrasted with omnibus.
:
438.
lunoni
;
prayers
439.
440.
to go.
all
notice the force of the repetition. religious formulae were in verse.

:
cane vota, chant
sic
finis: see
denique, so at length, i.e. so and only thus. note on Italiam, i. 2. mittere, you shall be suffered
divinos Lake Avernus was supposed to 441. delatus: cf. i. 365. be the entrance to the Infernal Regions, and so, like everything connected with the life and functions of the gods, was in a manner divinus.
:
442. 443.
lacus et Averna, hendiadys.
silvis, abl. of instrument.
insanam, frenzied, i.e. possessed with prophetic inspiration. 444. notas et nomina, i.e. the signs which express words. 446. digerit in numerum, arranges in (lit. into) due order.
448.
movement
verso cardine, of the door
from
is
enough
;
the turning of the hinge : i.e. to disturb them (abl. abs.).
the
mere
to the
Allusions
are countless
and of
:
all
kinds
Pope even compares bank-notes
Sibylline leaves
A A
Or
single leaf shall waft an army o'er, ship off senates to a distant shore
leaf, like Sibyl's, scatter to
Our
fates
and fro and fortunes, as the winds shall blow.
Moral Essays,
450.
452.
iii.
43-46.
saxo
(loc. abl.),
in the cave.
inconsulti abeunt,
men depart
unadvised,
i.e.
having received no
response.
453.
to
ne
tanti, etc., let not
any
;
cost
you, as to prevent (quin), etc. qua: 105, 1 G. 263, 3, N. fuerint: 266, N. 11.483, 2.
;
of delay be of such account d G. 107 H. 190, i.

;
;
tanti:
252, a; G.
380,
H. 404.
: ; ;
H. 515, iii. 266, c G. 606 vi, urgently. 454. increpitent 455. sinus, the hollow or belly of the sail, best translated by the sail
itself.
456.
secundos, i.e. with favorable winds. quin, referring back to tanti, ^.453.
504,
2.
;
adeas
332,
G.
554
H.
ut is omitted ( 331, and f, R. canat, depending on poscas volens a standing religious word translate, G. 546, R. 2 H. 499, 2).
457.
;
:
be
pleased
459.
if
to,
etc.
. . .
fugias
feras (indir.
quest.).,
i.e.
avoid,
if
that
is
possible
or bear,
they are unavoidable.
298
460.
Notes.
expediet, shall disclose : in fact, she guides ^neas to Anchises, himself gives the necessary instruction ; see Book vi. venerata, G. 167, N. 2 ; H. 231, 2). being duly reverenced (passive, 135, b
who
461.
375.
i.
quae:
liceat:
219,
c,
N., cf.
;
239,
c,
R.
i
;
G. 333,
cf.
i,
cf.
4 339, R.
H.
320; G. 631
H. 500,
is all
Pope, Rape of the Lock,
113:
This to disclose
:
thy guardian can.
464. dona gifts at parting (as at meeting, cf. i. 647) were a common mark of respect, and such as are here spoken of were the usual form
of wealth in heroic times.
auro, abl. of means.

(
",
gravia
;
the final
is
long, probably
:
by an
secto elephanto
466.
Dodonaeos: Dodona. The bronze vessels (lebetas) made there were famous, and were said to ring like a bell at the touch, being wrought or cast, proba4 H. 68. lebetas 64 G. 66, N. bly, in a single piece.
:
; ;
2 H. 580, 3, N. 2 ). 375, was in thin used plates, for inlaying. ivory chiefly according to one story, Helenus had settled first at
earlier quantity
467.
diadys.
consertam trilicem, woven

crest (or peak)
three-ply.
hamis auroque, hen(lit.
468. conum, the plume of a shining

Fig. 35-
and -waving
hairy,
made
of hair)
helmet,
i.e.
a helmet with gleaming
crest, etc.
The
;
conus was the ridge or projection on the top of the helmet, upon which the crest was fastened
was probably at first only a name. (See Fig. 35.)

it
spike,
whence the
G. 312,
viii.
469.
sua, appropriate:
2.
197, b
R. 1
H.
449,
471.
remigium,
:
outfit
of oars
(cf.
80).
inserted to indicate that these presents of armor, etc. (armis), in contradistinction to the
socios
general supplies, were
made
and
to
yEneas's com-
panions
individually
therefore
conferred
honor on them. 47 3. ne qua mora, that no delay might

while the
be
made
i.e.
wind blew fair
(lit.
to the wind, etc.,

;
that the fair

481.
236; G. 351 478. tamen, i.e. though you are hasting towards it. praeterlabare G. 553, 4 H. 502, i ut is omitted, cf. canat, -v. 457. 332, a, 2
477- tibi:
;
;
wind might not be hindered) vento, dat. ( 235 G. 345; H. 384, H. 389.
;
cf. v.
4).
480.
tain
pietate, abl. of cause.

sailing with
quid demoror austros,

?
i.e.
why do
I de-
you from
them
III. 5io.]
The ALneid.
299
482.
484.
cf. v.
digressu (abl. of cause), parting, each to go his own way (dis-). nee cedit honore, does not fall behind (her husband) in respect
The reading is doubtful. Most editions have honori, with 474. the general meaning that she does not fall short of the honor due to Ascanius.
485.
486-7.
489. instead of the vocative with super;

:
cf. i. 195. : 225, d; G. 348 ; H. 384, 2 longum, enduring. sint, relative clause of purpose. mini the dative is used as if qui sola superes were expressed,
donis
itself
the adv. super (= remaining} is an adjective. Astyanactis Astyanax (son of Hector and Andromache), was hurled from the walls of Troy by Ulysses.
equivalent
to
491. pubesceret, would be growing into youth f rom boyhood, i.e. had he lived (the condition is implied in nunc). aevo, abl. of quality. 492. hos see note on campos, v. 400. notice that the words contain a farewell hence the im493. vivite
: :
;
perative, instead of an optative subjunctive.
H.
388,
i.
fortuna peracta,
i.e.
232, a G. 354 they have had their share of adverse
quibus
fate,
and are
sua
;
:
at length securely happy.
494.
used
in its
;
with nos
495496.
see
196, c
ordinary sense, but with emphasis contrasted G. 521, R. 2 H. 449, 3. alia 203, c H. 459.
;
parta, secured. semper cedentia

(cf.
aequor, expanse.
:
in allusion to the instructions just
given by
be.
Helenus
499.
502.
obj. is
especially
w.
381-3, 477-9).
fuerit (fut. perf.), -will prove to
auspiciis, abl. of manner.
olim, hereafter.
urbes, direct obj. of faciemus, the secondary

;
H. 373). ( 239, a; G. 340 Epiro, Hesperia, locative abl. the allusion is probably to the town 504. unam faciemus Troiam of Nicopolis, then lately established by Augustus in Epirus. In the
503.
:
Troiam
charter of this town,
it is
said, the Epirotes
were spoken of as "kinsmen
of the
utramque, really animis, abl. of specification. 5 belonging to urbes, but attracted by Troiam; cf. 195, d\ G. 211, R.
;
Romans."
4.
H. 445,
506.
pelago
see v.
24, note.
507. Italiam, ace. of end of alent to a verb of motion (cf. i.

508.
motion with
2,
iter (sc. est),
note).
undis
cf. v.
which is equiv506, note.
509. 510.
opaci (proleptic), they become dark by being in shadow. sternimur (reflexive or "middle" use), we stretch our limbs.
sortiti
remos, casting
man
once.
to his "watch."
lots for the oars, i.e. having assigned each Apparently not all were on duty at the oar at
300
511.
Notes.
curamus, refresh (a standing expression for eating and drinking). inrigat, steals over (lit. bedews cf. i. 692, and note). horis, abl. of means as the poets 512. acta, borne along in her car.
; :
can personify, making the means the agent (cf. v 53-3), so they can make the agent the means, and use the simple ablative. The *Qpai (Seasons) manage the horses of the gods in Homer. Here, however, the con.
ception
513.
514.
is
changed from the seasons

etc., i.e.
surgit, when, etc.
explorat,
to the hours of the night. strato, abl. of separation. observes the heavens for clouds betokening
wind and
51
5.
listens to catch the first

:
sound of a breeze.
;
sidera notat
apparently to determine his course
cf.
Od.
v.
27 1-
2755 Bry. 325.

516.
517.
pluvias, from the rains attending their setting see note to i. 744. Spondaic line; see note to i. 617. auro, i.e. golden belt and
;
sword.
519.
Oriona
castra
long,
:
from the Greek.

a military expression, suggested by the later
to the hills in the back-
movemus
customs of naval expeditions.

522.
humilem, of the shore, as opposed

Italiam (a kind of indirect discourse
;
ground.
523.
the cry
is Italia,
Italia)
observe the effect of the repetition and hurried, and repeated cry of the men.
524. 525.
528.
elision,
expressing the glad,
clamore, abl. of manner. corona see note, i. 724.

:
218, a; G. 374; H. 399, 3. 529. ferte viam facilem, grant us an easy passage ; ferte also hints at their bearing the vessels on their course.
maris:
530.
the
winds freshen, the port widens as
crebrescunt, patescit (notice the effect of these inceptives) (as) it comes nearer into view. opta:
tae, stronger than desired ;

Veneris, south of
532. 533.
fied,
almost prayed for. Hydruntum, in Calabria. legunt,/r/ (gather in). the wave is fluctu curvatus, hollowed.
:
portus, the Portus
in a
manner
personi-
hence ab
is
used
see note to
v. 512.
534.
535.
536.
obiectae, exposed.
gemino muro
refugit,
i.e. it
(abl. of
now shows
manner), like a double wall. its true position back at the bottom of
the bay.
538.
primum,
i.e.
in
is
that strikes their eyes

quality.
connection with Italy. omen: the first sight candore abl. of as usual taken as an omen.
:
III. 565.]
The Aineid.
:
301
539.
emphatic position.
540.
notice the repetition of this word, and each time in an 85, c. hospita: see note, v. 377. See also bello,/<'r war ; for dat. see regno, v. 109, note.
bellum
541. olim, at times. 1 273, b\ G. 421, N. c

,
idem, H. 533,
plur.
curru,
ii.
dative.
succedere
cf.
62.
542. concordia, peaceful, as opposed to the trappings of ferred to. iugo (abl. of manner), with the yoke.
543.
et, as -well.
. .
war
just re-
. quae accepit, i.e. by the warlike sight of her temple, v. 531. 545. capita: see note on ferrum, ii. 510.
544.
omen
as well as by the
546.
547.
maxima,
Argivae
ordine,
:
as most important
cf.
200, d; G. 616, 3
H. 453,
5).
note to
all
i.
24.
548.
549. 550.
i.e.
with
the details.
p. 288.)
cornua, arms.
(See Fig. 31,
Graiugenum: 366^.398.
:
Herculei many legends connected Hercules 551. hinc, on this side. with this coast, but that respecting the founding of Tarentum has been lost. these words belong only to Herculei (founded by si vera, etc.
:
him
site
if,
etc.).
diva Lacinia, a temple of Juno on the headland. contra, oppo(on the other side of the bay). 553. navifragum though not rugged, the coast is in an exposed
552.
:
situation.
554. 555.
e fluctu, rising from the -waves. gtmiiMm, moaning of the distant whirlpool.
ii.
Cf. Spenser,
Faery
Queen,
12. 2
An
That
hidous roaring far away they heard, all their sences filled with aff right
streight they to the skyes.
And
saw the raging surges reard
Up
556. 559.
voces,
i.e.
the dashing of the waves.

;
translate, these are the cliff's which Helenus, etc. hos, emphatic 560. eripite, save yourselves. insurgite, pariter, with even stroke. see note to v. 207.
561.
rudentem, roaring
et
helm
is
(of the noise of the water at the bow, as the suddenly put to starboard to turn their course southward).
564.
idem
(pi.,
agreeing with subj.),
and again.
:
deseManis, often thus used of the world below in general. dimus, we find ourselves sunk (lit. we have settled, therefore are down G. 236, 2; H. 471, 3); cf. v. no. 279, e, and R.
565.
;
3O2
566.
Notes.
ter:
cf.
i.
116.
;
of the original sense to them.
scopuli, the reefs at the bottom (a perversion see i. 162, note). dedere, i.e. as we descended
567. rorantia, wet -with spray, which, high as higher, seeming to reach the sky.
. .
.
we
were, was tossed
still
immotus, a haven undisturbed, and far from (ab) 570. portus ingens ipse, ample in itself (and safe enough), but approach of winds. for the thunders of neighboring Êtna. 571. ruinis, the crashing sound of falling bodies within.
572.
prorumpit:
cf.
note to
v. 246.
nubem,
i.e.
the mountain some-
ashes, sometimes a real eruption of lava. 573. turbine piceo, with pitch-black (i.e. thick like the smoke of pitch) smoke-wreaths. Milton's imitation of this description {Par. Lost, i. 232-
times throws
smoke and
237)
is
famous
cf.
Landor, Gebir,
vii.
172-4:
:
And now
Baffles
Sicanian ./Etna rose to view

light
Darkness with
more horrid she confounds, the breath and dims the sight of day.
cf.
575.
viscera,
i.e.
liquid lava
note to
i.
211.
:
fundo abl. of separation. glomerat, hurls in balls offire. 579. urgueri, indicates the oppressive weight of the mountain. 580. exspirare, etc., breathes out through broken craters (i.e. those
577-
broken by the outburst of the fire). He has been pierced by a thunderbolt and keeps breathing fire through the wounds.
581.
582.
veil
mutet, shifts ; for mood see rules for indirect discourse. subtexere fumo, lines with wreaths of smoke, like a woven (texo)
it
below
(sub).
:
583.
tecti
night.
585. 587.
it will be remembered that they usually went on shore immania monstra, prodigious horrors.
at
aethra
(abl.
of cause), -with the light ;

:
cf.
note to
i.
608.
nox intempesta marks one of the regular

588.
this expression, in
a somewhat different sense,
divisions of the night.
prime Eoo, i.e. at the earliest dawn. The adjective suggests the early hour, though the noun refers here to the quarter of the sky.
589.
umentem,
591.
nova, strange.
Cf.
often incorrectly written humentem. cultu,' in plight, condition (as resulting from
care, food, etc.).
Tennyson, Enoch Arden:

Downward from
his mountain-gorge
Stept the long-hair'd, long-bearded solitary,
Brown, looking hardly human, strangely Muttering and mumbling.
clad,
111.623.]
The AZneid.
i.e.
303
593.
594.
respects.
respicimus,
as
we
consertum
supply erat
are returning to our ships. ei. cetera (Gr. accusative), in other
enough
think this line has crept in from ii. 87, but it seems natural 2 H. 380, i. G. 337, R. 4 ad Troiam: 258, b, N. to below. mox 597. paulum, opposed 599. tester, sc. vos.
595.
Many
here.
600. spirabile lumen, the air we breathe. Open air and daylight are often confused in ancient poetry so ferre in auras, to bring to light.
;
Cf. Landor, Gebir, v. 59

If
with inextinguish'd light of

breathest.
life
Thou
601.
tollite, take
i.e.
me on board
any.
(strictly,
:
take
me
quascumque,
605. 606.
si
terras
in pieces
ace. of limit of
away); see motion.
vi.
370.
spargite, tear
me
and
;
cast
me
(lit.
scatter me).
pereo:
276, c\ G. 228
H. 467,
5 (cf. v. 367); observe the
hiatus between pereo and hominum. 608. qui, here the same as quis.
609.
fari, poet, for subjunc. deinde, since, i.e. after the city was taken. agitet, used like the present with iamdudum ( 276, a G. 230; H. 467, 2). 610. multa G. 334 H. 378, 2. 240, a
; : ; ;
611.
613.
praesenti, for the moment, i.e. until we have heard his story. infelicis, so called on account of his long wanderings.
:
cf. ii. 87, note. 615. paupere (abl. abs.) fortuna, i.e. tion of poverty. mansisset ( 267, b; G. 261; H. 483, 2), I had been content to remain poor.
my
i.e.
condi-
would
616.
haste.
linquunt:
Cyclopis
276, e
G. 570
.
H. 467,
4.
trepidi, in trembling
617.
618.
sanie, etc.
(
jective phrase
v. 623, below. these descriptive ablatives are equivalent to an adsanie is here used without 179) qualifying domus.
:
see note to
a modifier (contrary to the rule: 251 and N.; G. 400; because it is coupled with dapibus, which has an adjective. 619. ipse, the master (opposed to domus; cf. i. 114).
621.
terror
;
H. 419,
ii).
nec visu facilis, i.e. one on see 303; G. 436 H. 547.

;
whom
no one can look without
ulli, dat. of reference.
249 G. 407; H. 421, i. egomet, emphatic, /, with my own eyes : the story is repeated from Od. ix. 289-293 ; Kry. 325. See Gayley's Classic Myths, pp. 314622.
visceribus
623.
304
628. 629.
Notes.
quidem,
sui:
to be sure.
simul 219; 0.376; H. 406, ii. simulac, as often. 634. vices, ace., our places or posts. in Homer, Ulysses twirls the stake "as a ship635. terebramus carpenter bores with an auger," while his companions hold it (Od.
:
384 ; Bry. 446). The ancient repre636. latebat, was hid under the projecting brow. sentation of Polyphemus shown in the cut in the text disregards this
feature of the single eye. Other ancient pictures give the Cyclops three eyes, one being in the forehead.
637.
ix.
Argolici
the shields of the Greeks were round while those of

long.
clipei,
:
the
Romans were
a large shield of brass, glittering as
well as round.
it
instar
properly a noun in apposition with quod, but

.
may be
638.
umbras
quails
v.
:
translated by like (see i. 1 5, note) the vengeance for their death

:
is
looked upon as an
offering to their departed spirits

641.
(cf.
note to
v. 321).
the antecedent word would be tales, agreeing with
Cyclopes,
642.
644.
song of Polyphemus, Ovid, Met. xiii. 821-830. Such formal ways filling her horns a third time. of indicating lapse of time became a poetical convention. See, for exCf. the
645.
tertia,
i.e. is
ample, Spenser, Faery Queen,
i.
8,
38
Yet now three moones have changed thrice their hew, And have been thrice hid underneath the ground,
Since
I
the heaven's chearefull face did vew.
Cf. Hamlet, 646.
iii.
.
.
2.
.
165-168.
traho, since I have been dragging out, etc. cf., for tense, the pres. with iam diu (
; ;
cum
;
cum
in
this sense is colloquial
276, a,
3 H. 467, 2). example 4 G. 580, R. the rock where he was on the lookout for ships (v. 651). ab 647. rupe, Some editors take it with Cyclopes (as they come from their rocky cave).
650. volsis radicibus, abl. of means. 652. fuisset, subj. in informal indir. disc, standing for fut. perf. of H. 528, i). the direct ( 341, c G. 508, 3
;
addixi, surrendered: a Roman law-term for giving anybody or satis, i.e. I shall be satisanything completely into one's possession. fied whatever the result.
653. 654.
potius,
i.e.
rather than
fall
into their hands.
656.
ipsum emphasizes the
difference between a
mere account of
him (such as they had

self.
just heard) and the sight of the monster himmole, abl. of manner, and so having an adverbial force.
III. 684.]
The ALneid.
:
305
657.
658.
nota
hence he could find his way

:
thither.
is
lumen
:
cf.
"
The
light of the
;
body
the eye," Matthew,
vi.
22
cui
659. 660. 664.
abl. of
229
G. 345,
R. 1
H. 385,
;
2.
manu,
ea
:
loc. ablative.
6 195, d; G. 211, R.
H. 445, 4; cf. v. 167. dentibus, abl. of instrument, crushing with his teeth.
manner.
gemitu,
cf. v.
665. 666.
73, note)
iam, etc., i.e. he has got so far into deep water (medium, without wetting his body.
;
celerare, historical inf.

sic merito, as
see
ii.
685, note.
so
667.
retur).
he deserved
(lit.
having deserved,
i.e.
ut recipe-
668. 671.
i.e.
remis, abl. of means. nee potis, etc., and cannot keep above the -waves in his fursitit, he is out of his depth in the open sea (lonios fluctus) potis est,
;
older form of potest, often omits est, as here. 673. penitus, i.e. far from the sea.
for change of number see ii. 64, note. ruit, complent nequiquam, i.e. harmless in the distance. lumine, a loose use of the ablative of manner cf. note to mole, v. 656. 676. 677.
:
;
678.
caelo, to the sky
258,
2,
N. 1
G. 358
H. 385, 4 1 ).
679.
etc.).
quales cum,
lovis
etc.,
as when, etc.
(lit.
supplying tales, such as -when,
681.
the oak
is
is
sacred to Jupiter.
Dianae
the cypress, a
funereal tree,
of the
236, R.
Lower
;
sacred to Diana in her character of Hecate, or goddess constiterunt : G. World; see vi. 13, 247. 279,^, R.
;
for the short penult see
ii.
774, note.
682. rudentis excutere, to shake out our sails (prop, the ropes that held them to the yards when furled see v. 267, note). quocumque,
;
for any course.

secundis, i.e. to take advantage of 683. ventis, abl. of instrument. the wind, and sail before it, though it would take them north (see
below).
684.
ing.
[lit.
contra
cursus
this
passage
is
at best of doubtful
meanus
It
may be
rendered, on the other
hand
the
commands,
etc.,
warn
the ships] not to hold our course between Scylla and Charybdis, with little chance of escape from death either way (i.e. towards whichever side of the passage
we
steer),
ni
is
to be taken in the sense of ne
by an
antiquated usage. evidently southerly, so that to follow their first thought (metus acer agit) and run before the wind (secundis) would bring them into the Straits of Messina between Scylla and Chais
The wind
306
rybdis.
Notes.
for their ships could not
Apparently they could not go south on account of the wind, lie as close to the wind as our modern craft.
in apposition with
685. 686.
viam,
retro, directly back
Scyllam atque Charybdin. whence they came, as their only other course
with a southerly wind was eastward again. 687. ecce autem, but lo ! just at this crisis the wind changed fair and angusta, etc., because it came from gave them a southerly course.
the strait where the promontory of Pelorus was. 688. vivo saxo, abl. of material.
690.
talia
:
these are pointed out by Achaemenides as they pass.
relegens errata, retracing his -wanderings. the island of 692. Sicanio sinu, i.e. the Great Harbor of Syracuse " " Ortygia, formerly sacred to Diana, is the site of the old city of Syracuse, the "new city" being on the mainland of Sicily. sinu, dative after
;
praetenta.
693.
priores
694.
Plemyrium, the southern promontory of the harbor of Syracuse. in Virgil's time it was part of Syracuse. For the story of Alpheus and Arethusa see Gayley's Classic
:
Myths, pp. 142-5. It is prettily told by Ovid, Met. v. 571-641. See also Shelley's poem Arethusa. Allusions are frequent; cf. for example, Pope, Dunciad, ii. 342, 343
:
As under
seas Alpheus' secret sluice Bears Pisa's off 'rings to his Arethuse.
; ;
undis : G. 347, R. 1 229, c 696. ore, abl. of means. the prose construction would be cum with the ablative.
:
H.
385, 4
8
;
697. numina magna probably Diana (see v. 692, note), and Apollo, almost always associated with her. iussi, as bidden (by Helenus). 698. stagnantis, i.e. the river overflowed the banks, rendering the
soil
very fertile (praepingue).

nine, next.
fatis
. . .
699.
700.
moveri: the people of Camerina had been warned by an oracle not to drain a marsh (of the same name) near their town.
They disobeyed, and 702. immanis

.
.
the enemy, entering that way, captured the

.
city.
stream.
fluvii
dicta, Gela, so calledfrom the name of its impetuous the double i in gen. of nouns in -ius occurs in only
one other place

704.
in Virgil, ix. 151.
Gela (nom.): a long as in Greek.
magnanimum
(gen. pi.), high-spirited.
705. datis ventis, i.e. probably, now sailing with the wind, as just here the coast turns much more to the northward, and we must suppose
another favorable change of wind, as in v. 687. 706. dura saxis, rmtgh with rocks (instrumental ablative).
IV.
2.]
The
jfLneid.
307
707.
711.
inlaetabilis, on account of the death of Anchises.

periclis
(
10, c;
G. 725; H. 635, 2):
cf.
i.
615; for constr.
cf.
cui, v. 658.
Helenus: see w. 381-432. moneret, after cum concessive. Celaeno; see zt'. 253-257. both refer to the passage to Drepanum. For the 714. hie, haec gender see note on ea, v. 660.
712.
713.
:
716.
unus,
i.e.
he alone spoke while the
rest listened (intentis).
717. renarrabat, recounted (not telling
them a second
to rest;
cf.
time, but going
through them again by thus relating them). 718. hie, at this point. quievit, went
trahebat.
i.
748,
noctem
BOOK
DlDO AND
IV.
.(ENEAS.
ture, Virgil
In the episode of Dido, one of the most famous stories in all literahas not only come nearer than any ancient writer to the
tone of modern romantic feeling (see Introduction, p. xx), but he has delineated, with remarkable truth and delicacy of portraiture, the charac-
once of a fond woman and an oriental queen. Doubtless the poet owes something to the history of Antony and Cleopatra. The defeat at Actium, the death of Mark Antony, and the death of Cleoter at
patra,
were fresh
had produced a powerful effect on the Roman imagination and in all men's minds when this part of the Êneid was written. The story of. the Egyptian queen may well have suggested to Virgil
traits in the
some
character of the imperious Dido, and, in particular,

life.
the passion of barbaric wrath, pride, and despair which closes her Shakspere's Cleopatra may be compared with profit.
The
ture.
Of English
episode of Dido has exercised a powerful effect on modern literaversions of the story one of the most interesting is
Legend of Good IVomen, where the old tale is retold in Tasso in canto xvi. of \nsjerusalem Delivered has borrowed freely from this book of the Êneid.
that in Chaucer's
the spirit of mediaeval romance.
end of Book iii. G. 683) 344, h and the placing of the adjective before the caesura with the noun at the end. cura a regular word for the pangs of love. 2. alit venis, i.e. it feeds upon her blood. carpitur, is consumed: the image being of a flame, which catches successively upon the objects
1.
at, contrasting Dido's restlessness with quievit,

. . .
gravi
cura
notice the interlocked order
308
within
tions;
its
cf.,
Notes.
reach.
Like care in
v. r, fire,
v.
and flame are poetic conven91:
for example, Pope,
Summer,
On me
love's fiercer flames forever prey.
see iii. 678, note. 3. animo, dat. multa, etc. the four points are moral character (virtus); nobility (gentis honos); personal beauty (vol;
:
tus);
6.
eloquence (verbd).
postera, belongs to Aurora. Phoeboea, of Phoebus (the regular use of the possessive adjective). Apollo is naturally constantly identified with the sun.
8.
cum
sororem:
9.
adloquitur cf. iii. G. 331. 228, a

:
;
10, note.
male sana
see
ii.
23, note.
my anxiety; cf. cura, above. quis, etc.: as often happens in Latin, there are here two clauses compressed into one, Who is this, etc., who, etc. ?
suspensam, in
10.
u. quern, predicate apposition. quam forti pectore et armis (abl. of quality), how brave his heart and [deeds of] arms ! It is best to take the words as referring to moral qualities, since timor (cf. v. 13) is obviously opposed to them.
"
The whole
thus becomes
much more
!
striking.
What
a noble mien, what an heroic soul and doughty deeds
he must
be of divine descent, for

this point
quibus,
etc., is
;
At souls are recognized by fear." prompted by compassion, as the first exclama-
common
and then v. 1 5 gives the natural conclusion. The " noble breast rendering imitated by Tennyson is less satisfactory : and all-puissant arms." Idylls of the King.
tion is
by admiration
equidem, I'm sure. vana, idle, i.e. groundless. degeneres the emphasis on degeneres gives the passage a meaning different from the apparent sense of the words and best reproduced " in English by changingto the passive ignoble souls are betrayed by " the implication is that /Eneas' soul is not degener, since he is fear
12. 13.
:
:
brave.
15. 16.
exhausta
observe the
literal
sense underlying the figure.
animo, ne
. .
loc. ablative.
.
For tense see 287, 6 H. 385, 4. 8 346, N.

;
vellem, not to wish, G. 517, R.2

;
etc.
;
331,
G. 546; H. 498,
cut
:
i).
H. 495,
iii.
229, c
G.
vinclo, abl. of manner.
17. 18.
(
morte, with deceptam.
221, b
pertaesum (impers. see G. 377 H. 409, iii.,

; ;
146,
b,
N.),
utterly weary.
410,
iv,
N. 1 ): torches
taedae were borne before
the bridal pair in the marriage procession, and Hymenasus, the marriage, is represented with a torch (see w. 167 (note), 338-9).
god of
Cf.
IV. 38.]
The sEneid.
They light the nuptial torch, and bid invoke Hymen, then first to marriage rites invoked.
Paradise Lost,
xi. 590, 591.
309
There
let
Hymen
oft
appear
ini. 125, 126.
In saffron robe, with taper clear.
L' Allegro,
19.
potui,
I might perhaps have

;
308, c
G. 597,
;
R. 3
H.
8 511, N. ).
struction
G. 325, The consparsos Penates ( 292, a is often imitated in English poetry: as, "after the Tuscan " " mariners transformed (= after the transformation of," etc.), Comus,
21.
22.
R. 3
H.
2 549, N. ).
v. 48.
animum
;
impulit, has moved

i.
my heart to waver.
:
labantem,
proleptic
24.
cf
submersas,
331, ./J R-
69,
and note.
ima,
to its
:
lowest depths.
;
optem
;
31
1,
;
G. 257
G. 546, R. 2 H. 499, 2 of the Player Queen in Hamlet, iii. 2, 226 ff.:

dehiscat
cf.
H. 486, i. the protestations

;
Nor
earth to
me
give food, nor heaven light
Sport and repose lock from
me
day and night
etc.

Let
fire
iv. 57
from heaven upon

I
my
head descend,
!
Ere, sacred Honor,
thy laws offend
27.
29.
31.
to
rcsolvo ( 327, a; G. 575; H. 520, i): cf. ii. 157. abstulit, has borne away with him. habeat, hortatory subj.
your
32.
H. 417. 247 G. 398 magis dilecta (voc.), etc., dearer than light sister, dearer to me than life. G. 393, R. 2 ; perpetua iuventa, all your youth long ( 256, b
luce
: ;
sister
H. 379,
v. 2.
i).
carpere (passive), will you waste
away?
Cf. carpitur,
34.
28, 29
cinerem aut
;
Mams : a reply to Dido's protestation above, w. the ashes and the shade of Sychaeus can have no interest in her
:
actions now.
even in that esto, and if they did, referring to the preceding you have done all that could be expected. mariti, suitors. aegram, in your grief. 36. Libyae, of Libya. Tyro, a comparatively rare use of the ablative of place from whence with a noun (but very common in English).
35.
case,
37.
Africa, adj.
triumphis dives,
(
i.e.
warlike and victorious.
38.
placito, pleasing to you.

229, c
with resistere, obstare
amori, dat.: an extension of the dat. G. 346, N. 8 H. 385, 4*), but influ;
enced also by Greek
/xdxo/ta/ nvi.
TO
39.
Notes.
quorum
hinc
. .
arvis
.
see
40.
hinc
i. 339, 563. consederis, ind. question. as usual, of the two sides.
41.
the Numidians,
infreni, riding without bridles, alluding to a well-known habit of who were famous as horsemen but perhaps meant also
;
to suggest the sense unbridled, fierce.
inhospita,
i.e.
on account of
the marauding tribes on the shore.

42.
deserta siti
:
Barcaei
and hence affording no retreat or assistance. the wild tribes of the desert here hinted at like the modern
:
Bedouins
43. 44.
would alarm the imagination
still
more than a regular
force.
Tyro, ablative of place from which.

;
germani, i.e. Pygmalion see i. 361. lunone equidem, in fact : the circumstances are providential. secunda: Juno is mentioned both as tutelary divinity of Carthage and
45.
as goddess of marriage.
46.
The
construction
may be
regarded as abl. abs.
47.
48.
hunc cursum, i.e. quam qualem.
their course hither.
urbem, pred. apposition.
coniugio tali, abl. of cause or means. The learner will have seen by this time that the ablative cannot accurately be divided off into its various categories, because an author himself often did not know which
one he was using, any more than we determine exactly the shade of meaning in which we use a common preposition.
49.
50.
quantis rebus (dative)

deos, veniam
:
to -what
;
a height.
;
239, c
G. 339
H.
374.
sacris litatis,
i.e.
having propitiated the gods by fit offerings. 52. desaevit, until winter has spent its rage, spending" ( 328 G. 571 H. 519). hiemps (
;
;
literally,
"while
9,
if
is
n,
G.
7; H. 34,
i, N.).
aquosus
cf.
i.
535, note.
quassatae, weather.
53.
sc.
sunt.
caelum
here,
as
often,
put for the
pudorem, her scruples: pudor is that feeling of shame which from self-respect. 57. This sacrifice was a kind of sin-offering. Ceres is called " the lawgiver," on account of the influ58. Cereri ence of agriculture on the institutions of nomadic tribes cf. Eel. v. 29. She, together with Apollo and Bacchus, as well as Juno, has to do
55.
rises
:
;
with marriage
59.
rites.
:
Juno was the special guardian of women, each woman having her own Juno, as every man his genius. She presided over marriage ("Wedding is great Juno's crown," As You Like It, v. 4. 147) and curae ( 233, a ; cui (in her character of Lucina) over childbirth.
lunoni
. . .
G. 356
H.
390), see sunt.
iv. 84.]
The Êneid.
:
311
61. 62.
vaccae
ora,
i.e.
here sacrificed,
of the statues.
it
spatiatur
seems, to Juno alone. before a sacrifice, the Ro:
man performed
a slow measured
:
movement before
lighted torch. pinguis principally of bones and

63.
the portion laid
upon the
the altar, holding a altar consisted
fat.
instaurat
diem
i.e.
the day with gifts,

offerings).
donis, renews the offerings the next day (lit., renews makes a new day of sacrifice by means of the
This shows her anxiety to secure divine favor. Possibly the omens continued unfavorable. reclusis (opened} pectoribus, dat. This
;
ceremony represents the cxtispicium, the most important form of augury

the heart,
liver, etc.,
i.e.
65. ignarae, with love.

:
were the organs observed. in thinking these rites can avail a
woman consumed
flamma
66. est 140; G. 172; H. 291. than with medullas.

69.
mollis, better taken with
COniecta sagitta, when the arrow has reached its mark. the Cretans were famous archers otherwise the particular place has no significance except to give the favorite Greek flavor. 71 pastor agens the figure is of a chance shot by a shepherd, which
70.
Cresia
has taken effect without his knowledge. he need not go on, seeking a city yet to be 75. paratam, emphatic
:
built.
76.
in
incipit effari, etc.
cf.
the confused words of the queen to Êneas

act
iii
:
Marlowe and Nash, Dido,

And
yet
I'll
and yet I'll hold my peace. speak her worst, I will disclose my grief what did I say ? jEneas, thou art he
Do shame
Something
it
was
that
now
have forgot.
G. 310; H. 451, 3). labente die, 77. eadem, she, again ( 195, e at the close of day, the usual time for the principal meal. 78. demens, reckless, since this would only inflame her unhappy
;
passion.
79.
80.
pendet ab
ore,
.
hangs on his
lips.
lumen
premit, the moon in her turn hides her
light.
82. 83.
stratis relictis, the couch [in the banquet-hall] which he has left. absens, absentem a favorite collocation of words with the an:
cients, bringing the
same or kindred words together

real
cf.
iii.
383, note.
to his
84.
Ascanium: the
is
lit.,
Ascanius who has returned; Cupid's mas-
querade
father,
over (see i. 683-694). genitoris imagine, his likeness the image of hisâther in him.
312
85.
Notes.
infandum, used
:
[iENEID.
can
in its literal sense. si possit, [to try] if she H. G. b; 460, i). 529, 334, /; ( notice that the sentence falls into two parts con87. portus, etc. nected by -ve ; the second part is again subdivided by aut.
88.
Cf. Spenser,
minae murorum, menacing walls ; see ii. Mother Hubberd's Tale, vv. 1173-74
235, note;
:
cf.
i.
162.
And lifted up his loftie towres thereby, That they began to threat the neighbor sky.
prob. here the crane or derrick stand89. machina : a general word (See Fig. 36.) ing useless at the top of the unfinished walls.
;
Fig. 36-
90.
91.
peste, plague (the madness of love). famam regard for her reputation, a
teneri,
was possessed.
of expression
common form
in Latin,
where we with more exactness require two words instead of one. The Latin, with its small vocabulary and brevity of expression, often makes one word mean more than we do.
92. 93.
adgreditur, accosts: used of one

vero, ironical.
refertis,
;
the prize
won
in
battle
cf
begins a dialogue. used of carrying away Eng. carry it, carry it away, get the
who
you carry
off:
victory (Shakspere).
94.
tuque puerque tuus:

Her and her
I
cf.
Shakspere, Tempest,
iv. i.
90, 91
blind boy's scandal 'd
company
have forsworn.
96.
adeo only gives emphasis to the whole.
IV.
2 S-]
The ALneid.
313
Many editions have 98. quo, etc., to what end (with) all this strife ? certamina tanta. We must suppose an original ellipsis of tendis, or some such word, taking the noun (certamine) as ablative of means. 100. exercemus: 269, /; G. 273.
101. 102.
communem
per ossa, throughout her frame ; cf. i. 660. G. 325; H. 438, 2), in common, 186, c (
;
:
i.e.
with
joint authority. auspiciis since only the highest magistrates could "take the auspices," this word came to mean authority.
i.e. Dido. marito: 227; G. 346 H. 385, i. dotales Tyrios, the Tyrians as a dowry : i.e. the portion brought by the wife to her husband (dos), not a marriage-portion settled upon the wife. The gift is spoken of as given to Venus, as if she too, as the
103.
104.
liceat, sc. ei,
mother of /Eneas, were

i.
to
become a
tutelary deity of Carthage
cf.
also
250, note.
105.
olli: see
i.e.
i. 254, note. enim, giving the reason for her answering she matches craft with craft. simulata mente, with
deceitfully,
deceitful purpose.
106.
name
(
H. 497, ii), turn aside. The averteret ( 317, b, N.2 ; G. 545, 2 of the place from which is not expressed. eras : see i. 2, note. 107. quis . . . abnuat, who so foolish as to refuse such an offer?
;
268; G. 259; H. 486,

109.
si
is
ii).
:
which
sequatur the apodosis is contained in quis talia, etc., equivalent to a statement, that Venus would assent in case, etc.
342, a
;
...
quod memoras, which you suggest ; for mood see

H.
I
G. 629,
R.
529,
ii,
N. 1 ,
.
2.
. .
no. sed
have no
si
feror, but
I am
led by the fates, uncertain whether,

this
i.e.
will of
:
...
velit
own, and it may be that see note on possit, v. 85.
my
course
is
not fated.
in. Tyriis, etc.: see i. 732. 115. quod instat: see note on memoras,
116.
117. confieri (conficio)
:
v. 109.
;
142, c
G. 173, N. 2
-
H.
297,
iii,
2.
venatum:
302;
6.435;
54^cf.
119.
1
Titan: seeVocab.
his, dat. after
re-texerit, shall disclose ;
re-clusis,
63.
20.
infundam.
grandine
abl. abs.
121. dum trepidant alae, while the huntsmen hurry hither and thither : the alae are properly the outriders or " beaters " who drive the game towards the grand battue, as cavalry (the usual meaning of the word) serve as skirmishers in battle. indagine, with their closing lines (of
beaters), prop, the driving in, hemmed in at the skirts of the

125.
si
i.e.
the process by which the
game
are
wood.
it.
mihi certa,
i.e. if I
can rely on
Notes.
126. 127.
This
hie
line is
supposed to be wrongly inserted here from
i.
73.
hymenaeus erit, here shall be their marriage-rite (cf. i. 651). Conington takes Hymenaeus as a proper noun the presence of Juno, Venus, and Hymen being supposed needful to make the marriage perfect.
;
Hymen, O Hymen tread the sacred ground Show thy white feet, and head with marjoram crown'd Mount up thy flames
!
HERRICK, Nuptial Song,

128.
w.
31-33.
dolis repertis, abl. abs., but translate as
if
obj.
:
I29ff.
Imitated by Chaucer, Legend of Dido,

The dawening
up-rist out of the see
;
w. 2655.
This amorous quene chargeth her meynee The nettes dresse, and speres brode and kene An hunting wol this lusty fresshe quene.
Unto
And upon
the court the houndes ben ybrought, coursers, swift as any thought,
al aboute.
Hir yonge knightes hoven

130. 131.
portis, abl. of separation.

rara,
i.e.
with large meshes.
iubare exorto, abl. abs. (See note on Eel. iii. 75 for ancient
representations.)
132.
Massyli,
i.e.
her African attendants.
odora canum vis

is
= the
keen-scented pack of hounds. 133. limina, the palace door.
The
picture
at his
Roman whose
forum.
clients
and friends wait
door to escort him
that of a distinguished to 'the
137. chlamydem, Gr. ace.. circumdata, with a Tyrian cloak surrounded by an embroidered border. are gathered into a knot with gold (i.e. a 138. nodantur in aurum gold band of some sort confined it).
139. fibula: apparently a gold buckle to her girdle, though no such appears in works of art. 142. agmina iungit, i.e. his own band with Dido's.
Fig. 37-
IV.
68.]
The JEneid.
. .
.
315
etc.
143.
quails
Apollo, like Apollo, when,

iii.
144. 145. 146.
maternam, see
75,
and note.
instaurat, renews (after the interruption caused by his absence). picti, painted (cf. the ancient Britons and other savage peoples).
147.
molli
the soft garland.
fluentem
fingens, shaping his loose locks, he confines them with : Apollo is represented with long hair (cf.
Milton's "unshorn Apollo").

150. 151.
tantum decus, an equal glory ventum [est] impersonal (

:
(with Apollo).
146, d; G. 208, 2
(
;
154.
transmittunt
(sc.
se)
campos
1 239, b; G. 331, R.
H. 301, i). H. 376),

;
course the open fields.
G. 408; H. 416. For an ancient hunting157. equo 254, b, i scene see Fig. 37, from a wall-painting. 158. pecora, domestic flocks (as he calls them with contempt). In French, wild animals 159. fulvum, a mere ornamental epithet.
:
are called by the general

1
name
betes fauves (fulvae).

:
64.
tecta, shelter.
is
amnes, broad rivers, a descriptive exaggeration
the
properly applied to navigable streams. 166-168. The ceremonies of a Roman marriage are, as it were, imitated by the powers of nature. The flashes of lightning (ignes) were the marriagetorches (see the tree-tops
word
w. 18, 338-9); the howling (ulularunt) of the nymphs in (summo vertice), i.e. apparently, the roaring of the wind,
stood for the festal cries and the hymenaeal song, while the word chosen Tellus and Juno, deities of earth and sky, suggests an evil omen.
attended, apparently as auspices nuptiarum. These were persons whose duty it was, originally, to take the auspices at a wedding (cf i. 345, note),
.
but who, in historical times, had merely a ceremonial function, repeating, doubtless, some set form of words, though no omens were actually taken. In this capacity Tellus and Juno dant signum, i.e. for the marriage to
proceed. To the names of these two deities are added the ceremonies belonging to each the flashes in the air, and the effects of the storm on the earth
H. 562). The (ulularunt, etc.), in chiastic order ( 344, /; G. 682 pronuba was a matron who conducted the bride to the bridal chamber, a duty which Juno here performs. The word was also one of her epithets as goddess of marriage. The sky is a witness (conscius) of the wedlock (conubiis, dat., 235 G. 344; H. 384, 4 though conscius alone may
; ;
take the
dat.).
Addison
Lost, ix.
indicating that
mentioned as and compares Par. 780-784, 997-1003, where, on the occasion of the Fall cf Man,
(Spectator, no. 351) takes the prodigies here
all
nature
is
disturbed at Dido's
fall
we
are told that
316
Earth
felt the
Notes.
wound, and Nature from her
all
[>ENKID.
seat,
Sighing through
her works, gave signs of woe
That
169.
all
was
lost.
primus: see
iii.
95, note.
173.
xii.
Fama
see the description of the
House
of
Fame, Ovid, Met.
39-63.
174-188.
make Fame
and
so
in
Fragment of an Essay of Fame : "The poets They describe her in part finely and elegantly, part gravely and sententiously. They say, look how many
Cf. Bacon,
a monster.
many eyes she hath underneath so many tongues she pricks up so many ears. This is a flourish there follow excellent parables as that she gathereth strength in going that
feathers she hath, so
;
;
many
voices
she goeth upon the ground, and yet hideth her head in the clouds, that in the day-time she sitteth in a watch-tower, and flieth most by night that she mingleth things done with things not done and that
; ;
a terror to great cities." See also Addison's remarks on the propriety of such allegorical figures as actors in an epic poem (Spectator,
she
is
no. 273).
Modern imitations of Virgil's description are almost innumerable. For examples see Chaucer's Troilus, iv. 659-662 his House of Fame, iii. "Rumor, 270-304, and Pope's Temple of Fame, w. 258-269.
;
painted
full of
tongues," speaks the Induction to Shakspere's Henry

etc.
IV., Part II.

176, 177.
parva,
from
II. iv.
442, 443; Bry. 559, 560.
Cf.
Ben
Jonson, Masque of Queens :
As her brows the clouds invade, Her feet do strike the ground.
178.
ira
deorum
(objective
genitive),
in wrath at the gods.

;
The
Titans
cast
who scaled Olympus were sons of Earth and when down to Tartarus, Earth in anger produced the new brood
latter.
they were
of Giants.
Cceus was of the former brood, Enceladus of the
Hear ye the march, as of the Earth-born Forms Arrayed against the ever-living gods ? SHELLEY, Ode to Naples, epode
181.
185.
i.
monstrum:
cf.
iii.
658.
stridens, -whizzing
from the swiftness of her

i.e.
flight.
The
refer-
ence
is
perhaps to the buzz of rumor.

custos, keeping watch.
territat,
186.
by the consciousness
;
that
she
is
watching them.
tarn, as often,
ficti:
/,
188.
218, b; G. 375
:
H.
399,
ii.
Cf. Shak-
spere,
Henry
IV., Part
Induction
IV. 209-]
The Alneid.
Upon my tongues continual slanders ride, The which in every language I pronounce, Stuffing the ears of men with false reports.
317
190. facta, etc., truth and falsehood (lit. things done, etc.). iungere, complem. inf. 191-192. venisse, dignetur, indir. disc. quam longa fovere, are making the -whole winter 193. hiemem
. . .
long a time of wantonness. To fondle or pamper the winter is a poetic way of saying to pass the winter in luxury. In fact, the winter is inter-
rupted by the divine message

as long as
198.
it lasts.
;
(v.
222).
quam
longa
(sc.
tarn longam),
in
Hammone
Ammon,
the great
god of Thebes
Egypt
(see
Fig. 38), identified
by the Romans with
Jupiter ("
whom
gentiles
Ammon
call
and
larbas Libyan Jove," Par. Lost, iv. 277). is here represented as having introduced
his worship into Libya.
ity
Cf. Milton, Nativ-
Hymn,
v.
203
The Libyck Hammon
shrinks his horn.
(See Fig. 38, which shows the horn.) 200. vigilem ignem the fire was never suffered to go out on the altar of Ammon.
:
201.
excubias (appos. with ignem)
the
fires are poetically called sentinels.
202. solum, limina, either nominative (sc. erant), or in the same construction as ignem. pingue indicates frequent sacrifices and florentia sertis frequent festivals (cf. i. 417). 203. animi, probably originally a locative H. 399, iii, i. N. 7
;
see
218,
c,
R.
G. 374,
inter numina, i.e. with their visible forms (statues) about him. dicitur orasse, personal constr. ( 330, b, i G. 528, i H. 534, i). 206. nunc : opposed to the doubt he raises in v. 208 that their sacri204.
; ;
fices
are
useless.
pictis
epulata toris
is it
a general
expression for
in
Moorish
208.
pomp and
te
.
. .
luxury.
an
horremus,
in vain
we stand
awe of
thee ?
either that Jupiter does not see what is going on, or that he cares not for mortal affairs at all (which is conceived as unlikely) in the latter case the fear of the gods is idle.
The
alternative
is
209.
caeci,
meaning.
i.e. do thy lightnings strike blindly ? So inania, unThese phenomena were commonly regarded as the avenging
action of Jupiter.
318
:
Notes.
210. miscent the word means, to produce any confused effect here used of the wild thunder (see Vocab.). 212. pretio, i.e., on land she had purchased (see i. 367-8), not being hence her conduct is the more strong enough to take it by force
; ;
arrogant.
213.
loci leges, authority over the region.
iv
:
Cf.
Marlowe and Nash,
Dido, act
The woman
that thou will'd us entertain,
Where, straying in our borders up and down, She crav'd a hide of ground to build a town, With whom we did divide both laws and land.
214. 215.
dominum,
ille
as her lord : said scornfully.
Paris: so called as being both vain and luxurious, and as being the successful suitor of anFig. 39-
other's wife.
semiviro
an
epi-
thet applied to Phrygians partly on account of their dress (cf. ix.

616), but not appropriate to the
Trojans of the heroic age.

216. mitra, a Phrygian cap, having lapels which covered ears
and
(See Fig. 39 head of from an antique bust.) madentem, i.e. with perfumed
chin.
;
Paris,
ointments.
chin.
sub nexus, tied under the Anything worn on the head, except for defence in battle, was
217.
regarded as a mark of effeminacy. The Emperor Hadrian " marched
on foot and bare-headed over the snows of Caledonia and the sultry
plains of
Upper Egypt
i.e.
"
rapto, the spoil,
(Gibbon). her and her
kingdom.
(with sarcasm).
famam,
v.
story,
i.e.
kind
cf.
note to
208.
That
218. quippe, while we, forsooth the belief that the gods help manis, we foolishly worship thee as a
altar," as
righteous divinity.
219.
aras tenentem
cf.
"caught hold on the horns of the

Kings,
i.
appealing for protection
(e.g. /.
50).
iv. 258.]
The ALneid.
:
;
319
famae 219 G. 376; H. 406, ii. Mercurium (cf. Od. v. 28-42) Mercury, the Italian god of merchandise (merx), was identified because of this function with the
221.
222.
oblitos
Grecian Hermes, the messenger of the gods, protector of heralds, and adlodivinity of persuasion and intercourse between man and man.
the last syllable is lengthened before the caesura. Mervoca, in a slightly different sense from vocatis (iii. 253) cury summons the winds as a god, /tineas implores them as a mortal.
quitur
223.
225. 226.
non
respicit,
fays no regard
i.e.
to.
celeris
like
per auras,
swiftly
through the
air.
The
idea
is
something
227.
228.
the wings of the wind." non talem, not such a man as this. bis once from -que ideo, or for this.
:
"on
Diomed
(JEn.
(II. v.
ii.
311-317
Bry. 378), and once from the flames of armis, abl. of separation.
229.
Troy
589-633).
Her promise included

231.
sed fore, but [she promised] that he should be one -who, etc. the warlike story of after ages, as implied in v.
Such clauses are, however, qui regeret, rel. clause of purpose. undistinguishable from clauses of characteristic (result) except by the fact that their action is referred to the future; but there is so little difference between purpose and future intended result, that it seems best
to call all clauses of this kind purpose. 233.
234.
laude:
260, c; G. 418, 4
H.
-
2 435, N.
;
235.
ii).
2 227,7; G 346, N. Ascanio, arces: spe notice the hiatus at the caesura (
:
H.
385. G. 720 359, e

;
H. 608,
inimica
so called in anticipation of later history (the Punic
Wars).
word of command contains the substance 237. naviget : i.e. this one of the whole matter (summa, noun). haec, hie, this ; referring to the command preceding, but agreeing as usual with the predicate (cf. iii.
714).
(
nostri
;
G. 304, merely because it

99, c
we should expect H. 446, N. 8 ) 2 is less common.

;
noster, as the genitive is subjective but perhaps Virgil uses the form
Cf. the
. :
imitated. 238-258. The descent of Mercury has been often ff long description of the descent of Raphael, Par. Lost, v. 246
So spake
th'
:
Eternal Father, and
fulfill'd
All justice
nor delay'd the winged saint
After his charge receiv'd.
At once on
Relights
th' eastern cliff of
Paradise
Like Maia's son he stood.
320
Notes.
Michael
i.
Similarly in Ariosto, Orlando Furioso, xiv. 75,
is
from heaven; and
in Tasso,
Jerusalem Delivered,
:
i3ff.,
there
despatched is an
elaborate account of the descent of Gabriel.
Of recent poets Shelley
has the most famous passage of this kind
But see, where thro' the azure chasm Of yon forked and snowy hill Trampling the slant winds on high
With golden-sandalled feet, Under plumes of purple dye,
that
glow
Like rose-ensanguined ivory, A Shape comes now, Stretching on high from his right hand A serpent-cinctured wand. Prometheus Unbound, act 242.
i.
virgam, the rod (caduceus) twined with two serpents; often seen as the emblem of commerce, on account of Mercury's function as god of trade, but properly the herald's staff, and hence used by Mercury
as \l/vxoiroijm6s in the
manner described
v.
here.
(See
p.
whole description see Od.

Tale,
43
Bry. 55.
Cf. Spenser,
For the 164.) Mother Hubberd's
w,
1291
ff.
In his hand
tooke Caduceus, his snakie wand, With which the damned ghosts he governeth,
He
And furies
With
rules,
and Tartare tempereth.
And
that he causeth sleep to seize the eyes feare the harts of all his enemyes ;
And, when him list, an universall night Throughout the world he makes on everie wight.
See also Faery Queen,

244. 245.
ii.
12. 41.
resignat, unseals (cf. evocat). morte, abl. of separation. The narrative is resumed after the description. ilia fretus,
G. 401, N. 6 H. 425, ii, I, N.). by means of this ( 254, b, z agit, sets in motion. tranat transnat, hence the accusative ( 237, d; G. 331
H.
372).
247.
Atlantis duri, of much-enduring Atlas.
There
is
special
Mercury's mother, was the daughter of Atlas. This mountain, the limit of the world to the ancients, on which the heaven was supposed to rest, was made a mystical demigod with human
fitness in this, as Maia,
attributes (hence senis, v. 251).
248.
cinctum
With the whole
description
his
caput, whose pine-grown head is ever girt, cf. Denham, Cooper's Hill :
etc.
Among the
proud head the airy mountain hides clouds his shoulders and his sides A shady mantle clothes his curled brows Frown on the gentle stream, which calmly flows While winds and storms his lofty forehead beat.
;
But
IV. 285.]
The
,/Eneid.
321
251. senis, the aged sire, perhaps with the same idea as in our "old as the hills." (Cf. v. 247, note.) horrida, unkempt and long (he is represented with the long beard of an old man).
paribus nitens alis, poised on even -wing, like a sailing bird G. 401, N. 6 H. 425, ii, i, N.). see viii. 139. ; Cyllenius 256. terras, etc., i.e. skimming near the water.
252. 254,
b, i
; :
258. 260.
261.
avo
see note,
i.e.
v. 247.
262.
new buildings, to replace the magalia. stellatus iaspide, i.e. on the hilt. laena, a thick woolen cloak, much used under the empire instead
novantem,
planting
of the toga,
and
of a
"warm"
purple (ardebat murice).
The whole
description suggests luxury.

264.
discreverat,
i.e.
different color, gold-thread
had separated the thread of the warp with on purple.

altae,
265. invadit, attacks (like adgreditur, v. 92, but stronger). a hint at the future grandeur and hostility of Carthage.
271.
stmis
= atm
:
at,
but with special reference to the city he

;
is
teris Otia, waste your time building. make the time idle instead of laborious,
wear away idleness, and thus wear it away.

lit.,
i.e.
273.
274.
nec super
spes
.
thought to be inserted from

i.e.
v. 233.
your
heir.
As
the hope connected with lulus as thus used, in connection with heredis, the name seems
.
lull (obj. gen.),
meant to suggest the Julian house, which claimed descent from lulus
(i.
288, 278.
vi.
789). in tenuem, etc.
cf.
Par. Lost,
i.
497-9
Satan, bowing low
His gray dissimulation, disappeared,

Into thin air diffus'd.
Tempest,
iv. i.
148-50:
These our
actors,
As
Macbeth,
i.
Are
3.
foretold you, were all spirits melted into air, into thin air.
and
80-82
Banquo. Whither are they vanished? Much. Into the air and what seemed corporal melted
;
As breath
283.
:
into the wind.
junc.), etc., in
quid agat the thought of Êneas quid a sort of indir. disc.
agam
(dubitative sub-
285.
dividing the swift mind."

While she
Imitated by Tennyson, Passing of Arthur, "This way and that Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, vi. 81
:
in various
thoughts divides and parts
The
uncertain mind.
322
286. 287.
etc.
:
Notes.
versat (intens.), turns rapidly. whether to inform Dido or not.
:
alternant!
potior sententia,
cf.
Par. Lost,
ix. 87,
88
Him, after long debate irresolute Of thoughts revolv'd, his final sentence
289.
chose.
aptent, COgant,
is
subj. in indir. disc, for imperat. in direct
a verb
to,
of ordering
etc.
(
331,
implied in vocat \ R. G. 652 H. 523,

; ;
summoning them he
iii
directs
them
and
N.).
290.
arma
either
arms
(for
ments for the ships.

sit, ind. quest.
rebus novandis, dat.
defence in case of interference) or equip299; G. 429 ; H. 544, 2). (
291.
optuma,
nesciat
:
best
292.
of -women ; a mere ornamental epithet. dependent clause in ind. 'disc. speret, expect; used
5
:
of
ill
as well as of
293.
good expectation. rumpi 33Q,/; G. 423, N. temptaturum (sc. esse), depending on the idea of saying implied
quae
(sc. sint), ind.
in vocat.
quest, depending
on the preceding.
Eng. dexterous).
294. 296. 298.
rebus, for the business.
dexter, skilful
;
(cf.
quis possit
268
G. 466
H.
486,
ii.
tuta, however safe.
impia,
cruel.
300. inops animi, gen. (not, as in v. 203, locative); cf. compos tis ( 218, c; G. 374, N.e H. 399, i, 3). 301. commotis sacris, at the revealing of the sacred emblems.
;
men-
The
orgies of
Bacchus were accompanied by the brandishing of the thyrsus,

Fig. 40.
the clashing of cymbals, and the carrying of the mystic cista containing sacred emblems, the bringing out of which began the orgy. Cf. Words-
worth,
Duddon
Sonnets, xx
Dance, like a Bacchanal, from rock to rock, Tossing her frantic thyrsus wide and high.
IV. 327-]
The ALneid.
323
40 (from a vase painting) shows a Bacchic procession. The first Bacchanal has a double tibia, the second a torch and a thyrsus, the
Fig.
third a tambourine, the fourth a thyrsus.

at Thebes; trieterica orgia 302. ThyiSs: dissyllabic. See Fig. 40. Cithaeron, where the night-orgies took place, is the mountain-range
:
south of the
city.
auditO Baccho, hearing the cry
to
Bacchus,
i.e.
Evoe Bacche, the customary cry of the Bacchants. 304. ultro, first, i.e. before he has found heart to speak.
305.
dissimulare
see note to rumpi, v. 292.
tacitus,
etc., i.e.
not
only go, but conceal your going. 307-8. The three motives appealed to are love, honor, and pity. si non, i.e. if you had a home to go to instead 311. quid, tell me.
of being a
wanderer
in search of lands to settle in,
even then you would
wait for better weather.

313.
314.
peteretur, apodosis
308
G. 597
H.
507,
iii).
mene
fugis,
is it
from me you fly ?
te, obj. of oro (v. 319); in
such appeals some words usually separate per and the words it governs. nihil, i.e. nothing else but prayers and appeals to 315. aliud your pity and honor.
. .
.
316.
rites of
conubia, our union, in its civil aspect hymenaeos, the formal marriage, not fully completed, however (inceptos); cf. v. 172.
;
317.
quicquam meum, anything
in me.
318.
320.
v.
domus
;
221, a
203
propter: cf. Chaucer, Legend of Dido,

;
G. 377 H. 406, i. G. 413, R. 1 H. 569, 263, N.

; ; ;
ii,
:
i.
Libycae: see
w.
394, 395
Thise lordes, which that wonen me besyde Wil me destroyen only for your sake.
321. infensi Tyrii,
i.e.
my own
322.
qua
sola, etc.,
that
I might have
233
;
aspired to thinking vaguely of deification, as
people are indignant. fame (as a faithful widow) by which alone " the skies (lit. " was on my way to she is
;
it
were)
for tense see
277, c
G.
469,
i-
323.
324.
cui, to
what?
i.e.
moribundam
of guest.
more
vivid than
morientem.
hoc nomen,
It is said that this

;
passage was recited
by Virgil himself with peculiar pathos

great
for, unlike
most poets, he had

is it?
(
power of
i;
recitation.
(to
325.
quid moror, why do I delay
die)?
an,
211, b
G. 457,
326.
H.
.
353, 2, N.<).
. .
dum
si
destruat:
:
328
G. 572
H.
519,
ii,
2.
327.
qua suboles
many heroes
of ancient story had children by
324
their forsaken brides;
Notes.
and Dido, throughout, regards her with Êneas as a true marriage (yv. 33, 172, 316). 328. ante fugam, still in the tone of reproach.
329.
own union
tamen,
but
529,
it
had you no
pose
i;
;
longer], as
after all ; implying a preceding concession (although I tamen always does. referret, clause of purin
would
any case be subj. of integral part
342
G. 663,
cf.
H.
331.
ii).
monitis, abl. of cause, modifying the whole idea.
immota
w-
3 6 9> 370-
332. obnixus, -with a struggle. appear in his face nor words.

333.
te, subj. of
premebat,
i.e.
he did not
let
it
promeritam
[esse], but put next to
ego on account
of the fondness of the Latin for putting two pronouns together. plurima, all, much as it is, which.
335-
quae H.
promeritam: 866^.317.
me:
221,
b,
G. 377, R. S
410,
iv.
337. pro re, as the case demands. are a justification of his good faith
failed in
The two clauses neque nee "I have concealed nothing, and
. .
.
no promise."
:
338.
339.
ne finge
taedas
:
see
ii.
48, note.
v. 18.
its
see note on
340.
me, emphatic from

:
position.
For
myself, if the fates, etc.
a general supposition applying to his concerns in the G. 597, R. 1 H. 510, N. 2). meis past as well as the present ( 308, a
paterentur
; ;
auspiciis, by
my own
that
guidance.
342. 343.
primum,
i.e.
would be
my
first
choice.
colerem, manerent (continued action in pres. time, see v. 340, note), I should be cherishing, etc. " I should not 344. posuissem (momentary completed action), i.e.
be here at
all,
but should have restored Troy and should
now be
there."
Gryneus, Lyciae: names refer345. sed nunc, but now [as it is]. ring to Asiatic oracles of Apollo (at Gryneum and Patara), perhaps mentioned in some lost legend of yneas. sortes, properly the word
for the Italian
form of
oracle,
which consisted in drawing from an urn
it. The figure in the Text, p. 106 (from a Pompeian wall painting) represents a priestess drawing the oracu-
billet
of
wood with a
verse upon
lar sortes.
347.
348.
hie, haec,
i.e.
Italy
for gender, see note,

:
iii.
714.
Observe the antithesis

is
Phoenissam
is
opposed to Teucros,
that,
etc.
as Karthaginis
349.
to Ausonia.
quae tandem invidia, pray why are you jealous invidetis. considere, depending on invidia est
Iv
3 8 3-l
The Aineid.
we
too, i.e.
325
quaerere
:
350.
et nos,
as well as you.
270, b
G.
4 22, N.2; 351.

353.
354.
H.
538.
etc.
;
Anchisae,
cf. vi.
i.e.
694-696.
turbida, troubled,
lest
/Eneas should
fail
to reach Italy.
life
;
capitis, etc. (obj. gen.), the

line.
(cf. v.
wrong done
;
to
that dear
supply
i.
admonet from preceding

355. 357.
362.
fatalibus, destined
82)
see
243, a
;
G. 405
cf. v.
H. 414,
utrumque caput,
i.e.
both yours and mine
354.
iamdudum
tuetur,
had long
been eyeing askance.
The
present
here
used like the historical present instead of the imperfect, but is modified by iamdudum, so that it is equal to the pluperfect in English
is
upon the
364.
principle often cited.

(lit.
tacitis, silently
with silent
eyes).
is
365.
nec,
etc., i.e. all
your pretended origin

:
false
such a heart
could only
come
of a barbarian origin.
367. Hyrcanae tigres was long a literary convention

But
cautibus, locative ablative. this comparison for hard-heartedness in love

;
cf.
Daniel, Sonnets after Astrophel, xi

and cruel mind
yet restore thy fierce

tigers
To Hyrcan
and
to ruthless bears.
See also Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered,

368.
iv.
quae
reserve
i.e.
= for
77.
what greater
I restrain
occasion do
keep
my
myself? 369. num, etc. Dido turns Êneas' self-command into a reproach. fletu, lumina, i.e. did his glance waver so as to show any emotion ?
;
passion reserved?
why should
abl. of cause.
370.
amantem:
(lit.
221, a
G. 377, N. 2
H. 407.
371. quae quibus (both interrog.), what shall
say
first,
next?
what
shall I prefer to
what
?)
cf. v. 10,
note.
and what iam iam nec,

first
no longer now.
372.
haec,
my
affairs, as hie often refers to

(i.e.
what belongs to the
person.
373.
aequis, impartial
fides: since
faith,
one whose
the very gods are unjust). life I saved under such circumstances
has broken
376.
confidence can be secure nowhere.

to the time
nunc (emphatic), opposed
when she rescued him,

is
379. scilicet, etc. (ironical), doubtless this powers, a care to vex them in their repose.
: :
a task for the heavenly
ventis, undas hinting at the perils which 381. sequere cf. v. 361. she hopes he may not escape. 382. equidem, but, i.e. go, but I hope it will be your destruction.
383.
hausurum
[esse]
the figure
is
harsh in English, " swallow your
326
doom,"
i.e.
Notes.
meet your just doom, drowning among the rocks
it
:
[>NEI>.
but Cowley
has imitated
He and
drove proud Pharaoh to the parted sea ; his host drank up cold death by me.
Davideis, bk.
i.
For constr. see note on rumpi,

(see
ii.
v.
292; te, subj. of the

.
inf.,
is
omitted
Dido, ace., obj of vocaturum, i.e. in his remorse, seeing that his fate is a just punishment. 384. atris ignibus, with smoky torches, such as the Furies bear (vii.
25, note).
absens, i.e. my memory shall haunt you like an avenging Fury. imitated by Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xvi. 59, 60 Closely
456).
:
Go, cruel man, and take with thee that peace Thou leav'st with me I do not bid thee stay. But I will follow hope for no release
;
My angry shade shall haunt thee on thy way Like a new Fury I will dog thy path,
With torch and serpents armed,
386.
to
wreak
my
wrath.
umbra
adero,
:
my ghost
shall hatmt you.
the shades below were thought to receive 387. veniet fama from earth through those newly dead (cf. ii. 547-549).
388.
news
sermonem,
:
i.e.
the interview, not her
have already come to a climax.

390.
own words merely, which auras, the free air of heaven.
Hence
391.
it
multa the word repeated can hardly be used in two senses. must mean preparing to say much, and at the same time hesiit.
tating to say
metu
:
(abl.
of cause),
i.e.
of adding to her distress.
apparently she falls fainting as she turns away. stratis : for case see ii. 620, 392. thalamo (dat.), into her chamber.
suscipiunt
note.
393.
plus
purposely put
direction,
it
although this is a stock epithet, yet Virgil seems to have in here to remind us that Êneas is acting under divine
and
to counteract our
395.
multa, cognate ace.
sympathy with the betrayed woman. G. 667 gemens, concessive ( 292

;
H.
549, 2).
animum, Greek
i.e
accusative.
litore, loc. abl.
i.
397.
398. 399.
turn vero,
then more than ever.

;
deducunt: the technical term
cf.
551,
and note.
In prose the verb would be imperfect ( 311, a, N. 1 G. 258 H. 485, N. 8 ), but the present is used here just as the historical present is for past tenses. 403. reponunt, lay away ; a common force of rein composition.
; ;
frondentis, still untrimmed ; cf. i. 552. 400. studio (abl. of cause), in their eagerness. 401. cernas, you might discern them (from a distance).
IV- 439-]
The ALneid.
327
manner of ants
is.
405.
407.
calle angusto, on their narrow track, as the moras the fault put for the offenders.
:
408. 409.
410.
sensus, sc. erat. fervSre: an earlier form for fervere

arce ex
summa, Jrom
the top of the citadel,

ii.
134; G. 159; H. 267, 3). where her palace
appears to be, as were Priam's (see

411.
412.
437
ff.)
and other such palaces.
misceri, disturbed, filled confusedly. quid: see iii. 56, and note.
414.
415. 416.
animos, her proud heart.

frustra moritura,
doomed
to die in vain.
418.
properari, impersonal. coronas, as offerings to the gods, always associated with

si, etc.
re-
ligious rites.
419.
(= siquidem),
I
etc.,
ward to
420. 422.
this great sorrow,
if (i.e. since) / have been able to look forshall also be able to endure it.
I
tamen,
yet (though
inf.),
can bear
it),
do
me
this one favor.
colere (hist,
was wont
to regard.
423.
424.
tempora, moods. hostem, stranger.
425.
non ego,
Aulide
:
etc.,
i.e.
:
I
cf.
ii.
On the meanings of hostis see Vocabulary. am not an enemy, to be looked upon with
note to rumpi,
116.
v.
suspicion.
426. 427.
exscindere
292.
see note
revelli, etc.
There was a story that Anchises' bones were

:
taken from the tomb by Diomed, but afterwards restored to yEneas. The whole means, in general I have not committed any inexpiable wrong against him why should he not be placable ?
;
428.
cur neget, equiv. to
rel.
clause of purpose (ut ea causa neget).
429-430. det, exspectet, hortatory; cf. v. 309. 432. pulchro ( 243, a G. 405 H. 414, i), with a sarcastic emphasis. 433. tempus inane, mere time, with, perhaps, the special idea of its
; ;
being useless to him. requiem spatiumque, time for rest (hendiadys), i.e. time for her madness to subside.
434.
436. quam old interpretation

. .
victam, subdued (as I shall then be). remittam. For centuries an insoluble riddle.
.
The
the
favor
(i.e.
the most intelligible When he shall have granted the short delay), / will repay it many fold (cumulatam)
is
:
by
my
death.
Her death (which she has
already spoken
of, v.
385)
;
>Eneas, and so a boon not that she thinks of suicide, but she expects to die of a broken heart. 437. tails, with fletus. fletus, tearful prayers,
difficulty for
would be the best solution of the
439.
tractabilis, yielding.
328
440.
441.
Notes.
placidas, kindly.
annoso robore,
abl. of quality.
443. 444.
inter se, with each other.
concusso stipite,
abl. abs.
:
445. 446.
quantum,
etc.
cf.
Par. Regained,
iv.
416, 417
Whose tallest pines, Though rooted deep as high.

449.
mens,
his purpose, as
opposed
to his feelings (pectus) .
vol-
inanes, because they are mere expresvuntur, are shed (by tineas). sions of feeling and do not affect his action. Thus translated by Waller
:
And down his cheeks though fruitless tears do Unmoved remains the purpose of his soul.
451. 335-
roll,
convexa:
cf.
strata viarum,
i.
422.
tueri: see note on me,
may
G. 545 ; H. 497, ii), that she 452. quo magis peragat, etc. ( 317, b the more surely, etc. clause of purpose dependent on vidit, with the underlying idea that the fates send these omens to drive her on to
;
;
Observe the irregular sequence (cf. i. 298-300) ; the purp. construction easily allows a primary sequence, but cum temporal must retain
death.
its
imperf.
455.
cruorem:
cf.
the prodigy at
ff.
:
Emelie's sacrifice in Chaucer's
Knight's Tale,
w.
1478
That other fyr was queynt
[i.e.
quenched] and
al
agon
And at the brondes ende oute ran anoon As it were blody dropes many oon.
457. 459. 460.
templum, a shrine
festa
:
(for the adoration of the
manes
of Sychaeus).
(v. 202).
such garlands were usual upon solemn occasions

.
hinc
voces, etc.
Here, as
I
cf.
Pope, Eloisa
to
Abelard,
w.
307-309:
From yonder
"
watch'd the dying lamps around, shrine I heard a hollow sound.
Come,
sister,
come,"
it
said, or
seem'd
to say.
462.
bubo
here (only) feminine.
For the owl as a bird

36:
of
ill
omen
see, e.g., Spenser,
Faery Queen,
all
ii.
12.
For
the nation of unfortunate
And fatall
birds about them flocked were, Such as by nature men abhorre and hate ;
;
The ill-fac'd Owle, death's dreadfull messengere The hoars Night-mven, trump of dolefull drere.
IV. 482.]
T/te
SEneid.
329
Thomson, Winter:
Assiduous, in his bower, the w?.iliug owl Plies his sad song.
Webster, Dirge in Duchess of Malfi:

Hark, now everything is still, The screech-owl and the whistler Call upon our dame aloud,
shrill
And
463.
bid her quickly don her shroud.
queri
cf.
Gray's Elegy:
.
complain."
464.
at this
longas
praedicta, i.e. old time of anxiety.

agit, etc.,
st.
The moping owl does to the moon draw out her note into a long wail. mysterious prophecies recurring to her mind
voces,
Cf. Uryden,
"
465.
dreams also come to alarm 'her.
Annus
Mirabilis,
71
In dreams they fearful precipices tread,
Or shipwracked labor to some distant shore, Or in dark churches walk among the dead They wake with horror and dare sleep no more.
;
468.
469.
Pentheus
Tyrios, her .own people. king of Thebes,

:
who watched
in
concealment the
In his mysteries of Bacchus, and was torn in pieces by the Bacchanals. madness, he is represented by Euripides as seeing all objects double.
favorite subjects in
These scenes were familiar to the Romans on the works of art.

471.
stage,
and were
scaenis, on the stage.
agitatus, pursued (in the Eumenides of
jEschylus). 473. in limine: the regular seat of the Furies (cf. vi. 279, 555, 574; vii. 343), that their victim may not escape. matrem : as he had killed his mother Clytemnestra, she is supposed to appear to him as a Fury.
It
was by these avenging

474. 476.
deities that the ancients represented the stings
of a guilty conscience driving the guilty
man
insane.
concepit, became possessed by.

exigit, strictly -weighs
;
here, considers.
2,
477.
spem
238, a
G. 333,
N. 3
H. 371,
ii,
N.) fronte serenat,
smooths her brow with hope (prop., expresses a hope by smoothing her
brow).
479.
reddat, purpose clause.

lovelorn sister.
eo,/rom Aim,
:
i.e.
my
love for him.

viii.
amantem, your
481.
482.
:
Cf. these ceremonies with Eel.
64
ff.
Atlas ultimus, remotest of lands. umero cf. Par. Lost, ii. 305-307
:
see
v.
247 and note.
33O
Notes.
Safe he stood
With Atlantean shoulders fit to bear The weight of mightiest monarchies.
aptum, in its proper sense of fitted, i.e. studded (see Vocab.). hinc,/rom there, i.e. from that region. 484. Hesperidum see Gayley's Classic Myths, 136, 139. 486. mella, papaver honey and poppy-seeds were a favorite seasonsoing among the Romans, sprinkled on more solid food (spargens). porif erum is merely descriptive of the plant the honey-cake was probably
483.
:
to put the
dragon to
sleep.
It
is,
however, the conventional diet of these

Hesperian tree
creatures.
But Beauty,
like the fair
Laden with blooming gold, had need the guard Of dragon-watch with unenchanted eye.
Comiu,
w.
;
393-395.
Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm Others whose fruit bumish'd with golden rind,
Hung amiable,
487. promittit SOlvere
Hesperian fables
true.
Par. Lost,
(cf.
iv.
248-250.
note to rumpi,
v. 292),
professes to deliver
(from their
489.
Eel.
viii.
griefs).
sistere,
99.
vertere
the ordinary feats of magic
see
vi.
256,
movet, calls forth (lit. disturbs). 128, e, 4 accingier (old form of infin., 357. G. 130, 6 H. 240, 6), that I have recourse to (the subj. me is omitted); the figure is from the girding on of arms. artes see note on ferrum,
490.
492.
nocturnes, by night.
:
tester, etc.
;
cf. v.
ii.
510.
494.
sub auras,
cf. vi.
:
i.e.
;
in the
open
viii.
interior court;
cf.
ii.
512.
pyram
erige
214-231
Eel.
91, note.
impius perhaps alluding to his usual epithet pius. tamen, though her sister's request and sudden pallor might make her suspicious. H. 384, ii, 2. funera 225, d; G. 348
496.
500.
: ;
501.
mente
morte,
(locative abl.) concipit, can she imagine
(cf.
animo con-
cipere, with the

502.
same meaning).
time when.
etc.,
abl. of
504.
pyra erecta,
etc., i.e. in
when
she (Anna)
cf.
ii.
had
512.
built a funeral-pile.
penetrali,
the inner court;
505. ingenti taedis, heaped high -with pine, such as was used for torches (abl. of means). For all these ceremonies, compare notes to 506. intendit, wreathes.
Eel.
viii.
No
suspicions are excited, because the rites were
common.
IV. 5 1 8.]
The ALneid.
:
331
By destroying
it
507.
in this
exuvias cf. abolere, v. 497. super, adverb. ceremonial manner every relic of the false lover,
was supposed
that the
508.
pile.
unhappy love would be eradicated.

effigiem
:
She
it.
is
well
apparently the effigy of tineas is to be burned on the aware (baud ignara) herself of her purpose, but she
dishevelled hair
vii.
conceals
509.
rites
;
crines effusa
is
especially associated with
magic
campare Ovid, Met.,

:
183.
cf. Eel. viii. 73 and Ovid above cited. centum, only a 510. ter vague exaggeration, but three hundred and six hundred are often used tonat, calls aloud. deos, cognate vaguely in Latin like our thousand.
ace.
Erebum,
etc.
these gods of the lower world are especially as-
sociated with magic

511.
rites.
etc.,
i.e.
tergeminam,
(the
Luna
Moon)
:
as
known
to the dwellers
Diana (Artemis) among the immortals, on earth, and Hecate as god-
dess of the lower world and an especial patroness of magic (see note, Cf. Ben Jonson, Masque of vi. 35). ora in appos. with Hecaten.
Queens :
And
them, three-formed star, that on these nights

triple
Art only powerful, to whose
name
Thus we
512.
incline.
sparserat
:
the lustration formed a part of almost

vi.
all
sacred
rites.
Averni
513.
see note,
:
118, 239.
all
aenis
these details
relic
of earlier times
nigri veneni
natural.
:
when
this
had a magic significance. The bronze was was the common metal.
is
514.
the association of dark color with poison
old
and quite
"There grows on the forehead of the horse a 515. equi de fronte. love-charm, called hippomanes, of a dark color, the size of a fig (carica), which, immediately after the birth of the foal, is devoured by the mother,
or else she does not suckle her foal."
516.
517.
Pliny, Nat. History, viii. 165. translated love-charm. usually amor, mola, etc. (abl. of manner) ipsa, opposed to the priestess.
sprinkling the bruised grain with holy

518. (see
hands
(i.e.
ceremonially pure).
unum pedem
certain rites were
Ovid
cited above).
performed with one foot bare Cf. Ben Jonson, Masque of Queens :
!
Come, let a murmuring charm resound, The whilst we bury all i' the ground
But
first,
And
see every foot be bare, every knee.
recincta, ungirded ; the loose garments were associated with magic

rites.
33 2
Notes.
if
of course 519. conscia, an allusion to astrology the fates they must be supposed to know them.
;
the stars revealed
520. si quod numen, etc., whatsomer deity has in charge those -who love with unrequited affection (non aequo foedere). curae : 233, a;
G. 356
522.
H.
390.
erat, etc.:
cf.
nox
Dryden, Annus Mirabilis,
st.
216
The
and noiseful gain, And luxury, more late, asleep were laid All was the Night's and in her silent reign No sound the rest of Nature did invade.
diligence of trades,
523.
saeva, raging.
pictae,
434.
quierant,
colored ;
cf.
128, a, i; G. 131, i;
H.
235.
525.
Lost,
in
many
"spread their painted wings."
Par.
Pope dwells on the idea with characteristic elaboration describing the pheasant {Windsor Forest}, vv. 115-118:
vii.
Ah
what avail his glossy, varying dyes His purple crest, and scarlet-circled eyes, The vivid green his shining plumes unfold, His painted wings, and breast that flames with gold ?
!
526. 528.
quae-que, both those which, etc. dumis, This line is doubted by many editors. If
v. 525.
:
abl. of
it
manner.
is
rejected, tacent
must be supplied from

529.
v. 203. Phoenissa the verb is not strictly any one of the preceding, but these are all fused into one general idea of It is better not to supply rest, to which non belongs (not to infelix).
anitni
see note on
this
verb in translation.
solvitur in somnos, is relaxed in sleep. i.e. the influence of night.
lor'e
530.
oculis, locative ablative.
noctem,
532.
fluctuat, her
ebbs
and flows,
i.e.
her love and wrath succeed

tide.
each other in her mind in an ebbing and a flowing 533. sic adeo insistit, then thus she begins.
534. en quid ago ? ah ! what shall I do ? i.e. how shall I try to find a way of escape ? ( 276, c; G. 254, N. 2 H. 467, 5). inrisa, mocked and derided, i.e. by Êneas, who had cast her off.
;
535. 536.
istic,
Nomadum,
quos sim dedignata, whom 320; G. 631, i H. 503, i).

;
a general term for the barbarous African tribes. I have disdained (subj. of character-
sequar, i.e. shall I humble myself to the most degrading exactions of the Trojans in order to be allowed to accompany them ? The verb is used in a slightly different sense with the two objects.
537.
ultima
levatos, shall I do so because they are glad (iuvat, 538. quiane impers.) of the relief they had by my help? i.e. can I appeal to their
.
.
iv. 5 6i.]
The Êneid.
?
333
gratitude
levatos
540.
= eos levatos esse

=
The
interrogative -ne really belongs to an omitted sequar.

(
288, e
G. 533
it
H.
535,
iii).
542.
fac velle, suppose I should wish have experienced. sentis
(the subj.
me
is
omitted).
543-546. sola, i.e. shall I go alone with the Trojans as a mere campfollower or shall I emigrate once more with my whole people ? agam
pelago, force upon the sea (loc. abl.). 545. inferar, i.e. to follow him to Italy with
547.
all
my
people.
quin, nay rather. see Anna's arguments, vv. 31-51. 548. prima
:
549. 550.
oneras, obicis, hist, present.
non licuit (exclamatory) why was it not, etc. more ferae, i.e. like a wild creature, solitary in the woods so the life of Camilla (xi. 568). A Greek term for unmarried is ctS/uTjs, " untamed." Virgil probably had in mind merely the free life of an unmarried woman. cf. v, 5. curas, i.e. of love
551.
: ;
552.
Sychaeo
either an
adj.,
Some
was
editors put the
comma
or in a sort of appos. with cineri. after cineri, and some have the gen.
why (in the same construction as v. 550) The incoherency of the whole speech pictures Uido's state of mind. From this verse Dante, who puts Dido in the second circle of Hell, speaks of her as " she who broke her faith to the ashes of
Sychaei.
servata [est]
it not, etc.
"
Sychaeus
553.
(Inferno, v. 62).
:
cf. notes on ii. 129, iii. 246. tantos, such wild. rumpebat Shakspere takes some liberties with the story in the famous passage in
his
Merchant of
Venice, v.
i.
9-12
In such a night Stood Dido, with a willow in her hand, Upon the wild sea-banks and waft her love
To come
again to Carthage.
(
554. certus eundi, determined to go 556. eodem, i.e. as in v. 265.

558.
298
G.,428
H.
542,
i).
omnia, Greek
ace.
559.
560.
Lost, v.
iuventa, abl. of manner.
hoc sub casu,/#.tf at
this emergency.
ducere somnos
cf.
Par.
673-6
Sleeps't thou,
Thy
eyelids
companion dear? What sleep can close and rememb'rest what decree
lips
Of yesterday so late hath pass'd the Of Heaven's Almighty ?

561.
deinde, next.
334
Notes.
564. certa mori, bent on death, and accordingly reckless 3 eundi, with no difference of meaning ( 273, d; G. 428, N.
;
cf.
;
certus
H. 533,
ii,
3).
vario, changing;
cf. v.
532.
?
565.
ii.
non fugis, will you not fly

iam, presently.
attigerit:
For tense see note on prendimus,

i.e.
i
;
322.
566. 568.
569.
570.
trabibus,
the Carthaginian
fleet.
307, c; G. 596,
189, c
i.
;
varium:
nocti
:
G. 211,
440,
R. 4
H. 508, H. 438,
2.
4.
cf. viris,
and note.
umbris, apparition. sancte deorum, holy deity ( 216, b G. 372, N. 1 H. 397, 3, N. 4 ). f eras, grant us propitious stars (weather). sidera 578. 582. litora deseruere, i.e. and now they have left the shore (taking a
571. 576.
;
; . . .
new
585.
point of view to indicate the haste of the action). For the myth see Tennyson's poem Tithonus.
The
description
of the
dawn
in
Tithonus
is
:
remarkable for using mythological imagery
without being conventional

I
used to watch
if I
be he that watch'd
thee
rings
;
The lucid outline forming round The dim curls kindle into sunny
saw
;
Chang'd with thy mystic change, and felt my blood Glow with the glow that slowly crimson'd all Thy presence and thy portals.
587.
590.
: flaventes, the color universally ascribed to the hair of heroic persons by the ancients. inluserit, i.e. laugh my power to 591. advena, an adventurer.
aequatis, even, i.e. right before the wind. cf. note on collecta, i. 320. abscissa
the fut. perf. looks forward to the completion of the act, as " she said " shall he succeed in doing so ?
scorn
if
592.
expedient,
"will
not
my
men,
etc.
peculiar abruptness is given by the pause at the 593. fifth foot. Notice also the hurried movement of v. 594.
594.
end of the
12:
flam mas, torches.
Cf Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered,

.
!
ii.
Up, up, my faithful hasten on your way With fire and sword. Up, up to burn and
!
slay
her purpose of death. 595. mentem, facta impia, i.e. toward Sychaeus. 596. nunc, emphatic. then it ought (to have come 597. turn decuit, emphatic
i.e.
:
home
to
you).
cum
dabas
you
offered
him
the sceptre
277, c
G. 233 H. 469, i cf. ii. 672), when before you put the power in his hand.
; ; ;
IV. 6i6.]
The sEneid.
335
;
en dextra, i.e. the right hand given in making a pledge, as with us spoken with scorn, i.e. this then is the honor of this most pious
hero.
598.
quern,
i.e.
600.
1 254, R.
non potui H. 537, i).

.
;
eius quern, of him who, they say, etc. divellere, could I not have torn ?
. .
(
;
288, a
G.
abreptum
292, R.
ii.
G. 664,
iii.
R. 1
H.
549,
cf.
5.
602.
epulandum
(for constr. see
589 (note),
50, 329):
the
story of Thyestes
603.
and that of Tereus.

; ;
G. 254, R. 3 fuerat, might have been ( 308, b it had been c G. 266, 264 H. 514, N.). ( fuisset, suppose
;
;
H. 476,
2);
The Romans drew their 604. faces, etc., i.e. set the ships on fire. ships on land and fortified them. tulissem, / ought to have, etc.
(266,^; G.
606. 607. 608.
272, 3;
:
exstinxem
interpres
H. 483, 2, N.). for exstinxissem
128, b
G. 131, 4; H. 235,
3).
opera omnia terrarum, all deeds of mortals.

. .
et COnscia, conscious witness ; properly agent, or

at
even cause, as the goddess of marriage. Hecate was worshipped 609. triviis
:
cross-roads (places where

(cf.
vi.
three roads met) and was hence called Trivia ululata, invoked with shrieks.
610.
13, Eel.
iii.
26).
Dirae
see
is
v.
473.
di, the special or tutelary divinity,
but
:
why
was conceived as twofold hence the expression Manes, and the custom of erecting two altars to the shade (cf. iii. 63). The idea of divinities in pairs was a common Roman
not clear.
more than one
Perhaps
it
notion.
611. accipite, hear, as often.
as
I have
612.
meritum, haec, these my words. deserved (agreeing with numen). mails advertite numen,
to
turn your power
The language
common
(avenge) my sufferings. of the curses that follow depends upon the belief in the prophetic power (" second sight ") of a person at
the point of death and in the efficacy of a dying person's curse.

audlte, grant.
615-620. at, at
least.
I.,
opened by Charles
These are the ominous lines which were when he consulted the Sortes Vergilianae at
Oxford. It will be noticed that they are so worded, that they do not prevent the expedition of yEneas from being one of final glory and success. The curses are literally fulfilled in the later fortunes of ./Eneas
(see the later
years,
or at
books of the Êneid), including his reign of only three and the loss of his body, which was swept away by the Numicius, least was not found after the battle in which he perished.
finibus, abl. of separation.
616.
336
Notes.
as
619. optata, a general epithet of light " the boon of light."

.
. .
we might say
in English,
an imprecation prophetic of the 622-629. turn vos nepotes Punic wars which, strictly fulfilled, resulted in the greatest struggle, but also in the proudest military glory of Rome.
:
;
H. 484, iv, N. 2 ) 266, a; G. 263, 2 ultor, rise 625. exoriare ( some avenger ! aliquis, because referring to an indefinite person. No Roman, however, could hear it without thinking of Hannibal (cf. Livy,
;
xxi. i, i, 3).
626.
629.
cease,
qui sequare,
to
pursue
317, 2
G. 630; H. 497,
i).
ipsique nepotesque, i.e. may the warfare begin at once, and not e in -que is elided before the next verse (synapheid),
cinis
:
633.
in
may be rendered by
Henry
VIII.,
tomb.
Cf. the figurative uses of ashes

ff
:
English
e.g.,
iv. 2.
73
Whom I most hated living, Now in his ashes honor.

634. mihi, with 635.
thou hast made
me
hue
siste (see Vocab.).

etc.:
corpus (her body)
a very ancient rite of lustration.
pro-
for constr. see v. 289, note. 636. pecudes, the black sheep, for a sacrifice to Pluto (lovi Stygio) " Nether cf. Jove," Comus, v. 20. monstrata, appointed.
peret
637. 638.
sic veniat,
:
i.e.
after
having made such preparations.
paravi see w. 504-508. 640. Dardanii capitis, the Trojan (caput is often used in the sense of person in such periphrases cf. Eng. soul, and body in everybody, etc.).
;
She
is
mock
from her unhappy love, the effigies of .<Eneas and his exuviae are to be burned (see w. 496, 507-8). The 641. studio anili, i.e. with the bustling zeal of an old woman.
is a stock figure in heroic story cf. Pyrgo (v. 645), Eurycleia, the nurse of Ulysses (Od. xix.) the nurse of Orestes (yEsch., Choephori, of Medea (Eur., Med., \ ff.), etc. Juliet's nurse is the most 734 ff.)
really preparing her own pyre funeral, in which, to free her
but ostensibly the
rite is to
be a
old nurse
famous English example.

642.
coeptis, abl. of cause.

:
effera,
maddened.
trementfs genas, etc. cf. i. 228. she rushes down from the tower 645. inrumpit has been hitherto, into the inner open court.
643.
:
(v.
586),
where she
647. non hos in usus, for no such service or dagger given her by /Eneas.
648.
hie, hereupon.
prob. an ornamental sword
IV. 685.]
The ALneid.
lacrimis,
etc.,
337
in tears
649.
paulum
que
. .
staying a
little
and
in thought
(loc. abl.).
650.
651.
que, correlative.
i.e.
dum,
etc., limits
652.
654.
exsolvite,
by
dulces, dear. my death.
magna,
N.).
i.e.
shall
go a famous woman.
(
used instead of
396,
ii.
mea
for metrical reasons
214,
<z,
mei, possess, gen., 2 G. 362, R. 1 H.

;
;
656.
ulta virum,
i.e.
in the
way described
in'i.
360-4.
poenas,
etc.,
inflicted the
punishment ; see note to ii. 103. a verb fuissem is implied, the apodosis of tetigissent. 657. felix This and the following tantum, only, lit., so much and no more.
(re-)
:
due
verse are parodied by Pope,
Rape of the Lock,
iv.
149, 150
Happy, ah
If
ten times
Hampton Court
happy had I been, these eyes had never seen.
these words, though accompanying the fatal blows, though dying unmerely to those but to the whole situation avenged and by her own hand still she prefers death to life. 661. hunc ignem, the blaze of the pile which is about to be kindled.
sic, sic
:
660.
refer not
663.
ferro, abl. of instrument.
664.
666.
comites, her attendants
(cf.
v. 391).
:
bacchatur cf. v. 301. concussam, startled. cf. plangoribus femineis, ii. 487. 667. femineo G. 602 669. mat, were falling in ruins ( 312, and R. and N. 1 ).
:
;
H.
513,
ii,
trepido curso, i.e. running wildly (abl. of manner). hoc 675. illud, i.e. was this the thing you meant ? 676. hoc rogus, etc., is this what the pyre, etc., were preparing, etc. G. 306; H. 450). 102, c iste, i.e. that you ordered me to build (
672.
;
678.
vocasses
sic,
i.e.
68 1.
see note on tulissem, v. 604. as I have been. te posita, when

:
you were laid out
(in
ut abessem, clause of purpose. death). 682. exstinxti : see v. 606, note.

683. date . abluam, let clause without ut).
. .
me wash
her wounds in water (object
685. ore legam : a customary office of affection, like closing the eyes of the dying ; cf. Pope, Eloisa to Abelard, v. 324
:
Suck
my
last breath,
and catch
my
flying soul,
sic fata, etc., as she spoke she had, etc.
338
686.
608,
iii,
Notes.
semianimem
N. 2 )
;
the
first i is
read like
347, c
G. 723
H.
cf.
i.
2.
ii.
687. 689. 690. 691.

692.
siccabat, tried to stanch (see

stridit, gurgles.
84,
and
note).
6 H. 425, : 254, b\ G. 401, N. or loc. ablative dative, tore, possibly
cubito
i,
N.
adnixa, leaning.
v.
cf.
humi,
481.
quaesivit lucem the ancients were strongly impressed with the thought that the last act of the dying was to gaze upon the light. reperta, sc. luce (ablative absolute).
:
694.
Irim
in the case of
women, the thread

;
of
life
was usually supg-
posed to be cut by Proserpine (v. 698). Iris was the messenger of Juno. (See Fig. 41 from an ancient vase-painting.) Cf. Shakspere,
Tempest,
iv. i.
76-82:
Dost disobey the wife
Hail, many-color'd messenger, that ne'er of Jupiter

;
Who with
And
thy saffron wings
upon my flowers
Diffuses! honey-drops, refreshing showers, with each end of thy blue bow dost crown
My
bosky acres and my unshrubb'd down, Rich scarf to my proud earth.
695. quae . . . resolveret, to disengage the struggling spirit from the close-locked limbs (subj.
of purpose).
fato, i.e. by natural death merita morte, by death incurred by her own guilt. as a few hairs were plucked 698. crinem from the head of the victim before sacrifice, so " must be cut from the crown the " fatal lock
696.
i.e.
(vertice) before death
cf.
sacrum,
699.
v. 703.
Oreo, dat. after
damnaverat by a
poetical construction as
if
addixerat had been used.

701.
bute of
mille colores, i.e. the rainbow, which in Homer is not an attriIris the divine messenger, though called by the same name.
sole
:
trahens, drawing out the long line of color.
255, a
G. 409
H.
431,
4.
Lastly his shinie wings as silver bright, Painted with thousand colours, passing farre
All painters' skill, he did about him dight Not halfe so manie sundrie colours arre
:
In
Iris
bowe.
SPENSER, Muiofotmos,
w.
89-93.
V.
3.]
The ALneid.
Iris there with humid bow Waters the odorous banks, that blow Flowers of more mingled hue
339
Than her
purfled scarf can shew.
MILTON, Camus, w.
702. 704.
992-5.
sacrum, predicate. (sc. crinem). una, at the same time. the breath was naturally identified with the 705. in ventos
:
hunc
life
or
soul
cf.
animus, anima, exanimis,
etc.
BOOK
The games
in this
V.
honor of Anchises make an agreeable poem. Many of the incidents of these games are taken directly from the account of the funeral
book
in
interlude in the
more
serious action of the
games
of Patroclus in the twenty-third book of the Iliad. The contest of ships, however, and the equestrian exhibition, are features wholly The incident of the burning of the fleet, variously told, was a original. It is interesting to observe that Milton, part of the old Trojan legend.
in his
fallen angels as
wish to follow the classical models of epic poetry, represents the engaging in athletic games to while away the time till
ii.
the return of Satan from his scouting expedition (Par. Lost,

1.
528
ff.).
he
is 2. 3.
medium iter, interea, i.e. during the time of Dido's death. well on his way compare aequor medium, iii. 664.
;
i.e.
certus,
i.e.
in his
purpose
(cf. iv.
554, 564).
628; cf. H. 524; but perh. ind. quest. duri, etc., but the cruel pangs of a great love betrayed (pollute, lit. desecrated}, and the knowledge of what a maddened woman can do, lead the
: ;
iam conlucent: the pile .Êneas now serves for her own G. 4. accenderit 341, d
5.
built
ostensibly to burn the effigy of
cremation.
hearts of the Trojans into sad forebodings. Though they have no certain knowledge, yet they suspect the cause of the fire. amore, abl. abs.
6.
notum
olli:
2 292, a; G. 664, R.
H. 549,
N. 2
quid possit
agrees.
an
indirect question serving as the

10. 11.
noun with which notum

;
inhorruit, doubtless has in

squall
12.
13.
;
H. 384, 4, N. 2 235, a; G. 350, i the waves grew rough with black
shadows.
Virgil
cf.
mind the dark appearance of the water produced by a atros, v. 2, and see iii. 195.
is
ipse, even the pilot
at a loss.
cf. iv.
quianam
(an archaic use of quia,
538),
ah
why ?
340
14.
1 5.
Notes.
paras, have in
store.
colligere anna, to secure the rigging, i.e. to make all tight, and prepare for the gale ; perhaps a military rather than nautical phrase.
validis, vigorously
1
(lit.
an adj. with remis).
: they had been sailing with the wind astern (aequatis veils, iv. 587), probably from the southwest, and as the wind now comes from the west, they can no longer sail on the
6.
Obliquat sinus, trims the sail
same course, so as
to weather
the
Agates
islands
(see
Map).
The
ancients could probably only sail within seven or eight points of the wind (n'early at right angles with it); cf. iii. 684, note. (See Fig. 31, p. 288, for their rig.)
here as predi17. auctor, in its proper sense of voucher or security G. 325; H. 363). cate appositive ( 184, third example spondeat G. 596, I ; H. 509. 307, b
; ; : ;
19.
transversa (adverbial,
aer, etc.
240, a
G. 333, N. 6
H.
378, 2), athwart
our course.
20. 21. 23.
the ancients supposed clouds to be condensed tantum, merely (so much as that even). not qudque. quoque notice the quantity,
:
air.
24.
25.
fraterna
see
i.
570, note.
i.e.
servata, before observed,
in their
former voyage.
;
iamdudum, qualifying poscere ( 276, a G. 230; H. 467, 2). 28. flecte viam veils (abl. of means), turn the course of your voyage turn your course with your sails, i.e. by setting them on that tack). (lit. 268 G. 259 H. 486, ii. sit an see iv. 325, note.
27.
:
:
; ;
29.
quo optem,
i).
:
rel.
clause of characteristic
320, a; G. 631,2;
H.
demittere, bring into port ; cf. i. 381, and note. the wind is now astern, for they have changed their 32. secundi
503,
course.
35.
miratus, having seen with wonder.
36.
adventum sociasque
rates, hendiadys
:
cf.
i.
61 (note), 636.
x.
The
" with
figure is
common
:
in English poetry
see, e.g.,
Par. Lost,
345
joy and tidings fraught."

37.
pelle
Virgil here, as in
many
brance of the earlier

clothing
38.
;
civilization,
in
other places, preserves the rememwhich skins were the common
cf.
i.
275,
and
Fig. 7, p. 213.
Egesta (or Segesta) was a Trojan maid whom her father had sent to Sicily, to avoid the doom of an oracle which commanded Trojan
maidens to be cast to a sea-monster sent by Neptune to avenge the perAcestes (Egestus) was her son by the river-god fidy of Laomedon.
Crimisus (Crinisus).
V. 64.]
The Êneid.
i.e.
341
39. 40. 42. 46.
parentum,
reduces, adj .,
= on their return.
through
whom
he was of kin to
primo cf. completur

:
iii.
:
588 and note. observe the incomplete tense.
the Roman calendar was extremely confused till the 49. nisi fallor reform of Julius Caesar; hence it is not unnatural that Virgil should attribute a doubt on the subject to tineas. semper acerbum, etc. cf.
:
;
Dryden, Absalom and Achilophel,

By me,
so
i.
832
have
Heaven
will
it,
always mourned
And always
honored.
51. Gaetulis, etc., i.e. even in times of the utmost hardships and on this day if I were passing hazard. Notice the emphasis on hunc,
it,
etc.
52.
deprensus, overtaken by
vi.
it.
Mycenae:
214,
/; G.
1 361, N.
H. 396,
53. pompas exsequerer, etc., / -would perform the solemn procession English poetry (hence the noun exsequiae, used of funeral rites). sometimes has pomp in this sense as in Pope, Windsor Forest, w.
;
273, 274
Oh, early
lost
what
tears the river
shed
!
When
suis
:
the sad
pomp
along his banks was led
see note on sua, iii. 469. 54. 55. nunc, bttt now as it is, opposed to the supposition in vv. 51-52.
ultro, without our agency.
56.
baud equidem,
delati, borne to
surely not.
;
land (by favoring winds) possibly a contraction for intravimus (128, H. 235).
57. 58.
cf. v. 29.
a,
intramus, G. 131, 2, N.
laetum, cheerful, with more of gratitude than
grief,
assured as we
are of divine favor.

59.
poscamus ventos,
is
the prayer
60.
let tis pray for favorable winds. Some think addressed to the winds themselves (cf. iii. 115).
velit,
established,
may he [Anchises] be pleased to grant that, when my city is I may offer him yearly these rites in temples consecrated to
construction
is
him.
The
that of an object-clause after poscamus,
without ut.
62.
64.
adhibete
si
= when
an almost technical term for

(cf.
invite.
:
German wenn).
;
nona Aurora
the novemdiale
on the ninth day after death, when the days of mourning were ended (cf. II. xxiv. 664 Bry. 843 " Nine days we would bewail him in the halls ").
was a
festival
:
342
66. 67.
68.
Notes.
ponam, a technical word
qui
: :
cf.
Eel.
iii.
31.
(v.
the antecedents are the subjects of adsint
70).
incedit, advances proudly.
iaculo
follow.
69. 71.
javelin-throwing
is
not
viribus, referring to wrestling. one of the games which actually
fidit
here in the sense of audet.

i.e.
ore favete,
let
only auspicious words be spoken
the form
regularly used for imposing silence when a religious ceremony is about to begin, because any quarreling or ill-omened expressions would destroy
the sanctity of the
rites.
ramis
the wreath was a regular accompani-
ment of
72.
73.
all religious
i.e.
ceremonies.
sacred to Venus, his mother.
ii.
materna,
aevi maturus (see of Elymus and Ascanius.

76. 77.
638, note)
his
age
is
contrasted with that
magna,
etc.
cf.
i.
497.
(cf. iii.
carchesia, bowls Bacchus and Hercules.

78. 79.
66
:
Baccho
Eel. v. 67) a vessel peculiar to see note on lacte, iii. 66.

: ;
sanguine, of course of a slain victim
cf.
Eel. v. 66.
purpureos, gay : the ancients applied the word to a wide range of

recepti
colors on the purple side of red, and so often to any bright color.
80.
nequiquam
:
cf.
iii.
711.
cf.
81.
82.
animae, umbrae
for the plural

;
the use of Manes.
non
licuit (exclam.)
cf. iv.
550,
and note.
83. quicumque, -whatever, but agreeing in gender with Thybrim ; the expression implies a very human doubt as to his ever reaching the " if there is river, almost as if he said, any such."
84. anguis the genius (v. 95, indwelling spirit, or tutelary divinity) of a place, especially of a tomb, is frequently typified by a serpent in ancient art (cf. Ovid, Met. xv. 389, 390). The worship of serpents is very
:
ancient.
87. cui: see note on olli, v. 10. terga, squamam (objs. of incentranslate, changing the construction, whose skin flamed with debat) dark-blue spots, his scales with gleaming specks, a thousand varied colors,
:
such as the bow casts on clouds
when over against the sun. notae by a natural inversion of ideas the marks (notae, fulgor) are said to light
:
up the material, as
serpent in
88.
89.
it
were.
Cf. Milton's gorgeous description of the

ix.
Eden
:
(Par. Lost,
loc. abl.
498-504).
nubibus,
iacit
;
the subjunctive might be expected after ceu

;
312;
G. 602
H. 513, ii, N. 2) but here there is only a comparison, "as " when," and not, as usual, a supposition, as if."
V. ioo.]
the serpent
The
:
343 common
:
90.
ille,
notice this
use of the pronouns to
change the subject.

the arrangements for libation pateras 91. tandem, i.e. slowly. here consisted of pocula (carchesia, so called) to hold the liquid, and a similar shallow vessel from which it was poured, patera. levia
:
notice the quantity. cf. i. 92. libavit dapes, described in vv. 77-8. 256, and note. instaurat (a technical word, cf. iii. 62), 94. hoc, abl. of cause. renews, i.e. continues with fresh zeal.
:
95.
genium
loci
see note on
v. 84.
famulum
ne
.
Anchises might have a special attendant.

note.
as a deified person, -ne : see i. 308,

.
H. 523, ii, N. bidentes (see iv. 57), 96. putet 334, l>; G. 467 sues, iuvencos, the suovetaurilia. 99. remissos, returning (allowed to return) to share in these solem:
;
Fig. 42.
nities
apparently the shade, like a divinity, came to receive the offeriii.
ing
cf.
303.
. .
.
ioo.
quae
copia
= earn copiam
:
(in
appos. with dona,
etc.).
quae cuique
(dat. of possessor) est
translate, each according to his ability.
344
102.
Notes.
ordine, in long array: all partake of the feast in companies; cf. i. 212-214. fusi its own kettle or fire.
:
each around
103.
veribus:
cf.
i.
212.
For cooking on
spits see Fig. 42 (from a
vase-painting).
104.
105.
serena, with luce. Phaethontis, here the sun-god

is
usually applied to his son,
whose story
told by Ovid, Met.
ii.
equi.
(See Fig. 43.)
Fig- 43-
106. 108.
fama, the Aeneadas
talk about the games.

:
these famous exiles are

:
more
:
attractive even than

549, 3. 187,
the games.
R. 1 ,
visuri
293,
,
b,
G. 670, 3;
ii,
H.
certare:
273, b\ G. 421,
N1
c; H. 533,
3.
parati
d\ G.
211,
H.
438, 6.
109. circo (v. 289) : it may here be used of the place of gathering, or of the circle of spectators. 1 10. tripodes : the kettle with its tripod was a very common prize in games (II. xxiii. 259, 264, 702) the metals were comparatively rare, and
;
even
1 1
common
3.
utensils
:
commissos
were works of art (see see note on notum, v. 6.

:
v. 266).
remis the ancient galleys relied on oars 114. pares, i.e. rivals. for their manoeuvres, but used sails for speed. The ship-race here takes the place of the chariot-race in Homer, adopting some of its incidents.
these fabulous creatures were probably repre116. Pristim, etc. sented in the ships' figure-heads.
:
117.
Memmi:
it
was a fancy of the Romans
to derive their
names
and descent from these Trojan heroes.

119.
urbis opus, either vast, like a city or a work worthy of a
city.
V. 148.]
The
345
versu, tier. Triremes were not invented till some centuries later than the times which Virgil is describing. (See Fig. 44 ; from an ancient
relief.)
123. caerulea, the regular color of the

sea-divinities (Hi. 432). 124.
saxum,arock
evidently just at the

surface.
126.
condunt,
i.e.
with clouds.
127.
tranquillo,
(
locative ablative of cir-
cumstance
129.
it is
254, a).
i.e.
frondenti,
set
up on the rock, leaves and
all.
:
circumflectere i.e. the tree on the 131. scirent, subj. of purpose. rock marked the turning-point round which they were to sail, as the racers in the circus drove round the meta (see iii. 429, note).
134.
136.
populea (notice the

intenta,
haurit,
sc. stint.
etc.,
6),
because these were funeral games.
137.
140.
prosiluere, said loosely of both ships dicates the suddenness of the action.
141.
142.
throbbing apprehension strains their beating hearts. and crew; the perfect in-
versa, from verto, not verro.
pariter, together, no one being in advance. tridentibus, the form usually given to a ship's beak, a reminiscence of which is still seen in the prow of the Venetian gondola. The
143.
rostrum was a massive projection of brass or iron, intended to sink or disable an enemy's ship in action, exactly like the modern " ram." (See
Fig. 44.)
is
the Homeric chariot-race (see v. 114, note) 144. biiugo certamine here brought in by way of comparison. 145. carcere : the bound, or starting place properly, stalls in which
:
;
the horses were confined

147.
proni, etc.
cf.
given. the natural attitude for whipping the horses.

v.
till
the
word was
218:
pen-
dent:
Pope, Temple of Fame,

The youths hang
o'er their chariots as they run.
148.
sides.
studiis
It
a regular word for expressions of approval which take includes both plausu and fremitu, which designate particular
:
346
methods of showing favor. 149. inclusa, i.e. by hills.
152. 153.
:
Notes.
faventum
(see note,
i.
434), partisans.
turbatn inter, amid the confusion and noise of his competitors. pinus cf. William Browne, Inner Temple Masque ;
Steer hither, steer your winged pines, All beaten mariners.
154.
discrimine
(abl.
of degree of difference), distance,
i.e.
from
Cloanthus.
155.
locum
superare priorem (cogn.
ace.), i.e.
each to get ahead
of the other.
1 226, c G. 344 H. 384, i. 59. scopulo tenebant, were just reaching the rock which was the halfway point (metam ; medio gurgite); see note on v. 131.
: ;
162. quo, "where (lit. whither). mihi : 236 ; G. 351 H. 389. The construction was once common in English. Cf. Shakspere, Comedy of
;
Errors^
i.
2.
II
Villain, I say,
knock me
(i.e.
at this gate.
163.
litus
ama, hug
ii.
the shore
;
omitted, see
left
669, note
palmula, nom.
of the rock). stringat sine : ut They leave the rock on the
as they sweep round

66.
it.
165.
1
pelagi, the open sea.
167.
1 68.
diversus, so wide (i.e. so far from the rock). revocabat, conative ( 277, c G. 233; H. 469,
;
i); cf.
ii.
84.
tergo, dative.
iter:
;
propiora tenentem, getting the inside track.

2,
170.
G. 331
H.
238; G. 333, 372), his leader.

cf.
N. 3
tuta,
i.e.
H. 371, ii. priorem ( 237, d because he has rounded the rock
and
is
now
inside
:
172.
174. 176. 179. 180. 181.
184. 186.
iuveni
socium
rector
:
=
:
on the straight and open course. note on v. 10. sociorum. Observe the chiastic order. H. 362, 2. 185 G. 325
;
senior, fluens, explaining why he was gravis. G. 372, N. 2 ; H. 397, 3, N.*; 216, b scopuli
;
cf. iv.
576.
ilium
237, b; G. 330, R.;

:
H. 371,
iii.
superare cf. rumpi, iv. 292 (and note), dissimulare, iv. 305. praeeunte observe that the diphthong is here made short before the following vowel ( 347, b, exc. G. 705, exc. H. 576, i, i).
: ; ;
190.
193.
ially
the last fatal day (abl. of time). suprema Maleae this headland, the extreme south of Greece,
sorte
is
proverb-
dangerous to navigation. from which it is hard to escape
sequacibus undis, the pursuing waves, 164, /; G. 185, 5 ; H. 333, 4). (
v. 247-]
The ALneid.
quamquam
extremes,
0,
347
195. 196.
and yet, oh!
that
a half-expressed wish.
to
etc.,
at least let us be
ashamed
come
off last.
hoc
vincite,
199.
win
this at least (cognate ace.).

(lit.
subtrahitur solum (for aequor), the course flies beneath them

artus, frame.
i.e.
:
passive).
201.
202.
viris,
Mnestheus' men, the crew of the

iv.
Pristis.
animi
see note on
i.e.
203.
203.
iniquo,
dangerous.
205. murice, reef: properly a rock jagged called murex.
and rough,
like the shellfish
206. obnixi crepuere, crashed as they "pulled" against the stern, however, was still afloat. 207. 211.
it.
pependit
morantur
translate
.
.
agmine
by a participle, delaying. vocatis, with the rapid driving of oars,
and with
an appeal
212.
cf.
to the -winds.
;
prona, descending, i.e. where he can run smoothly clown to shore devenere (i. 365), delate (iii. 154), demittere (v. 29). 216. tecto, from her home (the rock); abl. of separation.
217.
radit, skims
:
notice the smooth, rapid
movement
of the verse.
Not moving her swift pinions, skims along The liquid way with outstretched wings at rest.
TASSO, Jerusalem Delivered, 221.
xviii. 49.
brevibus vadis, shallow reefs (lit. shoals]; the adjective really adds nothing, but expresses the idea from another point of view.
222. 227. 228.
229.
discentem
studiis
said with a touch of
humor.
clamor, the cheers (from shore).

:
cf. v. 148,
note.
hi,
proprium, their deserved, and so far won (partum). thus and his men.
230.
Cloan-
theirs) if they
ni teneant, for "are indignant at the disgrace (which will be do not," etc. ( 341, c G. 601 H. 511, i).
;
hos, Mnestheus and his crew. i.e. the gods are summoned to be witnesses to his vows. 234. in vota 235. aequora (cognate ace.): cf. iii. 191, v. 217, 862.
231.
:
237.
i.e. if
voti reus, bound to

is
my vow
220, a
G. 374, N. 2
H. 410,
iii,
N. 2 ),
my
238.
240.
granted. prayer exta, the nobler entrails, heart, liver, etc. chorus : many fanciful sea-monsters are supposed to attend the
in naves, for each ship (cf. in dies) that 8 H. 533, ii, 2 : 331,^; G. 546, N.
; j
god.
247.
had shared
cf.
i.
in the race.
optare
66.
348
248.
Notes.
magnum
talentum
a talent of silver was heavier than a talent
of gold.
249.
250. 251.
addit, gives in addition. chlamydem : see Fig., p. 97 of text.
famous for the murex.
Meliboea, of Melibcea, a town near the mouth of the Orontes, Cf. Par. Lost, xi. 240-244
:
Over
his lucid
arms
A military vest of
In time of truce.
purple flow'd
Livelier than Meliboean, or the grain Of Sarra, worn by kings and heroes old
Maeandro
252.
duplici, a double
meandering pattern, so called from the

(See Fig. 45.)
x.
winding course of the Maeander.
puer regius, Ganymede (Ovid, Met.

in the fabric of the chlamys.
155-160): the scene
is
woven
253.
javelin.
iaculo,
i.e.
runs them
down
Ida, loc. abl. in the chase, pursuing
them with the
255. armiger, i.e. the eagle, often represented as bearing in his claws the thunder-bolts of Jupiter cf. Fig. 5, p. 210. 256. tendunt, i.e. in the picture woven in the chlamys.
;
etc., and the wild barking of dogs fills the air. custodes, i.e. the old slaves (paedagogi) who, according to the practice of the ancients, would
257.
258.
saevitque,
attend a youth of his consequence.

virtute, in excellence.
259.
Flg
"
45-
huic
ii,
;
201, c
G. 620
H.
572,
N.
ha mis auroque,
:
hendiadys cf. iii. 467. 260. loricam see Fig.,

261.
Ilio
:
the final o
is
p. 83. short-
ened without
262.
elision before alto.
habendam habere, to keep : a Greek construction (ex fiv) 2 73- ' G. 421, N. 1 b; H. 533, ii). ( decus, etc., i.e. honorable and useful at the same time.
; ,
263.
ferebant, cmtld bear, though

at, etc.,
i.e.
407, note).
we may use the same idiom (cf. ii. though two slaves could hardly carry it, yet it
was once borne by a hero

265.
in ordinary use. cursu, inflight. Notice that often in translating it is necessary to change the point of view. Thus here cursu refers to Demoleos but in English we make it refer to the Trojans, although the other point of
;
view
is
also possible.
V. 3 o 7 .]
The
239, a; G. 340;
349
H. 373.
lebetas
:
266.
dona:
taenis
see
269.
(= taeniis), headbands of ribbon,

325,*; G. 581.
:
usually
v. no, note. worn by athletes.
(See Fig. 46.)

272.
273-
agebat
quails
Fig. 46-
v. 280. aggere viae, roadway (which was heaped up like an earth-work). 274. aena rota, i.e. of a chariot. gravis ictu gravi
see tali,
ictu.
276.
fugiens, conative
i.
290, a, 2
cf.
G. 227, N. 2
H.
467, 6); cf. 279. in sua
385.
i.e.
membra,
one part of
his
body upon
another.
281. 283. 284.
tamen, i.e. though disabled in her oars. servatam see note on notum, v. 6. datur notice that the u is lengthened or
: :
at least
allowed before the caesura

v).
359,
f; G. 721; H.
all
608.
Minervae
she was the goddess of
household
arts.
285. 286.
genus, ace. of specification. tendit (sc. iter).
288. theatri circus, the circuit of a theatre (a place of exhibition, 0edo/a<n). The word theatrum designates the place for the spectators on the hill-slopes that formed
the circus or race-course in the valley between. The theatres and circuses of the ancients were ordinarily placed in similar natural valleys, some-
times with masonry to complete the outline. 289-290. quo S6, etc., to -which with many thousands the hero passed and sat down on a raised mound in the midst of the spectators. exstructo
is
in the
best taken in agreement with consessu referring to the raised seats, middle of which yEneas took the place of honor.
291.
velint, informal indir. discourse ( 341, c; of the foot-race is elaborately parodied
G. 628;
H.
524).
The account
ii.
by Pope, Dunciad,
35 ff302.
fama obscura, unknown fame,

:
i.e.
obscurity (oxymoron
386
:
G. 694
H.
want of fame leaving them in 637, xi, 6). Cf. Dryden, An-
nus Mirabilis,
st.
176
Thousands were there

305.
in darker
fame
that dwell.
306. 307.
mihi, dat. of agent. bina cf. i. 313. levato

:
notice the quantity.
ferre:
cf.
note on
v.
262.
3 SO
Notes.
flava, referring to the pallid green of the olive. Amazoniam the Amazons, as well as the Thracians,
:
309. 311. to
were said
the Trojans. 313. tereti gemma, with its polished jewel (abl. of instrument). ultima signant, they 317. nimbo similes, i.e. in a confused crowd. mark the goal with their eye.
allies of
have been
corpora, suggesting the notion of flying projectiles. fulminis alis: the thunderbolt is represented on coins, and in Cf. Byron, Childe Harold: "leaps the live poetry, as "winged." thunder."
318.
319.
quo sub ipso, at his very heels. we should expect the imperfect contrary to fact, 325. supersint but the present makes the passage more lively by representing the con323.
:
dition as
still
possible
(cf.
i.
58, note).
326.
tion, or
ambiguumque
would leave
relinquat,
and would
leave the race in doubt.

interpretait.
Heyne's reading -ve,

328.
or,
would give a more natural and easier

least) doubtful, but the
it (at
MSS.
are against
Iliad,
it
levi sanguine, in the slippery blood.
In the
;
is
Ajax
Oileus
who meets
this
mishap
(II.
xxiii.
774
Bry. 953), while Ulysses
runs by him. 329. ut forte,
as, by chance, i.e. the course happened to lie across the ut is very loosely used in Latin so as to be equivalent spot of sacrifice. to when or even where as here.
presso, as he strode (more lit., pressed the ground). ille here emphaille : an imitation of Homer's common 8 ye sizes the distant subject (cf. i. 3, v. 457). amorum, of his friend.
331.
334.
;
common in Latin poetry from Catullus down. revolutus, thrown backward \>y the shock. 339. nunc, now (Nisus and Salius being out of the race). palma, victor, in a sort of apposition with Diores.
Similar expressions are
336. 340.
v.
caveae, properly, the concave rows of seats of a theatre
cf.
note
the front seats were by Roman custom reserved for persons of rank and distinction, the senate occupying the orchestra, and the equites the first fourteen rows of the seats.
288.
prima, in front.
patrum
343. favor (the word regularly used of enthusiasm of a play ; cf. v. 148), the good-will of the crowd.
344.
among
:
spectators
veniens, appearing.
Cf. Par. Lost,
iv.
844-6
His grave rebuke, Severe in youthful beauty, added grace

Invincible.
346.
subiit, has come
up
(in
another's place); venit ad, has attained.
V. 373-]
The ALneid.
351
347. reddentur : a mixture of the honors are to be awarded,"
two forms of condition; viz. "has, if and " would have, if they should be
is going to
awarded." 349
note.
movet nemo
(conative pres.), no one
disturb ;
cf. v.
276,
35
354 355
G. 597,
356.
me, i.e. personally, or unofficially. H. 409, iii. G. 377 221, b lapsorum merui, earned [and should have had], unless, R.'2 H. 511, i).
: ; ;
etc.
308, b;
357. 358.
quae, as (supply tulit). dictis, abl. with simul (

Olli
(
which would
359.
261, b; G. 417, 12; H. 437, 2). 1 227, c; G. 346, N.-; H. 371, iii, N. ), not exactly at him, be accusative, but in his face, as it were.
artem, the skilful work,
360.
(see
iii.
in apposition with clipeum. the prose constr. would be genitive Danais, dat. with poste refixum: from a temple of Neptune 305, note on lacrimis).
j
;
belonging to the Greeks, either by Helenus or by Êneas himself

iii.
cf.
286.
363. virtus
364.
adsit:
animusque praesens (sc. est), manliness and ready courage. H. 508, 4. G. 595 306, a evinctis, bound with the
; ;
Fig- 47-
cestus,
which was a sort of gauntlet

"
(v.
405) like the "brass knuckles"
of
modern
365. 366.
roughs."
(See Fig. 47.)

in
pugnae, genitive. auro vittisque, i.e. gilded and wreathed horns, as was usual
such cases.
369.
virum, gen.
plural.
had great fame as a prize-fighter, though he was an indifferent warrior and worse patriot. cf. delapsus, ii. 373. veniens Amyci, a famous 377, and note.
370.
Paridem
Paris
352
Notes.
mythical boxer in Asia Minor, defeated and slain by Pollux in the
Argonautic expedition. 378. alius, i.e. a match.

380.
palma, the
ducere
. .
contest.
.
385. 386.
(re-).
iube, bid
me
lead off my prize.

reddi,
i.e.
promissa, the promised prize.
given him as his due
388. 391.
392.
consederat, had seated himself, i.e. was sitting. nobis, of ours (see note on mihi, v. 162). magister, teacher.
nequiquam,
i.e.
his
fame
is
now
vain since a foreign boaster
carries off the prize.
393- spolia, i.e. prizes (probably the cestus of the vanquished) won in former contests (called spolia because stripped, as it were, from his
defeated opponents). ambition. 394. gloria
395.
sed enim,
but,
you
see.
397.
vii.
improbus, indecent
:
boaster.
65
Had
Ere
the strength, the blood of youthful prime,

I
;
But, as
My
had disproved his boastings loud am, thus broken down by time, courage lias not yet by age been cowed.
this
I
399. baud equidem, not, to be sure ; the real conclusion "I should have come, though not pretio inductus."
.
is
obscured
403.
etc.,
ferre manum, as we might say, bear a hand in fight. bind his arms with the stubborn hide.
intendere,
406.
407.
longe, shrinking,
i.e.
he retreats to some distance.
volumina, the thongs of hide. 408. versat, i.e. turns over as they
410.
lie
on the ground.
the conclusion
is
arma, i.e. the caestus. 411. quid si vidisset, sc. quid putasset
left to
designedly
the imagination, as often also in English ("what if"). 412. germanus : see note on v. 24.
413.
sanguine,
etc., i.e.
of those he
if
had
killed in his time.

little
41
5.
aemula, envious, as
sparsa
:
old age grudged what
strength might
rest.
yet remain.
416.
i.e.
the gray hairs are scattered
among the
cane-
bat, from caneo. 418.

well."
sedet, suits
; compare our common expression, "The coat sets auctor, strictly a voucher: here, one who confirms the view by
his authority.
V. 473-1
421. duplicem, i.e. the on account of his age. 423.
The sEneid.
abolla, or double-folded
353
garment, worn by him
G. 348
exuit
(sc.
:
425.
426.
armis
ille
vestibus), bared ; see see note to v. 423.

;
225,
H. 384,
2.
digitos:
:
430.
G. 385, N. a 259, the one, Dares, as the first-named,
and so farther
off
on the
page
102, a
and
G. 307
(
H. 450).
R.
;
432.
genua, dissyllable
:
347, d,
to
G. 723).
ingeminant it is better nera might also be the subject.

434.
keep the same subject, though volauris

:
435.
sonitus,
i.e.
their chests ring with the blows.
what case
See the quantity.

436. 437. 438.
many times ; cf. creber, ii. 731. nisu, position, strictly referring to the bracing of the feet. corpore modo, by the movement of his body merely : a technical
crebra,
;
expression
439. 443.
445.
cf.
Cic. Cat.
i.
6,
end.
tela
for case see
237, d.
molibus, siege-works.
ostendit, put forth.
elapsus, leaping aside.

effudit, spent.
cessit, dodged.
i.e.
446.
other.
ultro, untouched,
without any blow from the
448.
449.
quondam, sometimes
radicibus
studiis
:
cf.
ii.
367 and 416.

;
(abl. of
cf.
separation)
v.
we say
;
by the roots.
450. 451. 453. 454. 455.
note
2,
343.
;
caelo:
258,
N. 1
G. 358, N. 2
H. 385,
4.
casu, by his fall.

ira, abl.
turn,
now
(emphatic).
vii.
75:
Shame he cannot endure As valor when incensed is fiercer still And keener grows under the whet of wrath.
:
457.
ille
see note on
:
v.
334.
is
458.
quam multa
the proper correlative
supplied by the expresversat, drives this
sion, sic densis.
460.
creber, again
and again
i.
(cf. v.
436).
way
and that.
462.
466.
animis
cf.
animos,
57.
i.e.
vires alias, a strength not his own, the sudden change of the contest in v. 455.
473.
some
god's, alluding to
superans animis, with towering pride ;
tauro, abl. of cause.
354
479.
Notes.
The
feat here described
was performed,
its
it
is
said,
by Caesar
Borgia.
480.
effracto cerebro, dashing out
brains.
481.
sternitur
bos: the metre of this celebrated verse has been

critics.
equally blamed and admired by

dental.
The
effect is
probably
acci-
483.
pro morte Daretis
religions, for
human
sacrifices,
bolized act of sacrifice.

his antagonist, as well as
is found in many early some lower animal, or a symmeliorem spoken with some contempt of because the substitute is more acceptable to
a substitute, such as
puppets,
:
the gods.
487.
strength.
ingenti manu, with mighty hand, as of heroic stature and Seresti possibly the same with Sergestus, whose damaged
:
ship might well furnish the mast and rigging necessary. 488. traiecto in fune, fastened by a cord passed over or through the mast and tied to the bird's foot (cf. v. 511); see 239, b, R.
489.
490.
quo tendant ferrum,

sortem:
cf.
rel.
clause of purpose.
v.

;
73:
Each warrior's name is written then an urn Receives them shaken next, the lots are drawn And first came forth Artemidoro's name.
;
491. 494.
oliva
clamore secundo, -with shouts of applause. perhaps an oversight, as Cloanthus

:
with laurel.
496.
Olive, palm,
and
:
laurel
confundere foedus
too.
at
the
(v. 246) is wreathed the regular prize of victory. bidding of Athene (II. iv. 104
make
Bry. 115). 499. et ipse, even he

501.
R. 1 ,
quisque, in appos. with viri; see
202, d\ G. 318,
3,
cf.
211,
H. 461,
3.
i.e.
505.
506.
timuit pennis,
showed
its
fright
by
its fluttering.
plausu, applause of the spectators. 508. alta petens, aiming high, because the other had aimed too low.
509.
miserandus, unlucky.
quis
511.
512.
= quibus.
514.
notos, to the winds, depending on in. fratrem, Pandarus, regarded as a sort of patron saint of archery. in vota VOCavit, called on in his prayers, lit., called to [hear] his vows.
astris aetheriis
fiery aether,
:
517.
according to a
the bird left
common
stars
its
view the soul was com(cf.

i.
posed of
note,
spirit
vi.
from which also the
were fed
608 and
730-2).
Hence
life in
the natural
home
of
V. 560.]
The ALneid.
i.e.
355
520. 521.
tamen, arcum,
though he had
power.
lost the prize.
i.e. its
exitus ingens, the dread resttlt, some523. augurio, abl. of quality. times understood of the burning of the ships. The prodigy, however, is probably a part of the old legend, and refers to later events in Sicily,
perhaps her wars with

524.
i.e.
Rome
terrific!,
from
cf.
(sera omina). their alarming words.
cecinerunt, interpreted,
after the fulfilment.
528. 529.
crinem
ii.
694.
The men were amazed, but the leadhaesere, were transfixed. ers at once interpreted the omen for good, and so removed any ill effects
in their followers' minds.
535.
537.
ipsius, a gift, as
it
in
magno munere,
:
were, bestowed by Anchises himself. as a great gift, lit., in the place of;
cf.
the
similar use of pro.

538. 541.
ferre
cf. v.
248.
Eurytion, who, we are to suppose, takes the second prize. 1 H. 515, N. 3 542. quamvis deiecit: 313, g; G. 606, N. 543. donis, abl. of specification with proximus.
;
545.
nondum
misso
had given
in the
his directions for the
before the archery-match was over, yneas show that was to follow, so that there
similar surprise for the spectators was frequent and the introduction of it is here a special compliment to Augustus, who had revived this very Troiae lusus. he seems to have acted the part of a paedagogus, a 547. Epytiden
might be no delay.
A
;
games
at
Rome
:
guardian
constantly attended youths of any distinction. 550. avo, in honor of his grandsire (dat. of reference). the multitude had poured in to watch the last sports, 552. infusum which did not require much space.
:
who
553.
554.
555.
pariter, well-matched. quos, obj. of mirata.
iuventus,
i.e.
the older youths
all
able-bodied
men
fit
for active
service were iuvenes
up
to forty years of age.
556. tonsa corona, with wreath close-trimmed, probably confining the It has also been hair below the helmet (compare fusos crines, x. 137).
explained of
fashion.
557.
558. 560.
the " circular tonsure," the hair cut round, in boyish
bina, the regular

levis
:
number
(cf.
i.
313). "
:
cf.
:
levia, v. 91, levi, v. 328.

cf.
turmae
95,
Par. Regained,
;
iv.
;
66
.
turms of horse."
pectore, abl. of separation. terni
tres
d; G.
1 97, N.
H.
174, 2
cf v. 85).
356
565.
Notes.
auctura Italos
a town called Politorium was fabled to have

white on the front (primi) of his
been colonized by Polites.

566. legs
and on
. vestigia ostentans, his forehead.

. .
i.e.
572.
575.
esse:
cf.
w.
262 (note), 307.
578.
excipiunt, referring back to v. 555. lustravere, had saluted (by parading in front of the whole
flagello, abl. of
assembly).
579.
instrument,
where the English idiom would

pares, in equal numbers.
suggest the accusative. notice the long penult. 580. discurrere

:
terni, the three parties.
581.
signal.
solvere, broke up into bands. diductis choris, separating the divisions. vocati, i.e. at another
agmina
582.
convertere vias, they wheeled.

fight.
infesta,
i.e.
they charged upon
each other as in a sham

583.
alios ineunt cursus, i.e. they rode apart again. adversi spatiis, in the opposite directions to those they had taken before or possibly, on opposite sides of the arena. alternos
584.
;
orbibus,
etc.,
i.e.
in
circles,
the different squads alternately inside
and
out.
587. pariter, in even line, i.e. together as 589. parietibus caecis, -with blind walls, dows to serve as guide.
one force. i.e. without doors or win-
591
inremeabilis error, the deceptive course that cannot be retraced.
texunt, they form in their winding course ; the whole seems like a richly-woven web.
593.
594.
delphinum similes
the play of dolphins, in
its
life
and
bril-
liancy, relieves the architectural stiffness of the last
comparison.
596.
600.
cursus, genitive. porro, in succession.

its
60 1. patrium honorem,
602.
:
ancestral observance.
dicitur
:
Troia, Troianum see note, v. 545. H. 463, i. 205, d; G. 285, exc. i 603. patri, i.e. Anchises cf. note on avo,
;
;
for
number
see
v. 550,
for construction.
607. 608. 616. 618.
ventos adspirat
cf. iv.
223.
multa movens, with many designs. superesse: see note on desistere, i.
37.
cendi
ergo, thus, prepared as they are already. G. 700; H. 637, skilled in mischief ( 209, c
baud ignara noviii).
619.
reponit
cf.
repono,
v.
484.
V. 671.]
The AZneid.
.
.
357
;
H. 517), as one who once fuissent ( 320, e G. 633 621. cui had had a family, and name, and children : a woman of dignity and of influence amongst the rest, and hence a suitable person for her scheme.
.
;
624. 627.
traxerit
see note to fuissent,
v.
621.
ferimur, while -we are still borne on ; cf. iii. 647. the stars are put for the dangers of the 628. sidera emensae, etc. for of the rocks those the deep. sky,
:
cum
630.
fraterni
cf. v. 24.
631. dare urbem: they are now a people without a contradiction of terms to ancient notions. 635.
city,
a violent
infaustas puppes, those ill-omened httlks. G. 428, N.-'; H. 533, N. 3 270, b, cf. 298, N. of tantis possession) such prodigies admit no prodigiis (dat. 639. quattuor arae erected perhaps to offer sacrifice for a prosdelay.
638.
agi:
perous voyage
cording to his
640.
perhaps by the four ships' crews, or by Cloanthus,

(v. 237).
ac-
vow
deus, etc., i.e. his altars supply the means, and the dangers he threatens (those of the sea) the desire (animum).
sublata procul dextra, lifting high her hand ; vobis, ethical dat. (see note on v. 162). G. 541 ; H. 516, ii. 341, d 651. quod careret :
642. 646.
;
cf. v.
775.
655.
ambiguae,
etc.,
gazed on the
ships, vacillating between their un-
happy clinging them by the fates.
to the
shore at
hand and
the
kingdoms which summoned

:
658. secuit, cut her path through the air, as a ship through the water cf. iv. 257, 700-1. the rainbow is her wake
;
659.
Iris,
show
660.
the bow suddenly appearing, and the departure of the divine nature of the phenomenon. focis penetralibus, probably their household fires in the interior
monstris
of their huts or tents.

661.
frondem, the branches with which the altars were decorated.

:
Homer describes ships as " scarlet-prowed." Figures pictas of gods, etc., were also painted on the sterns. abiete (trisyllable), abl. of material.
663.
664.
cuneos
the divisions of the seats of the theatres, so called from

in nimbo, in the cloud of smoke.
their shape.
4, p. 207.) 666. respiciunt, looking round behold. 668. sic, just as he was.
(See Fig.
669.
castra, the
cives,
encampment
(of huts, etc.) near the ships.

at
671.
my
countrywomen, a name reminding them

their hopes.
once of
their allegiance
and
358
677.
Notes.
sicubi
i.e.
saxa,
whatever hollow rocks
(if
there are any
anywhere)
679. 683.
may chance
to be thereabout.
to themselves.
mutatae, coming
.
est (from edo, cf. iv. 66) vapor, the fire consumes slowly (lentus). toto . . pestis, the destruction sinks into the entire frame.
685.
687.
abscindere,
hist. inf.
exosus,
sc. es,
but
cf.
i.
237.
pietas antiqua, thy ancient regard ; compare ii. 536. 691. vel tu, etc., i.e. either let the fleet escape the flames, and thus rescue what little remains (res tenues) to the Trojans, or the only For quod thing left to do in case you refuse destroy it all suddenly.
688.
superest,
cf. v.
796.
696. turbidus imber aqua, a wild drenching storm thick with the black south winds, turbidus aqua expresses the wildness of the storm
and the drenching of the rain bring such weather as this
thick
the south winds are black because they and dark ; and the epithets, as
Cf. atros
often in poetry, are intentionally confused in their application.
Aquilone, inhorruit tenebris (w.

697.
702.
. . . :
2,
n).
dir. quest,
super, from above. semiusta, three syllables. -ne -ne see i. 308, v. 95. resideret the
:
would
be residam (deliberative). 704. Nautes, said to have been the priest of Pallas in Troy, and the preserver of the Palladium, which passed to his descendants, the Nautii,
at
Rome.
706.
haec, i.e. the words of Nautes below. responsa, so called because his words are inspired and oracular. portenderet, ind. question. 710. superanda, etc.: cf. Par. Lost, xi. 374, 375; "Arming to over-
come by
712.
suffering."
volentem, a willing adviser. 713. superant etc., remain over from the lost ships, after the serviceable ones are filled. quos pertaesum est, etc. see note on iv. 18.
,
163 and note. 718. Acestam (see note, v. 38): here Virgil follows the tradition. Cicero (Verr. v. 33) says " Segesta is a very old town in Sicily, which
717.
habeant sine:
cf. v.
shown to have been founded by v^neas when he fled from Troy, and came into these parts. The people of Segesta, accordingly, consider themselves to be bound to the Roman people, not only by constant alliance
is
and friendship, but also by ties of blood (cognatione)." permisso nomine (abl. abs.) by his permission, which is thus courteously asked.
diducitur, is distracted by (lit. drawn apart into), unwilling thus to divide his band and yet seeing the advantages of the course suggested
720.
by Nautes.
V. 75.]
The
et
359
721.
722.
= and while he ponders thus.

:
not really the ghost of Anchises (who, when met lower world, seems not to know of these occurrences, see vi. 694, and note), but a vision sent from heaven and taking his shape. Cf. the
facies, etc.
in the
gliding
human shape assumed by Iris (v. 620) and by Venus (i. 315). down (from Heaven, not up from the world below). in your extremity. 727. tandem
Fig. 48.
delapsa,
gens dura cf. ix. 603-613. 732. Averna, used in a general way of the lower world see vii. 91.
730.
:
;
736.
738.
multo sanguine: see vi.
243.
iamque vale
as
;
the vision
speaks
spoken
such
to vanish at
Cf. Hamlet, But
soft
I
might have were thought the approach of dawn.

a
ghost
spirits
i.
5.
I
58
ff.
methinks
scent the morning air:
Brief let
.
me
.
be.
Fare thee well at once:
The glow-worm shows the matin to be near,
And
(Cf.
gins to pale his uneffectual

i.
fire.
i.
147-156).
739.
743.
Oriens
= Aurora.
i.e.
cinerem,
of his
own
hearth
the sacrifice of wheat and incense

is
made
to his
own household
Fig
49-
acerra, the box for incense. holding (See Fig. 48 ; from an ancient walldeities.
painting.)
744.
divinity
Larem, the household more commonly in

;
the plural
Lares.
ancient
in
Fig.
49
(from
in
an
relief)
shows them
the attitude
which they were usually
represented (the trees are the olives before the house of
Augustus).
292,
canae: see
is fixed.
i.
and note.
constet,
748.
7 50.
transcribunt, they reg-
360
istfr, i.e.
Notes.
for the
new
city:
the regular word for registering colonists

; ;
is
adscribo.
volentem, who -wished it ( 292 G. 438 2 H. 410, v, i. 223 G. 405, N. 751. laudis:
;
H.
549, 4).
754. 755.
bello, abl. of specification.
aratro: see note

:
i.
Ilium, Troiam quarters of the city.

756.
758.
425. these names here seem to be given to different
indicit forum, proclaims a court, i.e. establishes courts of justice. vocatis (abl. absolute) the senate (patres) are conpatribus ceived as his council. iura, here apparently equivalent to leges.
. . . :
761.
762.
novem, the usual time

straverunt
:
sacer, held in reverence. for funeral rites; see v. 64,
and note.
763.
766.
see
i.
66,
and note.
morantur,
procul
:
etc.,
they prolong the night
and day.
i.e.
767. 775.
ipsi: see ^.716,

cf. v.
642.
pateram tenet,
makes a
libation.
(See
Fig. 49.)
776.
784.
one
cf. v. 238, and note. infracta, subdued. Notice that the prefix in- has two meanings: negative (in which it is compounded with the participle) and
porricit:
the other intensive, and the like

verb).
(when
it
is
compounded with
the
785. media, etc., exedisse : to have eaten the city of the Phrygians out of the vitals of the race (eviscerating the nation, as it were, or, as we should say, destroying it root and branch). For the expression, cf. II.
iv.
35
786.
Bry. 43.
;
H. 235, 3. traxe (=traxisse): 128, b; G. 131, 4, b, 4 the relics, the very ashes 787. reliquias, etc., observe the emphasis
:
and bones of murdered

788.
Troy.
sciat ilia, let
HER
tell (for
cannot see any reason for such
malignity).
790.
caelo,
i.e.
has raised the waves to the stars, according to the
common
hyperbole (see i. 103, note). in prose, in terra. 795. terrae, a forced use of the dat. of indir. obj. These are 796. quod superest: Juno has done us many injuries.
;
irrevocable,
relief
:
what's done
is
done and as to that we cannot pray for

:
there remains only this (quod superest) that you can do for us,
and for
ask.
This and this only this, then, we pray. Accordingly, render liceat tibi (hortatory), allow yourself (almost deign}.
800.
fidere
,
see note
;
G. 346, R. 2 and N. 2
on v. 638. H. 385, ii, and
regnis, dat. or abl.

N. 2 ).
227,
c,
N.;
V.829-]
801.
it,
The Êneid.
genus
:
361
too.
802.
from Achilles took place before the struggle with the waters, while here the two are confounded but doubtless Virgil follows another tradition. Compare the whole description with the splendid narrative
;
803. of ./Eneas
Venus was born from the. sea. merui, I have deserved of the madness the waves. etc., furores, compress!, i.e. in ^neas's behalf. Xanthum, Simoenta see II. xxi. 218; Bry. 269. The rescue
:
in
Homer
809.
(Bry. xx. 399).
etc., encountering the son of Pelens, -with the gods unfair (not impartial, and therefore unfavorable) and strength ill-matched (zeugma cf. note on i. 356).
congressum,
8 1 o.
814.
cum cuperem (concessive)

;
alluding to the treachery of
Laomedon.
unus, i.e. Palinurus see v. 859. 815. pro multis cf. ii. 116-119, v. 483. 816. laeta cf. note on sterilis, iii. 141.
: :
817.
818. 820.
auro,
i.e.
effundit, a regular
the golden harness. word for letting loose the reins.

;
tonanti, perhaps a general epithet of a chariot-wheel

sternitur, etc.
cf.
or
it
may
refer to the roaring of the waters below.
821.
Tasso, Jerusalem Delivered, xv. 19:
Scarce had the \vondrous bark attained the deep,
Then turbid and enraged, when lo the clouds Were scattered, raging Notus fell asleep,
!
And gentle
winds, soft breathing through the shrouds, Levelled the mountainous billows.
822.
general.
cete, a
Greek plural
(KI^TTJ),
used for monsters of the deep
in
823.
chorus, band of sea-deities.
Glauci, a sea-divinity, said to be
Inous completely overgrown with "shellfish, seaweed, and stones." Palaemon of the transformation of Melicerta, and his mother Ino, into
:
sea-deities, see Ovid, Met., iv.
426-542.
On w.
823, 824,
cf.
Spenser,
Faery Queen,
iv. 11.
13
Phorcys, the father of that fatall brood, By whom those old Heroes wonne such fame
And And
Glaucus, that wise soothsayes understood tragicke Inoes sonne, the which became
A god of seas through his mad mother's blame, Now hight Palsemon, and is saylers' frend.
827.
blanda gaudia, flattering

intend!,
etc.
:
delights.
vicissim, in their turn.
829.
cf. v.
403.
362
830.
Notes.
fecere
the lower corner of the
pedem, made a tack: a technical expression. The pes sail which is drawn in or out in the tacking.
831. torquent, ferent tacks.
832.
is
detorquent,
of
the
dif-
FIG. 50.
ing gales
835. 837.
oar.
i.
sua flamina, favorcornua, spars. 1 H. 449, 2). ( 197, b; G. 312, R.

;
metam:
see note on
iii.
429.
sub remis, every

fusi per, etc.
:
man
close to his
cf.
fusi per
herbam,
fiery
214.
838.
aetheriis,
i.e.
of the
upper,
as
heaven.
840.
tristia, fatal ;
will.
insonti,
it
was
against his
842.
Phorbanti, one of the companions.

furare, steal away (like "stealing a labori, a poetical extension of the
(
845.
nap
").
dat. of separation
229,
cf. c
G. 345,
R. 1
H.
385, 2). 847. Cf. Pope, Dunciad,
iv.
614
Even Palinurus nodded
at the
helm.
i.e.
849. monstro (dat., see note on v. 800), the terrible deep.
850. credam, deliberative subjunctive. 852. dabat, amittebat, tenebat observe the force of these imperfects. Palinurus speaks without once losing his grasp of the helm, or letting
:
his eyes
wander from the
stars.
854.
Lethaeo, the river of the world below that gave forgetfulness
(see vi. 714).
With 854-856
I
cf.
Denham, Song ;
Come, say, thou powerful god, And thy leaden charming-rod,

Dipped
in the
Lethaean lake,
O'er his wakeful temples shake.
So Spenser speaks of "sweet slumbering dew" (Faery Queen, i. I. 36), Shakspere of "the honey-heavy dew of slumber" (_//. Caes., ii. 230), Milton of "the dewy-feather'd sleep" (// Penseroso, v. 146) and of "the
timely
856. 859. 862.
dew
of sleep" (Par. Lost,

cf. vi.
iv.
614).
solvit, relaxes, in contrast to tenebat, above.
cum
iter
:
gubernaclo
see
v. 217.
349.
V.86;.]
The ALneid.
363
See Spenser's beautiful 864. Sirenum: see Figs. 31 (p. 288), 50. stanzas, Faery Queen, ii. 12. 30-38. after they were foiled by the craft of Ulysses (Od. 865. quondam
:
xii.
178-200), the Sirens are said to have cast themselves into the sea
and perished.
866. turn, etc. of the surf.
:
i.e.
the song of the Sirens
is
now
replaced by the roar
867.
movement and
fluitantem, drifting at random tineas is roused by the irregular the chafing surge against the cliff.
:
BOOK
VI.
The main action of this book, the visit to the world of Shades, is expanded from the narratives of Ulysses in the eleventh book of the But there are striking differences in the main conception. Odyssey.
Ulysses,- in a region vaguely indicated as at the ends of the earth, beyond the Ocean stream, simply offers sacrifice and digs a trench about which
the ghosts crowd eager for the victims' blood, and so hold converse with him. In Virgil the locality is no longer vague. The shades inhabit a vast underground realm of which the entrance is marked by the sulphur
springs and caverns near the bay of Naples. This under-world has welldefined regions of the tormented and the blessed, according to the more developed though philosophic and skeptic opinion of the Augustan age.
The whole does not The passage from
represent a consistent general conception of the under-world, but seems to be made up of ideas drawn from many quarters.
v. 637 on bears marks of a conception of the underworld drawn from the Mysteries, and Virgil, like many educated Romans, had probably been initiated into the Mysteries of Eleusis. Much of
the philosophy
is
Platonism or Stoic pantheism
and the theory of the
vision appears to include the Cf. Ovid, Met., xv. 1-487.
Pythagorean doctrine of metempsychosis.
In imitation of Virgil the episode of a visit to the under-world has been a favorite device of modern poetry, and, in such cases, many features of The most famous Virgil's description have usually been borrowed.
modern instance
is
Dante's Inferno, in which Virgil himself
is
brought
For examples from English literature see Spenser, Faery Queen, i. 5. 31-44 (Descent of Night and Duessa), ii. 7. 20-66 (Cave of Mammon), Pope, Dunciad. iii. 13 ff. One of the most remarkable English imitations of the descent to Hades is Thomas Sackville's Induction 563) to The Mirror for Magistrates. The plan of
in as the poet's guide
through Hell.
364
the Mirror
Notes,
is to introduce one after another the ghosts of unfortunate "princes and magistrates" who shall in person give an account of their crimes or misfortunes. The Induction represents the author as conducted to Hades by the goddess Sorrow, as Êneas by the priestess. The ghosts
swarm about them, and Henry, Duke

of tragic tales.
1-2.
2.
of
Buckingham, begins the
series
These
lines, in
:
Cumarum
some editions, are added to Book V. Cumas was the oldest Greek settlement in
Italy.
It
was situated on the coast, a few miles west of Naples, where its remains are still to be seen. In its foundation Chalcis of Eubcea was united with hence the name Gums the assigned date Cyme in Asia Minor,
:
is
B.C.
1050
compare with the succeeding description that

:
in
iii.
441-460. 3. obvertunt proras contrary to our custom, the vessels were brought up to land stern on hence praetexunt, of the line of sterns along the
;
shore.
4.
litora:
:
228, a; G. 331.
flint
semina i.e. as the fire is struck with of fire seem to be in the flint.
6. 8.
(
and
steel,
the elements
rapit, scour for G. 664, R. 1 292, R.

;
fuel
;
or game.
inventa,
etc.,
find and show
9.
arces,
i.e.
549, 5). the temple of Apollo is

Sibyl.
H.
on a
hill, its
secret shrine (ady-
tum) being the cave of the

10.
:
horrendae she is an object of awe as being inspired by Apollo. procul, at a distance : not very far, but merely out of the way. Sibyllae, see Gayley, Classic Myths, p. 486 cf. Eel. iv. 4.
;
12.
Delius
Apollo
is
often so called from his favorite abode at
Delos.
13.
Triviae, an epithet of Diana in her
threefold
form
(iv.
511,
609).
his escape by flying is told by Ovid, Met., viii. 183-259; 14. Daedalus see Gayley, Classic Myths, pp. 255-7. 20. Androgei : Androgeos, son of Minos, on account of the envy of
:
the Athenians, was sent by yEgeus to encounter the Marathonian bull by which he was slain. His death was avenged, and the Athenians were compelled to send yearly seven boys and seven girls to be devoured by the Minotaur. (See Gayley, Classic Myths, pp. 260-265, where there is a translation of part of Catullus, Ixiv, giving an account of the victory of Theseus over the Minotaur.) The sculptures on the temple gates represent first two scenes at Athens: (i) the death of Androgeos and (2)
VI. 35-]
The jEneid.
;
365
the drawing of lots to determine the victims to be sent to Crete then two scenes in Crete (3) Pasiphae, (4) the Labyrinth, with Theseus and
:
Ariadne.
Cf. Spenser's description of the gate of the

ii.
Bower
of Bliss
(Faery Queen,
12. 44):
Yt framed was of precious yvory, That seemd a worke of admirable witt And therein all the famous history Of Jason and Medea was ywritt
;
Her mighty charmes,
her furious loving
fitt
His goodly conquest of the golden fleece, His falsed fayth, and love too lightly flitt The wondred Argo, which in venturous peece First through the Euxine seas bare all the flowr
;
of Greece.
See also JEn.

21.
i.
456,
:
and note.
Cecrops was the fabulous founder of Athens.
Cecropidae
22.
ductis, ablative absolute.
contra, i.e. on the other door. mari, abl. of separation. 24. crudelis amor : the madness of Pasiphae was inflicted on her by Venus, as a punishment for revealing the goddess' intrigue with
23.
Mars.
26.
Minotaurus
rage,
xii:
makes him the guard

:
Dante, taking this monster as the type of brutal of the Seventh Circle of Hell (Inferno,
1-33).
" labor ille the Labyrinth, which it was Daedalus's " task to build for a of confinement the monster. as The expression labor domus place resembles rotarum lapsus (ii. 235) and minae murorum (iv. 88); see the
27.
notes.
28.
fell
error, wanderings, in its original sense.

i.e.
reginae, the princess, in love with Theseus.
the daughter of Minos, Ariadne,
who
29.
ipse resolvit
to unravel its
the builder of the labyrinth taught the princess how dolos ambagesmystery by the guiding clue of thread.
: ;
que (hendiadys
:
cf.
i.
6r, note), deceitful windings.
31. sineret dolor, had grief permitted (hort. subj. expressing a condition 310, b ; G. 598 ; H. 507, i). For tense see 308, a ; G. prob. 1 2 597, R. ; H. 510, N. 32. casus effingere, i.e. to represent Icarus's flight and falling into the Icarian sea, to which he gave his name. See Frontispiece. 33. 34.
omnia, two
syllables.
(
perlegerent, would have continued to peruse
308, a
G. 597,
R. 1
H.
2 510, N. ).
35. sacerdos : the Sibyl is priestess of Apollo, Trivia (Hecate), goddess of the shades.
god of augury, and of
366
38.
39.
Notes.
i.e.
intacto,
by the yoke.
:
H. 485, N. 1 the 40. morantur, delay [to execute] required rites. 42. antrum : there is now shown at Cumae, as the cave of the Sibyl, a series of passages cut in the rock (aditus centum). The real cave was
praestiterit 311, a
;
G. 257, 2
destroyed by the Goths (A.D. 553). 43. aditus centum, apparently a hundred passages from the hall of the outer temple to the cave.
45. virgo: the Sibyl is already in the cavern. poscere, etc.,*'/ is 2 time to seek the oracles from Apollo ( H. 270, i>, 298, N-; G. 428, N.
;
538).
47. 48.
unus, the same.

its
non comptae, etc., did not remain in been loose and flowing, but not disordered.
49.
50.
order.
Her
hair
had
videri:
273,
G. 421, N. 1
c;
H.
533,
ii.
N. 2
mortale, cognate accusative. quando (causal), for she is iam propiore, nearer and nearer. inspired by the divine presence. 51. cessas, do you hesitate ? Supply ire.
52.
now
neque ante,
i.e.
not without vows and prayers.
53.
57. 58.
fata, participle. direxti : for the
Aeacidae
Achilles
form see iv. 606 (note), 682. was slain by the arrow of
iv.
Paris, directed
by
Apollo.
60.
obeuntia, washing, governing terras.

cf.
Massylum":
:
483.
praetenta Syrtibus
(dat.)
= which
line the Syrtes
the fields stretch along the shore of the Syrtes. 62. hac . . . tenus often thus found separate, a relic of the usage before they grew together. fuerit secuta (hortatory subj., 266; G. H. 483, 2), thus far (and no farther) may the fortune of Troy 263, 3
: ;
have pursued
64. 66.
us.
obstitit,
were an
offence.
;
venturi:
293, b
settle.
:
that the Trojans

69.
Ilium, etc. cf. ii. 325. G. 668; H. 549, 4. da considere, grant non indebita fatis, due to my destinies.
:
templum
Palatine, containing the statue of that
a temple of Apollo was built by Augustus on the god between those of Latona and
Virgil has in
Diana.
70.
festos dies
mind the ludi
Apollinares, established
B.C. 212.
71. penetralia, shrine, referring to the reverence paid to the Sibylline books, kept in the care of an illustrious body of priests (lectos viros), and consulted in times of public emergency. 74.
foliis
ne manda
269, N.; G. 270, i;
H. 488), see
iii.
445-452.
VI.
04-]
The ALneid.
dat.;
cf.
367
and note.
75.
iii.
ventis:
:
collo monile,
i.
654,
So Par.
Lost,
493
77.
The
sport of racking winds. to
Phoebi nondum patiens, not yet submissive
Phoebus
the figure
wildly.
is
that of an unruly horse trying to throw his rider. 78. sipossit: see i. 181, note.
79.
immanis,
2, b
;
excussisse
for the tense see
288, d, R.
G. 280,
H.
537, N.,
2.
f atigat, plies the bit in.
(
i.
premendo, trains her by control. 249 G. 407; H. 421, i. Lavini 84. terrae graviora, more dreadftd perils of the land. 214, /; G. 361; H. 396, vi), of Lavinium, their future kingdom; see
80.
fingit
83.
periclis
2,
note.
86.
88.
non
et venisse VOlent, they shall not also be glad to have come. Simois, Xanthus the former is held to stand for the Tiber, and
:
the latter for the Numicius, where .<Eneas perished. shall not be wanting ( 281, R.; G. 244, N. 1 H. 473, i).
;
non defuerint,
89. alius Achilles, i.e. Turnus, the young king of the Rutuli, whose heroic struggle against Êneas makes the subject of the remaining books.
partus, sprung up (ready) in Latium. Achilles was son of the sea-goddess Thetis et ipse, he too. devoted as an Turnus, of the nymph Venilia. addita, assigned
90.
enemy.
91.
Cum
and what
wards the
93. 95. ito
tu, etc., while you, a supplicant, in your need shall entreat tribes shall you not entreat ? .<Eneas is made to go in search
of aid to Evander,
site of
:
whose kingdom Rome.
is
on the
Palatine,
where was
after-
coniunx
:
Lavinia. iterum, as was the case with Helen. the future or second form of the imperative here denotes
(
continuance
269,
G. 268, 2
H. 487,
2); cf
I
Tennyson, Princess
hold
That it becomes no man to nurse despair, But in the teeth of clench'd antagonisms
To
96.
follow up the worthiest
till
he
die.
quod = id quod.
Graia
:
qua, by whatever way.
97.
99.
Evander (see v. 91, note) was from Arcadia. ab t from. antro, abl. of place from which. 100. ea frena, etc., thus Apollo shakes the reins over her as she raves,
and
sic, like the plies the spurs beneath her side (ea v. 77. adj. for adv.), continuing the figure of 104. mi : contraction of mini.
common
use of
368
105.
Notes.
praecepi
observe the force of prae.

it
(abl. abs.), where Acheron overflows: the overflow of the river that formed the palus Acherusia.
107.
Acheronte refuse
contingat, be
:
was
108.
it
my
lot
;
332, a, 2
G. 553, 3
iv.
H.
501,
i,
i).
266, a, N. G. 263, 2, b; H. 484, 109. doceas 112. comitatus see i. 382, note on secutus.
:
115.
(
ut peterem, subst. clause of purp. 2 H. 499, 3). 331, head-note; G. 546, N.

;
in
appos. with
mandata
117.
omnia (cognate
ace.)
posse constantly takes a neuter accusative.
This is a lake lucis Avernis, the groves of Avernus (v. 131). near Cumae, of volcanic origin. In all this region there remain to this
118.
day the sulphurous exhalations and other signs of volcanic action, with which the ancients connected the entrance to the lower world.
119.
Manes:
the spirits of the dead, conceived as dwelling beneath
the earth.
Met.
xi.
For the story of Orpheus, see Georg. iv. 454-527; Ovid, 1-84. si, i.e. if they could do this, why not I, who am also of
divine descent?
fidibus : notice the quantity of the first i. Pollux, the immortal one of the twin-brothers of Helen. shared with Castor, in turn, his gift of immortality.
1
20.
121.
He
viam, cognate accusative. Dis or Dis Pater was the king of the under-world, correDitis sponding to the Greek Hades, called also Pluto. His kingdom included the good as well as the bad, so that it does not answer to the modern
122.
127.
:
phrase
128.
" infernal regions."
that
it
depends on conditions which not

:
revocare gradum: not that the return is difficult in itself, but all can attain. Cf. Par. Lost,
Long
is
" 43 2 433
the
way
And hard,
129. hie,
that out of hell leads
up
to light.
6 a hoc: for gender, see 195, d; G. 211, R. ; H. 445, 4 but this case is a convenient example of it, often before cited, principle because the two pronouns refer to the same idea. pauci (always
;
with negative idea), only a few. 131. potuere (sc. hoc), have been able
134.
136. 137. 138.
to
do
this.
;
innare (after cupido
est,
which
= cupis)
cf.
ii.
10, note.
peragenda,
foliis,
sc.
:
sunt.
abl. of specification
i.e.
vimine
with aureus.
lunoni infernae,
p. 101.)
Proserpina, queen of the world below
(See Fig.,
140.
operta, the hidden regions.
vi. 187.]
The ALneid.
;
369
i,
141.
145.
.36.
327, a ergo, therefore, since
decerpserit:
G. 574
is
H. 520,
i.
it
indispensable.
alte, on high
cf. v.
148. 149.
1
vincere, m-ercome its resistance. praeterea, one thing more. tibi, ethical dative.
52.
sedibus, dative of place to which.

sic
ante,
first.
sepulchre,
ablative.
as usual, with a negative implication, only in this way. ore (abl. abs.), -with fast-closed lips. 155. presso 157. caecos eventus : the Sibyl's predictions, the matter of the golden bough, and the death of one of his companions.
1
54.
demum,
159.
vestigia
figit,
i.e.
walks slowly and thoughtfully.
curis, abl.
of manner.
162. diceret, an indirect question depending on the idea of questioning implied in serebant. the death of a comrade named Misenus was part of 164. Misenum
:
still
at one extremity of the bay of Naples, keeps his name. One account made him the pilot of the fleet hence the apparent confusion between him and Palinurus.
the old legend.
Cape Miseno,
167.
165. ciere: see note on videri, v. 49. lituo : the lituus was a curved trumpet, for cavalry; the tuba,
straight one, for infantry.
Virgil uses the

is
names
indifferently
(v.
233).
So concha
170.
(v. 171),
which
(i.
used for any wind instrument, hints at the
rivalry with Triton
144).
infer iora, a less noble destiny. in the spirit of the old mythology whoever excels in any art is said thereby to provoke the jealousy of some deity.
173.
aemulus Triton
See the story of Arachne (Ovid, Met.

G. 552,
177.
178.
vi.
1-69).
credere:
320,
N.;
the sepulchral mound, or funeral pile. arboribus, abl. of instrument. caelo, dative. stabula cf. v. 7. 179. itur: cf. v. 45. 180. procumbunt, etc.: change the point of view in translation,
:
H. 533, ii, aram sepulcri,

;
R. 2
3,
N. 2
they lay low the pines (lit. the pines fall). 181. fissile, the riven (lit. cleavable) oak
182. 184.
1
is split.
montibus, from the mountains.

paribus armis, with
like tools.
that is, it is is omitted, as in English never formulated even in the mind, but left vague, so that the whole 1 H. 483, i). G. 261, N. 1 equals a wish ( 267, b, N. arbore, loc. abl.
:
;
voce, aloud. the conclusion 187. ostendat

86.
3/O
188.
Notes.
tanto
[>ENEID.
for the hope.
this great
:
quando gives the reason
193.
maternas aves
doves were sacred to Venus, and her car was
drawn by them.
195.
196.
199.
lucos, that part of the grove.
rebus, dative.
prodire (histor.
to feed.
volando
acie, abl.
200.
500, i. 201.
went in advance, alighting here and there example 2; G. 431; H. 542, iv. of instrument. possent 319,2; G. 631, i; H.
infin.),
:
301,
sequentum
cf.
i.
434, note.
grave olentis: see
v. 240.
grave, cogn. ace.
203.
geminae, the pair.

;
see next verse. 204. discolor, of different hue, i.e. from the rest auri aura, the gleam of gold: the connection of light and air (aura) is frequent in ancient poetry (cf. Hi. 600, and note). Notice the alliteration.
G. 309,
abl. of manner. sua nova, strange. 196, c H. 449, 2. 211. cunctantem prob. denotes merely the natural tenacity of gold the branch in fact made no resistance cf. v. 146. 212. nee minus, none the less because of Eneas' absence.
206.
fronde,
2
;
213.
rites
till
ingrato, sad (lit. unfleasing) here described were those usual

.
suprema,
in
last offices
It
the funeral
long after
nary practice. 184 ff. have been often imitated cf., for example, the funeral of Arcite in Chaucer's Knighfs Tale, w. 2055-2108 (which reproduces the imitaA less known, but very interesting parallel, tion in Statius, Thebaid, vi).
;
was not, however, yneas that cremation instead of burial became the ordiThe celebrated description that follows and that in xi.
Rome.
is
214.
Davenant's Gondibert, canto taedis, abl. of means.

216.
iv.
(end).
pile for the
ante, in front. Cypress was apparently first used in the funeral sake of its aromatic odor. Boughs of it were also set in
;
front of the door of the dead man's dwelling here they seem to be set up for adornment in front of the pile. Cf. iii. 64, and note.
217. armis, from an old and very general notion that these things went with the departed spirit, and were used by the dead in Hades.
purpureas vestes : a custom at great accustomed, i.e. those he wore in his life.
223.
219. 221.
frigentis, cold in death
more poetic than mortui.
Roman
funerals.
nota,
the usual construction in such cases

224.
ministerium, accusative, in appos. with the preceding clause G. 324). 240, (

;
aversi, turning
iv.
away
their faces, as
was the custom.
Cf. Dave-
nant, Gondibert,
62
VI. 244-]
Hubert
his
The Aineid.
arm westward aversely
stretch'd,
371
Whilst to the hopeful East his eyes were turn'd, And with a hallow'd torch the pile he reach'd.
225.
olivo, abl. of material.
fuso,
i.e.
these were poured on as a
libation.
228. 229. 231.
Corynaeus
apparently a priest.
socios, etc., poet, for
undam circum
socios tulerunt.
lustravit, purified the
company from
the pollution of the pres-
ence of a corpse. novissima verba, salve, vale, ave (cf. i. 219, ii. 644, xi. 97), with sometimes other words, like sit tibi terra levis, ilicet, or
the like.
237.
Sackville, Induction to
Mirror for Magistrates,

withouten shape,
sts. 30,
31
An
hideous hole
all vast,
Of endless depth, overwhelmed with ragged stone, With ugly mouth, and grisly jaws doth gape,
And
Here
to
our sight confounds
itself in
one
An
As
enter'd we, and yeding forth, anon horrible loathly lake we might discern,
black as pitch, that cleped

;
is
Avern.
deadly gulf where naught but rubbish grows, With foul black swelth in thicken'd lumps that lies,
Which up
in th' air such stinking vapors throws,
That over there may fly no fowl but dies Chok'd with the pestilent savors that arise Hither we come whence forth we still did pace, In dreadful fear amid the dreadful place.
:
238. 239.
hood
is
in a passive sense), sheltered. ullae volantes, no fly ing creatures: Justin this neighborsituated the famous grotto del cane, in which dogs and other small
tuta (part, of tueor,
baud
animals are smothered by the carbonic acid accumulated along the bottom. There is, however, no place dangerous to the flight of birds. Cf.
Henry More, Cupid's

As
Over
Conflict, st. 10
heedless fowls that take their perilous nights

that
bane of birds, Averno lake,

dead.
Do drop down
242.
less.
Aornon
The
Latin
name corresponding
formerly supposed to be from Aopws, Greek for birdto Aornon is Avernum ; but the
connection with
244.
6pvis is impossible. front! invergit, pours upon the forehead. vergere, when used of pouring, signifies that the cup is completely turned upside down, as
in offering to
the infernal deities
while fundere
is
simply
to
pour
out,
the
hand being held palm upwards.
372
:
Notes.
the long hairs between the horns were plucked out and 245. saetas burnt as a first-offering (libamina prima), while certain prayers were
said.
247. caelo, locative ablative. 248. supponunt : the action of placing the knife beneath belongs to
the worship of the gods below. the blood is caught in bowls, and poured out with 249. suscipiunt not suffered to stream upon the ground. special solemnity,
:
250.
matri
is
Eumenidum
the mother of
the Furies
is
Night, and
her sister
Earth.
251. ense ferit : the sword no doubt had a magic power over the Od. xi. 48 Bry. 59). inhabitants of the world below (cf. w. 260, 291
; ;
253.
solida
the whole victim was burned in sacrifice to the gods
below, since, after being devoted to them, no part could be eaten.

255. 256.
sub, just
143, a
:
at,
just before.
forests.
iuga silvarum, the ridges covered with

: ;
;
coepta [sunt]
moveri
257.
canes
H. 297, i, i. G. 423, N. 3 these are the infernal hounds of Hecate.
procul, etc.: the words regularly addressed to 258. dea, Hecate. the uninitiated at the mysteries, but here addressed to the companions of Êneas, who were not like him entitled to visit the world below.
opposed to profani, above. H. 414, iv. G. 406 animis: 243, e 262. tantum, so much, and no more, as often. se immisit, plunged. G. 346, N. 3 H. 371, iii, N. 2 227, b 263. ducem aequat
260.
261.
tu,
; ;
264.
265.
266.
umbrae,
" ghosts, as being only the
shadows " of persons.
audita loqui,
nocte, abl. of manner. to tell -what
low the
thought
common
I have heard. Virgil professes to foltradition as to the world below. But he has been
words, to hint at certain mysteries in which he So far as he has
also, in these
had been
initiated (see introductory note to bk. vi).
any but a poetical purpose it is probably to introduce from the lips of Anchises the account of the glories of Rome, and especially of the
Julian house.
269. 270. 272.
vacuas,
i.e.
destitute of real life

cf.
and blood.
i.
maligna, niggardly;
:
ingratae, Eel.
35.
rebus, dat. with abstulit. so Sackville 273. vestibulum
Within the porch and jaws of

274.
hell.
Luctus
i.e.
Curae,
these woes are at the door, as causing the death of men. : the stings of conscience personified.
VI. 283.]
The AZneid.
Man's feeble race what ills await, Labor and Penury, the racks of Pain, Disease, and Sorrow's weeping train,
373
And Death,
sad refuge from the storms of Fate.
GRAY, Progress of Poesy,

276.
vv. 42-45.
277.
malesuada, tempting G. 45, N. Labos 48, d

:
; ;
to
crime.
turpis, unsightly.
G. 359, R. 1 H. 391, ii, 4. In the Iliad Sleep 278. Leti: 234, d and Death, the Sons of Night, are twin-brothers (xiv. 231, xvi. 672). See Fig. 51 (from a vase-painting) which represents the body of
;
Fig. 51.
Memnon
in the
hands of the brothers Sleep and Death.

:
The
idea
is
a favorite one with modern poets. ones may suffice
Of countless examples two
typical
Care-charmer Sleep, son of the sable Night, Brother to Death, in silent darkness born. DANIEL, Delia, sonnet xlv.
When
in the
down
sink
my
head,
Sleep, Death's twin-brother, times
my
breath
Sleep, Death's twin-brother, knows not Death, Nor can I dream of thee as dead.
TBNNYSON, In Memoriam,
280.
Ixvii.
Eumenidum thalami
the Furies sleep at the threshold

ferrei,
(iv.
473), but their avenging task is done in Tartarus (v. 570). their implacable nature and inevitable power.
283.
from
quam
ferunt, which, they say, vain dreams flocking everycf.
where (volgo) have for their abode ;
Ovid, Met.
xi.
592.
374
286.
Notes,
biformes
Briareus
see
iii.
426.
the hundred-handed giant, whom Thetis summoned to the aid of Zeus; see II. i. 402-406; Bry. 504. belua, the Hydra, slain by Hercules; see Gayley's Classic Myths, p. 235.
287.
:
288.
Chimaera
see Gayley's Classic Myths, p. 233.

all
All monstrous,
prodigious things,
Abominable, inutterable, and worse Than fables yet have feign 'd, or fear conceiv'd, Gorgons, and Hydras, and Chimaeras dire.
Par. Lost,
ii.
625 -628.
the Spanish giant Geryon, slain by Hercules, 289. forma ried off his famous herd of oxen.
:
who
car-
the pres. for the imperf in a cond. convivid ( G. 596, R. 1 H. 308, e i. v. and notes. in This its turn, would imperf., 58, 325, G. 597, R. 1 H. 510, N. c ), because the replace the pluperf. ( 308, a narrative is here conducted in the hist. pres. tense (corripit, offert, etc.).
294.
inruat
= inruissent
trary to fact 2 509, N. ); cf.
makes the supposition

;
Acheron, "the joyless," is the stream that emIn Virgil's mind it is not kept distinct from the other infernal rivers Cocytus (" Wailing Lamenta295.
Acherontis
braces the whole of the lower world.
tion ")
296.
299.
and Styx
squalore
("
Squalid Grief
"), v.
323.
caeno, abl. of means.

:
Charon's squalid appearance agrees with the ancient
ideas and habits of
82
ff.)
who
mourning (cf. i. 480, note). Dante (Inferno, iii. imitates Virgil's description of Charon, making him the ferryman conducts the souls of the damned over Acheron to Hell.
lumina flamma,
fire.
300. slant fixed balls of
his eyes stand out in flame,
i.e.
are like
301. nodo (abl. of manner), another indication of neglect (and therefore a sign of mourning).
veils (abl.) ministrat, 302. ipse, with his own hand, old as he is. tends the sails (literally, " serves the boat with sails ").
304.
senior
the
and
sixty.
iam
word regularly applied to a man between forty-five gives the idea of his gradually growing old. -deo (sc.
.
est), dative of possession.
306.
def uncta
309.
cf v. 83. : frigore, abl. of time.
310.
313.
gurgite ab alto,
primi
;
flexively
i.e. as they reach land in their migrations. H. 443. G. 325, R. 6 transmitter, used cursum depends on trans.
:
191
re-
VI. 348.]
The AZneid.
:
375
315.
III.,
i.
navita
4. 46).
"that grim ferryman that poets write of" {Richard

292, R.
316.
submotos
G. 664,
R. 1
H. 579): the regular word for
dispersing a crowd.
318. 319.
quid volt, what means?

:
So
Fr.
"Que
veut dire?"
discrimine, choice (i.e. criterion). the Sibyl, said the legend, had received the gift of as 321. longaeva many years as the grains of sand which she held in her hand, but without
the boon of youth (Ovid, xiv. 132-153).
323.
certissima, most surely.

ii.
Cocyti
cf.
7.
56
blacke flood, which flow'd about That is the river of Cocytus deepe
it
round.
In which
full
many
soules do endlesse wayle and weepe.

:
Milton, Par. Lost,
ii.
577-580
Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black and deep Cocytus, nam'd of lamentation loud
Heard on
:
the rueful stream.
Virgil vaguely assigns a divinity to the river, just as all 324. numen The ace., after verbs of swearing, is an imiearthly rivers had a god. tation of the Greek; cf. v. 351. perhaps this is an allusion to the piece of money with 325. inops
:
which the dead were furnished to pay their passage. (See 1 H. 374, 6), nor is 327. ripas ( 239, b; G. 331, R.
;
Fig., p.
it
164.)
to
granted
convey them over the dread banks and hoarse flood, until, 333. mortis honore, i.e. burial.
334.
Virgil
; :
etc.
Oronten see i. 113. Leucaspis is not elsewhere mentioned by he seems to have perished along with Orontes.
vectos, sailing, in the sense of a 335. simul, i.e. with himself. H. 574, i). present participle ( 290, b G. 282, N. came walking. 337. sese agebat
344. hoc uno response : some such oracle may have been in one of the legends, but it is not mentioned elsewhere by Virgil. Neptune had announced to Venus (v. 814) that the fleet would come safe, with the
loss of
one man only.

ponto (loc. abl.) incolumem, safe on the sea. nee deus mersit Palinurus does not know that
:
345.
348.
it
was the god
of Sleep that threw

(v.
him over
(v.
358).
It
was by accident
859); nor did he perish by the sea (forte), he thinks, that he fell over-
board.
376
350.
Notes.
cui serves as indir. obj. of both datus and
obj. of iuro,
ii);
[.<ENEID.
haerebam
227,
e,
G. 34 6,N.; H. 385,4*).
351.
2, R.
;
maria,
by a Greek construction
238, c
0.33
3,
the regular Latin idiom would take per; cf. v. 324. 352. timorem, subj. of cepisse, etc. . 353- quam tua navis, as that your ship, stripped of her equipment, and having cast off her pilot (lit. -wrenched from her pilot}, might
371,
. .
H.
swamp
498,
iii.
in those surging -waves.
ne deficeret:
magistro, dat.
(
331, f;
G. 550; H.
R. 1
;
armis,
2).
i.e.
the
tiller.
229 ; G. 345,
H. 385,
355.
tris noctes
Bry. 465).
The woodwork
so Ulysses floats two days and two nights (Od. v. 388 of the stern serves Palinurus as a sort of raft.
;
356. aqua, abl. of specification.
357.
sublimis ab unda,
etc.
i.e.
raised high
on a wave, from the
crest of
which,
358.
tuta tenebam, ni,
/ -was just
reaching safety [and should have

;
been
safe],
had
not, etc.
:
360.
capita mentis
2 308, b; G. 597, R. the crags of the cliff': he

(
H.
511,
i).
grasping at the protuberances of the

(uncis manibus). 361. praedam, a prize, erty about him.
362. 363.
i.e.
cliffs
was half out of water, with hands bent and stiff

with
a shipwrecked
871.
man
some
of his prop-
fluctushabet: see
v.
quod te Oro (see ii. 141), but I implore you ; quod is adverbial 2 H. 378^ 2). ace., cf. quod si ( 240, b; G. 333, i, R. aut tu observe the emphasis and urgency expressed 365. aut tu
;
.
in the repetition of the
pronoun, which
is
not
;
itself
emphatic.
i.
terrain
inice
a mere formal burial was sufficient
cf.
Hor. Od.
28. 35.
370. undas, i.e. of the Styx. 371. ut saltern quiescam : since I could not rest in
to reach the
life,
having failed
promised land with you. 373. tarn dira cupido, so wild a wish.
cape, take to your heart for consolation. prodigiis acti : it is said that the people of Lucania, suffering from pestilence, were commanded by an oracle to propitiate by sacrifice the shade of Palinurus.
377.
379.
381.
Palinuri
a headland on the coast
still
bears the
name Punta
di
Palinuro.
384.
385.
ergo
i.e.
since they have quieted Palinurus.

nearer.
389.
iam inde ut prospexit, at once when he espied. iam istinc, right from -where you are : come no
VI. 4 is-]
The ALneid.
377
392. 393.
euntem
Thesea,
= coming,
etc.,
lit., going on his journey. both these heroes visited the world below on the
errands assigned to them here.

394. invicti viribus, resistless in might :
my opposition
,
to
them would
be vain.
395.
essent:
Tartareum
H. 515, N. 1 3. 313,^"; G. 605, N. custodem, the watch-dog of Tartarus, Cerberus,

; ;
whom
Hercules was sent by Eurystheus to drag away (II. viii. 366-369 Od. xi. 622-625 Bry. 775). Cf. Marlowe, Tamburlaine, i. i.
;
Bry. 460;
2
:
His
fiery
eyes are fixed upon the earth.

vaults
As if he now devis'd some stratagem, Or meant to pierce Avernus' darksome
To
396.
is
pull the triple-headed
dog from
hell.
a solio regis, from the monarch's very throne, to which Cerberus supposed to have fled, breaking his chain.
397.
dominam
the
title
Sfoiroiva,
lady or mistress, belonged espe-
cially to
Persephone.
Ditis, limiting
thalamo.
398. Amphrysia : Apollo, by whose gift the Sibyl was inspired, is " called " the shepherd of Amphrysus (Georg. iii. 2), a river in the
dominions of Admetus, whose flocks he kept. See Lowell's poem The Shepherd of King Admetus, and cf Gayley, Classic Myths, pp. 1 30 ff
. .
400.
licet,
i.e.
for
all
we
shall
do to prevent.
:
402.
Jupiter,
casta,
predicate.
patrui
to the
Proserpina was the daughter of
and Pluto was
his brother.
404. 408.
imas ad umbras
shades below.
:
nee plura his, nor more than this she said. donum 4 H. 423, 430. 409. tempore: 250, 259, d; G. 403, N.
;
see v. 632.
410-412.
Cf. Sackville, Induction,
st.
70
Hasting straight unto the bank apace. call unto the rout he cried, To swerve apart, and give the goddess place.
With hollow
412. laxat foros, clears the gangways. 413. Cf. Sackville, Induction, st. 71
And
forth we launch full fraughted to the brink When, with the unwonted weight, the rushy keel
:
Began
to crack, as
if
the
same should
sink.
the traditional notion of Charon's boat was got from 414. sutilis Egypt, where light boats are made, like Moses' ark, of bulrushes or of the papyrus. paludem, i.e. water from the marsh.
:
415.
incolumis, accusative.
378
416.
Notes.
glauca, gray
; cf x.
.
[/ENEID.
in the place of shades.
in, to
205 naturally no green thing could be found be taken with both limo and ulva ; such
:
dislocations of 417.
words are common

cf.
in poetry.
st.
Cerberus:
Sackville, Induction,
72
We
had not long forth pass'd, but that we saw Black Cerberus, the hideous hound of hell, With bristles rear'd, and with a three-mouthed jaw Foredinning the air with his horrible yell, Out of the deep dark cave where he did dwell.
See also Dante, Inferno, vi. ijff. ofiam (see iv. 486), a cake soporific with honey and 420. melle medicinal plants : offa is properly broken meat, such as is given to dogs.
. .
.
421. 424.
fame:
notice the long e (see

;
iii.
218, note).
sepulto, buried (in sleep) cf. iii. 630. 425. inremeabilis, not to be recrossed, a usual epithet of the Styx, "from whose bourne no traveller returns."
427. in limine primo following Virgil, Dante (Inf., iv. 35) places beyond the Styx the souls of Pagans and unbaptized infants. G. 374 H. 399, i, 3. 218, a 428. vitae
: :
; ;
just
8 H. 410, iii, N. 2 220, a G. 378, R. crimine, accusation ; mortis 431. nee sine sorte, sine iudice, a kind of hendiadys, as if it were
430.
lot." The unjustly slain have now an impartial trial. 432. quaesitor the trial is represented as according to the usage of the Roman courts, not according to the Greek myth, which gave a bench Here, consisting of three judges, Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Êacus.
"judges selected by
:
is the quaesitor, or President of the Court the lots are drawn (urnam mowet} to select the jurors (iudice includes both the quaesitor (v. 432) and the jury) who are to pass judgment on the person on trial while the concilium silentum is the panel of jurors (iudices), when they have been selected from the shades themselves, the fellow-citizens of Dante (Inferno, v. i ff.) makes of Minos a demon who, at the accused. the entrance of the second circle of Hell, receives the damned and assigns
;
;
Minos
silentum, old form for silentium. the investigation must not be thought of according to our proceedings, but as more like the French, in which the court is the
to each his penalty.
433.
discit
agent of the government to detect and punish. Hence, here, the judge himself conducts a preliminary investigation embracing the whole life and
conduct of the criminal, and not limited as with us to the particular

offence.
435.
insontes,
i.e.
having done nothing worthy of death.
VI. 458
The jEneid.
379
wish,
quam vellent (subj. imp. of a hopeless proiecere, castaway. H. 261, R.): in Od. xi. 489-491 ; Bry. 600, G. 258, N. 1 311, b Achilles is made to say, " Would I might rather be a bondman of the
436.
; ;
soil
under a poor
man
perished dead."
437.
Cf. Charles
without lot or substance, than lord of Lamb's essay, New Year's Eve.
all
the
nunc (emph.),
as
opposed to
their feeling
when
alive.
pau-
periem, labores, the hardships from which men have sought escape in death. Suicide was a sort of epidemic among the later Romans and it
;
was perhaps a part of

of
it.
Virgil's
purpose to impress a wholesome horror

Spenser, Ruins of Rome, xv.
:
438-439. tristique,
etc.
cf.
The darksome
Of
river
Styx, not passable to souls returning, Enclosing you in thrice three wards forever.
Milton, Par. Lost,
ii.
434-436
This huge convex of fire, Outrageous to devour, immures us round

Ninefold.
See also Pope, Ode on

440. 442.
fusi,
St. Cecilia's
(in
Day, w.
90, 91.
spread out
quos, those whom : 443. myrtea, because the myrtle was sacred to Venus. These personages were the celebrated mytho445. Phaedram, etc. logical heroine, Phaedra, who loved guiltily her stepson Hippolytus;
:
order to give room for solitude). its antecedent is the implied object of celant.
Procris, who was shot with an arrow by her husband Cephalus Eriphyle, who was bribed to betray the hiding-place of her husband Amphiaraus, and was slain by her son Evadne, who perished on the funeral pile of
;
her husband Capaneus

of Protesilaus,
Pasiphae (see note, Eel.
vi.
46);
Laodamia, wife
who
killed herself
on hearing of
his
death at Troy (see
Caenis)
Wordsworth's Laodamia); Caeneus, who when a woman (then called had been loved by Neptune, and who had become a man with
xii.
the gift of invulnerability (Ovid, Met., 451. quam, governed by iuxta.

453. 455. 456.
172-207).
obscuram, dim among the shadows. demisit cf. Od. xvi. 191 Bry. 262.
:
;
verus nuntius, perhaps the flame of her funeral pile (v. 3-7), from which they might infer the fact, or we may suppose the news to have come by ordinary channels. The emphasis is on verus.
457.
extrema
cf.
i.
219
i.e.
taken extreme measures.
458.
funeris (emph.),
was
it
death
I brought
on you?
380
459. oath.
462.
si
Notes.
qua
whatever faith,
i.e.
fides,
object which would sanction an
senta situ, rough with
neglect.
egere: notice the first e long, distinguishing the verb from egeo. nee credere quivi, nor could 1 have believed. 464. hunc tantum, so great as this.
463.
466. 467.
fato, abl. of cause.
torva
238, a
G. 333,
6 2, N.
H. 371,
ii,
N.
cf.
i.
328.
lacrimas ciebat, shed tears. 471. stet 312; G. 602 H. 513, ii. Marpesia cautes Marpesus was a mountain of Paros so that the pale, unmoved figure of Dido is
468.
: ;
:
;
compared
474.
respondet,
to Parian marble. " answers all her etc., cares,
and equals
all
her love "
(Dryden).
iter, the appointed -way (not granted}. ultima, the last before coming to the regions of blessedness and of torment. secreta, apart (se-cerno).
477. 478.
datum
"
these were heroes of the legendary war of the 479. Tydeus, etc. Seven against Thebes," the chief event of the time immediately before the Trojan war.
;
487. usque,
488.
still.
conferre gradum, to walk by his

tollere
side.
492.
war-cry.
vocem exiguam,
;
raise their
piping
voice,
attempting the
;
So Homer speaks of the thin voice of the shades cf. Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, st. 223 and Shakspere, Hamlet, i. i. 115, 116
:
The sheeted dead

Did squeak and gibber
in the
Roman
streets.
= their open mouths.

495.
his death.
493.
frustratur, disappoints, because they
have no voice.
hiantes
Deiphobum: see note, ii. 310. There were various legends of The mutilation was merely savage revenge. The shade shows the wounds received by the body. So the ghost of Banquo " " appears to Macbeth with the twenty trenched gashes on his head
(Macbeth,
498.
499.
500.
iii.
4. 27, 81).
vtx adeo adgnovit, he could scarce so much as (adeo) recognize.

notis, familiar. Cf. the dialogue of Ulysses
and Agamemnon
in
Od.
xi.
396-
433
B 7-
5?
501.
502.
optavit sumere, has chosen to injlict. cui, etc., i.e. who has been permitted (by the gods) such out-
rages upon you
VI. 542.]
The Alncid.
etc.,
381
rites
505.
tumulum,
ter
te,
:
an empty tomb (cenotaph); such

;
would
allow the shade to cross the Styx

506. 507.
cf. iii.
62, note.
see note,
v.
231.
emphatic, as opposed to the arma merely shortened before-amice.

509. tibi relictum, left
tomb
cf. v.
hence not elided, but
233.
undone by
:
thee.
Deiphobo, funeris umbris i.e. both to the man himself (which would be friendship) and to the shade of the dead (which would be a
511.
religious duty).
512.
514.
haec monumenta, these memorials, the ghastly mutilations. nimium, etc., you must needs too well remember.
venit: see
ilia,
ii.
515.
517.
237, 238.
Helen.
Chorum, a
:
festive dance (see Fig. 40, p. 322).
orgia circum, through a -wild orgy. in ii. 256 518. flammam tenebat
it is
said that the signal

cf. v.
(if
from Agamemnon's
526.
ship.
In like manner
Virgil leaves us to settle the contradictions
was given with ii. 525 571-574. there are any) as we can.
her fond husband. a name of insult for Ulysses, hinting that his real 529. Aeolides father was not Laertes, but the crafty Sisyphus, son of /Eolus.
amanti,
to
:
pelagi erroribus Deiphobus was, of course, ignorant of /Eneas's his settlement in Italy. The question is imitated from Homer, who places the world of shadows beyond the Ocean, whither only wandering could bring a man. The alternative is, whether Êneas has
532.
:
voyage or
come
hither by mere chance of travel or by divine direction. adires the imperf. is used because fatigat has also the sense " of the perf. " has pursued and still pursues cf. 276, a ; G. 230 H. 467, 2. turbida, gloomy, the opposite of liquida, bright and clear ;
534.
: ; ;
cf.
Job
x. 21, 22.
:
a night appears to have been spent in the pre536. medium axem liminary sacrifices, and it is now past noon of the next day. 1 for tense see H. 510, N. 2 The 308, a; G. 597, R. 537. traherent
: ;
construction changes at sed, and so no formal protasis appears. 540. via findit, etc. : the two regions are the inner courts of the Under-world, the proper places of reward and punishment but why the
;
shades previously mentioned should be excluded does not appear. Probably there is a mixture of different ideas the earlier conception of
the underworld and that associated with the Eleusinian mysteries introductory note to bk. vi.).
541. 542.
(cf.
dextera,
sc. est.
Elysium, accus. of end of motion,
after iter [est].
382
543.
Notes.
exercet poenas,
is
inflicts the
in
doom,
i.e.
by sending them to Tarta-
rus (which
545.
the coordinate clause mittit, etc.). explebo numerum, i.e. of the shades (by returning to
expressed
my
place
among
548. 549.
them).
respicit, looks off
(i.e.
away from where he stands not

;
looks back).
moenia, a fortress or vast castle used as a dungeon, to which " The Phlegethon, the river blazing with flame," serves as a moat.
image
is
drawn from a torrent of
lava.
i.
552-554. Cf. Crashaw, Suspicion of Herod,
39
The adamantine doors
forever stand
Impenetrable, both to prayers and tears, The walls' inexorable steel no hand
Of time or
teeth of hungry ruin fears.
553.
bello,
f errea
i.e.
554.
" turris, a tower or
with the engines of war. "
keep
of steel, rising high in the
midst.
566. Rhadamanthus, like Minos he was a famous Cretan hero, said to have been made a judge in the world below. Here he appears in the
character of a
Roman
than those
who come
before Minos.
quaesitor parracidii, trying greater offenders The criminals are supposed to
have contrived to conceal

567.
their guilt during life (furto laetatus inani). the famous hysteron proteron in this castigat, audit, subigit passage is a fiction of grammaiians (cf. note on ii. 353); castigo cannot
:
refer to punishment, but must refer to the upbraiding, menacing language of the judge, which was perhaps accompanied with torture (subigitque fateri). dolos, dark ways. quae commissa piacula, the committed guilt, 568. quis, indef.
which, equivalent to commissa

569.
quorum
piacula.
till
distulit in
death
570.
571.
seram mortem has deferred [the expiation of] too late, since the expiation must now be in the other world. 2 H. 386, 4). sontes, obj. of insultans ( 227, b G. 346, N.
;
;
Tisiphone, the eldest of the Furies,
who opens
the awful doors
(sacrae portae).
Dante (Inferno,
:
ix.
46
ff.)
assigns her, with her sisters
Megaera and Allecto, to the sixth

573.
ii.
circle of his Hell.
horrisono cardine
:
cf.
Milton's celebrated imitation, Par. Lost,
879-882
On
With impetuous
a sudden open
fly,
and jarring sound, Th' infernal doors, and on their hinges grate Harsh thunder.
recoil
VI. 6o6.]
The jEneid.
;
383
;
574.
still
within is the Hydra, fiercer than she custodia, Tisiphone beyond, Tartarus itself, more dreadful than either.
and
576. 578.
579. 580.
hiatibus, the gaping jaws of the several heads.

bis patet
:
cf. iv.
445, 446.
the
suspectus ad
Olympum,
upward
look to Olympus.
in
pubes, the Titans, sons of earth who warred with the gods. Otus and Ephialtes, who put Mars 582. Aloidas, sons of Aloeus, chains (II. v. 385-387 Bry. 476).
;
Elis, brother of Sisyphus, who contemptudantem see note ously imitated the thunder and lightning of Jupiter.
585.
Salmonea, king of
to
ii.
103.
586. N.
6
),
dum
i.e.
2 H. 550, (cf. 290, c; G. 570, N. the thunders of Jupiter (so qui punished for imitating
imitatur
= imitantem
:
simularet below). 588. per Elidis urbem
i.e.
Olympia,
built in especial
honor of Zeus
thus the affront was increased.

591. aere, either a brazen chariot, as was that of Salmoneus, driven over a bridge, or vessels of "sounding brass." simularet: 320,^; G. 633; H. 517. Cf. Dryden, Astraa Redtix, vv. 197-8:
Which
durst with horses' hoofs that beat the ground
And
593.
martial brass belie the thunder's sound.
non
ille faces, etc.
his
was no mere imitation of thunder and
lightning.
"
594. immani turbine, i.e. the mighty whirling thunderbolt (cf. the wind " of a shot, and see Vocab.). one might see, by a common Greek construction. 596. cernere erat
iugera, the iugerum was about half an acre (240 feet by 120). 598. iecur : the liver, as the supposed seat of lust, is fitly the organ fecunda poenis attacked compare the punishment of Prometheus.
;
(dat.), fertile
599.
for torture. rimatur epulis (dat. akin to end of motion), tears at his banquet.
iv.
Cf.
George Peele, Battle of Alcazar,

Racked
Pined
let
let
Prey
let
him be in proud Ixion's wheel, him be with Tantalus' endless thirst, him be to Tityus' greedy bird,
toil.
Wearied with Sisyphus' immortal
603. genialibus toris, banqueting-couches, especially those set for the birthday festival. 604. fulcra, props or supports (gold-footed frames for couches). 606. manibus, with contingere.
384
The
Notes.
Fill high the sparkling
bowl,
rich repast prepare,

:
Reft of a crown, he yet may share the feast Close by the regal chair
Fell Thirst
and Famine scowl
baleful smile
upon
their baffled guest.
GRAY, The Bard, w.

608. hie quibus, here [are they] Atreus and Thyestes.
609.
to
77-82.
whom,. etc.
invisi fratres, like
the act of striking a parent was regarded with wove a %veb of fraud). contrived client! horror. (lit. nexit, peculiar the client had a certain sacred claim to the protection of his patronus ; see note to Cic. Rose. Am. 4 ; Cat. iv. 23.
pulsatus parens
610.
it all
qui
repertis
those
to their selfish use,
612.
arma impia,
;
i.e.
a type of civil war.
who have found a treasure, and all who are greedy of gain.
kept
613. dextras, the pledge of the right hand, referring to servile insurcf. fallere numen, v. 324. rection
poenam, sc. exspectent. saxum, etc.: an allusion to Sisyphus Thomson, Castle of Indolence, i. 1 2
615. 616.
:
(see Fig., p.
175).
Cf.
Come, ye who still the cumbrous load of life Push hard up hill, but as the furthest steep
You
trust to gain,
and put an end
to strife,
Down thunders back the And hurls your labors to
stone with mighty sweep,

the valley deep
617. district!, fastened, with their limbs strained apart,
the com-
(See Fig., p. 175.) 618. Theseus, punished for his crime in attempting to carry off Proserpine Phlegyas, son of Ares, and founder of a robber community, the Phlegya?. His crime was that he burned the temple of Apollo at Delphi.
;
monly reported punishment of
Ixion.
621. vendidit, imposuit these were the special crimes of a period of civil war, such as Rome had just passed through. 622. fixit, refixit laws were published by being posted up on brazen
: :
tablets,
iii.
and when repealed were taken down again. 228, 229

:
Cf. Landor, Gebir,
Here
are discover'd those
who
tortur'd law
To
625.
silence or to speech, as pleas'd themselves.
sint
equivalent to a present condition contrary to fact.
For
at
tense, see note
on
v. 294.
630.
Cyclopum educta caminis
(abl.
of separation),
i.e.
wrought
VI. 6s7-]
the forges of the Cyclops. built of iron or steel.
631. 632. 635.
The Alneid.
The
385
walls of Pluto were supposed to have
been
in front of me. (abl. of quality), with their arch praecepta, the instructions given by the gods. corpus spargit the water stands ready for ceremonial purifica-
adverse fornice
a temple. largior aether, i.e. not closed in by the denser clouds and exhalations of the earth. Cf. Milton, Comus, vv. 4-6
tion, as in the vestibule of
640.
In regions mild of calm and serene air. Above the smoke and stir of this dim spot,
Which men
et,
call earth.
connecting irregularly the two ideas of freedom and brilliancy.

light.
lumine purpureo, glowing

:
642-647. Imitated by Milton in his account of the fallen angels hell, Par. Lost, ii. 528 ff.
in
Upon the wing, or in swift As at the Olympian games
Part on the plain, or in the air sublime race contend,

;
or Pythian fields Part curb their fiery steeds, or shun the goal With rapid wheels, or fronted brigads form.
Others more mild,

Retreated
With
a silent valley, sing notes angelical to many a harp

in
fall
Their own heroic deeds and hapless
By doom
645.
vii.
of battle.
" Threicius sacerdos, Orpheus, " the Thracian bard (Par. Lost,
34), the
mythic father of song and institutor of the Orphic mysteries.

:
longa, as a priest.
" discourse most cf. eloquent music." Hamlet, iii. numeris septem (dat.), the seven tones of the scale as played on the lyre. discrimina vocum, the notes of the voice. 647. eadem, grammatically referring to discrimina, but really referring to the tune as a whole as both played and sung. pectine so called
646.
obloquitur
2 - 374-
because inserted
among
the strings of the harp like the "
comb " among
the threads of the loom.

648.
Teucri, see Table,

.
p. 190.
inanes, he gazes from afar upon the 651. arma . . and chariots of the heroes.
653.
657.
phantom arms
gratia, fondness for. choro, abl. of manner.
currum
(obj. gen. contracted).
386
658.
Notes.
was held
it
superne volvitur, flows in the world above. The Eridanus (Po) to have its rise in the infernal regions. In fact, near its source flows underground for about two miles.
660.
manus
passi:
187,
G. 211,
R. 1 ,
exc.
a; H. 461,
cf.
i.
212.
663.
vitam excoluere,
life N. 2
etc.,
as
we should
inventas
say,
:
adorned or ennobled
292, a;
:
human
H.
549,
by skilful inventions.
Cf. Pope,
G. 325,
R. a
Temple of Fame, w.
old,
70, 71
Or worthies
whom
arts or
arms adorn,
race.
Who cities rais'd, or tam'd a

664. qui mankind. 665. 667.
.
.
monstrous
merendo
as
:
a general phrase for the benefactors of
vitta,
i.e.
if
victors in the games.
selected as being the mythical father of poets (so Milton, // Penseroso, v. 104). nam, introducing the reason why the
priestess addressed him particularly indicates a corresponding distinction.
;
Musaeum
the respect in which he
is
held
668.
umeris,
illius
:
abl. of
manner, not degree of difference.
223, e ; G. 373 ; H. 398, 5. 672. atque, and at once. 676. sistam : Musaeus is to leave them when they have passed the ridge and the way is in sight.
670.
680.
ituras
the doctrine of metempsychosis, here hinted
at, is
further
developed later. 68 1. lustrabat recolens, sun>eyed thoughtfully. 682. forte, i.e. his thoughts happened to be busy at that
this subject.
moment on
683. 685.
manus,
alacris:
deeds,
i.e.
martial exploits.
;
691.
694.
mea cura = my fond hope. quam metui: and yet Anchises must have known
84, a, N.
H.
2 153, N.
that tineas
went to Africa by divine direction, and that
his course to Italy
was
safe.
The
verse expresses, however, a father's natural anxiety. 695. tua imago : it would appear from this that the visions of Anchises,
seen by Êneas in dreams, were not the visitation of his real presence
722, and note). 697. stant sale, etc., ride on the Tuscan wave : the ships are not hauled up on shore as at the end of a voyage.
(cf. v.
still afloat,
698. 701.
amplexu, probably Cf. Pope, Dunciad,
dative.
ii.
in, 112:
VI. 729-]
The sEneid.
A
shapeless shade, it melted from his sight, Like forms in clouds, or visions of the night.
387
702.
This
line is
705.
Lethaeum amnem
And
repeated from ii. 794. see Hamlet, i.

:
4.
32-34
duller shouldst thou be than the fat
weed
That rots itself in ease on Lethe wharf, Wouldst thou not stir in this.
Cf. the
famous description
3.
in
Par. Lost,
ii.
582-586.
domos
228,0;
H. 386,
706.
volabant, flitted : the word expresses the noiseless and hurried

of the spirits. of bees in
movement
The
faint
sound they make
is
compared
31-33
:
to the
humming
summer.
Cf. Pope, Duticiad,
iii.
Millions and millions on these banks he views, Thick as the stars of night, or morning dews, As thick as bees o'er vernal blossoms fly.
710. 719.
horrescit, starts.
anne
lucis
animas, what! can

heaven ?
-we
think that spirits go hence on
high
to [the light of]

. . .
real or affected,
cupido, so wild a desire of life. Contempt of life, was part of the old philosophic creed. This style of philosophical 723. suscipit, takes up the argument.
721.
reasoning is very characteristic of the spirit of Virgil's poetry. The ideas that follow are generally Platonic, but are mixed with Stoicism.
724.
terras,
i.e.
the earth as a whole, physically
personified,
it
would
be singular.
see iv. 119, and note. 725. Titania astra 726. spiritus intus alit : a celebrated phrase, as containing the ancient creed of pantheism; see Georg. iv. 221-227. Cf. Thomson, Castle of
:
Indolence,
ii.
47
Eternal, never-resting soul,
Almighty power, and all-directing day, By whom each atom stirs and planets roll, Who fills, surrounds, informs, and agitates the whole.
727.
magno
corpore,
i.e.
the universe, perhaps conceived, on Stoic
principles, as a living organism.
the meaning is, that the mingling of spirit with 728. inde genus, etc. a material body is what causes organic or individual life. 729. monstra, strange shapes, as sea creatures always look to us. So " Milton calls the sea " the monstrous world (Lycidas, v. 1 58). Cf. Byron's apostrophe to the Ocean ( Childe Ha rold):
:
388
Notes.
Even from out thy slime The monsters of the deep are made.
730.
in these
" and "heavenly source found igneus vigor the fiery force forms of life (seminibus) are two expressions for the same thing
:
"
"
the celestial ether being conceived as flame. 731. quantum, etc., i.e. so far as the gross nature of the body allows.
Cf Shakspere, Merchant of
.
Venice, v.
this
64, 65
But whilst
muddy
vesture of decay
Doth
grossly close
it in.
Henry More, the English

the Soul,
st. 3, calls
Platonist, in his
poem on
the Praexistency of
the soul
spark or ray of the Divinity

in earthy fogs,
Clouded
yclad in clay.
Thus in the New Testa733. hinc, i.e. from the effect of the body. " ment, passions are said to reside in the flesh." auras, the light. 735- supremo reliquit, when life has left them, -with the last
.
. .
glimpse of light ; cf. iv. 692, and note. 736. tamen, even then, though the soul has put off
velope.
its
earthy en-
738. inolescere, said properly of parasitic growths, which strangely (modis miris) implicated with what they grow on. The language is of purification by the 740. panduntur, etc.
become
air,
but
perhaps the image was meant to suggest also the torment of crucifixion. With this and the following lines cf. Shakspere, Measure for Measure, iii. I. 122-6 To bathe in fiery floods, or to reside
:
In thrilling regions of thick-ribbed ice
To be imprison'd in the viewless winds, And blown with restless violence about
The pendent
:
world.
in passages like this Dante very naturally found 742. exuritur igni an anticipation of the doctrine of purgatory. The three elements are used to cleanse the soul.
. 743-4. quisque manes, ive suffer, every man his own retribution (manes, the soul that receives the penalty, being put for its destiny or life in the world below). per Elysium, etc. Apparently, after the purification of penance, the souls pass into Elysium, where a few remain
. . . .
.
(freed from the necessity of returning to other bodies), the rest, after a further purification by time, go through another round of life. 746. purum, etc. (pred.), has left pure the ethereal sense.
VI.
The ALneid.
aura'i simplicis
389
ether).
747.
ignem, the flame ofpure light (the

i.e.
:
748.
has omnes,
v. 744.
all these,
tioned in
rotam
with the exception of the pauci menvolvere see the myth in Plato's Republic,
book
x.
750. immemores, etc. (pred.), that without the upper earth. convexa, i.e. under the arch
memory
they
may
revisit
of heaven.
754. possit, characteristic subj. 755. adversos legere, scan those before them. Cf. Dryden, Eleonora, w. 197-200:
Anchises looked not with so pleased a face, In numbering o'er his future Roman race,
Fig. 52.
And
As
756.
in their order next to light they
marshalling the heroes of his name, came.
ind. quest.,
758.
quae deinde (= dehinc) sequatur, etc., depending on expediam. a legal nostrum in nomen ituras
:
phrase of adoption into a family, the heroes whose names follow belonging to Roman story, but not all to the house of Anchises.
sometimes explained of a 760. pura hasta " headless spear," given as a prize to young
:
men
after their first feat of arms.
(See Fig.
52.)
It
would seem
to be
here in any case a symbol of peace. 761. lucis, i.e. order of birth.
763.
called
postuma
proles, youngest born
but
in
some legends
Silvius
is
postumus as born after his father's death, in the woods to which Lavinia had fled in fear of Ascanius (cf. the prediction, i. 263-271) and this may be the sense here, though longaevo seems to make against it. 766. Longa Alba, the "long white town," stretched along a ridge on It was supposed to be the old capital of the edge of Lake Albanus. Other the Latin league, from which rank it was dispossessed by Rome.
;
Latin towns are mentioned below.
Compare, for some of these legen-
dary names, the fourteenth book of Ovid's Metamorphoses. 767. proxumus, close by: in the lists, Procas stands as the twelfth or
fourteenth.
770.
si
umquam
;
acceperit
^neas
Silvius,
it
was
his inheritance for 53 years.

(
regnandam Albam
= the throne of Alba
said,
was kept from
294,
772.
civilis)
G. 430 H. 549, 3). umbrata quercu, wreathed with oak. The oak-wreath (corona was bestowed on him who had saved the life of a Roman citizen
;
390
in
Notes.
battle. As perpetual (See figure of Augustus, in text, p. 181.) preserver of the people, such wreaths were hung before the door of Augustus by vote of the Senate. Hence the allusion is a personal
compliment.
773.
776.
Nomentum,
turn
.
. .
etc.,
towns of the Prisci Latini.
erunt, these shall then be names, i.e. places of note. 777. avo COmitem, a companion (or champion) to his grandfather. The first exploit of Romulus was to restore Numitor to the throne of
Alba.
779. geminae cristae : the double plume was a distinguishing of Mars, though no representation of it appears in works of art
mark
;
like
this
him, Romulus
is
constantly represented with a helmet.
It is
by
sign that his father (Mars) marks him by his own sign of honor as belonging to the -world on high (superum, lit. as being of the gods, predicate
gen.:
782. 783.
first
214, c; G. 366;
H.
401).
:
imperium aequabit cf. septem arces, the seven

;
i.
287.
;
heights (septimontiuni)
the
name was
given to the Palatine, with its spurs and those of the adjoining Esquiline it was afterwards extended to the larger group of the famous
"seven
784.
hills,"
with which at
first it
mater, Cybele; see note to
the turreted crown (hence turrita)

Fig. 30, p. 283.)
had nothing to do. iii. in. She was represented with also worn by personified cities. (See
The tow'red Cybele Mother of an hundred
gods.
MILTON, Arcades,
Glad Berecynthia so Among her deathless progeny did go A wreath of towers adorned her reverend head, Mother of all that on ambrosia fed.
;
w.
21-22.
WALLER, To
the
Queen Mother of France,
w.
13-16.
A crown
The
of such majestic towers doth grace
Do homage
gods' great mother, when her heavenly race to her ; yet she cannot boast
host
Amongst that numerous and celestial More heroes than can Windsor.
DEN-HAM, Cooper's
Hill.
Nor Cybele
with half so kind an eye Surveyed her sons and daughters of the sky Proud, shall I say, of her immortal fruit ?
As
Cf. also Ppenser,
far as pride with
heavenly mind may
suit.
DRYDBN, Eleonora, w.
201-204.
Ruins of Rome,
vi.
VI. 8o2.]
The ALneid.
"
391
"
788. geminas acies, both your eyes ; an expression in the high style and hence suited to Anchises' prophetic enthusiasm. Cf. " Make your two eyes, like stars, start from their spheres." Hamlet, i. 5. 17. 791.
hie vir, etc.
cf.
Pope, Dunciad,
iii.
319, 320
:
This, this is he, foretold by ancient rhymes Th' Augustus born to bring Saturnian times.
i.
see Ovid's description of the Golden Age, Met. 792. aurea, etc. 89-112 (finely translated by Dryden). The poets have always been fond of this conception. Chaucer's The Former Age is a good example.
:
Cf. Milton's description of
return of the
/En.
i.
291,
Eden (Par. Lost, iv. 207-355). For the Golden Age see Eel. iv. (imitated in Pope's Messiah) cf. The compliment in the present passage is turned by note.
;
Dryden
to the praise of Charles II. O, happy age

!
O, times like those alone

Augustus' throne,
By
fate reserved for great
growth of arts and arms foreshew The world a Monarch, and that Monarch you
the joint
!
When
Astraa Redux,
793.
794.
end.
Latio, loc. abl.
super Garamantas
to Augustus.
tribe of interior Africa,
which sent an
is
embassy
How this
Indos
:
struck the
Roman
is
imagination
seen
in the following verses.
When Augustus was and Indians restored the standards taken more than from Crassus.
. . .
to the East, generally. in Syria (B.C. 20), embassies from the Parthians
thirty years before
the reference
Cf. Ben Jonson, Prince 796. extra vias, i.e. beyond the tropics. " " Henry's Barriers : Beyond the paths and reaches of the sun Dryden, Annus Mirabilis, st. 160: "Beyond the year and out of heaven's high
;
way"; and Gray, Progress of Poesy,

road
"
(of the Arctic regions).
v.
54
:
" In climes
247.
beyond the
solar
Atlas
his
cf. iv.
798.
i.e.
in
adventum, against
it.
coming
(as
we might say
in English),
looking towards
responsis,
799. 800.
i.e.
oracles which are to be fulfilled by his coming.
the
(intrans.), are troubled. septemgemini, referring to numerous mouths of the Delta of the Nile. 802. xerit: 313, b\ G. 607; H. 515, iii. Erymanthi pacarit
i.e.
turbant
nemora,
(see v. 287).
Lernam, referring to the Hydra by killing the wild boar. These exploits of Hercules were all within the limits of
Atlas, Antaeus,
Arcadia, and so give no great notion of his wanderings. and Geryon might have suggested a wider range.
392
Notes.
805. Liber was an old Italian god of fertility, identified, without special cause, with the Grecian Bacchus, god of wine, inspiration,
any and
dramatic poetry.
The triumphant march
of Bacchus, in the fable, led

tigers or lynxes, guided
him as
806.
far as India.
His car was drawn by
by
reins of vine-branch.
virtute (abl. of manner) extendere vires, to put forth strength in

v. 774.
[deeds of] valor. see 808. olivae

:
the second king, the reputed founder of most of he was a native of the Sabine Cures. the religious customs of Rome 812. imperium magnum: in fact a city of perhaps twenty or thirty
810.
regis
Numa,
thousand inhabitants, and a territory of about

815.
iactantior, too boastful, as grandson of
fifteen
miles square.
Anchises speaks in vision of the vast empire to follow.
Numa.
:
He
was said
to
be founder of the plebs as an order in the state

laribus auris, 816. nunc,
allusion
is
hence gaudens popu-
when
i.e.
intriguing for the kingdom. even then before the republic was founded.
The
meant
to be
more or
less disparaging to the
lower orders.
818. fasces receptos, the recovered fasces. The fasces, or bundles of rods and axe, were borne by the lictors before the highest officer, as the
symbol of imperium, or military power Brutus wrested the imperium from the kings and restored it to the aristocracy. the well-known story of Brutus, who sen820. natos vocabit
; .
tenced to death his

exiled king.
own sons for joining Hence saevas secures.
in
a conspiracy to restore the
822. utcumque f erent minores, however posterity shall report his deeds. In these words Anchises admits the cruelty of the act, but immediately excuses it on the ground of patriotism.
824.
Decios, etc.
devoted themselves to death
the Decii, father, son, and grandson, solemnly (like Arnold of Winkelried), each to win a
doubtful battle, in the war with the Latins, with the Samnites, and with Pyrrhus respectively; Torquatus (T. Manlius) won his title, with a
Camillus, returning golden neck-chain, by slaying a gigantic Gaul from banishment, drove back the victorious Gauls, winning back the
;
The Drusi, a respectable conquered standards (referentem signa). but not eminent family, are here mentioned in compliment to Livia,
wife of Augustus.
827.
Concordes animae
Pompey and
Caesar, in equal
arms (paribus
power was about Caesar, whose daughter 830. socer loved wife of Pompey. She died B.C.
in armis), since their
:
equal.
Julia
54,
was the
third
and best
be-
while Caesar was in Gaul.
VI. 849-]
The ALneid.
393
arce Monoeci, the rampart of Moncecus (Monaco), on the coast just east It is mentioned to signify Caesar's march from Gaul into of Nice.
Italy.
831. East. 832.
Eois
the main reliance of
Pompey was on
the forces of the
adsuescite
mane temper
833.
the expression seems to refer to the naturally hu: of both the rivals.
:
in viscera, etc.
cf.
Spenser, Ruins of Rome, xxiv
That, each to other working cruell wrongs, Your blades in your owne bowels you embrew'd.
Caesar, as the more illustrious. Besides, the exploits 834. tu prior of Caesar, as a popular chief, were distasteful to the courtiers of Augustus, and it was fashionable to belittle them; hence the objurgatory tone.
:
L. Mummius, conqueror of Corinth, B.C. 146. trium836. ille phata, here transitive in the sense of tritimph over. 837. currum, alluding to the well-known triumphal procession.
:
838.
ille
L. Êmilius Paullus, conqueror of Perseus (Aeaciden, as

B.C. 168.
descended from Achilles),

840.
By Argos,
163.
etc., is
meant
all
Greece,
of which, in Anchises' time, this
was the
ii.
chief city.
templum Minervae
see
841-4. Cato, etc. These heroes are Cato the Censor Cossus, a hero of the early wars against the Gauls the Gracchi, the celebrated tribunes
; ;
of the people, one of whose ancestors had distinguished himself in Spain the Scipios, Africanus elder and younger Fabricius, " strong in poverty," who defeated Pyrrhus; Serranus (C. Atilius Regulus, consul B.C. 257 not the famous Regulus), a general in the First Punic War. The name
; ; ;
Serranus was said to have been given to Regulus from his being found
sowing (serentem)
842.
in the field
by the messengers who brought the news
of his election as consul.
"The
duo fulmina belli cf. Ben Jonson, Prince Henry's Barriers : other thunderbolt of war, Harry the Fifth." The 845. (Fabius) Maxumus, the commander against Hannibal.
:
following verse (which
is
taken from Ennius) refers to his method of
waging war, whence he was called Cunctator. ducere applies strictly to yielding materials, like metal, 848. ducent its use here suggests that marble itself is pliable in the clay, or wax hands of a consummate artist. Cf. Thomson, Castle of Indolence, ii. 13:
:
;
To
849.
touch the kindling canvas into

:
life.
orabunt melius
in
forensic
oratory, the
names of Crassus,
394
Notes.
Hortensius, and Cicero, stand as high as those of their Greek masters.
But Anchises purposely disparages every other glory in comparison with that of arms. science Cf. Ben Jonson, Prince Henry's Barriers : 852.
His
arts must be to govern, and give laws peace no less than arms.
art,
oratory,
To
853.
Cf.
Ben Jonson, Hue and Cry

To
after
Cupid :
spare his subjects, but to quell the proud.
855. Marcellus (M. Claudius): called the "Sword of Rome," one of the best generals against the Gauls, and afterwards against Hannibal.
He won
the spolia ofima by slaying with his
own hand
the Gallic chief
Viridomarus.
His name
is
mentioned
the
last, to
introduce that of his young
namesake.
857.
858.
tumultu, alarm
sistet
:
strictly,
name
for civil war.
contrasted with tumultu.
eques
the most celebrated
exploits of Marcellus were with cavalry. 859. Quirino, the Sabine god of battles (identified with the deified Romulus), to whom the spolia opima were regularly consecrated.
865.
quantum
. . .
instar,
what a
likeness (to the elder Marcellus)
ipso,
opposed to comitum. 866. nox circumvolat

But oh, alas
!
cf.
Cowley, Davideis, bk.

is
ii
what sudden cloud
spread
About
this glorious king's eclipsed
head ?
It all his
fame benights, and
all his store,
Wrapping him round, and now

:
he's seen
no more.
the young Marcellus, son of Octavia, sister 869. ostendent tantum of Augustus, died in his twentieth year. 871. fuissent, properly subj. of dep. clause in ind. disc., standing for
fut. perf.
872. quantos virum gemitus, what lamentation of strong men! Mavortis urbem, i.e. Rome. in the funeral procession of the young Marcellus, 873. quae funera there were six hundred couches containing the images of his illustrious kindred. The funeral was on the Campus Martins. 874. tumulum the ruins of the immense tomb are still to be seen
:
near the Tiber.

878.
i.
(See Fig. 53, p. 395.)

fides,
etc.
:
heu prisca
:
cf.
Dryden, Absalom and Achitophel,
844, 845
VI. 883.]
The
O, ancient honor
!
395
O, unconquered hand,
Whom
879. 880.
tulisset,
illi:
i.e. if
foes unpunished never could withstand!
he had
cf.
i.
lived.
228, b\
314.
Fig- 53-
MAUSOLEUM OF AUGUSTUS.
881. 882. 883.
seu
rumpas:
armos, repeating the allusion of H. 511, G. 596, i 307, b, R.

;
;
v.
i,
858.
N. 1
celebrated anecdote relates that,
when
Virgil
recited these
lines before
Augustus, Octavia swooned, and on her recovery ordered
396
Notes.
ten thousand sesterces to be given to the poet for each of the verses in which mention was made of her son.
885. inani,
aeris
i.e.
because the boy would never come to maturity.

:
887. 893.
campis
cf.
:
largior aether, v. 640.

this description of the
gemmae
portae
horn and ivory gates
is
;
taken from the words of Penelope to Odysseus (Od. xix. 562-567 fertur, is reported (citing Bry. 678). Cf. Spenser, Faery Queen, i. i. 40.
the above legend).
PVBLI VERGILI MARONIS

AENEIS: BVCOLICA: GEORGICA
GREATER POEMS OF VIRGIL

VOL.
II
CONTAINING THE
ECLOGUES
EDITED BY
J.
B.
GREENOUGH
AND
G. L.
KITTREDGE
BOSTON,
U.S.A.,
AND LONDON
PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY

IQOO
COPYRIGHT,
J. B.
1895,
BY
GREENOUGH
AND G.
L.
KITTREDGE
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
PREFACE,
IN revising the 1882 edition of Greenough's Virgil, it has seemed best in view of the practice in schools to separate
the
Eclogues from the Êneid.

follows
The
main.
text,
as in former
editions,
Ribbeck
in
the
The notes have
been carefully revised throughout.

been made
in
Many changes have

passages,
discussing the
difficult
and, in
general, suggestions as to the connection of thought, which

in
the
Eclogues
is
often
very
complicated,
have been
multiplied, while the translations suited to elementary study
have been much reduced
in
number.
is
It
has seemed to the
editors that study of the Eclogues

literary
best devoted to their
character, and hence the grammatical references have been reduced to a minimum and English parallels
and imitations have been quoted or referred to with great It is hoped that the subtle charm of these earlier freedom.
works of the great poet
will
not be lost even to young
students of Latin either by neglect or by over-attention to
pedantic details.
J.
B. G.
G. L. K.
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
IN
THE ECLOGUES.
(For Abbreviations
see
&neid, page
v.)
IN
Thalia.
THE TEXT.
PAGE
3
Statue.
Mus. Chiar
Vatican Fragments
Relief
Tityrus and Melibceus.
3
Liitz.
Farmer going
to market.
now
at
Munich.
...
4 6
10 13
18
Italian country-house.
Drinking vessels.
Wall painting. Zahn Ann. Inst Pottery.

Photograph
River Anapus, with papyrus.

Silenus.
Statue.
Mits. Chiar
Satyr, with grafting materials.
Ancient gem.
Pine"'; Virgil.
18
18 27
Young
satyr.
Wall
painting.
H. &* P.
Mantua.
Photograph
Fountain of Arethusa.
Parnassus.
Photograph
29
29
L'Untvers
Relief.
Hercules and Silvanus.
Mus. Chiar
30
of Statilius
Shepherd and sheep.

(circa B.C. 30).
Painting from
s
tomb
Taurus
32
Parker
Photographs
IN
FIG.
1.
THE NOTES.
Wall painting H.
<&
Woman
Syrinx.
sacrificing fruits.
P.
2.
Wall painting
Ant. d'Hercul.
.
. .
ff.S>P.
Horace by Thompson.
Smith.
3.
Rustic with basket.

Falx.
4. 5.
Ancient
MS.
Relief
Hunting-nets.
....
Smith.
vi
FIG.
6.
7.
Hunting-nets.
Relief
Smith.
Cattle pursued by lions.
Wall painting
ff.&P,
Smith.
8.
9.
Woman
Bacchus
spinning.
in car
Relief
10.
drawn by tigers. Relief Genius with thyrsus and basket Youths drawing wine from a
Dancing satyr Pedum. Wall painting
crater.
Muller.
Thompson
Horace.
n.
12. 13.
14.
Slave with cyathus. G.
6
6
K.
Pine's Virgil.
H.
symbolic of memory.
P.
Hand
touching the
ear,
Ancient
gem
15.
Mus.
Silenus with pecten.
.
.
Flor.
Bacchus with cantharus and panther.

Crater.
Basket of
Relief
fruit.
Wall painting.
H. &> P.
Arch.
Zeit.
16.
Prometheus.
Diana.
Griffins.
17.
18.
Wall painting
Relief.
.
H.
&
P.
Hirt.
19.
Genius with torch.
Wall painting.
H.
&
P.
PASTORAL POEMS
(BUCOLICA)
THALIA.
PASTORAL POEMS.
ECLOGUE
MELIBOEUS.
I.
TITYRUS.
TITYRE, silvestrem tenui

;
tu patulae recubans sub tegmine fagi Musam meditaris avena

;
:
nos patriae fines et dulcia linquimus arva nos patriam fugimus tu, Tityre, lentus in umbra
formosam resonare doces Amaryllida

T.
silvas.
:
Meliboee, deus nobis haec otia fecit namque erit ille mihi semper deus illius aram
;
saepe tener nostris ab ovilibus imbuet agnus.

Ille
meas
errare boves, ut cernis, et
ipsum
agresti.
:
ludere,
quae vellem, calamo permisit

invideo
agris.
;
M. Non equidem
miror magis
undique
totis
usque adeo turbatur

;
En, ipse capellas

:
protinus aeger ago hanc etiam vix, Tityre, duco hie inter densas corylos modo namque gemellos,
spem
gregis, ah, silice in
nuda conixa
reliquit.
Saepe malum hoc nobis, si mens non laeva de caelo tactas memini praedicere quercus
fuisset,
Pastoral Poems.
[BUCOL.
[saepe sinistra cava praedixit ab ilice cornix.] Sed tamen, iste deus qui sit, da, Tityre, nobis. T. Urbem, quam dicunt Romam, Meliboee, putavi
stultus ego huic nostrae similem,
20
quo saepe solemus

:
pastores ovium teneros depellere fetus sic canibus catulos similis, sic matribus haedos
noram, sic parvis componere magna solebam verum haec tantum alias inter caput extulit urbes,
:
25
quantum
lenta solent inter viburna cupressi.
M.
Et quae tanta fuit

;
Romam
tibi
causa videndi
T. Libertas
quae
sera,
tamen respexit inertem,

;
candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat

respexit tamen, et longo post tempore venit,
3
:
postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit namque, fatebor enim, dum me Galatea tenebat,
nee spes libertatis
erat,
nee cura peculi
FARMER GOING TO MARKET.
quamvis multa meis exiret victima
saeptis,
35
pinguis et ingratae premeretur caseus urbi, non umquam gravis acre domum mihi dextra redibat.
ECL.
I.]
Tityrus.
M.
Mirabar, quid maesta deos, Amarylli, vocares,
cui pendere sua patereris in arbore
poma
Tityrus hinc aberat.

ipsi te fontes, ipsa
Ipsae
te,
Tityre, pinus,
40
haec arbusta vocabant.
T,
Quid facerem
Neque
alibi
servitio
me
exire licebat,
nee tarn praesentis
cognoscere divos.
Hie ilium
hie mihi
'
vidi iuvenem, Meliboee, quot annis
bis senos cui nostra dies altaria
fumant
responsum primus dedit ille petenti Pascite, ut ante, boves, pueri, submittite tauros.'
:
45
M. Fortunate
et tibi
senex, ergo tua rura manebunt,

satis,
quamvis lapis omnia nudus obducat limosoque palus pascua iunco
magna
insueta gravis temptabunt pabula fetas, nee mala vicini pecoris contagia laedent.
Non
Fortunate senex,
hie, inter
flumina nota
et fontis sacros, frigus captabis
opacum
saepes Hyblaeis apibus florem depasta salicti saepe levi somnum suadebit inire susurro;
tibi,
Hinc
quae semper, vicino ab
limite,
55
hinc alta sub rupe canet frondator ad auras nee tamen interea raucae, tua cura, palumbes,
;
nee gemere
T.
et
ae'ria
cessabit turtur ab ulmo.

cervi,
Ante leves ergo pascentur in aequore freta destituent nudos in litore pisces,
60
ante pererratis amborum finibus exsul aut Ararim Parthus bibet, aut Germania Tigrim, quam nostro illius labatur pectore voltus.
M. At nos hinc
alii sitientis
ibimus Afros,
65
pars Scythiam et rapidum Cretae veniemus Oaxen, et penitus toto divisos orbe Britannos.
En umquam patrios longo post tempore finis, pauperis et tuguri congestum caespite culmen, post aliquot mea regna videns mirabor aristas ?
70
Pastoral Poems.
Impius haec tarn culta novalia miles habebit. barbarus has segetes ? En, quo discordia civis His nos consevimus agros produxit miseros
! !
[BUCOL.
Insere nunc, Meliboee, piros, pone ordine vitis
meae, felix quondam pecus, ite capellae Non ego vos posthac, viridi proiectus in antro,
!
Ite
75
dumosa pendere procul de rupe videbo carmina nulla canam non, me pascente,
;
;
capellae,
florentem cytisum et salices carpetis amaras. T. Hie tarnen hanc mecum poteras requiescere noctem fronde super viridi sunt nobis mitia poma,
:
80
castaneae molles, et pressi copia lactis et iam summa procul villarum culmina fumant,
;
maioresque cadunt
altis
de montibus umbrae.
ITALIAN COUNTRY-HOUSE.
ECL.
II.]
Alexis.
ECLOGUE
II.
FORMOSUM delicias domini,

tantum
inter densas,
pastor Corydon ardebat Alexim,
nee quid speraret habebat
umbrosa cacumina, fagos

haec incondita solus
:
adsidue veniebat.
Ibi
montibus
et silvis studio iactabat inani
crudelis Alexi, nihil

?
Nil nostri miserere
mea carmina curas ? Mori me denique coges.

;
et frigora captant etiam occultant spineta lacertos, Thestylis et rapido fessis messoribus aestu allia serpyllumque herbas contundit olentis.
Nunc etiam pecudes umbras

viridis
nunc
'
At mecum
raucis, tua
dum
vestigia lustro,
sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis.
Nonne fuit satius tristis Amaryllidis iras atque superba pati fastidia, nonne Menalcan, quamvis ille niger, quamvis tu candidus esses
15
?
formose puer, nimium ne crede colori
Alba ligustra cadunt, vaccinia nigra leguntur. Despectus tibi sum, nee qui sim quaeris, Alexi, quam dives pecoris, nivei quam lactis abundans. Mille meae Siculis errant in montibus agnae lac mihi non aestate novum, non frigore defit
; ;
20
canto quae solitus, si quando armenta vocabat, Amphion Dircaeus in Actaeo Aracintho.
Nee sum adeo informis nuper me in litore vidi, cum placidum ventis staret mare non ego Daphnim
:
25
iudice te
metuam,
libeat
tantum
numquam fallit imago. mecum tibi sordida rura

si
!
atque humilis habitare casas, et figere cervos,
haedorumque gregem viridi compellere hibisco Mecum una in silvis imitabere Pana canendo.
[Pan primus calamos cera coniungere
pluris
Pastoral Poems.
instituit;
Pan curat ovis oviumque raagistros.] Nee te paeniteat calamo trivisse labellum haec eadem ut sciret, quid non faciebat Amyntas
:
35
Est mihi disparibus septem compacta cicutis fistula, Damoetas dono mihi quam dedit olim,
et dixit
moriens
'
:
Te nunc habet
ista
secundum.'
Dixit
Damoetas
invidit stultus
Amyntas.
40
Praeterea duo, nee tuta mihi valle reperti,

capreoli, sparsis etiam nunc pellibus albo, bina die siccant ovis ubera quos tibi servo
;
iam pridem a me illos abducere Thestylis orat et faciet, quoniam sordent tibi munera nostra. Hue ades, o formose puer tibi lilia plenis ecce ferunt Nymphae calathis tibi Candida Nais,
;
:
45
pallentis violas et
summa papavera carpens, narcissum et florem iungit bene olentis anethi turn casia atque aliis intexens suavibus herbis,
mollia luteola pingit vaccinia calta. Ipse ego cana legam tenera lanugine mala,
50
castaneasque nuces, mea quas Amaryllis amabat addam cerea pruna honos erit huic quoque pomo
;
:
et vos, o lauri, carpam, et te,

sic positae
proxima myrte,
55
Rusticus
nee,
si
quoniam suavis miscetis odores. nee munera curat es, Corydon

:
Alexis,
muneribus
certes,
concedat
!
lollas.
Floribus austrurn Heu, heu, quid volui misero mihi inmisi fontibus et liquidis apros. perditus
Quern
fugis, ah,
demens
Habitarunt di quoque
silvas, 60
Pallas, quas condidit arces, Dardaniusque colat nobis placeant ante omnia silvae. ipsa
Paris.
;
lupus ipse capellam florentem cytisum sequitur lasciva capella trahit sua quemque voluptas. te Corydon, o Alexi
;
;
:
Torva leaena lupum sequitur
65
Aspice, aratra iugo referunt suspensa iuvenci,
ECL. in.]
Palcemon.
decedens duplicat umbras quis enim modus adsit amori
: ;
et sol crescentis
me tamen
urit
amor
Ah, Corydon, Corydon, quae te dementia cepit Semiputata tibi frondosa vitis in ulmo est
;
quin tu aliquid saltern potius, quorum indiget usus, viminibus mollique paras detexere iunco ?
Invenies aliuin,
si te
hie fastidit, Alexim.
ECLOGUE
D. DIG
mihi,
III.
Damoeta, cuium pecus, an Meliboei ? Non, verum Aegonis nuper mihi tradidit Aegon.
;
M. Infelix dum fovet,
o semper, ovis, pecus, ipse Neaeram ac ne me sibi praeferat ilia veretur, hie alienus ovis custos bis mulget in hora,
et sucus pecori et lac subducitur agnis.
D. Parcius ista viris tamen obicienda memento novimus et qui te, transversa tuentibus hircis,
et
quo
sed faciles
M.
Turn, credo,
sacello. Nymphae risere cum me arbustum videre Miconis
10
atque mala vitis incidere falce novellas. D. Aut hie ad veteres fagos cum Daphnidis arcum
fregisti et
et,
cum
et, si
quae tu, perverse Menalca, puero donata, dolebas, non aliqua nocuisses, mortuus esses.
:
calamos
vidisti
15
M. Quid domini faciant, audent cum talia fures! Non ego te vidi Damonis, pessime, caprum
excipere insidiis,
multum
'
:
Et
cum clamarem
Quo
latrante Lycisca? nunc se proripit ille
'
Tityre, coge pecus
tu post carecta latebas.
20
D. An mihi cantando
victus
non redderet
ille
?
quem mea carminibus meruisset fistula caprum Si nescis, meus ille caper fuit et mihi Damon
;
ipse fatebatur, sed reddere posse negabat.
IO
Pastoral Poems.
tu ilium, aut
[BUCOL.
M, Cantando
iuncta fuit
?
umquam
tibi fistula
cera
25
Non
tu in triviis, indocte, solebas
stridenti miserum stipula disperdere carmen ? D. Vis ergo inter nos quid possit uterque vicissim ne forte recuses, experiamur? Ego hanc vitulam
bis venit
depono
M. De
ad mulc^tram, binos alit ubere fetus tu die, mecum quo pignore certes. grege non ausim quicquam deponere tecum.
:
Est mihi
bisque die numerant
namque domi pater, est iniusta noverca ambo pecus, alter et haedos.
;
Verum,
id
insanire libet
quod multo quoniam
tute ipse fatebere maius,

tibi,
35
pocula
ponam
DRINKING VESSELS.
fagina, caelatum divini
opus Alcimedontis
:
lenta quibus torno facili superaddita vitis diffuses hedera vestit pallente corymbos
in
medio duo signa, Conon, et quis fuit alter, descripsit radio totum qui gentibus orbem,
tempora quae messor, quae curvus arator haberet
?
40
Necdum
illis
labra admovi, sed condita servo.
ECL.
III.]
Palamon.
fecit,
1 1
D. Et nobis idem Alcimedon duo pocula

et molli
circum est ansas amplexus acantho,

in
45
Orpheaque
medio posuit silvasque sequentis.

:
illis labra admovi, sed condita servo ad vitulam spectas, nihil est quod pocula laudes. M. Nunquam hodie effugies veniam, quocumque vocaris
Necdum
si
audiat haec tantum

efficiam posthac ne
vel qui venit ecce
Palaemon
D. Quin
nee
age,
si
quemquam voce lacessas. quid habes, in me mora non

:
erit ulla,
quemquam
fugio
tantum, vicine Palaemon,

55
sensibus haec imis, res est non parva, reponas. P. Dicite, quandoquidem in molli consedimus herba
ager, nunc omnis parturit arbos, silvae, nunc formosissimus annus. Damoeta tu deinde sequere Menalca Incipe, alternis dicetis amant alterna Camenae. D. Ab love principium, Musae lovis omnia plena ille colit terras, illi mea carmina curae. M. Et me Phoebus amat Phoebo sua semper apud me munera sunt, lauri et suave rubens hyacinthus. D. Malo me Galatea petit, lasciva puella, et fugit ad salices, et se cupit ante videri. M. At mini sese offert ultro, meus ignis, Amyntas, notior ut iam sit canibus non Delia nostris. D. Parta meae Veneri sunt munera namque notavi
et
; : ; ; :
nunc omnis nunc frondent
60
65
ipse locum, aeriae quo congessere palumbes. M. Quod potui, puero silvestri ex arbore lecta
aurea mala decem misi
eras altera mittam.

!
D.
quotiens et quae nobis Galatea locuta est

venti,
Partem aliquam,
divom
referatis
ad auris
M. Quid prodest, quod me ipse animo non si, dum tu sectaris apros, ego retia servo?
D. Phyllida mitte mihi
:
spernis,
Amynta,
75
meus
est natalis, lolla
cum faciam
vitula pro frugibus, ipse venito.
12
Pastoral Poems.
Phyllida
[BUCOL
flevit,
M.
et
amo
ante alias
nam me
discedere
longum Formose,
vale, vale, inquit, lolla.

8
D.
Triste lupus stabulis, maturis frugibus imbres. arboribus vend, nobis Amaryllidis irae. M. Dulce satis umor, depulsis arbutus haedis,
lenta salix feto pecori, mihi solus Amyntas. D. Pollio amat nostram, quamvis est rustica,
Pierides, vitulam lectori pascite vestro.
Musam
85
M.
pascite taurum, iam cornu petat et pedibus qui spargat arenam. D. Qui te, Pollio, amat, veniat quo te quoque gaudet
:
Pollio et ipse facit
nova carmina
mella fluant
illi,
ferat et rubus asper

odit,
amomum.
9
hircos.
M. Qui Bavium non

D. Qui
amet tua carmina, Maevi,

et
atque idem iungat vulpes

legitis flores et
mulgeat
humi nascentia
fraga,
frigidus, o pueri, fugite hinc, latet anguis in herba.
M.
D.
Parcite, oves, nimiuin procedere
non bene ripae

95
:
creditur; ipse aries etiani
nunc
vellera siccat.
Tityre, pascentes a flumine reice capellas
ipse ubi
tempus
erit,
omnis
;
in fonte lavabo.
M.
Cogite ovis, pueri
si
lac praeceperit aestus,
ut nuper, frustra pressabimus ubera palmis.
D. Heu, heu, quam pingui macer est mihi taurus in ervo 100 Idem amor exitium est pecori pecorisque magistro. M. His certe neque amor causa est vix ossibus haerent
!
nescio quis teneros oculus mihi fascinat agnos.
D. Die, quibus
tris
in terris
et eris
mihi magnus Apollo
pateat caeli spatium non amplius ulnas.
i5
M.
P,
Die, quibus in terris inscripti nomina nascantur flores, et Phyllida solus habeto.
regum
lites.
Non nostrum
inter vos tantas
componere
Et vitula tu dignus, et hie, et quisquis amores aut metuet dulces, aut experietur amaros.
Claudite iam
rivos, pueri, sat prata biberunt.
II0
51
O-c
ECL. IV.]
Pollio.
13
ECLOGUE
IV.
OICELIDES
wj
si
Non omnis
Musae, paulo maiora canamus! arbusta iuvant humilesque myricae;

consule dignae.
;
canimus
silvas, silvae sint
Ultima Cumaei venit iam carminis aetas magnus ab integro saeclorum nascitur ordo iam redit
et Virgo,
redeunt Saturnia regna
iam nova progenies caelo demittitur alto. Tu modo nascenti puero, quo ferrea primum desinet ac toto surget gens aurea mundo, casta fave Lucina tuus iam regnat Apollo.
:
Teque adeo decus hoc aevi te consule inibit, Pollio, et incipient magni procedere menses. Te duce, si qua manent sceleris vestigia nostri,
irrita
Ille
perpetua solvent formidine terras.

accipiet, divisque videbit
illis,
.
deum vitam
*5
permixtos
heroas, et ipse videbitur
pacatumque reget patriis virtutibus orbem. At tibi prima, puer, nullo munuscula cultu
errantis hederas passim
cum baccare
tellus
20
mixtaque ridenti colocasia fundet acantho.

Ipsae lacte
ubera, nee
ipsa tibi
domum
referent distenta capellae

;
magnos metuent armenta leones

flores,
blandos fundent cunabula
occidet et serpens, et fallax herba veneni occidet Assyrium volgo nascetur amomum.
;
25
At simul heroum laudes et facta parentis iam legere et quae sit poteris cognoscere virtus,
molli paulatim flavescet
campus
arista,
incultisque rubens pendebit sentibus uva, et durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella.
Pauca tamen suberunt priscae vestigia fraudis, quae temptare Thetim ratibus, quae cingere muris
14
Pastoral Poems.
:
[BUCOL.
oppida, quae iubeant telluri infindere sulcos
Tiphys, et altera quae vehat delectos heroas erunt etiam altera bella,
alter erit turn
;
Argo
35
atque iterum ad Troiam magnus mittetur Achilles. Hinc, ubi iam firmata virum te fecerit aetas,
cedet et ipse mari vector, nee nautica pinus mutabit merces omnis feret omnia tellus
: :
non rastros patietur humus, non vinea falcem robustus quoque iam tauris iuga solvet arator nee varies discet mentiri lana colores
:
ipse sed in pratis aries iam suave rubenti murice, iam croceo mutabit vellera luto ;
sponte sua sandyx pascentis vestiet agnos. Talia saecla, suis dixerunt, currite, fusis
45
Concordes
stabili
fatorum numine Parcae.
aderit iam tempus honores, Adgredere o magnos cara deum suboles, magnum lovis incrementum
!
Aspice convexo nutantem pondere mundum,

terrasque tractusque maris caelumque profundum Aspice, venture laetentur ut omnia saeclo
!
5
!
mihi tarn longae maneat pars ultima
vitae,
!
spiritus et
quantum
sat erit tua dicere facta
carminibus vincet nee Thracius Orpheus, nee Linus, huic mater quamvis atque huic pater adsit,
Non me
55
Orphei Calliopea, Lino formosus Apollo, Pan etiam, Arcadia mecum si iudice certet,
Pan etiam Arcadia
dicat se iudice victum.

60
Incipe, parve puer, risu cognoscere matrem, matri longa decem tulerunt fastidia menses.
Incipe, parve puer, cui non risere parentes, nee deus hunc mensa, dea nee dignata cubili
est.
ECL. V.]
Daphnis.
ECLOGUE
MENALCAS.
V.
MOPSUS.
CUR
sive
tu
non, Mopse, boni quoniam convenimus ambo, calamos inflare levis, ego dicere versus,
hie corylis mixtas inter
consedimus ulmos
est
Mo. Tu maior
aequum parere, Menalca, sub incertas zephyris motantibus umbras, sive antro potius succedimus aspice, ut antrum
;
tibi
me
silvestris raris sparsit labrusca racemis.
Me. Montibus in nostris solus tibi certat Amyntas. Mo. Quid, si idem certet Phoebum superare canendo Me. Incipe, Mopse, prior, si quos aut Phyllidis ignes, aut Alconis habes laudes, aut iurgia Codri
:
10
incipe, pascentis servabit Tityrus haedos.
Mo. Immo haec,
in viridi nuper quae cortice fagi carmina descripsi et modulans alterna notavi, experiar, tu deinde iubeto ut certet Amyntas. Me. Lenta salix quantum pallenti cedit olivae,
'5
puniceis humilis
iudicio nostro
quantum saliunca
tibi cedit
;
rosetis,
tantum
Amyntas.
20
Sed tu desine plura, puer successimus antro. Mo. Extinctum nymphae crudeli funere Daphnim
flebant
;
vos coryli testes et flumina nymphis
cum, complexa sui corpus miserabile nati, atque deos atque astra vocat crudelia mater.
Non
ulli
pastes
illis
egere diebus
;
nulla neque frigida, Daphni, boves ad flumina libavit quadrupes, nee graminis attigit herbam.
amnem
25
Daphni, tuum Poenos etiam ingemuisse leones

interitum montesque feri silvaeque loquuntur. Daphnis et Armenias curru subiungere tigres
instituit
;
Daphnis thiasos inducere Bacchi,
et foliis lentas intexere mollibus hastas.
Pastoral Poems.
[Bucot.
Vitis ut arboribus decori est, ut vitibus uvae,
ut gregibus tauri, segetes ut pinguibus arvis, tu decus omne tuis Postquam te fata tulerunt,
!
ipsa Pales agros atque ipse reliquit Apollo.
35
Grandia saepe quibus mandavimus hordea infelix lolium et steriles nascuntur avenae
pro molli viola, pro purpureo narcisso, carduus et spinis surgit paliurus acutis.
Spargite
pastores,
sulcis,
humum
foliis,
inducite fontibus umbras,

;
40
mandat fieri sibi talia Daphnis et tumulum facite, et tumulo superaddite carmen DAPHNIS EGO IN SILVIS HINC VSQUE AD SIDERA NOTVS FORMONSI PECORIS CVSTOS FORMONSIOR IPSE. Me. Tale tuum carmen nobis, divine poeta,
:
45
quale sopor fessis in gramine, quale per aestum
aquae saliente sitim restinguere rivo nee calamis solum aequiparas, sed voce magistrum. [Fortunate puer, tu nunc eris alter ab illo.]
dulcis
:
Nos tamen haec quocumque modo tibi nostra dicemus, Daphnimque tuum tollemus ad astra
:
vicissim
;
Daphnin ad astra feremus amavit nos quoque Daphnis. Mo. An quicquam nobis tali sit munere maius ?
Et puer ipse
fuit cantari dignus, et ista
55
iam pridem Stimichon laudavit canning, nobis. Me. Candidus insuetum miratur limen Olympi, sub pedibusque videt nubes et sidera Daphnis.
Ergo
alacris silvas et cetera rura voluptas
;
Panaque pastoresque tenet, Dryadasque puellas nee lupus insidias pecori, nee retia cervis amat bonus otia Daphnis. ulla dolum meditantur
:
60
Ipsi laetitia voces
ad sidera iactant
intonsi
montes
ipsae iam carmina rupes,

:
Deus, deus ille, Menalca ! ipsa sonant arbusta En quattuor aras Sis bonus o felixque tuis
!
65
ECL. VI. j
Silenus,
17
tibi, Daphni, duas altaria Phoebo. Pocula bina novo spumantia lacte quotannis, craterasque duo statuam tibi pinguis olivi,
ecce duas
et
multo
in
primis hilarans convivia Baccho,

si
ante focum,
frigus
erit, si
messis, in umbra,
vina
novum fundam
calathis Ariusia nectar.

et Lyctius
Cantabunt mihi Damoetas
Aegon
saltantis satyros imitabitur Alphesiboeus.
Haec
tibi
semper erunt,
et
et
cum solemnia
vota
75
reddemus Nymphis,
cum
lustrabimus agros.
Dum
iuga mentis aper, fluvk>s
dumque thymo pascentur semper honos nomenque tuum laudesque manebunt ut Baccho Cererique, tibi sic vota quotannis agricolae facient damnabis tu quoque votis.
:
dum piscis amabit, apes, dum rore cicadae,
80
?
Mo. Quae
tibi,
Nam
neque me
quae tali reddam pro carmine dona tantum venientis sibilus austri,
nee percussa iuvant fluctu tarn litora, nee quae saxosas inter decurrunt flumina valles.
Me.
Hac
te
nos
fragili
donabimus ante cicuta
85
haec nos, Formosum Corydon ardebat Alexim, haec eadem docuit, Cuium pecus, an Meliboei?
Mo. At tu sume pedum, quod, me cum saepe rogaret, non tulit Antigenes et erat turn dignus amari formosum paribus nodis atque acre, Menalca.
ECLOGUE
VI.
nostra nee erubuit silvas habitare PRIMA
Syracosio dignata est ludere versu,

Thalia.
et proelia,
'
canerem reges vellit, et admonuit

:
Cum
Cynthius aurem
Pastorem, Tityre, pinguis pascere oportet ovis, deductum dicere carmen.'
Pastoral Foems.
[BUCOL.
Nunc ego
namque super
tristia
tibi erunt,
qui dicere laudes,
Vare, tuas cupiant, et
condere bella
agrestem tenui meditabor arundine Musam. Non iniussa cano si quis tamen haec quoque,
:
si
quis
i
captus amore
te
leget, te nostrae,
;
Vare, myricae,
nemus omne canet

sibi
quam
nee Phoebo gratior ulla est, Vari praescripsit pagina nomen. quae
!
Pergite, Pierides
Chromis
et
Mnasyllos
in antro
SATYRS.
Silenum pueri somno videre iacentem, inflatum hesterno venas, ut semper, laccho
serta procul
15
tantum
capiti delapsa iacebant,
et gravis attrita
pendebat cantharus ansa.

saepe senex spe carminis
:
Adgressi
luserat
nam
ambo
20
iniciunt ipsis ex vincula sertis
addit se sociam, timidisque supervenit Aegie, iamque videnti Aegle, Nai'adum pulcherrima,
sanguineis frontem moris et tempora pingit. Ille dolum ridens, Quo vincula nectitis ? inquit
'
' '
solvite
me, pueri
satis est potuisse videri

;
carmina, quae voids, cognoscite carmina vobis, simul incipit ipse. huic aliud mercedis erit
'
:
25
SILENUS.
ECL. VI.]
Silenus.
in
19
ferasque videres
;
Turn vero
numerum Faunosque
motare cacumina quercus nee tantum Phoebo gaudet Parnasia rupes,

ludere, turn rigidas
nee tantum Rhodope miratur et Ismarus Orphea. Namque canebat, uti magnum per inane coacta
30
semina terrarumque animaeque marisque

et liquid!
;
fuissent,
simul ignis ut his exordia primis omnia et ipse tener mundi concreverit orbis
turn durare
solum
coeperit, et
Nerea ponto rerum paulatim sumere formas

et discludere
;
35
iamque novum terrae stupeant lucescere solem,

altius
atque cadant submotis nubibus imbres
incipiant silvae cum primum surgere, cumque rara per ignaros errent animalia montis.
40
Hinc lapides Pyrrhae
iactos, Saturnia regna,

:
Caucasiasque refert volucres, furtumque Promethei his adiungit, Hylan nautae quo fonte relictum
clamassent, ut litus Hyla, Hyla
!
omne
sonaret.
fuissent,
Et fortunatam,
si
numquam armenta
45
Pasiphaen nivei solatur amore iuvenci. Ah, virgo infelix, quae te dementia cepit
Proetides inplerunt falsis mugitibus agros at non tarn turpis pecudum tamen ulla secuta est
:
concubitus, quamvis collo timuisset aratrum,

et
50
saepe in levi quaesisset

latus
cornua fronte.
:
Ah, virgo
ille,
infelix, tu nunc in montibus erras niveum molli fultus hyacintho,
ilice
sub nigra pallentis ruminat herbas, aut aliquam in magno sequitur grege. Claudite, nymphae, 55 Dictaeae nymphae, nemorum iam claudite saltus,
qua forte ferant oculis sese obvia nostris errabunda bovis vestigia forsitan ilium,
si
;
aut herba
aut armenta secutum, perducant aliquae stabula ad Gortynia vaccae.
captum
viridi,
60
2O
Pastoral Poems.
[BUCOL.
turn Phaethontiades
corticis,
Turn canit Hesperidum miratam mala puellam musco circumdat amaro
Turn
atque solo proceras erigit alnos. canit, errantem Permessi ad flumina Gallum
Aonas
in
utque viro
mentis ut duxerit una sororum, Phoebi chorus adsurrexerit omnis

illi,
65
;
ut Linus haec
divino carmine pastor, floribus atque apio crinis ornatus amaro,

'
dixerit
Hos
tibi
dant calamos, en accipe, Musae,

70
:
Ascraeo quos ante seni, quibus ille solebat cantando rigidas deducere montibus ornos
his tibi
Grynei nemoris dicatur origo,

sit
ne quis
quo se plus iactet Apollo.' aut Quid loquar Scyllam Nisi, quam fama secuta est Candida succinctam latrantibus inguina monstris
lucus,
75
Dulichias vexasse rates, et gurgite in alto ah, timidos nautas canibus lacerasse marinis,
aut ut mutates Terei narraverit artus
illi
;
Philomela dapes, quae dona pararit, quas cursu deserta petiverit, et quibus ante quo
infelix
80
sua tecta supervolitaverit

quae,
alis
Omnia
ille
Phoebo quondam meditante, beatus

;
audiit Eurotas, iussitque ediscere laurus,
pulsae referunt ad sidera valles donee ovis stabulis numerumque referri cogere iussit, et invito processit Vesper Olympo.
canit
:
85
ECL. VII.]
Melibceus.
21
ECLOGUE
MELIBOEUS.
VII.
CORYDON.
ilice
THYRSIS.
FORTE compulerantque greges Corydon

ovis,
sub arguta consederat
Daphnis,
et
Thyrsis in unum,
Corydon distentas lacte capellas, Thyrsis ambo florentes aetatibus, Arcades ambo,
et cantare pares, et
respondere parati.
teneras defendo a frigore myrtos, vir gregis ipse caper deerraverat atque ego Daphnim Ocius inquit Ille ubi me contra videt aspicio.
mihi,
;
Hue
dum
'
'
'
hue ades, o Meliboee, caper
tibi
salvus et haedi
et, si
Hue
quid cessare potes, requiesce sub umbra. ipsi potum venient per prata iuvenci,
10
hie viridis tenera praetexit arundine ripas Mincius, eque sacra resonant examina quercu.'
Quid facerem ? Neque ego Alcippen, nee Phyllida habebam '5 depulsos a lacte domi quae clauderet agnos,
et
certamen
erat,
Corydon cum Thyrside, magnum.
Posthabui tamen illorum

alternos
mea
seria ludo
alternis igitur contendere versibus
ambo
volebant.
.
coepere
C.
Musae meminisse
Hos Corydon,
Nymphae,
20 referebat in ordine Thyrsis. noster amor, Libethrides, aut mihi carmen,

illos
:
quale meo Codro, concedite proxima Phoebi versibus ille facit aut, si non possumus omnes,
;
hie arguta sacra pendebit fistula pinu. T. Pastores, hedera crescentem ornate poe'tam, Arcades, invidia rumpantur ut ilia Codro
;
25
aut
si
ultra placitum laudarit, baccare frontem
cingite,
ne vati noceat mala lingua futuro. C. Saetosi caput hoc apri tibi, Delia, parvus
et
ramosa Micon vivacis cornua cervi. Si proprium hoc fuerit, levi de marmore tota
30
22
Pastoral Poems.
[BUCOL.
puniceo stabis suras evincta coturno. T. Sinum lactis et haec te liba, Priape, quotannis
exspectare sat est
:
custos es pauperis horti.

;
Nunc
si
te
marmoreum pro tempore fecimus

gregem
suppleverit, aureus esto.
at tu,
35
fetura
C. Nerine Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior Hyblae, candidior cycnis, hedera formosior alba,
cum primum
si
pasti repetent praesepia tauri,

te cura, venito.
tibi
qua
tui
Corydonis habet
T.
Immo
ego Sardoniis videar
amarior herbis,
horridior rusco, proiecta vilior alga, si mihi non haec lux toto iam longior
Ite
anno
est.
domum
pasti, si quis pudor, ite iuvenci.
C. et
Muscosi fontes,
quae vos rara
et
somno
mollior herba,
45
viridis tegit arbutus

;
umbra,
solstitium pecori def endite

torrida,
iam venit aestas
iam lento turgent

et
in palmite
gemmae.
;
taedae pingues, hie plurimus ignis semper, et adsidua postes fuligine nigri hie tantum Boreae curamus frigora, quantum
T.
Hie focus
50
aut
C.
numerum
lupus, aut torrentia flumina ripas.

;
Stant et iuniperi, et castaneae hirsutae strata iacent passim sua quaque sub arbore
poma
omnia nunc rident at si formosus Alexis montibus his abeat, videas et flumina sicca.
:
55
T. Aret ager vitio moriens sitit aeris herba; Liber pampineas invidit collibus umbras Phyllidis adventu nostrae nemus omne virebit,
;
:
luppiter et laeto descendet plurimus imbri.
60
Populus Alcidae gratissima, vitis laccho, formosae myrtus Veneri, sua laurea Phoebo ;
C.
Phyllis
amat corylos
illas
dum
Phyllis amabit,
nee myrtus vincet corylos, nee laurea Phoebi. T- Fraxinus in silvis pulcherrima, pinus in hortis,
65
ECL. vill.]
Pharmaceutria.
fluviis,
23
:
populus in
abies in montibus altis
saepius at si
me, Lycida formose, re visas,

et
tibi, pinus in hortis. victum frustra contendere Thyrsim
:
fraxinus in silvis cedat
M. Haec memini,
ex
illo
Corydon Corydon
est
tempore
nobis.
ECLOGUE
DAMON.
VIII.
ALPHESIBOEUS.
et
Musam Damonis
immemor herbarum PASTORUM
certantis,
et
Alphesiboeilynces,
quos
est mirata iuvenca
quorum stupefactae carmine
mutata suos requierunt flumina cursus Damonis Musam dicemus et Alphesiboei.
Tu
sive
ille
oram
dies,
mihi seu magni superas iam saxa Timavi, Illyrici legis aequoris, en erit umquam mihi
cum
liceat tua dicere facta
En
erit ut liceat
totum mihi
tibi
ferre per
orbem
?
sola Sophocleo tua carmina digna coturno
A te
principium,
desinam
accipe iussis
carmina coepta
inter victrices
tuis,
atque hanc sine tempora circum
tibi serpere laurus. Frigida vix caelo noctis decesserat umbra, cum ros in tenera pecori gratissimus herba,
hederam
incumbens tereti Damon sic coepit olivae. D. Nascere, praeque diem veniens age, Lucifer, almum, coniugis indigno Nisae deceptus amore
dum
queror, et divos,
quamquam
nil testibus illis
profeci, extrema moriens tamen adloquor hora. Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus.
Maenalus argutumque nemus pinosque loquentis semper habet semper pastorum ille audit amores, Panaque, qui primus calamos non passus inertis.
;
24
Pastoral Poems.
[BUCOL.
25
?
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. Mopso Nisa datur quid non speremus amantes
:
cum
lungentur iam grypes equis, aevoque sequent! canibus timidi venient ad pocula dammae. Mopse, novas incide faces tibi ducitur uxor
:
tibi deserit Hesperus Oetam. sparge, marite, nuces Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. Incipe
:
digno coniuncta
tibi est
viro,
dum
despicis omnes,
dumque
odio
mea
fistula,
dumque
capellae,
hirsutumque supercilium promissaque barba, nee curare deum credis mortalia quemquam
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea
35
tibia, versus.
Saepibus in nostris parvam te roscida mala vidi cum matre legentem. dux ego vester eram Alter ab undecimo turn me iam acceperat annus iam fragilis poteram ab terra contingere ramos. Ut vidi, ut peril Ut me malus abstulit error
!
!
Incipe Maenalios mecum,
mea
tibia, versus.
Nunc
scio,
quid
sit
Amor
duris in cotibus ilium
aut Tmaros, aut Rhodope, aut extremi Garamantes, nee generis nostri puerum nee sanguinis edunt.
45
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea tibia, versus. Saevus Amor docuit natorum sanguine matrem
commaculare manus
crudelis tu quoque, mater
crudelis mater magis, an puer improbus ille ? Improbus ille puer crudelis tu quoque, mater.
;
50
Incipe Maenalios mecum, mea
tibia, versus.
Nunc
et ovis ultro fugiat

;
lupus
aurea durae
;
mala ferant quercus
narcisso floreat alnus

;
pinguia corticibus sudent electra myricae

certent et cycnis ululae
;
sit
Tityrus Orpheus,
55
Orpheus
in silvis, inter delphinas Arion.
Incipe Maenalios mecum,
mea
:
tibia, versus.
!
Omnia
vel
medium
fiant
mare
vivite, silvae
ECL. VIII.]
Pharmaceutria.
aerii
25
Praeceps
deferar
;
specula de mentis in undas

60
tibia, versus.
extremum hoc munus morientis habeto.

vos, quae respondent Alphesiboeus, non omnia possumus omnes.
vitta,
Desine Maenalios, iam desine,
Haec Damon
dicite, Pierides
;
A. Effer aquam, et molli cinge haec altaria
verbenasque adole pinguis et mascula tura, coniugis ut magicis sanos avertere sacris
experiar sensus
:
65
nihil hie nisi
carmina desunt.
ducite Daphnim.
Ducite ab urbe
domum, mea carmina,

deducere
Carmina
vel caelo possunt
Lunam
carminibus Circe socios mutavit Ulixi

frigidus in pratis
cantando rumpitur anguis.

ducite
Ducite ab urbe
domum, mea carmina,
Daphnim.
Terna
licia
haec primum triplici diversa colore circumdo, terque haec altaria circum
tibi
effigiem
duco
Ducite ab urbe
numero deus impare gaudet. domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim.
75
Necte tribus nodis ternos, Amarylli, colores, necte, Amarylli, modo, et Veneris die vincula nccto. Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim.
Limus ut hie durescit et haec ut cera liquescit uno eodemque igni, sic nostro Daphnis amore.
Sparge molam, et fragilis incende bitumine laurus. Daphnis me malus urit, ego hanc in Daphnide laurum.
80
mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. amor Daphnim, qualis cum fessa iuvencum per nemora atque altos quaerendo bucula lucos
Ducite ab urbe domum,
Talis
85
propter aquae rivum viridi procumbit in ulva, perdita, nee serae meminit decedere nocti,
talis
amor
teneat, nee sit mihi cura mederi. 9
Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Has olim exuvias mihi perfidus ille reliquit,
pignora cara
sui,
quae nunc ego limine
in ipso,
26
terra, tibi
Pastoral Poems.
[BUCOL.
mando debent haec pignora Daphnim. Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim. Has herbas atque haec Ponto mihi lecta venena
;
95
ipse dedit Moeris
nascuntur plurima Ponto. His ego saepe lupum fieri et se condere silvis
;
Moerim, saepe animas imis excire
sepulcris,
atque satas alio vidi traducere messis. Ducite ab urbe domum, mea carmina, ducite Daphnim.
too
Fer cineres, Amarylli, foras, rivoque fluenti transque caput iace, nee respexeris his ego Daphnim adgrediar; nihil ille decs, nil carmina curat.
:
Ducite ab urbe
domum, mea carmina,
ducite
Daphnim.
105
sit
!
Aspice, corripuit tremulis altaria flammis
sponte sua, Nescio quid certe
dum
ferre moror, cinis ipse

est, et
bonum
Hylas
in limine latrat.
somnia fingunt ? Credimus, an, qui amant, ab iam urbe Parcite, venit, carmina, parcite, Daphnis.
ipsi sibi
ECLOGUE
LYCIDAS.
te,
IX.
MOERIS.
?
Moeri, pedes, an, quo via ducit, in urbem
M. O Lycida, vivi pervenimus, advena nostri (quod numquam veriti sumus) ut possessor agelli diceret Haec mea sunt veteres migrate coloni Nunc victi, tristes, quoniam Fors omnia versat,
'
QUO
:
'
hos
illi
quod nee
vertat
bene
mittimus haedos.
Z. Certe equidem audieram, qua se subducere colles incipiunt, mollique iugum demittere clivo,
usque ad aquam et veteres (iam fracta cacumina) fagos
omnia carminibus vestrum servasse Menalcan. M. Audieras, et fama fuit sed carmina tantum
;
nostra valent, Lycida, tela inter Martia,
quantum
ECL. IX.]
Mceris.
27
Chaonias dicunt aquila veniente columbas. Quod nisi me quacumque novas incidere lites
ante sinistra cava monuisset ab
ilice cornix,
15
nee tuus hie Moeris, nee viveret ipse Menalcas. L. Heu, cadit in quemquam tantum scelus ? Heu, tua nobis
paene simul tecum solatia rapta, Menalca ? Quis caneret nymphas quis humum rlorentibus herbis
;
spargeret, aut viridi fontes induceret umbra ? Vel quae sublegi tacitus tibi carmina nuper, cum te ad delicias ferres, Amaryllida, nostras
Tityre,
et
20
dum
redeo
brevis est via
pasce capellas,
potum pastas
age, Tityre, et inter
agendum
25
:
occursare capro, cornu ferit Hie, caveto.
M. Immo
Vare,
haec, quae Varo necdum perfecta canebat tuum nomen, superet mode Mantua nobis Mantua, vae miserae nimium vicina Cremonae
MANTUA.
cantantes sublime ferent
ad sidera
cycni.
;
L. Sic tua Cyrneas fugiant examina taxes sic cytiso pastae distendant ubera vaccae
Incipe,
si
;
:
Fierides
quid habes et me fecere poetam sunt et mihi carmina me quoque dicunt

;
28
Pastoral Poems.
[BUCOL.
vatem pastores sed non ego credulus illis. Nam neque adhuc Vario videor, nee dicere Cinna
;
35
digna, sed argutos inter strepere anser olores.
M. Id quidem ago
si
et tacitus, Lycida,
;
mecum
ipse voluto,
:
valeam meminisse
neque
est ignobile
carmen
Hue
ades, o Galatea ; quis est
nam
Indus in undis
Hie ver purpureum ; varios

fundit humus flores ;
imminet,
et lentae
:
hie flumina circum
hie Candida populus antro

vites.
.
texunt umbracula
Hue
ades
insani feriant sine litora fluctus
Z. Quid, quae te pura solum sub nocte canentem audieram ? Numeros memini, si verba tenerem.
45
M. Daphni, quid antiques
signorum suspicis ortus
Ecce Dionaei processit Caesaris as t'rum,

astrum, quo segetes gauderent frugibus, et quo
duceret aprieis in eollibus
Insere,
uva
colorem.
50
Daphni, piros
fert aetas,
Omnia
carpent tua poma nepotes. animum quoque saepe ego longos

:
: :
cantando puerum memini me condere soles nunc oblita mihi tot carmina; vox quoque Moerim
iam
L.
fugit ipsa
lupi
Moerim
videre priores.
Sed tamen
ista satis referet tibi
saepe Menalcas.
:
55
Causando nostros in longum ducis arnores et nunc omne tibi stratum silet aequor, et omnes, aspice, ventosi ceciderunt murmuris aurae. Hinc adeo media est nobis via namque sepulcrum
;
incipit
adparere Bianoris
hie ubi densas
60
;
agricolae stringunt frondes, hie, hie haedos depone tamen veniemus in urbem.
:
Moeri, canamus
Aut
si,
nox pluviam ne
licet
colligat ante, veremur,

;
cantantes
usque (minus via laedit) eamus cantantes ut eamus, ego hoc te fasce levabo. M. Desine plura, puer, et quod nunc instat agamus
carmina turn melius, cum venerit
ipse,
65
:
canemus.
ECL. X.]
Callus.
29
X.
:
ECLOGUE
hunc, Arethusa, mihi concede laborem
EXTREMUM pauca meo Gallo, sed quae legat ipsa Lycoris,

carmina sunt dicenda
Sic
tibi,
:
neget quis carmina Gallo
cum
fluctus subterlabere Sicanos,

5
Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam.
dicamus amores, Incipe dum tenera attondent simae virgulta capellae. Non canimus surdis respondent omnia silvae.
;
sollicitos Galli
aut qui vos saltus habuere, puellae Nai'des, indigno cum Gallus amore peribat ? Nam neque Parnasi vobis iuga, nam neque Pindi
Quae nemora,
I0
PARNASSUS.
ulla
Ilium etiam
neque Aoniae Aganippe. etiam flevere myricae. lauri, Pinifer ilium etiam sola sub rupe iacentem
fecere,
moram
Maenalus, et gelidi fleverunt saxa Lycaei. nostri nee poenitet Stant et oves circum
;
'
illas,
nee
te poeniteat pecoris, divine poe'ta
30
et
Pastoral Poems.
formosus ovis ad flumina pavit Adonis tardi venere subulci
;
[BUCOL.
venit et upilio
uvidus hiberna venit de glande Menalcas. Omnes Unde amor iste rogant tibi ? Venit Apollo tua cura Lycoris Galle, quid insanis ? inquit
' '
20
:
'
perque nives alium perque horrida castra secuta Venit et agresti capitis Silvanus honore,
est.'
HERCULES AND SILVANUS.

florentis ferulas et
grandia
lilia
quassans.
25
Pan deus Arcadiae

'
venit, quern
'
vidimus
ipsi
sanguineis ebuli bacis minioque rubentem.
Amor non talia.curat Ecquis erit modus ? inquit. nee lacrimis crudelis Amor, nee gramina rivis, nee cytiso saturantur apes, nee fronde capellae.'
'
'
30
Tristis at
ille
Tamen
cantabitis,
Arcades
'
inquit
ECL. X.]
'
Callus.
soli
31
montibus haec vestris
Arcades.
vestra
mihi turn
quam
cantare periti molliter ossa quiescant,

!
meos olim
si fistula
dicat amores
Atque utinam ex vobis unus, vestrique fuissem aut custos gregis, aut maturae vinitor uvae Certe, sive mihi Phillis, sive esset Amyntas,
!
35
seu quicumque furor quid turn, si fuscus Amyntas; et nigrae violae sunt et vaccinia nigra
mecum
'
inter salices lenta
sub
vite iaceret
serta mihi Phyllis legeret, cantaret
Amyntas.
Hie
gelidi fontes, hie mollia prata, Lycori,

;
hie
nemus hie ipso tecum consumerer aevo. Nunc insanus amor duri me Martis in armis
:
media atque adversos detinet hostes tantum Alpinas, ah dura, nives et frigora Rheni me sine sola vides ah, te ne frigora laedant
tela inter
45
!)
tu procul a patria (nee sit mihi credere
Ah,
'
ne teneras glacies secet aspera plantas Ibo, et, Chalcidico quae sunt mihi condita versu
tibi
!
carmina, pastoris Siculi modulabor avena.
Certum est in silvis, inter spelaea ferarum malle pati, tenerisque meos incidere amores arboribus crescent illae, crescetis, amores.
; 1
Interea mixtis lustrabo Maenala nymphis,

:
55
aut acris venabor apros
non me
ulla vetabunt
frigora Parthenios canibus circumdare saltus.
lam mihi per rupes videor lucosque sonantis ire libet Partho torquere Cydonia cornu
;
spicula aut deus

:
tamquam haec sit nostri medicina ille malis hominum mitescere discat
furoris,
!
60
lam neque hamadryades

;
rursus nee carmina nobis
ipsa placent ipsae rursus concedite silvae. Non ilium nostri possunt mutare labores,
nee
si
frigoribus mediis
Hebrumque bibamus,
65
Pastoral Poems.
Sithoniasque nives hiemis subeamus aquosae, nee si, cum moriens alta liber aret in ulmo, Aethiopum versemus ovis sub sidere Cancri.
[BUCOL.
Omnia vincit Amor et nos cedamus Amori.' Haec sat erit, divae, vestrum cecinisse poe'tam,
;
70
dum
sedet et gracili fiscellam texit hibisco, Pierides vos haec f acietis maxima Gallo
;
amor tantum mihi crescit in horas, quantum vere novo viridis se subicit alnus. Surgamus solet esse gravis cantantibus umbra nocent et frugibus umbrae. iuniperi gravis umbra
Gallo, cuius
:
75
Ite
domum
saturae, venit Hesperus, ite capellae
NOTES
ECLOGUES
PASTORAL POEMS.
(For sources,
etc.,
see Introduction to Vol.
I,
pp. xx-xxii.)
ECLOGUE
I.
THIS Eclogue is founded on historical facts namely, the ejection of Virgil from his farm and his reinstatement through the favor of (See Introd., pp. xv, xvi.) Tityrus represents the poet Augustus.
;
subject
his less fortunate neighbors. Though the treated in the conventional pastoral style, yet the poem gives a lively picture of the distress caused by the confiscation of lands after The scene represents Tityrus, late in a sunny afternoon, the civil wars.
himself,
and Meliboeus
is
by his cottage near Mantua, with Amaryllis busy near by, in household cares, while Meliboeus passes, driving his goats from the farm of which he has been dispossessed by the soldiers.
reclining at the roadside
An ancient (200 to 400 A.D.) conception of the scene is given in the head-piece (from a Vatican manuscript). An English imitation of the poem may be seen in Ambrose Philips's first Pastoral.
Verse i. Tityre this, with most of the other proper names, is Greek, and borrowed from Theocritus. It is the Doric form of the word Satyr, also signifying goat, and, like most of the names in the Eclogues, is a
:
name for a shepherd. Modern pastoral poetry has adopted many names from Virgil. Thus Spenser refers to Chaucer under the name of Tityrus (Shepherds' Calendar, Feb., w. 91-93):
conventional
But
shall
I
I tel
thee a tale of truth,
Which
cond of Tityrus in my youth, Keeping his sheepe on the hills of Kent?
tu notice as soon as this word appears that it is emphatic and must be opposed to something coming later, to wit, nos. patulae, etc. in Latin poetry words belonging together, or contrasted words, are often
:
:
so arranged as to stand in corresponding parts of the verse, as at the fagi; beginning, or before the caesura and at the end: thus, patulae tenui avena ; fines arva. tegmine in Latin and Greek poetry,
. .
.
.
on account of the climate, water and the coolness of shade are repre-
Notes.
seated as especially delightful while hardihood the endurance of heat than of cold.
;
[BUCOL.
is
more often shown by
2. silvestrem, woodland pastoral (cf. iv. 3). The pasture-land of the ancients was on wooded hills. tenui avena, on the thin reed, which made a delicate sort of pipe or whistle (abl. instr., the usual con-
names of musical instruments). The humble nature of pastoral poetry is suggested by tenui ; cf. vi. 8, and note. Musam, the Muse, or goddess of song, used for song itself. The ancients constantly So Ceres, identified their divinities with the thing that was their care.
struction of
grain (Ên.
(fj^Xerav).
i.
177),
Cf.
Bacchus, wine (Jin. Comus, v. 547

:
i.
215).
meditaris, practise
To
meditate
my
rural minstrelsy.
So Lycidas,
v.
66
And
3.
strictly
meditate the thankless Muse.

;
all here, also, by its position patriae fines : cf. v. 68. In this instance the patria consists merely of the native village, or perhaps farm. 4. fugimus is a stronger word than linquimus ; it denotes the hurry and confusion of flight, in contrast to the easy repose of Tityrus.
nos, emphatic by being expressed at
and
repetition.
lentus, at ease : properly flexible, but often used as the reverse of braced
or strained to
5.
toil.
:
formosam
:
Amary llida
238, a
6.
;
Gr. form,
2,
her charms are coupled with her name in the song. for construction see G. 65 H. 68 63, b
; ;
G. 333,
N. 3
II. 371,
2.
Meliboee, a Greek name, meaning cow-herd.
deus, a god : as
we
might say, guardian angel. The gods of the ancients were so numerous, and so near to mankind, that the name often had, for them, about
the same dignity as that of saints
in
is
modern
times.
to,
here referred
Augustus, who was not regudeath
larly deified until after his

in A.D. 14
;
hence the apologetic

etc.
cf.
tone of namque,
7.
namque:
ille
:
JEn.
i.
65,
and He,
note.
Tityrus uses the emif
phatic pronoun as
to say, "
does not
reference).
know
to
:
whom
he
my great patron," though Meliboeus refers. mini, in my regard (dat. of

i
;
illius
347, a,
G. 706, exc. 4
H. 577,
3.
aram,
ECL.
I.]
Pastoral Poems.
i,
37
wall-painting,
altar, for lesser sacrifices (see Fig.

:
from a Pompeian
representing a rustic sacrifice) the altare, high altar for burnt offerings (Eel. v. 66), was dedicated only to the higher deities, but this distinction is not always observed in literature. " our " as 8. nostris Tityrus says tener, young. being the steward of his master's farm.
:
ipsum, opposed to boves quae vellem, what I will (imperf, by seq. of tenses; subj. of calamo cf. avena, v. 2. integral part).
9.
10.
n. magis
12.
= potius, rather.
totis agris, throughout the fields.
usque adeo turbatur, to such a degree does confusion prevail adeo would properly be correlative to ut in a clause (impers. passive), of result, which, however, is made the main clause (miror, etc.), and so " no ut appears. Thus " I wonder things are so disturbed is equivalent
to
"Things are so disturbed that

13.
wonder."
ipse, contrasted with
others implied in undique.
protinus, farther on:

duco,
i.e.
i.e. I
cannot (as usual) find a shelter near
at hand.
because too weak to be driven.
14. modo, just now. namque regularly introduces its clause, but here the order is changed for metrical reasons. gemellos (dim. of
geminos), twin
1
kids.
5.
silice in
nuda,
line,
i.e.
die.
The
sufferings of the
dumb
by the roadside, where they must presently creatures add to the pathos. reliquit,
at the
end of the
contrasts with
spem
:
gregis, at the beginning
the hope was only to be disappointed.
laeva cf. &n. ii. 54, and note. si ... hoc, i.e. exile. would have been a warning, had not, etc. The conclusion is only implied. The omens were seen, the gods did their part, but he was too blind to heed the warning.
1
6.
malum
:
f uisset
i.e. it
17.
de caelo tactas, struck by lightning (the usual phrase).

viii. 19.
:
See Cic.
in Cat. III.
praedicere
for tense see

is said,
quercus
18.
dict barrenness
the blasting of the olive, it that of the oak, exile.

;
J G. 281, N. 336^, N. was understood to pre;
This line has probabiy crept

still:
i.e.
in
from
ix. 15.
See note there.
I should 19. tamen, notwithstanding my be glad to hear of your better luck. iste (the so-called pron. of the second pers.), that you speak of. qui sit (more euphonious than da (for quis sit), what god it is ( 104, a, N. G. 106, R. H. 188, i).
misfortunes
die
so accipe for audi), tell me. the great city was what first struck his rustic fancy, and 20. urbem so he begins with that, leaving the question quite unnoticed.
;
:
38
21.
Notes.
stultus ego, fool that
[BUCOL.
was. huic nostrae Mantua, from was some three miles distant. 22. depellere, i.e. down to market from {he upland. noram, so I knew (had learned to know) puppies like 23. sic dogs, and kids like their dams; and so also I compared Mantua to Rome.
:
which Andes,
Virgil's birthplace,
24.
sic parvis, etc., proverbial.
25.
extulit
the perf.
is
used to refer to the time when he reached

puppies and kids do not differ in kind is of another nature from Mantua,
the
city.
25.
verum
haec,
etc.,
;
i.e.
from dogs and goats but Rome differing as cypress from osier.
27.
Meliboeus here catches his neighbor's wonder, and forgets his
own
Virgil does not take pains to make the story of Tityrus correspond minutely with his own case. The allegory merely suggests the real facts. Virgil himself was a yeoman, the free owner of
:
question. 28. libertas
little
farm.
Tityrus
is
a slave, tending flocks for a noble proprietor,

respexit Libertas is
:
most landowners, in Rome (cf. v. 41, note). a word often used of regard from a superior to an inferior.
who
lives, like
here personified as a divinity.

entitled to
it.
inertem, idle as
was, and so not
thrifty slave
might generally buy
his
freedom
in five
or six years.
29.
suitable
till
i.
candidior, whiter and -whiter. tondenti, as I clipped it ; a very way of speaking here, for the slave could not shave his beard
emancipated.
i.
Supply mihi;
cf.
/En.
i.
102 (iactanti), Caes. B. G.

to fall;
4, cf.
lit.
42 (petenti),
324, a,
30.
cf.
47 (cedentes). G. 563, N. 2 277, c

;
cadebat, began
,
was
i).
falling
cf.
233
H. 471,
respexit, she did regard, emphatic.
469, post, adverbial.
tempore,
abl. of
degree of difference.
Amaryllis, Galatea, the successive contubernales of Tityrus. condition of slavery permitted no lawful marriage. habet present for perfect, as with iamdudum, because the bond still continues ( 276, a
31.
The
G. 230
32.
H. 467,
H.
519,
2).
namque,
;
for,
i.
you
see.
tenebat
for tense see
276,
e,
N.
G. 569
33.
Strictly, all that
was
peculi, savings, generally out of the produce of the cattle. a slave had might be regarded as his master's but he encouraged to save his earnings and certain perquisites in order to
;
buy
his freedom.
His peculium, indeed, was

law.
in a
manner
his property
in the
view of
Roman
ECL.
I.]
Pastoral Poems.
39
itable
victima, i.e. sold to the priests for sacrifice, apparently a profbranch of the shepherd's trade. Victima usually signifies a larger The use of the singular is like our " many a victim hostia, a smaller.
34.
;
one."
figure in the text (from
farmer taking his products to market an ancient relief).
is
represented in the
35. ingratae, ungracious, from the rustic's point of view, absorbing his products for a scanty price without caring for him. pinguis caseus,
i.e.
cream-cheese.
36.
mihi, dative of reference.
dextra,
i.e.
the
money was spent
as
soon as received, probably

37.
to gratify his mistress.
see now the reason of what I wondered at at the you were much missed, Tityrus." His friend noticed the effect though he did not know of his absence. Amarylli 348, 6 H. 581, i, 2. G. 707, 4, exc. 2 38. sua in arbore (cf. vii. 54), i.e. on the tree where they grew. 2 39. aberat: for quantity see 359, /; G. 708, exc. 5; H. 580, N.
mirabar,
i.e. I
time.
"And
really
even these are represented as sharing in the grief of Amaryllis and missing their master, not as wanting any special care, but as not finding the man they were wont to see. The pine here mentioned
ipsae pinus,
etc.
:
is
probably the stone-pine, planted for
its
large edible seeds, as well as
and valuable also as furnishing wax and food for bees. The arbusta are the plantations of young elms, on which vines were trained in festoons from tree to tree, as in the vineyards of Italy now. At 41. quid facerem, what was I to do? (deliberative subjunc.). length answering the question of v. 19, he says, To leave home and go to Rome was my only chance, first, of freedom, and second, of protection. It is by these two sentences that the allegory is connected, though somewhat loosely, with the facts (cf. note on w. 28, 46).
for shade,
42.
praesentis,
i.e.
propitious (compare
"a very present help ").
alibi (belonging to licebat), elsewhere than at

43.
Rome.
iuvenem
Octavianus (Augustus), who was only twenty-two at
the time of the confiscation.

44.
bis senos dies,
(calends),
when
hold gods. Lares that of young Cassar's genius or guardian

says (Od. iv. 5), laribus describes the ceremony
:
twelve days, i.e. the first day of every month offerings were regularly made to the Lares, or houseVirgil means that he will join with the worship of his own
spirit
:
as
Horace
ii.
tuum
miscet
numen.
Ovid
(Fasti,
636)
Parca precaturi sumite vina manu,
Et Bene vos, bene
te,
Dicite suffuse per
patriae pater, oftime Caesar bona verba mero.
4O
Notes.
[BUCOL.
fumant, i.e. the service is already an established custom, this dialogue see altaria being supposed to be held in the autumn (see v. 82).
:
note, v.
45.
7.
:
responsum dedit the phrase regularly used of an oracular its employment here keeps up the thought of Caesar as a divinity. primus, i.e. this was the first assurance of security and favor,
response
;
anxiously sought.
46. pascite, etc. : here Virgil again drops the allegory Tityrus, the slave herdsman, went to Rome chiefly to beg his freedom ; and the answer he is supposed to get is to keep his farm, the boon which Virgil,
:
the free yeoman landowner, really sought of Augustus, feed yotir cows and breed your bullocks as before (cf. note v. 41). submittite, properly, to raise for the purpose of breeding, apparently a technical word of
graziers
47.
and cattle-breeders (see Georg. iii. 73, 159, and Vocab.). tua rura manebunt, the fields -will continue yours. This description of a country alternately 48. lapis omnia, etc. marshy and gravelly applies very well to the territory of Mantua. The
:
idea is Though it is not a very good farm, yet it is good enough and a blessed fortune compared with ours. 50. temptabunt, will injure. gravis fetas, the weakling cattle,
lately dropped their young (cf. v. 1 5). mala, baneful. contagia the plural, indicates many cases of the disease, as often in Latin ( 75, c; G. 204, N. 8 H. 130, 2). 52. flumina nota, i.e. the "smooth-sliding Mincius" (as Milton calls it), which flows by Mantua.
51.
: ;
which have
53. 54.
frigus opacum, cool shade (see note on tegmine, v. i). hinc tibi, etc., on this side, as ever, the hedge on the neighboring
its
is fed on by Hybl&an bees, shall often, with In this perplexed sentence, quae whispering, win you sleep. semper means as it always has done ; florem is ace. of specification by the common Greek construction, after depasta, fed upon ; salicti is the
roadway, -whose willow-flower

soft
shorter form of saliceti, willow-grove ; susurro, the whispering of leaves mingled with the hum of bees limite, strictly, the line run by public surveyors (agrimensores), dividing off the land for purposes of cultiva;
(See Georg. i. 126.) The limes was not really a line, but an open or 40 feet wide, serving as a roadway. The saepes here described was therefore, strictly, a roadside hedge. Hyblaeis cf. Julius
tion.
tract, 8, 12, 20,
:
Ctssar, v.
i.
34,
35
And
For your words, they rob the Hybla bees leave them honeyless.
ECL.
I.]
Pastoral Poems.
41
57.
hinc alta sub rupe, on the other side beneath the high rock
v. 54).
(opposed to
was stripped
upon
in
autumn and used

ii.
frondator, leaf-gatherer. for fodder.

365)
is
The foliage of the trees The cooing of the woodad auras,
pigeon (see Georg.

the breeze.
a sign of coming autumn.

not (though the
58.
nec tamen,
and yet
pruner sings).
cura, pet.
Hor. Od. i. 2, 10), literally from. By a very common 59. ab, on (see usage an appearance is said to come from the place where it appears, but in this particular connection "from" is perhaps quite as good, even
in English.
60.
ante
quam,
sooner shall,
etc.,
than (a
common
expression
for never)]
cf.
Lodge, Rosalind:
First
Time
shall stay his stayless race,
And Winter bless his brows with corn, And snow bemoisten July's face, And Winter spring, and Summer mourn, Before my pen, by help of Fame,
Cease to
recite thy sacred
name.
leves: notice the ergo, so then: resumptive, referring to w. 41-46. short penult. aequore, the level, commonly used in poetry for the sea (see ./En. i. 84, note); used also by Juvenal (viii. 61) for the plain. 62. exsul, not necessarily driven out, but only afar from home.
63.
The Arar
is
:
the contrast
64.
(Saone) is a river of Gaul, the Tigris a river of Asia of farthest East and farthest West.
voltus
no
etc.
merely his face. 65. at nos,
labatur
:
particular expression for mood see

:
the mention of his

;
seems to be intended, but G. 577 H. 520, 2. 327, a good fortune had called forth
; ; ;
an expression of gratitude from Tityrus illius refers to his benefactor but, not heeding this interruption, Meliboeus goes on to contrast the
exile of the others with Tityrus's happier lot
:
but
. .
we must wander
to the people.
to
the most distant corners of the earth.

sitientis, thirsty
:
alii
pars, correlative.
the
drought
is
vividly referred
end of motion. 66. Cretae, sometimes understood as a common noun following rapidum, which bears down chalk, i.e. turbid, referring to the Oxus, a Scythian river. But there is a town in Crete, Axus or Oaxus, whose stream is probably meant. Crete was quite far enough eastward for the rustic fancy it was, besides, a Roman province and exiles from Capua
Afros
:
ace. of
were actually settled there by Augustus. 67. orbe (abl. of means), by a world.
42
68-70.
Notes,
[BUCOL.
en, ah ! giving emphasis and a pathetic wistfulness to the

.
mirabor aristas, shall I ever patrios question (cf. ecquis, x. 28). long hence behold my native bounds and the sodded (congestum caespite)
. .
roof of my poor hut, seeing with wonder hereafter (post) my little realm, a few poor ears of wheat. post, repeating the general notion of longo mirabor contains both the idea of seeing and that of post tempore.
wondering at ; the former idea runs through the sentence, the latter is Reading the words in their order appropriate to the last part only. through caespite culmen, one would expect videbo to follow, and no other verb-idea is up to this point suggested. This videbo is in fact contained in mirabor, which, however, adds the notion of wondering, The Latin freedom of order aristas. applicable only to aliquot allows such condensed forms of expression where the English may
. .
require two verbs, one for each sense.
With the whole passage
cf.
Ambrose
Philips, Pastorals,
ii
Oh when shall I once more Sweet are thy banks With longing eyes review thy flowing shore ? When, in the crystal of thy waters, see My face, grown wan through care and misery ?
!
When
hut, the small abode and cover'd o'er with sod? Though small it be, a mean and humble cell, Yet is there room for me and peace to dwell.
shall I see
my
Myself had
rais'd
impius, as robbing his fellow-citizens; the word is constantly civil war. miles here again is a bitter reference to Virgil's own experience. novalia, fallows, i.e. land which I have broken in by
71.
used of
my own
72.
toil.
barbarus: the armies of Caesar had come to be made up largely of barbarian foreigners, Gauls, Germans, and Spaniards. It is for them
then that
civil strife
I have sown my fields !
(his nos, etc.).

!
To
such a pass has

emphatic.
brought our wretched state 73. nos: inserted to emphasize his, though not
74.
itself
mine
this
word
(as often in English) gives a bitterly sarcastic
force to the imperative, graft your pears for whom you have done it before).
now
(if
you can, when you see

.
. .
viridi 76. ego, i.e. that lot will be another's. antro, in the mossy grot. It may, however, refer to an artificial bower of evergreen. Observe the vivid image in the words pendere de rupe.
79.
ties
:
cytisum, a flowering shrub, excellent for a kind of lucerne, or coarse clover.
its
milk-giving proper-
80.
tamen poteras,
still
you might,
i.e. if
you wished, even though
ECL.
II.]
Pastoral Poems,
(
43
R. 2
;
you are obliged to depart
308, c
:
G. 254,
H.
8 511, N. ).
Cf.
Ambrose
Philips, Pastorals,
ii
Sweet milk and clouted cream,
soft cheese
and curd,
With some remaining
fruit of last year's

;
hoard,
Shall be our ev'ning fare and for the night Sweet herbs and moss, that gentle sleep invite.
83.
villarum, farm-houses (villa rustica)
city resident
was
villa urbana.
culmina
the country-seat of a rich there being no chimneys,
the
smoke
ventilated roof.
of the hearth or brazier (focus) escaped through the wellThese smoking roofs announce that supper-time has
come. iam fumant, are beginning to smoke, iam with the present and imperfect constantly has this force. 84. maiores, i.e. lengthened by the declining sun. cadunt, merely a vivid way of saying, lie on the plain. Virgil seems, in accordance with
and feeble constitution, to have been particularly fond of quiet scenes, and especially evening scenes. See the endings of Eels, ii., vi., x., and ./En. iv. 522 ff. Cf. Henry More, Cupid's Conflict:
his gentle nature
By
this the outstretch'd
shadows
of the trees
Pointed
me homeward, and
with one consent
Foretold the day's descent.
ECLOGUE
II.
THE
subject of this
poem
is
in love with Alexis.
It is said to represent, in the
the complaint of a shepherd, Corydon, conventional style of
pastoral verse, the admiration of Virgil for a young slave whom he saw at the house of his patron Asinius Pollio, and whose beauty he thus
celebrates.
The
made a
gift of
story further goes that Pollio, charmed with the poem : the slave to the author and that the slave, being care;
fully educated,
Alexander.
became a celebrated grammarian under his real name This story, though not certain, is natural and probable.
Pope's second pastoral, Summer, is an imitation of this Eclogue. The Eclogue is in a manner made up from the third and the eleventh
Idyl of Theocritus.
The
former, being a complaint of a shepherd to his

;
the love Amaryllis, furnished the sentiment and the general style latter, which is the address of the monster Polyphemus to the sea-
nymph
Galatea, served as a model for Corydon's defence of his personal
appearance.
r.
with that of
formosum notice Alexim at

:
the position at the beginning, corresponding the close of the line (see note on i. i).
44
Notes.
[BUCOL.
ardebat, burned with love for, =amabat, and so governing the accusaIn tive by a forced construction, apparently first introduced by Virgil. poetical phraseology one word used in the sense of another frequently
borrows the construction of the word for which

2.
it is
substituted.
nec habebat, nor knew
quid speraret, what what can I hope? (deliberative subjunc.). cacumina, in explanatory 3. tantum, i.e. all that he could do. appos. with fagos showing what he came for, shelter from heat. 4. veniebat, would come. incondita, rude (ill put together, see do
:
dare, tell (i. 19), and accipe, hear. to hope for: the direct question is, quid sperem,
:
cf.
in Vocab.).
5.
7.
mori ... COges
inani studio, idle fondness (as being unrequited). in Theocritus, "you will make
:
me go hang
myself."
8, 9.
nunc etiam,
etc.
lizards in the thornbush, suggest the
these images, especially the hiding of the extreme heat of noontide. Cf.
:
Tennyson's CEnone,
w.
24
ff.
For now the noonday quiet holds the
hill
:
The grasshopper is silent in the grass The lizard, with his shadow on the stone, The purple
Rests like a shadow, and the cicala sleeps. flowers droop the golden bee
:
:
Is lily-cradled
alone awake.
My
eyes are
full of tears,
my
heart of love.
11. allia, etc.: making a sort of salad (moretum) flavored with garlic, a favorite dish in Southern Europe, where meat is scarce. " It was composed of flour, cheese, salt, oil, and various herbs (herbas olentis)
brayed together in a mortar."
The Moretum,
compound.
ff.
:
poem
ascribed to Virgil,
treats of the preparation of this
See Cowper's translation,
The Salad.
Cf.
L 'Allegro, w.
83
Where Corydon and
Thyrsis, met,
Are at their savory dinner set Of herbs, and other country messes, Which the neat-handed Phyllis dresses.
12, 13.
at ... cicadis
the
lover and
the
creatures that find
no
rest (cf.
w.
8, 9,
note).
cicada are the only arbusta : see i. 40.

;
In prose, the subject would naturally be cicadae

they
hence mecum,
i.e.
and
I.
i.
14.
fuit: see
80, note.
iras: cf.iii.8i.
Amaryllis and Menalcas
are old flames of Corydon.
ECL.
II.]
Pastoral Poems.
45
16. niger, swarthy : notice that the succeeding lines are in apology for this style of beauty, contrasted with candidus, fair, or brilliantly white. esses follows the sequence of tenses, though it expresses a
general truth.
18.
alba, etc.
darker flower (or berry) Nicholas Vonge, 1597

:
the blossom of pure white falls neglected, while the is prized and gathered. Cf. the madrigal in
Brown
is
my
love, but graceful
each renowned whiteness, Match'd with thy lovely brown, doth lose
Fair
is
And
its
brightness.
my
love, but scornful
Yet have I seen despised Dainty white lilies and sad flowers well prized.
19.
despectus, looked
sort of person
i.
down
what
(as in 20.
I am :
:
on. tibi, dat. of agent. qui sim, qui being here used as adjective, and not
19) for
mere euphony.
this description of rustic wealth is
:
quam
dives, etc.
from the
pleading of Polyphemus, in Theocritus pecoris refers to sheep, and lactis to cows (for the genitive see yn. i. 14, and note). 21. Siculis, loosely used because many wealthy Romans had estates
in Sicily
;
and hence, perhaps, taken as part of the stock imagery from

errant
:
Theocritus.
22.
cf.
i.
9.
The
aestate, frigore, the times when fresh milk is most apt to fail. lac novum is a curious recommendation of his love ; but it accords
with the conventional simplicity of pastoral verse.
what Amphion used (to sing). He 23. quae solitus Amphion, etc. was the mythic builder of Thebes, whose walls rose to the music of
:
his lyre.
Amphion
Strikes,
there the loud creating lyre

!
and beholds a sudden Thebes aspire Cithzron's echoes answer to his call, And half the mountain rolls into a wall There might you see the length'ning spires ascend, The domes swell up, the wid'ning arches bend,
:
The growing
tow'rs like exhalations
rise,
And
the huge columns heave into the skies.
POPE, Temple of Fame,
w.
85
ff.
Zeus and Antiope were exposed on the mountain ridge Aracynthus, which separates Bceotia from Attica (Acte), and brought up by rustics. Dirce is a fountain near
with his brother Zethus
He
sons of
Thebes.
authors in
These epithets and allusions are conventional imitations of whom they meant something. The hiatus after Actaeo is
46
probably copied
(literally,
Notes,
from the Greek.
si
[BUCOL.
literally
quando
= -whenever
if ever).
:
see preliminary note. 25. nee sum adeo informis by Andrew Marvell, Damon the Mower, w. 57 ff. Nor am I so deform'd to sight, If in my scythe I looked right, In which I see my picture done,
:
Prettily imitated
As
26.
in a crescent
:
moon
the sun.
placidum ventis the ancients seem to have supposed that certain winds calmed the sea, perhaps by ceasing to blow (see Ên. The sea-beach might possibly afford a mirror for the giant v. 763).
Cyclops in the original, but hardly for the shepherd Corydon here.
Daphnim, the mythic paragon
of bucolic poetry (see Eel. v.). ego the Latin likes to represent two persons in contrast so here ego is expressed to set off Daphnim, but is not itself emphatic.
:
:
28.
tantum, only
homely.
('tis all I ask).

ff.,
libeat, hortat. subj.
sordida,
rude,
With w. 28
cf.
Marlowe's song
The Passionate
Shepherd to his Love : Come live with me, and be my love And we will all the pleasures prove
That
hills
and
valleys, dales
and
fields,
Woods
or sleepy mountain yields.

:
So Herrick, To Phyllis
The
figere,
30.
Live, live with
me and
I '11
thou shall see

elc.
pleasures
prepare for thee,
(pierce with the spear). hibisco, to the marsh-mallow, i.e. for their grazing.
bring
down
Dative of
the end of motion.

32, 33.
These
lines are doubtful,
They
and
/En.
are probably a parallel passage which which has crept into the text.
and are exceedingly awkward here. was written in the margin

trivisse
(cf.
34.
ii.
nee paeniteat, and be not loath.

548),
i.e.
note on certasse,
by running it up and down along the scale of reeds. The whole idea is " Come and learn of me to play the pipe others have valued this and why not
:
:
you?" The pipe referred to is the syrinx or Pan's Pipe, made of several reeds of different lengths fastened together with wax (see Fig. 2). labellum
(dim.), pretty lip. 35. faciebat, see note, v. 34.
offered to do
36.
disparibus
i.
cicutis
cf.
calamo,
(would have done). v. 34, and
avena,
2.
ECL.
II.]
Pastoral Poems.
:
47
37.
dono
.
.
see
.
233, a
38. te 40.
41.
secundum,
. .
i.e. //
H. 390. G. 356, R. 2 has in you a (worthy) second master.

;
nee,
and
etiam mine: the spots are are the more precious, from being found in a dangerous valley (nee tuta). The roebuck is the A spotted fawn often appears as a pet on smallest European deer.
capreoli,
fawns
not (with tuta). (of the roebuck).
said to disappear at the age of six months.
They
Greek
42.
vases.
bina
the milk of a
43.
95 H. 174, 2) die, ewe twice every day.

;
i.e.
they are so vigorous as to take
44.
orat, has begged ( 276, a f aciet, she shall do it.
G. 230; H. 467, sordent tibi,

reference).
2).
are
mean
in
your
eyes
(dat. of
a poetic way of offering these tributes, as coming from the divinities.

lilia, etc.,
calathis, -wicker baskets, as in Fig. 3. pallentis, \.z.yellow: the plant is said to be the wall-flower. casia, abl. of means.
46.
47.
intexens has vaccinia, as object.

51
I will
.
ipse ego
while the
nymphs bring
flowers,
cana mala, i.e. quinces. gather fruits. 53. cerea pruna, yellow plums, sweeter than the purple (observe the hiatus which is sometimes allowed at the main caesura). following as usual the word to which
as etiam
regularly precedes.
quoque,
it
belongs,
porno, fruit,
FIG. 3. including all except grapes, figs, and olives (231; G. 233; H. 469, i). the myrtle and laurel are constantly associated 54. proxima
:
Yet once more, O ye laurels, and once more Ye myrtles brown, with ivy never sere. Lycidas.
quoniam, explaining proxima. rusticus, a clown, no mate for the city-bred Alexis. 57. lollas, the master of Alexis, representing Pollio in reality. concedat, i.e. he could give more valuable presents, if you should enter
55.
56.
that contest.
58. quid volui mihi, what woe have I wilfully brought on myself (in floribus allowing myself to be beguiled by love). apros, a proverbial manner of speech.
.
. .
60.
rustic
?
quern fugis,
i.e. is it
a rustic you
flee
why should you avoid a
48
61.
Notes.
Paris
[BUCOL.
he was a shepherd on Mt. Ida when the famous dispute
of the goddesses was referred to him. Pallas, etc., let Pallas cherish the city towers she has built, other gods have loved the woods as well.
65.
trahit sua
quemque,
etc.,
each one's fancy draws him.
Notice
that quisque in Latin is always in the predicate or in the relative clause, and regularly follows the reflexive, as here in English the corresponding
;
distributive is in the subject or antecedent clause, as in the translation
above.
66.
observe the hiatus.

:
iugo suspensa
so as not to cut the ground as the oxen are

i.e.
driven
67.
night brings rest to all but me. duplicat in the summer months, it is said that in those latitudes the shadow is double the length of the object between four and
at night
:
;
home
five o'clock.
68. me tamen urit, yet I am still consumed, i.e. though all else is cooled by the approach of the evening. It is well here, as often, to adsit, deliberative subj. change the voice to keep the emphasis.
semiputata, frondosa the half -pruned vine and the elm overNotice the are both signs of thriftless husbandry. interlocked order of the words semiputata frondosa, vitis
70.
:
grown with leaves
ulmo, by which both adjectives come first, but still retain the same order as their nouns ( 344, h G. 683). if the 71. quin tu, etc., from Theocr. xi. 72-74 vineyard and garden
; :
are neglected, at least mind some light indoor task. aliquid quorum, etc., something of -what need requires: supply eorum. 72. detexere, weave up, that is, get them done off your hands. From this sense of de in composition probably comes its intensive meaning
:
c'f.
deperdere. 73. invenies
addressed to himself.
"
You
shall find
perhaps a
fairer
Galatea
"
(Theocr.).
ECLOGUE
THIS eclogue represents
in
III.
(after Theocritus, Idyls iv.
and
v.)
the rivalry
song of two shepherds, Menalcas and Damoetas. After some dispute, the decision is left to Palaemon as umpire, and the two rival swains This form of verse is called Amcebean vie in alternate couplets.
The couplets are wholly disconnected, some of (d/H/3acos, responsive). them mere squibs flung out, it is supposed, by the poet at his rivals. Though the Amoebean verse is Greek, and the poem itself copied from Theocritus, yet the alternate abuse is thoroughly Italian. The Romans were very fond of coarse invective and repartee. With the whole
ECL. III.]
Pastoral Poems.
49
eclogue
1.
Herrick,
Spenser, Shepherds' Calendar, August; Bucolic ; Pope, Spring ; and Gay, Shepherds' Week, Monday. cuium : a word rustic or antiquated in Virgil's time. an, alter-
may be compared
native question
2.
:
211, b; G. 457,
iv. 2.
3.
Aegonis JEgon is Menalcas's

pecus,
the
name and
i H. 353, N. ). the verse are taken literally from Theocr.
rival (v. 4).
JEgon
ace. of exclam. ( 240,^; G. " the master said it (cf. ipse dixit, ").
343,
11.381).
ipse,
4. fovet, wooes: the stant attendance on the

5.
word
camp.
is
used in JEn.
ix.
57 in the sense of con-
alienus CUStOS
= an
interest in his charge, cf. the
unfaithful keeper (like a stranger, with no hireling in the parable of the Good
:
Shepherd).
quite enough.
whipping and 6. sucus (root

subducitur,
twice a day would be bis in bora, a bit of extravagance The offence of secretly milking cattle was punished by loss of wages.
in
sugo)
is stolen
the life-blood, the strength of the sheep. (taken secretly, sub, like Greek vw6, and English
viris, contrasted with the effeminacy of
it
underhand}.
7.
parcius, not so freely.
Menalcas.
tamen,
te, the
i.e.
though
were *rue
(ironically).
obicienda,
to be filing at.
8.
qui
or something of the kind. eyeing askance.

9.
answering taunt, designedly left obscure, say abused, transversa (cf. Ên. v. 19) tuentibus,
sacello, the
faciles, good-natured.
nymph's grotto.
10.
turn,
always when real mischief-maker.
credo, at the same time, used thus parenthetically)
I
:
suppose (ironical, as almost hinting that Damcetas was the

i.
arbustum
see note,
40.
videre,
i.e.
the
nymphs. 1 1. mala, malicious. Thefa/x was a large stout knife, hooked end, used for trimming sprouts and foliage (see Fig. 4).
following the same construction, 13. aut hie, Damoetas replies with another charge. calamos, arrows (reeds), used by shepherds in hunting, or to
at the
defend their charge. quae, referring loosely to the preceding nouns, although they are masculine.
14.
puero,
aliqua,
i.e.
Daphnis.
(cf. vii.
15.
i.e.
somehow
26).
mortuus
esses,
of envy.
16. quid, etc., what are masters to do, when thieves venture on such things (as these which follow) ?
FIG.
4.
50
18.
(i.e.
Notes.
[BUCOL.
by enticing
excipere, catch, a technical hunting term. insidiis, by trick it Lycisca, the dog's name it means wolfaway).
;
hound (the ancient wolf-hound dog and wolf).

19.
is
said to have been a mongrel between
Menalcas,
whither is that fellow hurrying? referring to rushing out to catch the straggling goat. 20. latebas, started to hide (showing your guilt). 21. an, implying a previous question: "could I not take my own."
quo
ille,
who was
cf . v.
i,
note.
272, 3; 483,
22.
23.
2, N.),
non redderet, should he not have paid ( 266, as my due? hinting at a wager won by him.
lit. if
G.
meruisset, subj. of integral part. si nescis, if you did but know it,
you don't know, then
let
me
as
tell
you
so.
25. cantando, etc., YOU beat HIM in singing ? Did you ever so much own a pipe of reeds joined with wax ? i.e. you never aspired to any-
thing higher than a single pipe. 26. triviis : the scene seems to belong to the rustic worship of Proserpine or Hecate, at places where three roads met. The goddess
herself
27.
was
called Trivia (see

. .
.
yn.
vi. 13).
indocte, bungler.
strident!
carmen, mangle a wretched tune on a squeaking

:
straw.
Cf. Lycidas, v. 123
Their lean and flashy songs Grate on their scrannel pipes of wretched straw.
28.
vis experiamur
try with
me ?
ergo,
i.e.
H. 499, 2), will you 331, /, R.; G. 546, R. since you doubt my skill. vicissim, i.e. in
2
;
amcebean or responsive verse. G. 29. ne recuses ( 317, c

;
8 545, R.
H. 499,
2, N.), i.e.
that
is
why
I tell
you.
30.
31.
binos fetus, twin
calves.
is pono, put up the pfize in the 248; G. 399; H. 419, iii. pignore G. 131, 4, b\ H. 240, 4), potential subjunc.
:
depono
the more regular word
ring (nOtvai, KarariOtvcu).

32.
ausim
128,
e,
33.
34.
35.
iniusta, unkind.
alter, one or the other (of them).
id quod, something that ; pocula is in apposition. pocula bowls or drinking cups, which went in pairs, one for water and one for wine. Cf. Spenser, Shepherds' Calendar, Aug., w.
36.
:
25
ff.:
Then
pledge which I plight, mazer ywrought of the maple warre, Wherein is enchased many a fayre sight
loe, Perigot, the
KCL. III.]
Pastoral Poems.
Of beres and tygers, that maken fiers wane over them spred a goodly wild vine, Entraild with a wanton yvie twine.
(cf.
;
51
And
38.
39.
facili,
diffuses
It
clusters.
our " a ready hand "). corymbos a -vine decks with pale ivy the outspread seems best to take vitis as ivy-vine, though it is almost
ready
. . .
always the grape. (Cf. Ovid, Met. iii. 664.) The meaning then is, a vine of ivy carved on the bowl conceals under its leaves the darker
clusters of berries.
40.
Cf.
vii.
38.
in medio, etc.: i.e. two figures in the centre, inside. Conon, an astronomer of Alexandria, of about 200 B.C. alter, probably
Archimedes (an associate and friend of Conon), whose name cannot be given in hexameter verse (see Introd., p. xl). 41. radio: with which geometric figures were described on a layer
of
sand.
gentibus,
i.e.
for everybody's
benefit
(see
next
line).
orbem, the concave of the sky with its constellations, of which a rude " but sufficient knowledge supplied the place of a " farmer's almanac
(see Georg.
i.
comes from the

42.
204-240, and elsewhere). The use of the word here ancients' conception of the earth as a circle.
:
haberet
amounts
to "indicated
see note on speraret, Eel. ii. 2 ; descripsit orbem by marking off the times of the year" hence it
;
can introduce an indirect question. 46. Orphea : see Ovid, Met. x. 90

48.
si
ad vitulam spectas
an eye to the heifer (i.e. your cups (for I will not stake a heifer against cups). It is of no use talking about cups they are not to be compared with the heifer in 2 value. laudes see H. See the next verse. 320, a; G. 525, i, N.
: :
ff. cf. Gayley, Classic Myths. the best interpretation is, If you have a wish to win her),^<? have no occasion to praise
;
53.
(not
N. 2
all, a colloquial expression emphasizing the negative Menalcas suspects Damcetas of wishing to evade the contest, and so abandons the cups as a stake and recurs to the original " heifer. veniam, etc., as we might say, I '11 meet you where you like."
49.
= to-day).
hodie, at
50.
it
audiat (hort. subjunc.): the intended subject
is
not expressed;
is
instantly
changed
to the person
coming
in sight,
who
etc.,
is
as yet
it's
unknown, but who proves

Palcemon
51. 52.
!
to
be Palaemon.
ecce,
why,
i).
haec, this contest. efficiam ne, I will stop you
from
319, a, N.; G. 553,

si
quin age, well then, come on' in me, on my part. anything (in song). me is no delay."
quid babes, if you can do Cf. Par. Lost, xii. 615 " In
:
52
53.
Notes.
[Bucoi..
nee fugio, in reference to effugies, v. 49. sensibus (loc. abl.) reponas, let it sink deep in your thought: the senses being regarded as avenues to the soul, or judging faculty.
54.
. . .
56. omnis ager, etc., i.e. it is the season when all nature is fruitful. why should not we break forth into song ? Cf. Pope, Spring, w. 42, 43
:
Now Now
57.
hawthorns blossom, now the daisies spring, leaves the trees, and flow'rs adorn the ground.
i.e.
formosissimus annus,
etc.
the fairest season of the year.
Cf.
summus mons,
58. 59.
deinde, two syllables, as always in Virgil. alternis (neut. plur., abl. of manner), in alternate strains.
Camenae, Muses.
soothsaying
:
When
the
The Camenae were fountain nymphs, with powers of name (originally Casmenae) is connected with carmen. Romans adopted the Greek mythology they identified these
their
nymphs with the Grecian Muses, with whom they little in common.
60.
originally
had very
What
this verse.
precedes leads up to the real Amcebean, which begins with Notice that the second singer generally follows in a strain
first,
similar to the
(cf.
but always extends or intensifies the idea
if
he can
The sudden changes of subject, especially towards the the end, are characteristic, and show the zeal of the contestants, challenger always seeking some new theme, in the hope of baffling his
Eel.
vii.).
ab love, etc.: passages, one in Theocritus

adversary.
here doubtless Virgil has

(xvii. i), in
and one
in
Aratus (Phaen.
2),
in mind two which the Muses are invoked, which adds the pantheistic idea that had
come
among philosophers and is Georg. iv. 220-227). Musae is taken by some as voc., by others as gen.; but in either case the meaning is eventually the same, that Jove, the source of all things, properly begins the
to be the prevailing style of thought
in Virgil (see
common
strain.
god of the sky and the weather; cf. 2 356 H. 390, N. 62. et me, i.e. I too have a patron, and a nearer one, Phoebus, the special god of song. sua, his favorite ; cf. Ên. iii. 469, and note. 63. lauri, hyacinthus: these plants were the delight of Apollo; the first being the nymph Daphne, who fled from his pursuit (Ovid, Met. i. 452), and the second a beautiful youth accidentally killed by him with a discus (Id. x. 162). See Gayley, Classic Myths. lauri et
61.
colit,
cherishes (as the
Georg.
ii.
326).
curae:
233, a; G.
notice the hiatus (occasionally allowed). olentis, Ên. vi. 201.
suave, cogn. ace.;
cf.
grave
ECL.
III.]
Pastoral Poems.
petit, hits
;
53
64.
male
me -with an
apple
still
sacred to Venus
the parings are Observe the quantity of malo.

65.
(i.e.
:
: apples were gifts of love, and used in Hallowe'en divination.
notice that this word is stronger than volo. cupit before she gets there). 66. at mihi, i.e. but my flame (Amyntas) is not so coy.
ajote, first
this time. Delia, probably Menalcas's mate {contuberwhose presence the dogs are of course accustomed, but possibly the moon. sit, subj. of result. 68. parta, etc., I have found a gift for my love. i.e. a wild pigeon's nest. notavi locum, / have marked the spot. Cf. Shenstone
67.
lam, by
to
nalis),
have found out a
gift for
my
fair
have found where the wood-pigeons breed.

(lit.
69.
quo, where
whither).
congessere,
have built
(lit.
have
brought together),
70.
sc.
nidum.
The wood-pigeon was

as
sacred to Venus.
I will
:
quod potui,
i.e. all I
could get to-day (but to-morrow
give
many more) I have made a gift already you

;
are only intending

silvestri, -wild.
it.
FIG.
5.
ripe
aurea mala, i.e. and ruddy (not oranges, which were un71.
known
to the ancients).
altera, another ten.

i.e.
73. referatis (optative subjunc.), etc., the words may not go for naught, carried
the singer hopes that all

that
away by the winds, but
some
of
them
at least
may
reach the ears of the gods, to secure the

abl. of specification.
fulfilment of her promise. 74. quid, -what (adverbial ace.).
animo,
spernis:
75.
si
333; G. 525.
dum
tu, etc.,
i.e.
they are separated, even
when engaged
together nets, see

(fron,
in the chase.
Figs.
For and 6
a^cta, reli efs >. 76-77. This couple, dandes Damcetas s nval lollas, whose slave Phyllis is. lollas is told to
MJ /j/
FIG.
6.
ii.
Damcetas
send Phyllis to share the cheerful birthday celebration of he himself is bidden only to the less festival rites of the
i.
ambarvalia (see Georg.
343; Tib.
i).
vitula, abl. of instrument,
54
a
Notes.
construction with verbs of sacrificing.
[BUCOL
venito
:
common
;
see
269.
G. -68, 2
H. 487,
2.
Menalcas assumes the person of lollas, retorting 78. Phyllida, etc. that Phyllis has given her heart to him. me discedere, a forced use of H. 535, iii); the indirect discourse construction ( 333, b; G. 542, 533
: ;
flevit is treated as a
verb of feeling. G. 20, iii H. 42, N.) vale, a lingering farewell. 79. longum ( 29, c In the second vale, e, by a Greek usage, is shortened before the vowel,
;
;
but not elided

80.
359, e
G. 720,
569,
triste
(cf.
Ên.
iv.
H. 608, ii). R. 1 and note), baneful, " a sad thing

;
"
(observe
the chiastic arrangement, and the division by the caesura).

82.
satis (sero),
to
the
growing
crops.
depulsis
(sc.
ab ubere),
weaned.
83. fetO, i.e., weak, after having favorite food is most grateful. 84.
dropped
their young,
when
their
Pollio, the patron of Virgil (see Introd., p. xv,
and Introd.
to
est rustica, however rude (quamvis regularly takes the subjunctive, but in poets and later writers the indicative). quamvis est : for mood cf. JEn. v. 542, note.
Eel.
i).
quamvis
85.
pascite,
i.e.
sacrifice in
honor of
foster the growth of: the heifer is to be raised as a Pollio, here called the reader (lectori) of Virgil's
song.
86. nova carmina, i.e. Menalcas outbids his rival by making Pollio an original poet, not a mere patron or critic, whence he deserves a Pollio's most famous works were tragedies nobler offering (taurum).
on Roman
87.
subjects, not
mere copies of the Greek (hence perhaps nova).

rejoices that
qui petat, characteristic subj. 88. te gaudet, sc. venisse, where he
you have
arrived,
meaning
89.
his
" the height of
fame," or something similar.

i.e.
mella fluant,
iv.
etc.,
may
own
effort, as in the
Golden Age
everything prosper for him without (proverbial); cf. ALn. vi. 792, and
;
note ; Eel.
amomum,
a fragrant Eastern shrub
here used for the
gum,
incense.
90. amet, i.e. may he fall so low! Bavius and Maevius were obscure and envious poets of Virgil's time. Menalcas calls down a curse on those who prefer the verses of Bavius to Pollio's, and thus surpasses his rival, in so far as abusive language may be regarded as more forcible
than praise.
" " 91 atque idem, at the same time (our colloquial by the same token would give the same force) may all his efforts fail (contrasted with v. The proverbs are borrowed from the Greek. 89).
ECL. in.]
Pastoral Poems.
:
55
as fast as Damcetas finds himself matched, he 92. qui legitis changes the subject. note the hurry and confusion suggested by the 93. frigidus, etc. movement of this verse. Cf. Dante, Inf., vii. 84. 94. parcite, forbear : as the youths have just been warned, so now
:
The construction the sheep. /En. hi. 42, and note).

95.
is
a poetic extension of prohibition
(cf.
96.
creditur (impers.), there 's no trusting to. reice (re-iice), drive back, made a dissyllable by synizesis
iii).
347,
c;
G. 727; H. 608,
97.
erit
:
for quantity see

it is
359,
safer.
/; G. 721; H.
608,
v.
in fonte,
in the upper waters, where

101.
magistro
cessful lover
102.
by profession
the shepherd of pastoral poetry is always an unsucso here Damretas is wasted by love.
;
his certe, etc., and yet with these of mine, at least, love is not The force of neque might be expressed by our the cause ( 235).
colloquial "either" cause of it either).
i.e.
(my flocks are

ossibus (dat.
in a bad
227,
e,
way
3
;
too,
and
love isn't the

;
G. 346, N. 6
H.
385, 4*),
they hardly hold together. or other (a weak aliquis). oculus, the 103. nescio quis, some belief in the evil eye is still prevalent in Italy. Notice that here as in
. . .
the other cases the second singer

1
makes out a worse

Monday, w.
;
case than the

iiiff.:
first.
104-107.
Cf. Gay, Shepherds' Week,
Lobbin,
This riddle, Cuddy, if thou canst, explain This wily riddle puzzles e"Very swain What flower is that which bears the Virgin's name, The richest metal joined with the same ?
:
Cuddy.
carl, and judge this riddle right, frankly own thee for a cunning wight What flower is that which royal honor craves, Adjoin the Virgin, and 't is strown on graves ?
Answer, thou
I '11
105.
caeli
spatium
:
this
riddle has
had many answers, none of
them
a deep well, a cave, an oven, the shield of Achilles, satisfactory a pit in the comttium, called mundus, opened once a year, etc. According to an old anecdote, reported by Servius, Virgil is said to have referred
one Caelius, a spendthrift of Mantua, who, in selling his estates, reserved only land enough for his own grave. magnus Apollo Apollo was the god of divination. amplius cf. ./En. i. 683, and note.
to
: :
106.
inscripti
flores
the hyacinth (see note to

letters AI, the
v.
63)
is
said to
be veined in the form of the
Greek word for alas ! and
56
also the
Notes.
[BUCOL.
first syllable of the name AIAS, Ajax (gee Ovid, Met. xiii. 397). Cf. Milton, Lycidas : " the sanguine flower inscribed with woe." nomina : the direct obj. of inscribe is here irregularly retained with the passive inscripti; cf. traiectus lora, &n. ii. 273, and note.
-
108. 109.
nostrum, in
quisquis,
my power ;
see
214, d, N.
feels the
etc.,
every one
who
G. 366, R. 3 H. 401, charms of happy or

;
N. 3
the
pangs of unhappy love ; i.e. every poet who sings of love. in. claudite a touch of real life concludes the song. While the contest is going on Palaemon has come to have his slaves open the sluices to irrigate the fields. There is also a hint at the figurative sense,
:
to stay the stream of bucolic verse.
ECLOGUE
IV.
THE
date of this Eclogue
is
the treaty of
Brundusium provided
unquestionably B.C. 40. In that year for an amicable settlement of the

;
so that quarrels among the triumvirs, Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus the Roman world looked forward to an era of peace and prosperity.
The Eclogue
is
leadership the world
celebrates the expected birth of a child under Whose child is is to enjoy these blessings.
whose meant
not absolutely certain, but it is most likely that it was the offspring of the lately celebrated union of Octavius (Augustus) and Scribonia. The poem takes the form of a prophecy of this new era (cf. JEn.
vi. 791 ff.). The general idea is furnished by vague notions (current in antiquity) of a Golden Age, which, having existed in the infancy of the The world, was expected to return, after a series of less happy times.
poem
greets the expected child as the herald and the founder of this restored Golden Age. The similarity between this prophecy and the
;
Messianic expectations of the Jews (see the book of Isaiah and cf. Pope's Messiah) has led many Christian writers to ascribe to Virgil himself an intention of Messianic prophecy and even to regard the Eclogue as
inspired.
The
latter idea
had
full
credence in the middle ages and con-
tributed to the reverence in which Virgil was then held (see Introd., It is unnecessary to assume Hebrew influence, however, for p. xxx).
there
ideas.
is
nothing in the
poem which
is
not in accordance with classical
The Eclogue
(see Introd., p.
was expected. and Herrick doubtless had

of King Charles,
dedicated to Pollio, Virgil's friend and patron xv), in whose consulship (B.C. 40) the birth of the child Pope's Messiah is a professed imitation of this poem,
is
Virgil in
mind
in his Pastoral
on the Birth
ECL. IV.]
Pastoral Poems.
w.
1-6:
!
57
1-3.
Cf. Pope, Messiah,
Ye Nymphs of Solyma begin the song To heav'nly themes sublimer strains belong. The mossy fountains, and the sylvan shades, The dreams of Pindus and th' Aonian maids,
:
O thou my voice inspire Delight no more. Who touch'd Isaiah's hallow'd lips with fire.
1.
Sicelides Musae,
i.e.
Theocritus was a Sicilian (see Introd., p.

;
those of pastoral song, so called because xxi). maiora, i.e. than the
loves and the interests of shepherds paulo indicates that he does not mean to abandon the style of pastoral poetry, but only to raise it to a
somewhat higher
2.
strain
cf v. 3.
.
omnis, notice the long
i.
arbusta
myricae
suggesting the
ordinary subjects of unpretentious pastoral song.

3.
4.
consule, Pollio (see Introd., p. xv). ultima, the last, i.e. the restored
;
permanent
in
one sense
this
Golden Age, which is to be has already come (venit), but its blessings
are only beginning to be felt. Cumaei, i.e. the Sibylline books thought The Sibyls to have been sold to king Tarquin by the Cumaean Sibyl.
were prophetic nymphs, like the Camenae (iii. 59), but were independent each of the others. Ten principal ones are mentioned, of whom two had their homes in Italy: the Cumaean (Amalthea), and the Tiburtine
For the prophetic character of the Sibyl, see Êneid, Sibylline books were destroyed when the but about a thousand verses, Capitol was burned in Sulla's time which were reputed genuine, were gathered afterwards, and religiously preserved. They seem to have contained chiefly directions for religious
{Albunea).
vi.
Book
The supposed
ceremonies.
5.
the
first
magnus ordo ordo indicates the progression of the four ages or Golden Age has now come again. The ancients had an idea
:
;
of ages in the world's history, and these they associated, somewhat The ages would vaguely, with the metals gold, silver, bronze, iron.
seem
to have been described in the real or supposed Sibylline books, with which Virgil connects them here. According to his view the Iron Age has just closed and with the Golden Age the cycle is beginning
anew (ab
by the
this is called ultima as being the last mentioned whose prophecy may be supposed to cease with the re-establishment of the Golden Age. Along with this simpler and more popular conception, Virgil may have in mind also the Etruscan cycle of ten ages (saecula), and the astronomical notion of the magnus annus, i.e. the period when the heavenly bodies would return to the same positions which they had at the creation.
integro)
Sibyl,
58
6.
Notes.
the goddess Astraea,
[BUCOL.
virgO
i.e.
known on
to
have been the
last of the divinities to quit the earth

:
earth as Justice, said amid the crimes
of the Iron
Age
Ultima caelestum, terras Astraea
reliquit.
Ovid. Met.
i.
150.
Saturnia
the early Golden
Age was
associated with the reign of the
old Italian god of husbandry, Saturnus, afterwards confounded with the Greek Kronos, father of Zeus, under whom peace and justice were believed to have been undisturbed, in a time of great simplicity of life,
when men
Cf."/En.
lived
on acorns and wild
fruits before the cultivation of grain.
792, and note. redit, redeunt : the repetition of the verb here takes the place of a conjunction, but gives emphasis to the idea.
vi.
a new and better race is to people the earth, of 7. nova progenies which the expected child is to be father hence the prayer to Lucina to
: ;
insure the establishment of this race.

8.
nascent!, at his birth.

;
quo, in whose time, a forced use of the
te consule, v. n. 9. gens, i.e. the nova progenies just predicted, constitute a Golden Age. mundo, loc. abl.
loc. abl.
cf.
:
whose existence
will
a name properly given to Juno as goddess of marriage 10. Lucina she who bestows light upon the child (lux). But and so of birth, often (as here) the same function is ascribed to Diana. tuus, i.e. frater. Apollo was the favorite divinity of Augustus, by whom he was later made the patron deity of Rome. regnat hence Lucina ought
:
to favor the birth.
n.
te,
expressed again in the same construction further on for
emphasis. adeo, just : giving a decus hoc aevi ceding word.

note, for the
=
;
" " rhetorical to the preprominence

//'.y
glorious age;
cf.
yn.
ii.
235,
form of expression.
te
time of your (Pollio's) consulship

inibit, -will
means merely in the duce (below), under your guidance.

te consule
come in
(intransitive, a rare use).
12. magni menses, the divisions of the great cycle (magnus annus), analogous to those of the ordinary year.
13.
sceleris
referring especially to the guilt of the bloody civil wars;
hence nostri.
14.
lit.
irrita: the remains of civil
war
will
be made harmless (in-rata,
solvent, will free, i.e. by becoming harmless. deum (gen. plur.), i.e. he shall begome a god, 15. ille, i.e. the boy. and hold communion with gods and demigods. divis 248, a, R.;
annulled}.
G. 348,
16.
R.i;
H.
385,
3.
heroas (Greek form and quantities retained): in the Golden Age,
ECL. IV.]
Pastoral Poems.
59
illis, dat.
gods and heroes dwelt familiarly with men upon the earth.
of agent.
17.
18-45.
see patriis conquered. pacatum " The coming of the Golden Age
:
Introd. to the Eclogue.

will
be gradual,
its
stages
three:
corresponding to those
i.
in the life of
all
the child."
These stages are
wild things shall grow luxuriantly to beautify the earth, and noxious plants and wild animals shall lose their evil
infancy (w. 18-25):
ii. crops shall grow spontaneously, but youth (w. 26-36) qualities commerce and war shall still be practised iii. mature manhood (w. commerce and the arts shall become unnecessary, war doubt37-45) The details less ceasing, and the Golden Age shall be fully established.
:
of the description are in each case suited to the needs and desires of the time of life referred to.
18.
little
prima,
:
i.e.
at first (as soon as
gifts (suited to
an infant).
munuscula, its you are born). Cf. Pope, cultu, abl. of manner.
Messiah
See Nature hastes her earliest wreaths to bring,
With
all
the incense of the breathing spring.

:
"The 20. ridenti, i-e. pleasing ; cf. Gray, Progress of Poesy, v. 5 acantho for case see note laughing flowers that round them blow."
:
on divis
21.
(v. 15).
ipsae, of themselves (without a herdsman). leones this and similar images have been thought to be 22. nec . . " the wolf imitated from the Hebrew prophets, particularly Isaiah xi. 6 :
. :
FIG.
But if Virgil had known this passage, he would hardly have missed the words so exquisitely fit to his purpose, " a little child shall lead them." He appears to copy here the established
shall dwell with the lamb," etc.
Theocr. imagery of the Golden Age (cf. Hesiod, Works, 1 18, 236 xi. 12 Hor. Od. iii. 4, 17 The destruction of the Epod. xvi. 49).
; ; ;
herds by lions does not agree with Italian surroundings, but was nevertheless an idea familiar to the Romans cf. Fig. 7 (from a Pompeian
;
wall-painting).
60
23.
24.
Notes.
cunabula
[BUCOL.
: carrying out the idea suggested by munuscula, v 18. For genitive cf. fessi fallax veneni, of treacherous poison. With the following verses cf. Pope, rerum, Ên. i. 178, and note.
.
Messiah,
w.
71
ff.
On
rifted rocks, the dragon's late abodes,
The green reed
trembles, and the bulrush nods.

thorn,
Waste sandy valleys, once perplex'd with The spiry fir and shapely box adorn
:
To
leafless
shrubs the flow'ring palms succeed,
The od'rous myrtle to the noisome weed. The lambs with wolves shall graze the verdant mead,
And boys
The
steer
in flow'ry
and
lion at
bands the tiger lead ; one crib shall meet,
And harmless
serpents lick the pilgrim's feet.
VOlgO, everywhere (instead of being a rare exotic). simul, as soon as (= simul atque, as often). 29. sentibus (abl. of separation): "to gather grapes from thorns" seems to have been a proverb of impossibility.
25. 26.
30.
roscida mella
it
the form of dew, and was so gathered by bees. followed by a cogn. ace.).
31.
seems to have been believed that honey fell in sudabunt, distil (here
a few, though only a few!
desire of wealth, the ancients
pauca
:
notice the emphasis;
suberunt
32.
observe the force of sub-.

:
temptare
3, 9).
it
was the depraved

led
thought, which
first
Od.
Cf.
i.
i.
Thetim, and note.
to brave the perils of the sea (see Hor. a sea-nymph, mother of Achilles here, the sea.
:
men
33.
iubeant, vehat, subj. of purpose.
Such clauses
are,
however,
indistinguishable from clauses of characteristic except by the fact that their action is referred to the future but there is so little difference
;
between purpose and future intended all such clauses purpose.
result, that
it
seems best to
call
34. alter erit, etc., i.e. there will be another Heroic Age, history thus repeating itself. Tiphys, the pilot of the Argo there must still be some attempts at adventure and conquest, until the age reaches its
:
perfection.
35.
delectos
a stock
name
for the
a second series of -wars like the

events.
36.
37.
first,
altera bella, Argonauts. with even the same succession of
ad
notice that this

(like inde),
word here means

this).
against, not
to.
bine
then (after
ECL. IV.]
Pastoral Poems.
61
38.
nautica pinus,
vector, traveller (i.e. merchant). i.e. the ship of the trader.
mari, abl. of separation.

Cf.
Never comes
the
European
trader.
TENNYSON, Locksley Hall.
In ancient times the merchant sailed in his

is
own
ship (pinus)
hence he
constantly called nauta.

39.
omnis,
etc.
and hence commerce
will
be unnecessary.
41.
tauris, dative.
42.
mentiri COlores,
to asstime false colors.
The
luxurious arts will
be unnecessary, since nature

ously.
will furnish all

all
their products spontane-
The
ancients regarded
such arts as a corruption of nature

its
(hence mentiri).
is
This same idea, as well as

iv.
more
modem
opposite,
expressed in Shakspere, Winter's Tale,

Perdita.
The
fair'st flowers o'
the season
Are our carnations and streak'd gillyvors, Which some call nature's bastards of that kind Our rustic garden 's barren and I care not
:
To get
slips of
them.
Polixenes.
Wherefore, gentle maiden,
Do
you neglect them ?

Perdita.
is
There
an
art
For I have heard it said which in their piedness shares
With
great creating nature.
Say there be ; Yet nature is made better by no mean But nature makes that mean so, o'er that art Which you say adds to nature, is an art That nature makes. You see, sweet maid, we marry
Polixenes.
:
And make
gentler scion to the wildest stock, conceive a bark of baser kind

:
By bud of nobler race this is an art Which does mend nature, change it The art itself is nature.
rather
but
suave, cogn. ace.; cf. Ên. vi. 20 (grave olentis). 1 H. murice, idiomatic ablative of price ( 252, c; G. 404, N. 2 mutabit vellera, shall change his natural fleece for. murex 422, N. ) in each case the name of is purple ; luto, yellow ; sandyx, scarlet,
43. 44.
;
the dye being used for the color. 8 46. saecla (cogn. ace. after currite, 238, a; G. 333, 2, N. ; H. 371, " " so such ! to their the Destinies. For ii, N.) ages sang spindles spin For the Parcae and their the fusus, see Fig. 8 (from an ancient relief).
spinning, see
^n.
i.
22, note.
62
47.
Notes.
Concordes,
etc.,
[BUCOL.
harmonious
i.e.
(i.e.
purpose offate.
fatorum,
fate in the abstract, of

it
with each other) by fhe unshaken which the Parcae
are, as
were, the expounders.
numine,
abl. of cause.
49.
this
Observe the force and weight of
spondaic verse.
50.
mundum,
the system of the universe,

is
of which the earth
the visible
centre.
heavens, which in the view of the ancients were hollow spheres with a solid crust or surface, are represented as thrilled,
The
and so nodding, as it were (nutantem), with their rounded weight, at the coming
of the age of gold. pondere this illustrates the impossibility of distinguishing clearly between kindred uses of the abl.
: ;
FIG.
8.
it
may be
either
means or manner
(cf.
the
similar uncertainty in the English translation). 51. -que: this syllable may be considered as lengthened by the two following consonants, but this usage is probably an imitation of Homeric
rhythm
52.
53.
(cf.
Ên.
iii.
91).
ut, how, interrogative.
mihi
vitae
= Oh that the closing years of my

thirty years old.
is
saeclo, abl. with laetor.
life
far prolonged!
to
(lit.
Oh
its
that the last part of so long a
life
may be so may remain

he had said
me
!).
Virgil
was then about

force
tarn affects only

if
longae directly, but tantus spiritus).

54. 55.
continued with spiritus (as
i.e. ad dicenda. dicere spiritus et, and genius too. Orpheus, Linus, the vincet, i.e. in case the prayer is granted. mythic bards of the age of heroes. 56. adsit, i.e. though they have the help of their divine parents, who
:
are
named
57.
in the next verse.

;
Orphei, a Greek form
58.
Arcadia iudice
(abl. abs.)
scan as a dissyllable. even Pan's own country, the land of

:
pastoral poets,
would have
to
admit his
inferiority.
And come, you prime
Arcadians forth, that taught
By Pan the rites of true society, From his loud music all your manners wrought, And made your commonwealth a harmony. BEN JONSON, Pan's Anniversary.
60.
incipe, etc.
(cf. v. 46).
child
risu,
a prayer for the speedy advent of the miraculous with thy smile, a lovely image of infancy.
ECL. v.J
tulSrunt: e
cui, etc.
:
Pastoral Poems.
is
63
61.
62.
63.
deus,
i.e.
short, as often in Virgil. his parents have not smiled (in response). not as yet, implying that it will be his lot ultimately.
him on whom
ECLOGUE
V.
IN form this Eclogue is an expansion of the first Idyl of Theocritus, which sings the death of the shepherd Daphnis in meaning, however, it has been held to be allegorical, celebrating the apotheosis of Julius
;
was confirmed by a solemn act B.C. 42. In the first part of the poem, after some preliminary conversation, the shepherd Mopsus bewails the death of Daphnis in the last Menalcas (representing Virgil)
Caesar, which
;
recounts the reception of Daphnis among the gods and the rites paid to him as a divinity. Although in general this Eclogue (like iii. and vii.)
is
form
divided between two singers, yet the Amoebean strain or alternate is not preserved throughout the main part of the song of each
:
singer
is
continuous, the
first
(w. 20-52) finishing before the second

1
(w. 56-80) begins.

Spenser's November eclogue in the Shepherds' Calendar, Milton's Lycidas, and Pope's fourth Pastoral, Winter, may be compared with
this
poem.
.
cur non
= here the more common quin
the question
is
equivalent
(
to a mild exhortation.
, ;
boni, skilled, followed by infin.
273,
G. 421, N. 1 c H. 533, 3). ambo, with boni, which is in pred. apposition with the subj. of convenimus: we have met here, skilled, both of us.
2. 3.
levls: notice the quantities.

COrylis
:
best considered as dative
248, a, R.
G. 346, N. 6
H. 385, 3), though the ablative also is used in consedimus imitation of the Greek aorist with rl
:
this construction.
ov.
4.
5.
maior, the elder.

incertas, etc. : render, the quivering shadows stirred by the zephyrs, abl. abs. in translation.
:
changing the
6.
the question ut sparsit (exclamatory), or the indicative

(
may be may be
considered as a direct one

referred to an earlier usage
334, d; G. 467, N.
7.
H.
silvestris labrusca,
529, 7). the wild vine that

(raris).
runs
to
wood, and has
clusters only here
and there
These words
II.
hint modestly his
preference for the grotto. G 8. tibi certat ( 229, c; G. 346, N.

rival you.
385, 4*),
i.e.
attempts to
64
9.
Notes.
quid
to
[BUCOL.
si certet,
were
abl.
rival Phoebus.
a playful disparagement of his rival: suppose he The conclusion is here only implied. canendo,
cf.
of manner.
si
10.
quos,
:
etc.
iii.
52.
merely the name of some shepherd. iurgia Codri, abuse of Codrus (cf. vii. 22, 26); see the abuse in Eel. iii. Codri and the other genitives are obj. The idea is whether you have a song of love, in fact, any pastoral subject to an encomium, or a song of railing,
n. Alconis
sing of.
Cf. Spenser, Shepherds' Calendar,
November, w. 5-8
Now
somewhat sing whose endles sovenaunce

the shepeheards swaines
Emong
may
aye remaine,
Whether thee list thy loved lasse advaunce, Or honor Pan with hymnes of higher vaine.
13. 14.
immo,
nay, rather.
cf. x.
descripsi:
53.
modulans,
etc.,
i.e.
set
them
to
music
verse by verse, played a line and then noted down the strain, and so on till the song was finished. alterna, adverbial ace. ( 191 ; H. 443).
deinde, i.e. after you have heard me Mopsus is a little piqued the hint of Amyntas's rivalry, till Menalcas soothes him by the elaborate compliment which follows. ut certet : a rare construction
15.
;
at
with iubeo.
1 6. salix, saliunca : these plants are chosen as resembling the valuable ones mentioned after them. The leaves of willow are in shape
and color similar to olive, though the plant is comparatively worthless and the herb saliunca, though fragrant, cannot be woven into garlands Thus both the likeness and the unlikeness heighten the like the rose.
;
contrast.
1
8.
19.
iudicio, abl. of specification. desine : often transitive even in prose.
plura,
i.e.
further pre-
liminaries.
20. Daphnim Daphnis, the ideal shepherd (cf. Introd., p. xxi.). Theocritus represents his death as bewailed by the nymphs. 21. flebant observe the effect of this word, making a single foot, and followed by a pause, in heightening the pathos of the verse.
:
:
testes,
i.e.
these
know how
bitter their grief was, for
it
was near them
that the
body was discovered.

. .
nymphis,
dat. of reference.
. :
. astra atque : a stronger expression than et . . et. 23. atque the stars, which by astrological fancy were supposed to control the destinies of human life. mater : prob. Venus as the ancestress of
Julius Caesar.
ECL. V.]
Pastoral Poems.
24. non ulli, etc., i.e. the disconsolate herdsmen ceased their labors and the cattle refused to eat and drink. Cf. Spenser, Shepherds' Calendar, November, w. 133 ff.
:
The The
And hang
feeble flocks in field refuse their former foode, theyr heads as they would learne to weepe
beastes in forest wayle as they were woode [i.e. mad], Except the wolves, that chase the wandring sheepe,
Now
pastos,
25.
a,
i.e.
she
is
gone that safely did hem keepe.
after feeding-time.
(see 209,
neque does not destroy the negative force of nulla

2).
3; G. 445; H. 553,
27.
Poenos leones,
etc., i.e. all
not only shepherds and herds, but even the most savage
nature,
forms, mourned his death.

29. curru, dat. tigres: see Fig. 9.
;
subiungere Bacchus was
worshipped primarily as a benefactor to
mankind in introducing the cultivation of the vine. Parallel
FIG.
to this the beneficent effects of Caesar's conquests in the person of Daphnis.

30.
and
rule are praised
thiasos inducere,
to lead the mystic dances belonging to the rites of Bacchus (same construction as subiungere).
foliis, etc.
these words refer to the thyrsus,
a spear, wreathed with vine and ivy, or sometimes tipped with a pine cone. (See Figs. 10
and
109.)
15,
and full-page
:
illustration,
Ên.,
p.
34.
decus
notice that this nominative
is
precisely equivalent to the dative decori, v. 32.
tulerunt
the
= abstulerunt.
(Cf
tollo,
from
same
root.)
Cf. Lycidas,
w.
37
ff.:
But, O, the heavy change,
now thou
art gone,
!
FIG.
10.
Now thou art gone and never must return Thee, shepherd, thee the woods, and desert caves, With wild thyme and the gadding vine o'ergrown, And all their echoes, mourn.
The day of 35. Pales (sometimes masculine), deity of the flocks. her festival, the Palilia (April 21), was taken as the anniversary of
the founding of
Rome.
See cut under Georgics.
66
Notes.
Where'er he goes, upon the ground better grass and flowers are found.
sweeter pastures lead he can
[BUCOL.
The
To
Than ever Pales could or Pan.
BEN JONSON, New

:
Year's Gift, 1635.
Apollo he had been keeper of the flocks of the Thessalian king Admetus, and so was a patron of shepherds cf. Peele, Essex's Welcome,
;
vv. 60, 6l
He
Here he
is
shineth on the plains, his lusty flock him by,

in Arcady.
As when Apollo kept
appropriately mentioned since he was the favorite deity of

(cf.
.
the Julian family

36, 37.
Eel.
. .
iv. 10).
avenae, "worthless darnel (tares) and sterile wild oats spring up in the furrows to which we have often committed the Grain was carefully selected for sowing (Georg. choice barley-grains.
grandia
i.
it
197-199): it was even thought that unless large grains were chosen would degenerate into worthless weeds. The baleful effects mentioned are caused by the absence of the guardian genius Daphnis. quibus the antecedent words would be in eis.
:
38.
purpureo
brilliancy of color.
calyx.
39.
properly red or purple, but sometimes used of mere The narcissus is white but one sort has a purple
;
spinis, abl. of manner.
Cf. Gay,
Shepherd 's Week, Friday, w.
83 ff.:
Lament, ye fields, and rueful symbols show, Henceforth let not the smelling primrose grow Let weeds instead of butter-flowers appear, And meads instead of daisies hemlocks bear For cowslips sweet let dandelions spread, For Blouzelinda, blithesome maid is dead.
;
!
i.e. strew the ground with flowers, and 40. spargite, etc. plant favorite burial-place was shade-trees about the fountain at his grave. near a shaded running stream. inducite, draw the shadows over (a
:
These are acts of worship poetical way of saying "plant shade-trees "). to the departed Daphnis, now regarded as a divinity. the original n is here retained to give the archaic 44. formonsi
:
effect of
an inscription.
45.
tale
tuum, etc. cf. Par. Lost, viii. 2 1 1 ff And sweeter thy discourse is to my ear
:
Than
fruits of
And hunger both, from

Of sweet
repast.
palm-tree pleasantest to thirst labor at the hour
And
Spenser, Shepherds' Calendar,
June :
KCL. V.J
Pastoral Poems.
Colin, to heare thy rhymes and roundelayes, Which thou wert wont on wastfull hylls to singe,
I
67
Whose Echo made
more delight then larke in sommer dayes the neyghbour groves to
ring.
46. 47.
quale
for gender,
i.e.
cf.
triste lupus stabulis,
iii.
80.
is
dulcis, fresh,
not brackish, nor medicated, as
very
common
in that country.
restinguere, subject of quale [est].

:
48.
ritus.
magistrum
alter
perhaps Daphnis, whose song

second
to
is
praised by Theoccon-
49.
ab
illo,
him.
The
line is doubtful, for
it
tradicts the preceding verse.

50.
tamen,
i.e.
though you are

may.
etc.,
my superior.
quocumque modo,
i.e.
with such
51.
skill as I
tollemus,
322,
vicissim, in my turn. exalt, with a suggestion also of deification

is
(cf.
yEn.
iv.
and note); there
an allusion to the apotheosis of Julius

i
Caesar.
53. an quicquam, why ! can any boon be greater ? ( 2 1 1 b G. 457, H. 353, N. 4 ). tali munere, such a tribute, sit, deliberative subjunc. i.e. as your song. cantari 54. ipse, himself, the subject as opposed to the song. 2 H. 533, N. 2 ista dignus: see 238, c and 320, /; G. 552, R.
,
; ;
carmina, these strains of yours, written long ago (iam pridem), and admired by a good authority, and probably improved and polished since. 56. candidus, in shining robes: the word means a brilliant white, like the garments of the gods. insuetum, i.e. strange to his eye as a
mortal.
With
the deification of Daphnis
cf.
Lycidas,
w.
i65ff.
more, woful shepherds, weep no more ; For Lycidas, your sorrow, is not dead, Sunk though he be beneath the watry floor So sinks the day-star in the ocean bed And yet anon repairs his drooping head, And tricks his beams, and with new-spangled ore Flames in the forehead of the morning sky So Lycidas sunk low, but mounted high Through the dear might of him that walk'd the waves; Where other groves and other streams along, With nectar pure his oozy locks he laves,
; ;
:
Weep no
And
hears the unexpressive nuptial song, In the blest kingdoms meek of joy and love.
There entertain him all the saints above, In solemn troops, and sweet societies, That sing, and singing in their glory move, And wipe the tears forever from his eyes.
68
Now,
Notes.
Lycidas, the shepherds weep no more Henceforth thou art the genius of the shore, In thy large recompense and shall be good
;
[BucoL.
To
all that
wander
in that perilous flood.
58. alacris voluptas, eager delight, showing itself These images are contrasted with the griefs recounted see JEn. iii. 34, note. 59. dryadas
:
in gestures, etc.
in
w.
24-27.
61.
Milton)
v. 29).
bonus, kindly (cf. the last line of the passage just quoted from hence under his reign peace (otia) will prevail (cf. note on
;
62.
ipsi, ez>en.
ad sidera
cf.
JEn.
ii.
488.
63.
64.
intonsi,
i.e.
clad in their wild forests.
as a cogn. ace.
sonant, here followed by the contents of the song (deus, deus) cf. i. 5, note. arbusta, here simply woods ; arbfires
;
would not
65.
suit the
hexameter.
felix, propitious.
sis, hortatory.
aras:
2 240, d; 0.343, N.
H.
381. 66. duas altaria, two (which are) high altars for sacrifice to Phoebus
(see note
on
i.
7).
:
67.
pocula, etc.
bina quotannis, two every year. lacte, abl. of manner.

68.
these gifts are copied from Theocr. v. 53-57. Two festivals seem to be indicated.
crateras
large vases in which the wine
and water were mixed.
FIG. n.
(See Fig. 11, from an ancient vase-painting.)

(with Fig.).
69.
70.
Cf.
note,
/En.
i.
724
etc., cheering the feast with abundant wine. frigus, in early spring messis, in late summer. Notice the chiastic order ; cf. iii. 80. The particular festivals referred to are
hilarans convivia,
unknown.
71.
novum
nectar,
a new-found nectar.
B.C. 50.
i.e.
Foreign wine was
first
imported into
73-
Rome
about
saltantis, etc.,
calathis, abl. of separation. the neighbors also shall join in the festivities.
in
These would include such dances as the satyrs and fauns perform
the processions of Bacchus.
(See Fig.
12.)
ECL. VI.]
the
Pastoral Poems.
:
69
divinities
75.
Nymphis
nymphs were
favorite
with
the
herdsmen, and their worship was connected with that of Bacchus and Ceres, as well as that of Pan, but no particular festival is known at
which they were worshipped. Virgil seems to have in his mind some special rites
that took place in
summer
(messis), but
what is uncertain. Perhaps he has here mixed Sicilian and Roman rites. lustra-
bimus agros, referring to the festival described in the note to iii. 77, which took
place in early spring. Ceres 79. Cereri :
was
an
Italian
earth-goddess, of far less consequence in the old mythology than Pales but, being
;
taken to represent the Demeter of the Greeks, she became one of the chief
members of the Roman Pantheon. 80. damnabis votis, like morte darnnari (compare
220, b\
to fulfil their vows,
FIG.
12.
G. 378, R. 8 H. 410, iii), by bestowing the desired gifts be a god cf. v. 56).
;
;
i.e.
shall bind
men
(or, in
other words,
81.
85.
reddam, deliberative subjunc. hac cicuta, this pipe ; the name

haec nos docuit: see Eel.
ii. i
is
given
i.
from the hollow

86.
stalk of the herb hemlock.
and
iii.
pipe is represented as the teacher, the song as the thing taught.

88. rogaret, with cum concessive. pedum see Fig. 13. amari for 89. non tulit, could not get.
:
The
FIG.
13.
constr. see v. 54, note.

90.
nodis atque acre, brazen studs.
For the
hendiadys, see >En.
i.
61, note.
ECLOGUE VI.
IN
B.C.
40 Virgil came
in
contact with Alfenus Varus, a
Roman
magistrate of literary taste and attainments, who had been appointed, together with the poet Cornelius Callus, to carry out a new distribution of lands in Cisalpine Gaul (cf. Introd. to Eel. ix.). Varus requested
Notes.
[BUCOL.
He replied with the followVirgil to write something in the epic style. ing verses, which are an excuse for not composing an epic in praise of Varus. He would fain, he says, have done so, but Apollo reminded
him that a shepherd should only sing shepherd's songs. Instead he composes a short didactic poem, containing a kind of cosmology, followed by a cycle of old Greek myths. Such subjects were favorite ones for poetical treatment among the ancients (cf. ALn. i. 740 ff., and
Ovid's Metamorphoses).
Cf. Gay's imitation of this
Eclogue
in
his
Shepherds' Week, Saturday.

i. nostra Thalia, referring to his prima Thalia was the muse of comic and idyllic verse.
.
first
poetical attempts.
is
prima
emphatic as
;
opposed to
cum canerem, which
refers to his intended
poem on Varus
i.e.
the latter was to have been in a
higher
2.
style.
Syracosio,
cf.
ii.
Si-
cilian (alluding to Theocritus).
habitare
:
i,
note.
Thalia
she was represented with the mask and the pedum or shep-
herd's crook (see Fig. 13). the imperfect 3. canerem:
means
sing.
tried to sing or
wanted
to
reges et proelia, i.e. heroic strains the verb canere is often

;
transitive even in prose.

vellit,
aurem
plucked my ear, i.e. to remind me. The ear was held to be

the seat of
it
memory and touching was part of the formality in

;
summoning a
Sat.
i.
witness
(see
is
Hor.
9, 77).
The
idea
symbol-
gem).
Cf. Herrick, Dissuasions
from
ized in Fig. 14 Idleness:
(from an antique
Cynthius pluck ye by the ear, That ye may good doctrine hear.
See also Lycidas,

4.
v. 77.
i.e. being only a rustic and not an epic poet. pinguis, fat (as applied to sheep) it is used here, with a slight play on words, in opposition to deductum, thin-spun, tenue, i.e. plain, simple (employing only the language of common life, not the fuller, more
pastorem,
rounded
style of the epic).
ECL. VI.]
Pastoral Poems.
opposed to cum canerem
:
6.
nunc,
ego, opposed
to the poets
referred to in the following parenthesis. more than enough. tibi, dat. of possessor.
7.
super erunt, there shall be
cupiant, be eager. Notice that cupio is stronger than volo would In the clause qui cupiant, the original idea of purpose has faded, so that we may translate by the English future. condere, compose (cf.
be.
condere carmen). 8. tenui: though this adj. describes the reed (arundine), yet there is a suggestion (with a different metaphor) of the character of the song
previously expressed by deductum.
arundine, abl. of
instr.;
cf.
i.
2,
and
note.
9. non, etc. / do not sing tmbidden strains, i.e. I obey Apollo by not singing in epic style still (tamen), I shall really be fulfilling your
;
request, since
whoever reads
my poem
will find
haec quoque, these (rustic verses) composing an epic, as you desired.
too, i.e.
just as
your name on the page. much as if I were
10. nostrae myricae (cf. iv. 2), in modest contrast to nemus omne, which implies that all pastoral poets will take up the strain. n. canet, shall be heard to sing, the apodosis of si ... leget.
nee gratior, etc., i.e. anything, however humble, addressed to Varus sure of Apollo's favor.
12.
is
praescripsit
it.
sibi,
has written upon
The
page
is
sented
writing.
poetically repreas doing its own
13. pergite, go on proceed to carry out
(i.e.
this
purpose).
:
Chromis,
two young Mnasyllos Satyrs. These were fabulous

creatures,
life
the wild
types of of the forest.
They are represented with

horns, pointed hairy ears,
goats' legs and feet. Such symbols were held in great horror by the early Christians, and still
tails,
figure in the popular pictures as devils.

14.
(Cf. note, v. 27.)
Silenum
Silenus,
one of
the attendants of
Bacchus, was
72
Notes.
[BUCOL.
a type of good-humored but represented as jolly, fat, tipsy, and bald, rather vulgar debauchery. (See Fig. 1 5 and the Fig. in text.) somno,
abl. of
1
manner.
venas, Greek accusative.
cf.
5.
laccho, a
name
of Bacchus, here,
215, Eel. i. 2, and notes. 1 6. procul tantum, not far off (lit., only close by), an imitation of a phrase in Theocritus. capiti, dat. of separation.
wine;
^n.
i.
17. attrita, well worn by constant cup with two handles. (See Fig. 1 5.)
:
cantharus, jug, a sort of ansa, abl. of means. not really to bind him as a captive, but merely to 19. vincula, i.e. exact from him the forfeit of a song. The prophet or bard, according
use.
to ancient folk-lore, was under an obligation to sing or prophesy if caught or bound. Cf. the prophecy of Proteus in Georg. iv. 398 ff. ipsis sertis, i.e. those which he had worn at the feast where he had
taken the wine.
The garland
i.e.
is
a regular accompaniment to drinking.
See Fig.
20. 21.
15.
timidis,
sees
as they were alarmed at their temerity.

(
iam videnti
quo
(adv.),
235, a
G. 343, R. 2
i.e.
H.
384, 4),
when now he
the next
(wakes and)
23.
them, she stains, etc.
why?
to
what end?
of what use
is it (cf.
verse).
24.
i.e.
to
satis est, etc., it is enough [for you] have shown yotir power.
to
seem
to
have been
able,
25.
26.
cognoscite, learn
= hear.
is
H.
huic, i.e. the nymph. 4 the construction 397, N.

;
carmina, opposed to aliud. G. 369; 216, 3, cf. b mercedis, see here forced, in imitation of the Greek.
;
ipse,
27.
i.e.
of himself, without further urging.
turn vero, this phrase regularly introduces the most important point of the narrative ; thus here it indicates the sudden and violent effect of the song. in numerum ludere, dance to the measure.
1 Faunos you might have seen ( 31 1, a G. 258 H. 485, N. ). of with a in was nature, well-disposed god prophetic (root faveo) powers (see Ovid, Fasti iii. 291). The popular mythology made, however, a race of fauns, merry and roguish dwellers in the woods, They were idenhaving many of the features of Shakspere's Puck. tified with the Greek satyrs as impersonations of nature, but have
videres,
Faunus
fewer animal characteristics.

of the
power of music
v. 27.
cf.
The whole description is a common sign the mourning of nature at the death of the
(synizesis).
poet Daphnis,
30.
Orphea, here a dissyllable
31-40.
These ten
lines present a
view of the origin of the universe
ECL. VI.]
Pastoral Poems.
.
73
in which Epicurean ideas (cf Lucretius, v. 4 1 6 ff .) are mixed with the notions of other philosophic schools. At first all space was a void, in which were the atoms of matter. These combined gradually into the
solid, liquid, gaseous, and ethereal, earth, had a leaning toward philosophy, and began the Virgil study of Epicurean views under one Siron before he became a poet (see
four elemental forms,

water,
air, fire.
Cf. Georg. ii. 475; ^n. i. 740. canebat: for the subject of the song, compare Ovid's MetamorSuch a semi-scientific treatment phoses, and the Theogony of Hesiod.
Introd., p. xv).
31.
of the old
composition.
myths was from the time of Hesiod a favorite form of poetic The philosophy of Empedocles was also in verse. uti,
per inane
etc.
:
how.
sions, is
32.
33.
magnum
terrarum,
this,
with
some
of the succeeding expres-
borrowed from Lucretius.

the four elements (see Ovid, Met. i. 22-27). : so called because composed of
liquid!, subtile or transparent
exordia, the beginnings of things. his, abl. of source. COncreverit orbis, the unhardened circle of the universe began to gather (i.e. to consolidate) almost a literal statement of the nebular theory of the solar system.
34.
:
the finest atoms.
35.
sea depth: Nereus,
discludere ponto, to shut off in the sOlum, the solid ground. "the ancient of the sea," was the deity who dwelt in
depths,
the
still
while
Neptune ruled the stormy
surface.
ponto,
is
loc. abl.
36.
sumere
as everything sprang from the earth, the earth
here
said to
: (terrae) is poetically said to be amazed 37. at the first appearance of the sun. stupeant : the subjunctives here
put on the forms. novum, etc. the earth
are in the indirect question introduced by uti (liow). lucescere, an extended use of the indirect discourse construction, stupeant being a
"verb of feeling"
38.
(cf.
iii.
78).
the elements being mixed, the clouds are supposed to be all about the earth (which is conceived as a plane) but they now begin to take their higher place and send down the rains.
altius
:
at
first,
Were not the main 39. incipiant, informal indirect discourse. clause an indirect question, cum here would have the indicative. 40. rara, i.e. at first there were only a few of them. ignaros, here
passive,
41.
unknown.
At this point there is a transition from the material hinc, next. view of the cosmogony to the mythical history of our earth. The mention of Pyrrha and Prometheus suggests a diversion into the general
field of
ancient mythology (w. 43
ff .).
lapides Pyrrhae, from which
74
the
Notes.
[BUCOL.
men sprang, after the flood (Ovid, Met. i. 395-415). the preceding Eclogue. 42. Promethei : the Titan Prometheus stole fire from heaven as a he was chained to a rock in the Caucasus, where his liver gift to man
new
race of
:
Saturnia
cf.
was perpetually torn by

(volucres).
vultures
(See Fig. 16, from an ancient relief.) Cf. yEschylus, Pro-
metheus
Vinctus ;
Shelley,
Pro-
metheus Unbound.
43. Hylan: Hylas, who accompanied Hercules on the Argonautic expedition, and was borne away by
fountain
nymphs enraptured by
:
his
Notice the peculiarity of beauty. the scanning Hyla Hyla omne

sonaret.
The first a
is
is
the second a
shortened
retained long, in the

hiatus, see
y JG
l6
Greek manner.
For the
quo (taken with fonte), at what

etc.
1 359, e; G. 720, R. ; H. 608, ii. i.e. of the spring where, spring, sings
44. 45.
Cf. the other indirect questions in this Eclogue. clamassent, indir. quest. sonaret, clause of result.
fuissent
fortunatam, though not

cf.
a protasis of which the conclusion is expressed in in the regular form, quae fortunata fuisset ; see Ên.
vi. 20-24, and notes. solatur, he by which Dasdalus consoles.
Ên.
46.
iv.
657.
:
Pasiphaen
consoles,
i.e.
sings of the stratagem

47.
virgo, i.e. Pasiphae. Proetides, princesses of Argos, who were driven mad by Hera (Juno) because they despised her worship, and who imagined themselves converted into heifers. They, however, were not so mad as Pasiphae.
48.
falsis,
imaginary.
49.
50.
(ulla, i.e.
often
quamvis timuisset, however much she any one of the daughters of Prcetus) feared the plough, and felt for horns on her smooth (human) forehead.
:
turpis, ace. plural. cf. Ên. ii. collo 729.
51.
levi, notice the quantity.
For quantity Greek ace. fultus, lying (from fulcio). H. 608, v. 359. /; G. 721 hyacintho, instrumental. The learner should carefully distinguish between the Latin and the English " " constructions. supported by." say, lying on "; the Latin says,
53.
latus,
see
We
ECL. VI.]
Pastoral Poems.
75
54. pallentis, pale-green, compared with the dark (nigra) foliage of the ilex (holm), a sort of Italian live-oak. these lines (w. 55-60) are supposed to be 55. claudite nymphae : the wild and jealous cry of Pasiphae. 56.
57.
claudite saltus,
si
i.e.
that
may
find his haunts.
qua
N. 1
bull
may
I,
vestigia, if by any chance the stray foot-prints of the offer themselves to my eyes. See 334, f, and N.; G. 460, b;
. .
.
H. 529,
60.
H. p. 267, 334, g, and N.; G. 257 perducant for subj. see footnote 1 Gortynia Gortyna was the harboring-place of the cattle
: ;
.
of the Sun.
61.
mala:
clause.
notice the quantity.
rel.
puellam
Atalanta,
miratam, shorthand constr. for who though fleet of foot, was

Hesperides.
beguiled by means of the golden apples of the

Gayley, Myths.)
(See
62. Phaethontiades, the sisters of Phaethon (QatOtav, the Sun), who were changed into poplars (see Ovid, Met. ii. 340-366). musco ( 225, a'; G. 348; H. 384, 2). circumdat, i.e. sings the story, compare solatur,
v. 46,
and
erigit, v. 63.
erigit,
i.e.
63.
64.
solo, abl. of separation.

:
by singing of the event.
the incongruity of introducing this compliment to Gallum Gallus was not felt in the artificial style of pastoral poetry. The incident described is imitated from a story told by Hesiod about himself (cf. v. 70, and note). una sororum, i.e. the Muses. 65. ut duxerit, indir. quest.
66.
viro
for rising in
67. 68.
it is
H. 386. 228 G. 347 adsurrexerit, technical term honor of a distinguished personage.

; ;
divino carmine, ablative of quality. parsley was used for garlands at convivial meetings here spoken of because Linus was a lyric poet. crinis, Greek ace.
apio
Hesiod, the father of songs of 70. Ascraeo seni (sc. dederunt) Ascra was near husbandry, and the poet of the old cosmogony. Helicon. quos ante, as once, avoiding repetition of relatives. He as well as Orpheus drew after him the listening woods. quibus, instru:
mental
cantando, manner.
Notice the two ablatives in two different
relations depending
on the same word.
The pipe, however, is only to be the accom72. his, instrumental. paniment to the song. Grynei nemoris, tibi, dative after dicatur. a grove of ôlia in Asia Minor, sacred to Apollo. It is said that Gallus had translated a Greek poem in praise of this grove. quo se plus iactet, of which Apollo 73. sit, clause of purpose.
76
shall be
Notes.
more proud (quo, and note.
abl.
[BUCOL.
iactet for
of cause).
mood,
cf.
cupiant,
74.
tion,
v. 7,
quid loquar, deliberative subjunc. A common form of transiwhere the author pretends to omit something in order to refer to it
informally.
Scyllam
(obj.
of loquar;
cf. v.
3)
Scylla,
daughter of
Nisus, king of Megara, betrayed her father to Minos, and was changed into a sea-mew (ctris); Scylla, daughter of Phorcys, was transformed " her -white loins into the monster described in the text, girt -with which occupied the rocks opposite Charybdis in barking monsters"
For an ancient representation, see Êneid, p. 81. and at the same time subject of vexasse. 76. Dulichias rates, the ships of Ulysses, from which Scylla snatched Dulichium is a little island near Ithaca. Cf. Ên. iii. six of the crew.
the Sicilian
strait.
quam, object
of secuta est,
271.
78.
aut, correlative with aut in
v. 74.
mutates artus
the trans-
formation of Tereus, changed to a hoopoe, while his wife Progne was changed to a swallow, and her sister Philomela (whom he had betrayed)
to a nightingale (Ovid, Met. vi. 412). here the construction ut changes to an indirect question depending on loquar (v. 74), which is retained in various forms through v. 81.
:
79. dapes, the banqttet, i.e. the flesh of his child Itys which was served to Tereus dona, the head and hands which were shown him after he had feasted on the flesh. pararit, indir. quest., like narraverit.
;
80. ante, first. quibus alis, -with what wings she flew wretched above her own dwelling : the habit of the swallow rather than the night-
ingale
seems
82.
to
but the song of the latter, " most musical, most melancholy," have suggested the notion of the mother's grief.
omnia, in fact everything. The position of the word makes it emphasis to what precedes. 83. Eurotas, the river of Sparta, blest in hearing the song of Apollo which he sang to Hyacinthus on its banks. laurus, accusative plural, obj. of iussit and subj. of ediscere.
refer with
84. 86.
ille,
opposed to Apollo,
:
he, as well.
the subject is Vesper, who bids them (the satyrs, who are at the same time shepherds see v.. 1 3, and note) gather the sheep and report their number. Olympo, invito, reluctant to end the strain.
iussit
;
abl. of separation,
taken as meaning the mountain.
ECL. VII.]
Pastoral Poems.
77
ECLOGUE
THIS
of
is
VII.
strictly bucolic
poem,
chiefly imitated
from the sixth Idyl
Theocritus.
The herdsman
Meliboeus
relates a contest in verse
Corydon leads
at
between the shepherds Corydon and Thyrsis with Daphnis for umpire. in choosing the subject in each passage, which he changes
" every bout," while Thyrsis strives to surpass him in the strain selected. The scene is apparently laid in the pastoral region of North Italy. The date assigned to the Eclogue is B.C. 38.
3.
distentas lacte,
i.e.
towards evening, hence at a time when the

referring to the
shepherds were at leisure. this use of the 4. aetatibus

:
pi.,
men
separately,
accordance with Latin idiom, would hardly be found in prose; see G. 204, N. 5 H. 130, 2. Arcades (cf. x. 32): Arcadia, 75, 3, c in central Peloponnesus at a distance from the sea, long retained the
though
in
rustic
and old-world
("
Arcadian
;
the natural expression termed Arcadians.

5.
") simplicity, of which pastoral song is hence these rustic singers are conventionally
pares, parati
well-matched in singing (cantare

;
= cantando,
:
1 273, </; G. 421, N. c

,
H.
dere
6.
= ad respondendum,
533,
ii,
N. 2 ),
and ready
533,
ii,
in response (respon-
273, b
H.
3).
dum defendo the tender mihi, a weak dat. of reference. myrtle had to be protected, in Italy, from the late frosts of spring. deerraverat (observe the 7. vir gregis, the father of the flock. contraction of the two e's), i.e. the flock had wandered and Melibceus
was
this
in search of them in his search he spies Daphnis. word always adds something with more emphasis than
;
atque
et
;
see
Vocab.
8.
contra, in his turn.

I.
ocius, instantly
93,
G. 297
H.
444,
9.
tibi, dative of reference.
10. 11.
is
cessare, linger. quid, awhile ; see 240, a; 6.334; H. 378, 2. themselves. ipsi, of potum supine of a lost verb of which poto
:
the frequentative and potus the participle. (so that we shall not have to look for them).
1
iuvenci,
i.e.
our
cattle
2.
praetexit, fringes.
13. 14.
ezamina (ex-agmen),
quid facerem:
et
cf.
i.
i.e.
the young swarms.
40, note.
neque ego,
etc., i.e.
mate
(contubernalis) to attend to things at
home
this
he had no was the argument
for returning;
certamen
(v.
16) gives
the argument for staying;
78
tamen
(v. 17), i.e.
Notes.
though the argument for returning was
[BUCOL.
really stronger,
yet he could not miss the contest. 1 6. Corydon, etc., in a loose but not
uncommon
sort of apposition
with certamen.
17. 19.
posthabui,
alternos
. .
etc.,
.
I put
off my serious affairs for their sport.

to
volebant, the Muses [that inspired them] chose
rehearse alternate strains.

versification see notes
20.
(For remarks on
iii.)
this style of responsive
on
Eel.
21.
referebat, brought out ; i.e. contributed. aut : notice the regular use of aut aut .
. .
aut to make each
alternative exclude the other.
is
the name of a shepherd poet, but who (sc. concessisti) any actual person, is unknown. For quantity of 23. versibus, governed by proxima (sc. carmina). facit cf. Ên. ii. 411, note. si non, etc., i.e. if I cannot sing songs like
22.
Codro
if
meant,
those of Codrus.
24.
to
pendebit, etc. it was customary, upon abandoning a vocation, dedicate the instruments of it to the divinity of the art. Here
:
Melibceus purposes to offer his pipe to Pan, to

sacred.
Cf. Hor.
Notice
how
whom the pine was pinu, abl. of place from which. the prosody shows that arguta agrees with fistula, and sacra
Od.
i.
5,
13
iii.
26.
with pinu.
in this and the following verses (especially 25. crescentem poetam vati future) observe the rude self-assurance of Thyrsis contrasted with the modest delicacy of Corydon. hedera as the fistula symbolizes the humble style of pastoral poetry, so the ivy (sacred to Bacchus) alludes to a higher strain of lyric verse.
: :
27. ultra placitum, beyond what the gods approve. Extravagant praise or boasting was thought to incur the jealous resentment of the gods. Hence the charm (baccare) against the " evil tongue " of Codrus, whose praise would, no doubt, be intended to injure.
29.
saetosi, etc.
Micon, a young hunter.

in votive inscriptions
;
here Corydon dramatically takes the person of caput, sc. dat. The verb is very often omitted
cf.
Ên.
iii.
288.
Delia, Diana, the goddess of
the chase.
30. 31.
(See Gayley's Classic Myths.)

lit.
vivacis, long-lived,
tenacious of life.
proprium, his constant fortune. hoc, his luck in hunting, as indicated by the game mentioned. notice the quantity. levi tota,
:
full length, not a mere bust. 32. evincta, etc., thy ankles laced with purple buskin presentation of Diana. (See Fig. 17.) (Cf. Ên. i. 337,
common
and
re-
p. 17,
Fig.)
ECL. VII.]
Pastoral Poems.
(not
to
79
33.
smum
be
confused
with sinus), a bowl, deeper than the poculum. The first strain of Corydon
Thyrsis strives to excel by more perfect

pastoral simplicity, choosing Priapus instead of Diana and cakes and milk
(a
humble
in
gift)
instead of the boar and

strain
stag.
The second
the
he
tries to
outdo
opposite direction by
promising (absurdly) a golden statue

of Priapus and apologizing for the The result present statue of marble. is a clumsy incongruity. Priapus was a god of gardens, whose rude wooden
image, emblematic of
in gardens, half
fertility,
was
set
god and half scarecrow.

i.
(Cf.
Hor.
Sat.
8.)
pro tempore, according present means.

35.
to
my
36. suppleverit, i.e. if my flock is prosperous, so as to increase my means. 37. Hyblae: see note, Eel. i. 55.
FIG.
17.
Nerine, daughter of Nereus

40.
the
name
Polyphemus
in
(Galatea) and the compliments are taken from
Theocr.
xi.
Corydonis, objective genitive.
41.
immo,
etc.,
nay: an asseveration
in
answer to some supposed
complaint of the maid. The word always contradicts what precedes, See derivation oftentimes, however, to add a still stronger statement. in Vocab. Sardoniis herbis, a sort of crowfoot of Sardinia, intensely,
bitter,
which twisted the faces of those who tasted it into the " Sardonic laugh." By this odd imprecation Thyrsis seeks to outdo Corydon in expressing violent longing for his love, in whose absence the day is
"
longer than a whole year."

42.
proiecta vilior alga:
cf.
Coleridge, Fears in Solitude:

on
its waves some mountain-blast
And
As
let
them
toss as idly
the vile sea-weed, which Swept from our shores.
44.
si
to be
ashamed
quis pudor, // there's any shame in you; i.e. the beasts ought of continuing to feed while their keeper is impatient for
the evening.
8o
Notes.
[BUCOL.
45. muscosi, etc.: an allusive description of rustic life in summer, which Thyrsis follows by a similar description of winter. the arbute, or " strawberry-tree," affords a berry used 46. arbutus as food by the poor its leaves are scanty, and its shade thin (rara).
: ;
solstitium, dative of reference

47.
is
midsummer
(
just coming ; iam is the past hence with the present tense (venit) of an action.
;
heat (midwinter is bruma). pecori, G. 345, R. 1 If. 385, 4, 2). iam venit, continuous, and refers to the present as following
229, c
; ;
it
expresses the beginning
48.
gemmae
postes
:
the buds upon the vine-branch
show
the beauty as
well as the heat of

50.
summer.
the picture of the well-blackened door-posts of the poor was the earliest style of habitation, corresponds to the later atrium (ater), or main hall of the Roman house (see Eel. i. 83, note). we heed no more the wintry blast than the wolf 51. tantum, etc. numerum: the number (of the flock), the usual rendering, cares, etc. seems forced as well as insipid, but may be justified by the inferiority
hut, which
:
of Thyrsis' art. Possibly numerum here music; i.e. the savage nature of the wolf is not restrained by the charms of music nor is the stream
held in by its banks. ripas the swift, cold streams that flow from the Alps are liable to violent freshets, which make a frequent image in
:
Virgil.
53-60. Each singer describes the double sympathy of Nature in the presence and the absence of the loved one (cf. i. 38 ff.); the descriptions are arranged chiastically. For scanning of v. 53 cf. ii. 24.
54.
cf.
strata,
ii.
etc.,
under every
tree its fruit lies strewn.
sua quaque
note to
57.
65.
cf. ./En. iii. 138, "corrupto caeli tractu." Bacchus himself grudges to yield the shade of vines to Liber : 58. the hillsides. For Liber see Ên. vi. 805, note. collibud 227, /; G. 346, N. 2 H. 384, ii.
vitio aeris:
itself,
luppiter : here Jupiter is, in a manner, confounded with the rain as the gods often are with the thing which is their charge. Cf. i. 2, and note.
60.
61. populus, the poplar, sacred to Hercules, by whom its leaves were gathered for a wreath on his return from the infernal regions. 62. myrtus: the myrtle loves the sea-shore, which was Venus' birth-
place,
and
it is
her favorite plant.
laurea
the laurel was sacred to
Apollo.
63.
68.
illas
:
the hazel.
:
pinus
see note, Eel.
i.
39.
ECL. VIII.]
Pastoral Poems.
336
2 A, N. ;
81
G. 281,
2,
69.
70.
contendere: for tense see
N.;
H. 537,
i.
ex
illo,
etc.,
value as a singer.
ever since this match, Corydon has his true Possibly also there is a play on the meaning of
i.e.
Corydon,
'lark.'
ECLOGUE
THIS poem
VIII.
consists of two parts, imitated from Theocritus by the shepherds Damon and Alphesiboeus, whom the poet represents himself to have overheard. The first part tells the sorrows of a shepherd at the loss of his love (Idyl iii.). The last tells the magic arts employed by a maiden skilled in sorcery to win back the
sung
in rivalry
love of the inconstant Daphnis (Idyl
ii.)
hence the
title
sometimes
given to it of Pharmaceutria, "The Sorceress." It is supposed to have been written in B.C. 39, and is inscribed to Pollio, whose military exploits
The two parts of this poem differ from the other Eclogues in being arranged in strophes of somewhat irregular length with a burden (or refrain). This burden constitutes the first
are alluded to in vv. 6-13.
verse of the strophe in the first part and the last verse of the strophe in the second part. Pope's third Pastoral, Autumn, is an imitation of
this
Eclogue.
the song (obj. of dicemus). quos est mirata, at whom the heifer gazed with wonder as they strove. The charm of song is constantly represented as powerful over
1.
Musam,
2.
the lower animals.

birds, mice,
Naturalists give authentic instances, in the case of
man
and even (it is said) spiders, as well as animals nearer to but none of the somewhat grotesque character described by the
ancients.
The particular animal here mentioned, the lynx, belongs to the fable of Orpheus, not to any Italian scene.
4.
The
mutata, i.e. in direction. requierunt cursus, stayed their course. verb becomes transitive by a stretch of its meaning.
The huddling brook
Thyrsis, whose artful strains have oft delay'd to hear his madrigal.
MILTON, Camus, w.
6.
494, 495.
tu
(i.e.
Pollio)
is
the subject of superas
mihi
is
ethical dat.
and
translated by my friend. The two pronouns are put together from the Latin fondness for contrasting persons. Timavi : a stream
may be
The expedition flowing into the Adriatic near Trieste (cf. ^n. i. 245). of Pollio was against the Parthini, an lllyrian tribe, and he is now supposed to be on his way home by sea along the coast. superas, are
passing beyond ; iam,
yet.
Cf. note, Eel.
vii.
47.
82
7.
Notes.
oram, are
skirting the shore.
[BUCOL.
en gives force to the Cf. see also Eel. i. 68. impatience. ecquis ; question, thereby expressing 8. cum liceat; a faded out clause of purpose (see 317 and
legis
[still]
examples; G. 630; H. 497, i). of 9. ut liceat, substant. result-clause subject

i.e.
erit.
ferre, etc.,
spread the fame

10.
of, etc.
i.e.
Sophocleo,
iii.
see note to
86.
The sock
tua carmina tragedy worthy of Sophocles. (soccus) and buskin (coturnus) are still
:
v. 121.
emblems of comedy and tragedy respectively. Cf. Milton's L'Allegro, The tragic buskin had high heels to increase the stature of the
11.
wearer.
a te
(sc. erat),
is
Which Eclogue
an Epilogue.
close of the
elision
It
i.e. from Pollio came the first incentive to song. meant as the first is uncertain, and again on the
other hand this one
is not the last, although it has every appearance of has been supposed, not improbably, that this was the
first
edition of the Eclogues.

;
desinam (preserved from

i.e.
by the pause most editions have desinet), shall be in your honor.

12.
my
last
song
opposed to the laurels of victory, which poetry (see vii. 25, and note).
as
14.
1
1
sine, etc., suffer this ivy ; the ivy here represents a humble song at the same time suggest epic
5.
cum,
caelo, ablative of separation. the time when.

i.e.
6.
tereti olivae, on the well-rounded olive,
the polished staff of
olive-wood.
. veniens : the so-called tmesis ; in fact 17. age, lead in. prae prepositions in composition are always more or less loosely connected, and hence are easily separated. diem really belongs in sense both to age and prae (precede the day and bring it in). The subject of Damon's
. .
song
is
the wail of a disappointed suitor
whose love Nisa
is
married to
another, Mopsus.
18. deceptus, beguiled by my love for my promised bride, which she merits not (indigno). nil ... profeci, i.e. it is of no avail 19. divos, obj. of adloquor.
that they have been called to witness our vows. 20. tamen, opposed to quamquam.
testibus, abl. of means.
21. Maenalios: a conventional epithet not properly belonging to the scene (see Vocab.). This verse, the refrain or burden of the song, introduces the following lines, which give Damon's reason (as it were,
his excuse) for singing in this particular strain. 22. tibia : see head-piece, p. 3.
ECL. VIII.]
Pastoral Poems.
i.e. hears him calamos: play the pipe. the reeds were not left to whisper idly, but
24.
Pana, object of audit,

ii.
see note,
34.
inertis
were fashioned to the uses of song.

25.
i.e. if
quid non speremus, what have we not to look for, we lovers, such matches as this occur? spero is often used of evils as well
iam, presently.
as things desirable.
heads.
grypes, griffins, winged lions, with eagles' In Fig. 18 griffins are represented drawing the emblems of " In the north of Apollo. Europe,"
27.
says Herodotus, "there appears to be the greatest abundance of gold but

:
how
is
cannot exactly tell it said, however, that Arimaspians,

it is
got
one-eyed men, steal it from the griffins. But I am not persuaded of this, that
there are one-eyed men, in other re-
spects like to other men" (iii. 116); about the griffins, apparently, he has no scruple.
FIG.
18.
equis
248, a, R.
0.345; H.
28.
385, 4,3.
:
" Pocula sum fontes pocula, watering-places : cf. Georg. iii. 529 here The climax the deer doing it of their own depends upon liquidi." accord. dammae notice the gender.
:
incide: Mopsus, the successful rival, is bidden to cut the pineknots for his own wedding torches. The poet grimly mocks his own
29.
disappointment by congratulating Mopsus.

i.e.
novas,
225, b
;
for the
new wedding.
1 3, N.
;
tibi
cf.
see
G. 358; H. 384,
but
tibi in next line
(dat. of reference). ducitur, pres. tense for fut., In the ancient wedding the bride was as often.
escorted by torchlight (cf. .flin. iv. 38, note) with various ceremonies to the house of the husband
hence ducere,
to
marry, used of the man.

19.
:
For the
ancient torch see Fig.

30.
torches.
deserit
among marriage customs, the bridegroom scattered nuts among the boys bearing Oetam, i.e. night is coming on. The scenery is
sparge nuces
.
Greek, though the customs are Italian.

32.
digno, ironical
fine
chosen a
husband, after despising

in
c,
the idea of the whole passage is, you have all other lovers (including me)
and violating your plighted vows

despicis:
290,
N.
;
order to marry him

519,
i.
dum
G. 570, N. 1
H.
84
34.
Notes.
supercilium
the shaggy
in
[BUCOL.
in
brow and long beard are dwelt on

xi.
i.e.
:
imitation of
35.
Polyphemus deum, gen. pi.
Theocr.
eurare
so as
to
punish broken vows
like yours.
37.
38.
my
saepibus, i.e. our orchard (inclosed with hedges). dux, gtiide: i.e. I knew where to find the fairest fruit. mother (as in Theocritus).
alter ab, next
ut,
to.
matre,
39.
41.
how
i.e.
(exclamatory).
Observe
the hiatus after peril.

So.
malus, fatal.
43.
etc.
:
scio,
by experience.
365
ff.
:
quid
for gender
cf. iii.
duris,
cf.
Ên.
iv.
these names belong to Epirus, Thrace, and Tmaros, etc. mere symbols of barbarism. The termination of Rhodope is un elided, according to Greek use. 45. generis nostri (predicate descriptive genitive), i.e. of no civilized edunt: the present tense seems to confound the god and parentage. his office, as if he were born anew in every case of love. 47. matrem: Medea, who slew her two children in jealous rage. mater i.e. Medea but the reference is by some thought to be to
44.
Africa,
Venus, Cupid's mother.

52.
ovis
lupus,
etc.
the prayer
is
that the whole order of nature
may be
53.
54.
fugiat, subjunc. of wish. narcisso, abl. of means.

reversed.
sudent electra,
distil
ii.
amber :
this
of the poplar (Ovid, Met.

richly
55.
365); here the
was thought to be a product humbler shrub is to be as
endowed.
. . .
Swans were supposed certent ululae: a proverbial saying. by the ancients to be as melodious in their song as they are stately in their movement, and were held sacred to Orpheus. They have a soft and the fabled melody of their plaintive note in calling their young death-song was proverbial. cycnis for the dative, see Ên. iv. 38, note.
;
56. Orpheus, i.e. in the general violation of nature, poet equal the mythic bards.
let
the
humble
Orpheus with his lute made trees And the mountain tops that freeze
Bow
themselves to his sweet song. SHAKSPERE, Henry VIII.,
iii.
i.
4.
delphinas: there are many ancient tales of the supposed association of this creature with man, and its fondness for music. The most famous
is
the one here alluded to of the minstrel Arion (Ovid, Fasti
ii.
83-1 18)>
ECL. VIII.]
Pastoral Poems.
85
who, being forced into the sea by a ship's crew, was rescued by a
dolphin.
58.
medium mare,
cliff (cf.
mid-sea.
vivite, farewell.
59.
i.e.
specula de mentis, from the watch-tower of a high mountain,

ALn.
x. 454).
a steep
60.
extremum munus,
this last boon
his voluntary
;
death for her

/En.
iv.
sake, which he bitterly suggests will be a relief to her and note.

61.
cf.
436,
Damon's song ends with an appropriate variaAlphesibceus then sings the complaint of a loveThis lorn maiden who is attempting to get back her lover by magic. with into a here however at divided the also is refrain, strophes, song For the charms mentioned compare the following sonnet end.
desine, etc.: here
tion in the refrain.
:
Thrice toss those oaken ashes in the
air,
And
thrice three times tie

sit
up
this true-love's knot,
Thrice
you down
in this
enchanted
chair,
And murmur soft " She will or she will not." Go burn these poisoned weeds in that blue fire,
This cypress gathered at a dead man's grave,
These screech-owl's feathers and this prickling That all thy thorny caras an end may have. Then come, you fairies, dance with me a round
briar,
Dance
in a circle, let
my
love be centre
Melodiously breathe out an enchanted sound, Melt her hard heart, that some remorse may enter.
In vain are
all
the charms
can devise
She hath an
art to
break them with her eyes.

(Schelling, Elizabethan Lyrics, p. 185).
THOMAS CAMPION
See also Gay's imitation of this part of the Eclogue in his Shepherds' Week (Thursday: or. The Spell'). do YOU tell, I cannot unaided attempt this more 62. vos, emphatic difficult theme. omnia there is no occasion to supply facere, for
:
constantly followed by neuter pronouns and similar words. 64. effer, bring forth : the maiden, supposed to be standing before the altar, addresses her attendant Amaryllis. molli vitta, a fillet or
posse
is
band of soft wool, worn about the head by women, used also by priests and consecrated persons. For these latter, the vittae were properly the narrower braids hanging from the ends of the infula, or broad headband. The vitta was used, as here, with any consecrated object. See
jn.,
p. 260, Fig. 21.
verbenas pinguis, unctuous herbs (cogn. ace.). The word verbena may be used for any plant especially a consecrated sprig 01
65.
86
turf
Notes.
used in sacred ceremonies.
(cf. v. 18),
[BUCOL.
fragrance by burning).
66.
i.e.
adole (oleo), burn (cause to emit mascula tura, large grains of incense.
lover, or betrothed.
coniugis
sanos avertere sensus,
sound, to the insanity of love. Compounds of ab are often used in this way without any direct expression of that from
turn his mind,
now
which the action

67.
nihil,
i.e.
is
directed.
everything is prepared except the magic'song. 68. ab urbe: it is a country maid, whose truant lover has gone to
city.
the neighboring
69.
Cf. these and the preceding verses with the corvel, even. deducere lunam responding ones in the song of Damon (w. 17-24).
:
"a phrase often
met with
in the detail of
magic
rites, in
which the moon
always bears a conspicuous part. The moon and the stars were supposed to be at the bidding of the sorceress." (Cf. ALn. iv. 487-491.)
Nor
uglier follow the night-hag, when, call'd
In secret, riding through the air she comes, Lur'd with the smell of infant blood, to dance
With Lapland
witches, while the laboring
moon
ii.
Eclipses at their charms.
Paradise Lost,
662-666.
At
their incantation
would the moon

light.
\. 17-18.
Start back,
and shuddering shed blue blasted
LANDOR,
70.
Gebir,
Circe: see Ovid, Met. x. 210-238.
Who knows not Circe, The daughter of the Sun, whose charmed cup Whoever tasted, lost his upright shape And downward fell into a grovelling swine ?
MILTON, Camus, vv.
30-53.
anguis, Met. vii. 199).

73.
etc.
common
idea of the power of a sorceress (see Ovid,
terna
licia, three cords,
each
made up
of three strands of
different colors.
(v. 77).
The
i.e.
cords were gathered into a true lover's knot
The
three colors are white, rose-red, and black.
/ twine
altar.
about thee,
tibi circumdo, about his image, which she bears thrice round the
colore, abl. of quality.
effigiem: cf. JEn. iv. 508. impare: a curious old superstition. trace of it is seen in the fact that all the Roman months, except
75.
February, before the reform of Cassar, had an odd number of days. " There 's luck in odd numbers." The ablative in e is used on account
of the metre.
*ECL.
VIII.]
Pastoral Poems.
(abl. of
87
are
to be tied,
77.
nodis
manner)
tie
three knots
one
in
each cord.
78.
necte modo, just

to
you have
do"
to
make
the
them (modo, apparently, means " that is all charm effectual). die: it was a regular
1
part of magical ceremonies to declare formally the purpose of any act Cf. the English charm in Gay, Shepherds' Week, Thursday, done.
w.
At eve last midsummer no sleep I sought, But to the field a bag of hemp-seed brought I scatter'd round the seed on every side,
And
"
three times in a trembling accent cried This hemp-seed with my virgin hand I sow
shall
Who
80.
my
true-love be, the crop shall
mow."
limus, cera, bits of clay and wax, two images, cast into the altar durescit, liquescit : this rhyme, or jingle, is in the manner of popular charms. The verse signifies here that Daphnis is to soften to
fire.
his
own
81. 82.
true love,
is
of the rite
and harden to all others. The more usual significance that the enchanted melts and the enchantress hardens.
347, c
:
;
eodem:
G. 727
H. 6oS,
iii.
molam
broken grains, mixed with
salt,
ii.
and strewn
in the
flame
or on the head of a sacrificial victim (JEn.

. . .
133, iv. 517).
fragilis
The crackling was laurus, burn bay leaves, crackling with resin. held to be auspicious; cf. Herrick "When laurel spirts i' the fire."
:
83.
malus, cruel (opposed to bonus, kind).

of,
in the case
in the matter of Dap/mis.
in Daphnide, literally, laurum prob. a play on

:
words (Gr.
85.
(cf. v.
ddfpvr), laurel).
tails
89).
amor:
fessa,
repeated,
v.
89
(cf.
1-5).
Daphnim,
sc.
teneat
weary with
the search.
(cf.
87. 88.
procumbit, falls exhausted

perdita, loz-elorn.
(literally, yield to).
/En.
v.
481).
Ic.te
serae decedere nocti, retreat before the
night
89.
91.
mederi, i.e. by loving him. exuvias ... perfidus (cf. JEn. iv. 421, 496): the exuviae are whatever the faithless lover has left behind. Buried at the threshold,
they shall be a charm to win him back (v. 93). she treats them as pledges 92. pignora
:
left
for security,
hence
debent.
95.
herbas atque venena: hendiadys.

ix. 22),
(cf. v.
Ponto: probably used here,
as by Cicero (Manil.
for Colchis, the land of the enchantress
Medea
96.
47).
Moeris, some magician or other.
88
97.
Notes.
his, etc.
fieri:
[liucoL.
lupum
this superstition of the
the details here given indicate the power of the charms. were-wolf seems to be a very
ancient one.
It is
found
in the fable of
Lycaon (Ovid, Met.

:
i.
232-239).
silvis, locative abl.
traducere this was one of 99. satas messis, harvest in the stalk. to transfer another man's harvest to the supposed powers of magic, one's own fields. alio, elsewhere (lit. elsewhither).
101.
fer cineres
:
to
throw the ashes over the head backward into a
running stream and to come away without looking back, may be supposed a charm to banish utterly the memory of Daphnis, should he still prove false (v. 103). rivo, poet, for in rivum.
102. respexeris, prohibition. the ashes into the stream.
,
his,
i.e.
the
new charm
of thro.wing
seeing no effect from the previous rites, the 103. nil carmina curat maiden in despair has resolved to make a final effort to banish Daphnis from her memory.
:
cinis ipse: as Amaryllis sweeps off the ashes, to 105. corripuit bear them away, the embers suddenly light up the altar with a quivering flame the girl observes it, and, wishing it may prove a good omen (bonum sit) proceeds in a more hopeful strain.
. .
107.
108.
nescio quid, etc., surely this (i.e. the omen) means something. credimus, shall I believe : the indicative is often used thus in
etc.:
a sense equivalent to the more

109.
parcite,
the
charm
common (deliberative) subjunctive. is now unnecessary the lover
is
coming.
ECLOGUE IX.
IN the second distribution of Italian lands (B.C. 40), Virgil's farm had been assigned to a centurion Arrius and in resisting his claims .relying on the promise of Augustus Virgil appears to have been treated
;
brutally by the rude soldier,

Mceris,
and to have
fled to
Rome
to save his
life.
way
here represents the poet's vilicus, or steward, while on his to town with farm produce, apparently as rent or tribute, falls in
who
with Lycidas, a neighboring shepherd, and tells him of his master's misThe conversation falls into an Amcebean style of song. fortune.
Menalcas, referred to as an adept in singing, is Virgil himself. There are several quotations interspersed, perhaps from unpublished works of some of them are free translations from Theocritus. The close Virgil
;
of the
poem
leaves the shepherds
still
singing on their
way
to the city.
ECL. IX.]
Pastoral Poems.
te pedes
:
89
1.
quo
the verb understood

to guide the
is
ducunt, suggested by ducit.
The
feet are
supposed
man.
Cf. Milton,
Comus : "the sure
" guide of well-practised feet." an, or is it ? This is not strictly a double and because are ducunt an in urbem not alternatives question,' quo
1 . . . ;
" quo ducunt suggests a question (like are you going I don't know where ? " to which " is it to the city ? " is a proper alternative. See 211; G. 4575 H. 353. 2. vivi pervenimus, i.e. we have lived to see. Observe the hurried, broken expression of these lines confusing the order of the words. ut 3. quod, a thing which (explained by the ut clause). diceret,
yet
a clause of result as
if
after
adeo or ad
eum
finem.
6. quod nee vertat bene, and may they (lit., the act of sending) be his ruin, the contrary of an ordinary wish for good luck. mittimus Moeris speaks for his master.
:
7.
certe
equidem,
etc.,
why! I am
qua
sure, etc., indicating Lycidas'
surprise at the state of things.
se, etc., indicating the limits of the
property.
8.
9.
molli clivo, ablative of manner. cacumina, in apposition with veteres fagos. 10. omnia, i.e. the land. vestrum, your master.
n. audieras, emphatic, true you had. fama, the story. Chaonias columbas, the prophetic doves of Dodona. G. 610, R. 2 H. 453, 6. me: that 14. quod, in fact ; see 240, b not master Menalcas it was his is, Mceris, (Virgil) who first noticed the evil omen. quacumque, in any way whatever, 'i.e. at any sacrifice. The bird appearing on the left 15. sinistra, ill boding, cf. i. i6ff.
13.
; ;
should be of good omen, according to Roman augury but here Virgil follows the Greek usage, which interpreted the right as the favorable
;
side.
The
difference arose
from the
fact that the
Greek observer faced

i.
the north, the Latin the south, so that in each case the east was the
favorable side.
1
Cf. Cic. de Div. xxxix. 82
M.n.
54,
and note.
:
nee viveret it is said that pronoun, but translated here. Virgil once had to throw himself into the Mincius to escape the violence of Arrius; and at another time to hide in the hut of a charcoal-burner,
6.
hie,
who
17.
helped him off. cadit, occur to
(i.e.
come
into one's mind).
quemquam:
not
aliquem, on account of the implied idea that it seemed impossible tua solatia, i.e., your sweet songs, { 105, h; G. 105, //; H. 457). which had thus been nearly torn from us. nobis see 229, c II. 385, 4.
:
;
caneret nymphas, i.e. if you had been driven away. 21. vel [quis caneret ea] quae would be the fuller expression.
19.
90
sublegi tibi, caught by stealth
secrecy
22. 23.
(cf.
Notes.
from you,
6).
i.e.
[BUCOL.
Menalcas
sub indicates
subducitur, Eel.
i.e.
iii.
delicias nostras, dum redeo, until
24.
potum:
iii.
the darling of the shepherds. (for constr. see /En. iv. 52, note). see note vii. 11. inter agendum: see 300; G. 432
I return
H.
542,
25. 26.
caveto:
unnecessarily suggests other songs in order to get in a compliment to Varus. Varo see introd. Eel. vi. He succeeded Pollio as governor of Cisalpine Gaul. canebat the song was apparently never finished (cf. vi. 10); hence the
: :
immo,
269, </, 3; G. 268, 2; H. 487, Menalcas rather nay, rather.
2.
imperf. tense.
27.
superet
= supersit, only
:
let
Mantua
be
spared
to
us
see
314
573;
28.
S'3.
the cause of Brutus and had been punished by the triumvirs by confiscation of its territory. As this was not enough for the greedy soldiery, fifteen miles' breadth of the adjoining Mantuan territory was added. The towns themselves were forty miles apart.
Cremonae
Cremona had supported

war, and
Cassius in the
civil
29.
30.
cycni see note viii. 55. sic: a common form of adjuration.

:
"So may,
etc.,
as
:
you do
what
desire."
Cf. Hor.
Od.
i.
3.
!.
So also Moore's song
Tell me, kind seer, I pray thee, So may the stars obey thee.
Cyrneas taxes, yews of Corsica (from Ktfppos, its Greek name). ill name from its bitter flavor, which was ascribed to the box-trees on the island hence taxos may possibly be an error for buxos. The yew, however (Georg. iv. 47), was held to be injurious to
Corsican honey had an
:
bees.
32.
si
incipe, etc.
:
w. 32-36
are imitated from Theocr.
vii.
37-41.
quid habes cf. iii. 52. an inspired bard (doi$6s).

vates.
35.
poetam, a
MAKER of verses
(TTOITJTIJS)
The ignorant shepherds look up
to
vatem, him as a
;
He himself only claims to be a verse-maker. Vario, Cinna L. Varius Rufus, a favorite tragic and epic poet of the time, one of the editors of the /Eneid (Hor. Od. i. 6; Sat. i. 10, 51); Helvius Cinna, an epic poet of no great merit (see note, v. 36).
:
anser: said to be a punning allusion to a 36. olores: cf. viii. 56. poet of unclean reputation, a friend of Mark Antony (Cic. Phil. xiii. 5). 37. id ago, that is just (quidem) what I am trying to do (referring to
incipe, v. 32).
tacitus volutO,
f am
thinking
it
over to myself.
ECL. IX.]
Pastoral Poems.
;
91
for constr. see vEn. i. 181, note. si valeam, to see if I can, etc. hue adcs, etc., a free imitation of the song of the Cyclops to Galatea in Theocr. xi. 42-49 (see introd. to Eel. ii., and Ovid, Met. xiii.
38. 39.
789-869): 40. ver purpureum, rosy spring, blushing with young flowers;
fiL\\.
i.
cf.
590,
and note.
.
43.
insani
So Gray, Spring : "wake the purple year." fluctus, i.e. come to the quiet land and leave the mad
feriant, without ut, the usual constr. with sine,
?
let.
fury of the sea.

44. 45.
it, if,
quid,
si
how with
compare quid quod.

is
tenerem: the apodosis
pura, cloudless. implied in memini i.e. I could sing

;
etc.
46.
antiques signorum ortus,
Daphni: addressed as the ideal shepherd (see Introd., p. xxi). i.e. antiquorum ortus signorum: a common
linns' son
1
poetical transference of the epithet. 47. Dionaei astrum, the star of Casar,
a remarkable
comet appeared during the year after Caesar's death, and was thought to signify his apotheosis. Dione was the mother of Venus, from whom, through lulus, the Julian house claimed descent (cf. .-En. i. 288). 48. quo, under -which (abl. of cause, but cf. iv. S). gauderent, a
faded out clause of purpose;
cf. viii. 8. frugibus, the crop itself; distinguished from segetes, the field of grain. a star, 50. insere piros, graft the pear-trees: under so auspicious will third a of descendants fruit to the sign generation, they yield your continued peace and prosperity. Cf. the opposite idea as expressed
i.
in
73.
51.
omnia
:
fert aetas:
animum
shepherd
the general
in
word
here Moeris suddenly forgets his song. So the for soul, used here for memory.
:
Spenser
is
too old for singing

I
Tho couth
Unto my
sing of love, and tune
my pype
:
Tho
plaintive pleas in verses made would I seeke for queene-apples unrype,
To
give
my
Rosalind
and
in
summer shade
Dight gaudy girlonds was my common trade, To crowne her golden locks: but yeares more rypc.
And losse of her, whose love as lyfe I wayd, Those weary wanton toyes away dyd wype.
Shepherd? Calendar, June.
longos condere soles, spent long days :

i.e.
literally, laid
the suns to rest,
watched
idea
viii.
The
see
is
going down. (" See the Sun to bed and to arise.") For tense that he had songs enough to last the whole day.
their
69, note.
92
53.
Notes.
oblita, here passive.
[BUCOLactive
Most deponents have had an
form
at
some period
of the language, and hence such participles are often
found passive.
54. iam fugit, is beginning to fail. lupi videre priores it was an old superstition that to meet a wolf, and not catch his eye first, struck a man dumb. So Socrates in Plato's Republic (i. 10), speaking of the
:
" If I had not glaring eyes of an eager opponent, says, caught his eye Cf. Sir Thomas first, I verily believe I should have lost my voice." Browne, Vulgar Errors, iii. 8 " The ground, or occasional original
:
was probably the amazement and sudden silence the unexpected appearance of wolves doth often put upon travellers not by a supposed vapor, or venemous emanation, but a vehement fear, which naturally produceth obmutescence, and sometimes irrecoverable silence."
hereof,
;
55.
56.
tamen, i.e. though I have forgotten in longum, etc., you delay my eager
it.
-wishes.
57. et nunc, etc.: everything is still so that it is a fit time for singing (with perhaps a suggestion that nature herself is listening for his song). tibi, ethical dat. aequor a feature carelessly introduced, perhaps
:
It seems hardly possible that there should be any proper stratum aequor in the place. 58. aspice, hark ! the breath of the murmuring wind (literally, breezes
in imitation of
some other
poet.
of windy murmur) has ceased. hinc see Vocab. 59. adeo, just.
:
60.
61.
Bianoris, the mythical founder of Mantua. stringunt frondes: see note, i. 57.
62.
tamen, for
all that,
i.e.
though we
:
rest awhile.
Mantua was
only about a mile and a half away so there was no need of haste. 64. cantantes, i.e. we can sing as we go. usque, all the way. eamus see 331, i, N. 8 G. 546, R. 3 H. 499, 2.
:
;
;
65.
is
hoc fasce
:
(abl.
of separation): apparently, the kids, which Moeris
carrying
66.
cf. depone, v. 62. desine plura (cf. v. 19): no,

cf. vii. 23,
we cannot even stop

shall
to sing.
puer
for quantity,
note.
67.
cum
venerit ipse:
when Menalcas himself
come. Cf.
iii.
3,
and note.
ECL. X.]
Pastoral Poems.
93
ECLOGUE X.
Cornelius Gallus, a friend of Virgil, had been despatched (apparently) to defend the Italian waters from the freebooting squadron of Sextus Pompey. In his absence, his mistress
elegiac poet
THE
had been unfaithful to him, here spoken of under the name Lycoris and had followed a soldier of Agrippa's army into Gaul (B.C. 37). The
poem describes the despair of the this poem is taken from the latter
forsaken lover.
"
The
structure of
i.,
part of Theocr., Idyl
the dying
Daphnis supplying the model for Gallus, whose despair, however, does not in our poet bring him to death. Virgil is supposed to narrate the story in a song as he is tending his goats, and in rising to go home for the evening he gracefully intimates that he is closing the volume of
The scenery (purely conventional) pastoral poetry." Milton's Lycidas may be compared with profit.
1.
is
in
Arcadia.
Arethusa: conventionally the nymph of pastoral

iii.
verse.
For her
story see yEn.

2.
694, note.
rel.
quae legat,
neget
clause of purpose
cf.
note on
:
iv.
33.
3.
(delib. subjunc.)
quis carmina Gallo
cf.
Lycidas,
w.
10,
1 1
Who
would not sing for Lycidas? He knew Himself to sing and built the lofty rhyme.
:
4.
sic tibi (dat. after intermisceat)
cf.
ix. 30,
and note
Lycidas,
w.
19-22, and Comus,
w.
May
Their
924, 925:
thy
brimmed waves
for this
full tribute
never miss.
cum subterlabere, when thou shalt glide beneath. Here Arethusa is represented as still fleeing from the pursuit of Alpheus and flowing under the sea to Sicily, the myth being regarded as a continuing phenomenon. Virgil prays her, as she would wish her waters to be
undefiled by the salt waves in the passage, to assist his song of love.
Cf. Shelley, Arethusa,
st.
3:
heard,
The loud Ocean
To
And
its blue depths stirred, divided at her prayer;
And under
The
the water
Earth's white daughter Fled like a sunny beam

;
Behind her descended Her billows, unblended With the brackish Dorian stream.
94
5.
Notes.
Doris
(cf.
[BucoL.
= the
FLn.
sea.
She was the wife of Nereus and mother of the
Nereids
i.
144, note).
amara
translate as
if
agreeing with
undam, so
6.
7.
as not to interfere with the personification of the sea (Doris).
sollicitos,
dum,
i.e.
while
:
unhappy. we watch the goats browsing.
cf. i. 5, and note. omnia, cogn. ace. quae nemora, etc.: Virgil here adapts Theocritus to the circumstances of the occasion. In Theocr. (viii. 92) Daphnis, the ideal and shepherd (see Introd., p. xxi), wins a sea-nymph for his bride
8.
respondent
9-10.
In this 66) the nymphs are bidden to mourn for his death. eclogue Gallus, as a writer of elegiac poetry, is assumed to be a favorite of the Naiads (likewise nymphs), who, being dwellers in the woods (as
hence
(in
i.
were the Muses originally)

(such as the pastoral). the sufferings of Gallus,
feel
an interest
in the lighter
kind of verse
love (indigno,
1
i.e.
the Naiads could neglect who was consuming (peribat) with an unrequited from which he did not deserve to suffer).
Virgil asks
:
Hence
how
neque Parnasi, etc. haunts of the Muses (with whom the are here in a manner identified). These places cannot have nymphs for all nature everywhere (lauri, myricae) was detained the Naiads moved by the woe of Gallus, and hence Parnassus, etc., would have
1.
nam
wished them to hasten to his

Where were
aid.
With
vv. gff.
cf.
Lycidas, vv. 49
ff.:
ye,
Nymphs, when
the remorseless
deep
Clos'd o'er the head of your lov'd Lycidas? For neither were ye playing on the steep,
Where your old bards, the famous Druids lie, Nor on the shaggy top of Mona high, Nor yet where Deva spreads her wisard stream
Ay me, Had ye
fondly dream
. . .
been there
for
what could that have done?
What could the Muse The Muse herself, for
herself that
Orpheus bore,
;
her enchanting son

roar,
Whom
When
.
universal Nature did lament by the rout that made the hideous
His gory visage down the stream was sent, Down the swift Hebrus to the Lesbian shore?
2.
Aganippe
lauri
:
for scansion
cf.
ii.
24.
13.
observe the hiatus at the pause

: :
in the sense.
Maenalus, Lycaei mountains in Arcadia; cf. viii. 22. 16. slant et (=even) oves, etc. the flock do not disdain to share our sorrow, so do you not disdain (poeniteat) to receive their sympathy
15.
Cf. Spenser, Shepherds' Calendar,
August:
ECL. X.]
Pastoral Poems.
Witnesse, shee slewe me with her eye (Let thy follye be the priefe).
:
95
And
For
you, that sawe

priefe thereof
it,
simple shepe,
!)
(Hey
ho, the fay re flocke
(And mane
19.
-7'.
death shall weepe with many a mocke).
my
venit et,
cf.
19-30,
io
and
may
With etc., i.e. in sympathy with the suffering Callus. upilio: the first i is probably long, Lycidas, 11: 90-109. be scanned as one syllable. tardi perhaps because the
:
business of tending swine was a weary one

20.
(cf.
Od.
xiv. 415, 416).
glande: acorns, soaked
in water,
were much used as winter food

is
for hogs and cattle: the husbandman Menalcas task of gathering and soaking them.
22. 23.
wet through
678.
in the
tua cura, she for whom you pine ; cf. În. per nives, i.e. over the Alps into Gaul.
i.
horrida, contrasted
with the softness of rural scenes.

24.
Silvanus (sometimes confounded with Pan): originally a forest
deity (silva), but afterwards regarded as a god of gardens and plantations, and the special guardian of the boundaries of peasants' properties, a function indicated by the fennel and lilies. Cf. Counts, vv. 267 ff.
:
Unless the goddess that in rural shrine Dwell'st here with Pan or Sylvan, by bless'd song Forbidding ever)- bleak unkindly fog
To
agresti honore
flowers, the
25.
:
touch the prosperous growth of this

cf.
tall
wood.
" Great store of
Spenser, Prothalamion,
field."
v.
74
honor of the
quassans, merely shaking as he moved. as a nature divinity Pan represents bucolic quern vidimus poetry; hence this vision of him was a special boon vouchsafed
26.
:
the poet.
27.
rubentem: images of the gods

:
(especially the rustic deities)
were
often painted red.

28.
29.
ecquis erit modus cf. flLn. iv. 98. nee latfimis, i.e. Love is no more satiated with lovers' tears
(iii.
than grass with irrigating streams

viii.
in,
etc.).
crudelis
Amor:
cf.
44.
31. tristis at ille, i.e. Gallus, who is inconsolable. tamen, "you will sing for me, though, when T am gone" ; i.e. I must perish, yet the thought of your songs will be a comfort.
32.
cantare: see
273,
1 d\ G. 421, N.
H.
2 533, N.
96
35.
Notes.
utinam
fuscus,
[BUCOL.
life
a regret that he had not shared the humble
of
shepherds.
38. 39.
sc. est.
:
nigrae
cf.
ii.
18.
40.
trained.
42.
salices,
willows,
on which vines were sometimes, but

:
rarely,
hie
gelidi
fontes
in
this
calm sweet place, why might not
Lycoris herself be content to abide with me ? But my mad passion for war (amor duri Martis) keeps me in arms, while she let me not
believe
as
The shepherd-lover, the poet, and the man-at-arms are it, etc. much confused here as the two characters of Tityrus in the First Eclogue. Some of these verses are said to be taken from Callus's own
compositions.
43.
consumerer
the protasis
let
is
implied in what precedes
(if
were
a shepherd and you were with me).

46. 47.
sit,
equal to liceat
:
me
not believe so cruel a thought.

to the
Alpinas nives
mere images of horror
Roman
mind.
The romantic
appreciation of wild nature is a very modern sentiment. dura, cruel (with a suggestion that only a hard nature could brave the Alpine snows).
48.
me
any companie."
sine sola, alone without me, like Chaucer's "alone, withouten ne . . laedant: this caution is a subtle suggestion of
.
his continued love for her.
certain elegies (probably) imitated by Callus 50. Chalcidioo versu from Euphorion, a poet of Chalcis (see Cic. Tusc. iii. 19). These were to be adapted to the pastoral verse (pastoris avena), and carved on the
:
bark of
trees.
Run,
run,
Orlando
carve on every tree
The
fair,
the chaste,
and unexpressive
she.
It,
iii. 2.
SHAKSPBRB, As You Like
Walk in the groves and thou shall find The name of Phyllis in the rind Of even' straight and smooth-skinn'd tree.
HERRICK, To
Phyllis.
53.
malle pati,
to choose to
bear
my
lot (in
the
woods rather than
among mankind).
a pretty as the trees grow, so his love shall increase, 54. crescent image, often illustrated in the unshapely letters cut in green bark. over Maenalus, attended by 55. lustrabo, will range, as a hunter
:
nymphs
(see Georg.
iii.
40).
ECL. X.]
Pastoral Poems.
:
97
was
to surround the
57.
circumdare
the regular
way
Ên.
of hunting
iv.
wood and so
58.
catch the
game
(cf.
121).
59.
Cydonia
iam, even now. sonantis, echoing. Cretan bowmen had the same fame among the Greeks
:
that the Parthians had

for
among
barbarians
cf.
./En. v. 306.
torquere
1
development of meaning see Vocab.

60.
sit: see haec, 312; G. 602; H. 513, ii, and N. The lover with medicina (for gender see /En. vi. 129, note). agreeing here has a lucid interval and sees the uselessness of his acts hence he
tamquam
bids farewell to the

61.
62.
woods
again.
deus
ille,
hamadryades
that merciless deity (Love). see Ên. iii. 32, note, and
:
cf.
Eel. v. 59.
rursus
implying not a second time, but merely a reversal of his feeling; our again frequently has the same force.
63.
6-1-
concedite
cf. viii. 58.

(i.e.
non ilium
love), etc.,
he
is
not one
whom our
hardships can
change (vary the constr. in English to keep the emphasis). 65. nee si ... nee si (v. 67), referring to the miseries of extreme
heat and cold
(cf.
:
Sithonias nives
with the
66.
Italy,
Romans
Theocr. vii. in). Hebrum, frigoribus, loc. abl. the severity of the Thracian winters was proverbial (cf. our "cold as Greenland").
aquosae, rainy, a general epithet for winter, appropriate for but not for Thrace.
liber, bark.
67.
The
slight
emendation aret Liber

(cf. vii. 58).
(vine)
perhaps
gives a
68.
more
satisfactory sense
the waste.
versemus, tend, drive hither and thither, wandering wearily in sub sidere, etc., i.e. at the time of the summer solstice,
when
69.
it
would be
omnia,
the 5
is
hottest.
etc.,
Amor
70.
due to the retention

v. 9.
:
indicating that the lover gives up the contest. (at the caesura) of an original
quantity.
divae
see note,
With
this
and the following verses
cf.
the
close of Milton's Lycidas
Thus sang
While the
the uncouth swain to th' oaks and

still
rills,
;
morn went out with sandals gray

his
He
touch'd the tender stops of various quills,
With eager thought warbling
Doric lay
And now the sun had stretch'd out all the And now was dropt into the western bay
At To-morrow
last
hills,
he rose, and twitch'd his mantle blue

to fresh woods,
and pastures new.
98
71. 72.
Notes.
hibisco
for this occupation of spare hours, see
(i.e.
ii.
72.
maxima, of greatest worth
74. se subicit, shoots up : tion (see JEn. i. 424, note). 2 347, d, N. ; G. 703, 2, N.;
vi-
highly prized by him). notice the double force of sub in composiFor the quantity of the first syllable, see
H.
36, 4,
and footnote
1
;
cf.
yn.
iv.
549,
835.
75.
76.
gravis, oppressive, causing headache, says Lucretius (vi. 785). iuniper: the juniper (which he is sitting under) has a wholesome
its
:
is thick and dark, and so is dangerous at the crops suffered only from the shade of the tree, and not, also, from being starved out in the " struggle for existence."
aromatic odor, but

nightfall.
shade
as
if
frugibus
77.
ite
domum:
cf.
i.
75, vi. 86, vii. 44.
A SPECIAL
VOCABULARY TO
VIRGIL,
COVERING HIS COMPLETE WORKS
BY
J.
B.
GREENOUGH.
BOSTON,
U.S.A.:
GINN & COMPANY, PUBLISHERS.

1900
Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year 1882, by
JAMES
B.
GREENOUGH,
Congress, at Washington.
in the Office of the Librarian of
PBESSWORK BY GINN k
Co.,
BOSTON, U.S.A.
PREFACE.
T^HE
view
:
author, in preparing this Vocabulary to
accompany
his
Virgil, or for use with other editions, has had two things in
first,
to supply
as
much
information as was possible
in
regard to the history and uses of the Latin words, so that the book
should not be a mere key to translate by, but should also furnish
means
for the
study of the language
itself;
and, secondly, at the
same time
to give or suggest a suitable
English expression for
every passage.
In every language which
is
to
be rendered into another, there

:
may be
was
said to be three classes of

i.e.,
;
etymological meaning.
first
meanings to the words first, the the idea that a word presented when it
literal
formed or used
to
second, the
meanings,
it
i.e.,
the ideas
which a word came
have to those who used
in its later developi.e.,
ment
and, third, the foreign meaning or translation,
the
word
expressing the nearest equivalent idea in the language into which one
wishes to translate.
Of
;
course these three classes of meanings
may
happen
its
to coincide
a word
this
may
not have deviated essentially from
primitive force,
and
same
force
may happen
It is,
to belong to
some
similar
word
in the other language.
however, oftener other-
wise
words have often diverged very
far
and
in
many
directions
from the primitive conception underlying them, and it is rare that a word in one language exactly covers the group of ideas which
belongs to the nearest corresponding word in another
especially true in poetry.
classes of
;
and
this is
The author has aimed

far as
to
keep these
meanings separate so
space would permit.
For
Preface.
this purpose the etymological meaning, where it may not be directly deduced from the etymology, has been given first in a parenthesis.
Then
follow the literal meanings, as nearly as possible in the sup-
posed order of development, with such hints as could be given of
Such renderings as seemed to be necessary in English, but which did not accord with the Latin concepIn this tion, have been given in their connection as examples.
the connection of ideas.
way
it
is
hoped the pupil or teacher may
find a
good English
is,
expression without losing sight of the Latin conception, which

after all, the
most important of the three classes of meanings. Further, an expression rendered by a bare representation of
all its
its
ultimate mechanical equivalent, often loses not only
poetry,
but also the whole conception as

the original speaker.
it
presented
itself to the
mind of
means
Take such
"
a case i&fors dicta refutet] the poet undoubtedly

I
may
fate avert the calamity
suppose," but he
is
far
from saying
so, nor could refuto to a
Roman
convey any such
idea.
What
he
does say
dict, or
is,
"
May
false,
fate
annul (make void)

I
my
words,"
i.e.,
contra-
prove
the supposition which
make.
For, in ancient
must be remembered any supposition or suggestion of was calamity regarded as ominous, and as tending to bring about the calamity supposed a force which vaguely underlies the expression in English, " Oh, don't speak of it." It can hardly be hoped that the desired result has been attained in all cases, but the idea
times,
it
;
has been constantly kept in view.
Nor
is
it
supposed that the

it
expressions given are the only suitable ones, but they will be found suggestive.
is
hoped
that
In regard to the etymology, which occupies more space than

usual in such books, the author has wished to
the kinship of words loosely, but,
in
if
is
possible,
show not merely the precise manner
which one word has been formed from another.
The
fact
is
often overlooked that the Latin language, as
we have
it, is
the growth
of
many
centuries, during
which forms have grown up and given
Preface.
rise to
new formations, while they themselves have disappeared. The new formations have given rise by analogy to others seeming
to be
formed
like
them from
all.
lost stems,
which, however, perhaps

in
never existed at
For instance, the forms
-bundus and
-cundus
-ban
are unquestionably originally

-con,
formations from stems in

in -bo
and
-co,
which are themselves formations from stems

in turn
and
{bo
and these
have been formed by adding -bus and -ens

It
and
co) to simpler
stems or roots.
to indicate
has been attempted by
hints
and cross references

it
these gradual developments,

will
and
is
hoped that the treatment
present to
many persons
all
new views of Latin stem-formation.

should learn this etymological matter
to insert
in
it
It is
not desired that
pupils
but the author has been led
on account of the want of any such means of information

known, has been indicated,
an accessible form.
The
actual quantity of vowels, where
irrespective of syllabic quantity, in order to aid the proper pronunciation of Latin words.
J.
B.
GREENOUGH.
CAMBRIDGE, NOVEMBER
i,
iPSa.
ABBREVIATIONS.
a..
Actually long vowels are marked without reference to syllabic quantity, and all vowels (in the words when first presented) not marked long are supposed to be naturally short, although the syllable may be long by
position.
The pronunciation
will of
course depend on the rules learned
from the grammar.

All matter in square brackets is etymological. [ ]. A Greek word in brackets preceded by Gr. indicates that the [Gr. AtoXosj. Latin word is borrowed from the Greek one given. The interrogation in brackets marks a doubtful etymology after a word [?]
. ;
or suggestion
it
indicates, as usual, a doubt, or a suggestion not yet gen-
erally received.
fservo.
dagger marks a stem,
or, in
some cases, a -word
not found in Latin,
but which must once have existed.

in different type.
Such stems and words are printed
DHA.
\Xfer.
is
The
Capitals indicate Indo-European words or roots. radical sign is used for convenience to indicate a root.
By
this
meant the simplest Latin form attainable by analysis; though, strictly speaking, a root is impossible in Latin, as roots had ceased to exist, as such, ages before Latin was a separate language. The words as //"indicate that a word is formed according to such an as If. analogy, though the actual growth of the word may have been different. wh. whence is derived. Cf Compare, either for resemblance, contrast, or etymological kinship.
.
poss.
possibly.
prob. unc.
(-)
.
probably.
uncertain.
A hyphen indicates composition.
The plus sign indicates derivation by addition of a termination; the process originally, of course, was one of composition. The word reduced indicates the loss of a stem vowel either in reduced.
(-J-).
composition, derivation, or inflection.
strengthened.
The word strengthened indicates a vowel change by which the length of a root vowel is increased as <\Aiiv., fDyau, */snu, fnau. weakened. The word -weakened means that a vowel has descended the
;
vowel scale
p.
as from a to o or
e,
o to e or
i,
etc.
present participle.
past participle. future participle.
p.p.
p.f .
p. ger. gerundive. abl. ablative.
dat. ace.
dative.
accusative.
compar.
euperl.
Italics.
comparative.
superlative.
Matter in
Italics is for translation
in
Roman,
is
explanatory only.
VOCABULARY.
VOCABULARY.
a
;
see
ab.
by withdrawing,
withdraw and
ab
(a, abs), [reduced case form of unc. stem: cf. Gr. avb; Eng. off,
hide, hide away. abduco, -xi, -ctuin, -cere, [ab-
ex, out of}.
prep, with &\A.,away from (cf. Used of place, time, and abstract ideas, with words of motion, separation, and the like,
of~\,
;
duco]
3. v. a.,
;
leadot conduct away

:
from, off from : ducite ab urbe a me abducere defendo a friWith words not implying gore. Of motion, on the side of, on.
;
take or bring with one colon! abducti. draw back or away : capita ab ictu. carry off or away, get away. abductus, -a, -uin, p.p. of abdaco. Abella (Av-), -ae, f., Abella or Avella ; a town of Campania (now
or from
succession, front, after, beginning with, since : omnes a Belo ; nascor
abeo,
Amelia Vecchia} famous for its fruit. ivi or ii, ituin, ire, [ab-eo],
ab a primis mensibus. Irregularly, from (oul of} agnae ab

;
:
ovilibus. With passives, by, on the part of. Fig., from, in relation to, in accordance with (cf. ex,
de)
spectare ab annis.
:
Ad-
ab integro, afresh, With usque, all the way anew. from ; see usque.
verbial phrase
coniferous tree. Also the wood, a Turnus' army. favorite material for shipbuilding a ship (made of the and the like. Abas, -antis, [Gr. "A#os], m. : I. A mythic king of Argos, grandson wood), a spear-handle, a spear. of Danaus, possessor of a famous abigo, -egi, -actuin, -ere, [abshield which was sacred to Juno, agoj, 3. v. a., drive away, dispel, whence the use of his name in remove : nox abacta. JEn. iii. 286 ; 2. A companion of abitus, -as, [ab-itus], m. (abstr. of tineas 3. An Etrurian hero. abeo), a going away, departure, retirement. abditus, -a, -um, p.p. of abdo. Concretely, an outlet,
rior in
;
abactus, -a, -uiu, p.p. of abigo. Abaris, -is, [Gr ~*Aj3a/>*s], m., a war-
v. n., go from a place, &c., go away, depart, withdraw, pass away, disappear, vanish, go down. abfore; see absuin. see abeo. abi, etc. abicio, -ieei, -iectum, -icere, [abiacio], 3. v. a., throw from or away, thrcnv down. abiectus, -a, -um, p.p. of abicio. abies, -ietis, [?], i.,fir or spruce, a
;
abdo [ab-do (//)], -didi, -ditum,

-dere,
3. v. s..,put
place ofegress, way ofescape,escape. abiungo, -xi, -ctum, -gere, [abaway, remove. With reflexive, go away, take one's iungo], 3. v. a., unyoke, unharness : luvencum. Also, self off, withdraw, retire. hide, conceal: (with dat.) later! a hi n rat us, a, -um, p.p. of abluro. abdidit ensem. i.e., plunged the abiaro, -avi, -atuin, -are, [abWith sword deeply into his side. iuro], I. v. a., swear off, abjure, reflexive, conceal or hide one's self deny on oath : abiuratae rapinae.
Vocabulary.
ablatus, -a, -inn, p.p. of aufero. abluo, -ui, -iitiuii, -uere, [abluoj,
3. v. a.,
abscidc, -cidi, -cisum, -cidere,

[abs-caedo],
3. v.
a.,
: caeaway, destroy. removefilth from any thing abscindo, -scidi, -scissum, -sciiiwash. dere, [ab-scindo], 3. v. a., cut or by washing, cleanse, purify, tear off or away, tear apart, sever, abliitus, -a, -am, p.p. of abluo. rend asunder : arva et urbes abnego, -avi, -at inn, -are, [abtear: flaventes abscissa comas nego], I. v. a., deny (with accessory tear or rend away from one denotion of refusal), refuse, deny : medicas adhibere manus. prive one of: umeris vestem. abnuo, -ui, -uitum or -utum, abscissus, -a, -um, p.p. of ab-uere (-uiturus), [ab-nuo], 3. v. scindo^ a. and n., make a sign with the head abscondo, -dt and -didi, -ditum and -sum, -dere, [abs-condo], in token of refusal, refuse, deny,
wask off, out, or away
cut off or
dem.
decline,
forbid : omen.
-ui,
aboleo, -evi or
-ere, [ab-oleo], 2. v. a. (properly, outbut in used the causative only grow, sense), to destroy, cause to perish :
-Hum,
3. v. a., put away, secrete, conceal.
put out of
sight,
Pass, in reflexive force, of the heavenly bodies : hide, disappear, vanish, set: Allan-
monumenta.
:
take away, move, &c. Sychaeum (from Dido's
Pass., die. Fig., extirpate, blot out, re-
mind) abolesco, -evi, no

.
tides abscondantur. Of places as objects, lose sight of, lose (below the horizon), leave behind. *<&:'furto fugam. Fig., conceal, absens, -cut is, p. of absum.
absilio, -li or -ui, no sup., -ire, [ab-salio], 4. v. n. and a., leap or spring away, fly off': scintillae
-stiti,
;
[ab-olesco],
3.
v.
sup., -escere, n. (outgrow},
be destroyed, decay, waste, vanish,
abreptus,
-a, -uin, p.p. of

v. a.,
abripio. absisto,
-ere,
no
sup.,
-sistere,
n., stand away or apart from withdraw, depart or tear off, carry off, Fig., desist go away, fly from. or cease from, leave off, forbear, away or from. abrumpo, -rupi, -ruptum, -rumrefrain (abs. or with inft) moveri. pere, [ab-rampo], 3-v.a. (in cau- abstineOj-tinuij-tentunij-tinerc, sative sense), break off or away [abs-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold or keep away from ; hold or keep from, tear away, rend asunder, With reflexive, restrain one's break away (clouds). Of disoff. or away. course, &c., break off : sermonem. self, refrain, keep off Of law, &c., violate, trample on : Without reflexive, refrain, abstain tactu (refuse fas. Of life, &c., tear or rend (abs. or with abl.)
abripio, -ripui,
[ab-rapio], 3. or away, drag
-reptum,
[ab-sisto], 3. v.
snatch
from
to touch). put an end to : vitam invisam lucem (abandon) abstractus, -a, -um, p.p. of abssomnos cura (banish) abr u ptraho.^ tus, -a, -um, p.p., steep, precipi- abstraho, -xi, -ctum, -here, [abstous, violent: procellae; abrupto trahoj, 3. v. a., draw or drag
away,
;
destroy,
sidere.
tously.
in abruptum, precipi-a,
away, carry
off.
abstrudo,
-asi,
-iisum, -adere,
thrust away,
reflexive 01
abruptus,
-um,
p.p. of
(cf.
ab.
[abs-trudo],
hide, conceal.
3. v. a.,
rumpo.
form of abs, abscessus, -as,
fuller
With
-^/ced -f
ex, uls) [abs-fcessus, a tus], m., going away,
ab
in passive, hide or conceal one's self. abstrfisus, -a, -um, p.p. of abs
trudo.
abstuli ; see aufero.
departure.
Vocabulary.
absum,
-fui, -esse, [ab-sum], (instead of abfui, abforem, etc., afui, aforem, etc., are also
which the leaf conventionalized appears on Corinthian capitals.

green tree
Fern., the acanthus, a thorny evetin Egypt.
found), v. n., be away from, be absent or distant (in place or absens, time): hinc aberat.
-ntis, p. as adj., absent, away; with adv. force, in one's absence.
Acarnan, -anis,[Gr.'Aicapj'o'],adj.,
of Acarnania.
that country.
tants,
Masc., a native of
Plur., the inhabi-
Acarnanians.
absumu, -mpsi, -mptuin (better Acarnania, -ae, [f. of adj. Acarthan -msl, -mtum), -mere, [abnanius], f., a province of central Greece (now Carnia}. sumo], 3. v. a., take away (to spend, or by spending, cf. sump- Acca, jae, f., a friend of Camilla. tus) devour, consume : mensas, accedo (ad-), -cessi, -cessum,
;
Of
accessistis), [ad-cedo], 3. v. n., vour, consume : salus absumpta go towards, draw near, approach, come to, visit (persons or things). absumptae vires (ex(gone} With ace. seopulos. hausted, all used}. absumptus, -a, -um (less correctly accelero (ad-), -avi, -atum, -are, -mt us, etc.), p.p. of absumtK [ad-celero], I. v. a. and n. Act., abundans, -ntis, p. of abundo. Neut., haste, hasten, accelerate.
; :
me
persons, kill, destroy, &c. : ferro. Of property, &c., de-
-cedere,
(perf. ind.
accestis
for
ab u rule [tabundo-(ab-unda+us)],
adv., copiously, abundantly, in pro-
hasten,
make
haste.
accendo
fusion
in a very great or high
(ad-), -di, -sum, -dere,

(cf. v. a., set
degree, amply, in plenty, &c. With gen. noun or adj., plenty
[ad-fcando candeo)], 3.
dle
:
incendo and
on fire, kinFig., in-
tantum ignem.
of, sufficient
fraudis.
flame a person or
thing, set
on fire,
:
quos merita accendit Mezentius ira. accensus (ad-), -a, -um, p.p. of accendo. to have an abundance acceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of accipio. floiv with or superabundance. abundans, accerso, see arcesso. -ntis, p. as adj., abundana lactis. accessus (ad-), -us, [ad-fcessus, ab usque; see ab. cf. abscessus],m. Abstr., agoing to or near, an approach, entrance, Abydus (-dos), -I, [Gr. "AjSuSos], in town and a f. access : ventorum. Concr., an Asia, opposite m., Sestos (now Avido), famous for approach, an entrance. its oysters. accido (ad-), -cidi, no sup., -ci-avi,
I. v.
abundo,
-atum, -are, [tabflow off, away, over-
kindle, excite, fire, rouse
undo- ],
-a..,
flow, i.e., be very abundant or numerous; to be in abundance ; over;
ac, reduced form of atque, wh. see.
acalanthis, -idis,[Gr. &Ka\at>6ts'], f.,

the acalanthis (perhaps the thistle-
dere, [ad-caedo], 3. v. Of food, consume. hew, cut, felt : ornas.
a.,
cut into.
trees,
Of
finch or gold-finch), a small bird acclnctus (ad-), -a, -um, p.p. of accingo. (fabled to have been changed from a girl of that name by the Muses, accing5 (ad-), -xl, -ctum, -gere, with whom she contended in song) (inf. pass, acclngler), [ad-cinAcamas, -antis, [Gr. 'A/ca/uas], in., go], 3. v. a., gird on, gird around a son of Theseus and Phaedra, a or about : later! ensem. Pass., hero in the Trojan war. gird one's self about with, gird on, arm one's self with : accingitur acanthus, -i, [Gr. &cai/0oj], m. and f. ense ; accingier artes (have reMasc., the plant beards-breech, With abL course to, as arms). beards-foot, or brank'ursine, of
.
Vocabulary.
of means, arm, equip, furnish, provide, &c. : paribus annis, gird, i.e. prepare, make ready. With reflexive or in passive, pre-
dwell by or near a place, &c., with or without ace. accommodo (ad-), -avi, -a turn,
-are, [ad-commodo], i. or adapt ; adjust : later!
v. a., fil
pare
get ready, make one's self ready, &c. : se praedae

one's
self,
accom-
modat ensem.
accingunt.
accommodus
(ad-), -a, -um, [ad

adj.,
acciS (ad-), -Ivi, -itum, -ire, [adcommodus], fraudi. do, cf. cleo], 4. v. a., cause to come or go to a person or place ; accubS (ad-),
suitable, Jit
-ui,
-itum, -are,
lie,
summon,
call.
[ad-cubo],
I. v. n.,
lie
down
accipio (ad-), -cepi, -ceptum,

-clpere, [ad-capio], 3. v. a., take a person or thing to one's self, &c.; retake, receive : te gremio. ceive or entertain as a guest, &c. :
or recline, at, by or near.' iuxta Of shade, fall. accubat.
accumbo
tum,
(ad-), -cubul, -cubi-
Aenean.
;
tergo vitam deorum aequora accumulo (ad-), -avi, -atum, me annus (/ enter -are, [ad-cumulo], i. v. a., heap (of ships) upon, heap up, accumulate, load: upon); animum quietum; acaniraam donis. Mentally, cipe daque fidem. perceive, hear, observe, learn, re- accurro (ad-), -cucurri and -curceive intelligence of anything sorl, -cursum, -currere, [ad-curnitum. take or regard a thing ro], 3. v. n., run to, come to by run;
;
Gen., take, get, receive, attain, take in, take up : vulnera
3. v. lie on ; recline (at table)
-cumbere, [ad-cumbo], n., lay one's self down upon,

:
epulis
"divum. _
in
any way;
consider, interpret,
ning, hasten
to.
explain. accipere omen; also, without omen : regard a thing as a (favorable) omen, take as an
acer, -eris, n., the maple. acer, -cris, -ere, [ Y/ac +
ris], adj.,
omen.
acceptus,
-a,
-um,
p.p.,
(sharp, pointed, edged), sharp : sonitus. Fig., violent, vehement,

strong,
acceptable, welcome. acclpiter, -tris, [stem akin to ociorstem akin to peto], m., a hawk. accisus, -a, -um, p.p. of accido.
passionate,
lively,
bitter,
consuming: dolor; metus.
Of
intellectual qualities, subtle, acute,
penetrating, sagacious, shrewd.
accitus (ad-), -us, [ad-citus], m. Of moral qualities, in a good sense, active, ardent, spirited, zealous : (only in abl. sing.), a summoning^ Orontes ; acrior successu (insummons, call. in a bad sense, violent, accitus, -a, -um, p.p. of accio. spired) acclinis (ad-), -e, [ad-fclinus hasty, hot, fierce, severe, jiery ; (weakened), cf. clino], adj., leanequus. Of things: areas (pow ing against or towards, leaning erful). on : arbor is trunco. acerbo, no perf., -atum, -are, acclivis, -e, (-us, -a, -um), [ad + [facerbo-], I- v. a., to make harsh clivus (weakened)], adj., slanting or bitter, to embitter, augment or
;
upwards (opp. to de-clivis) ; inaggravate anything disagreeable, &c. crimen. cliningupwards,ascending, up hill. accola (ad-), -ae, [ad-fcola (cf. acerb us, -a, -um, [acer + bus], To the Incola)], comm., a dweller by or adj., (pointed, sharp). near a place; a neighbor, dwelling taste, or to the feelings, harsh,
:
near by. accolo (ad-), -colui,

-colere, [ad-colo], 3.
-cultuin,
v. a.
and n.,
Of persons, rough, repulsive, morose, violent, karsk, rigorous, hostile, severe.

biting, salt, bitter.
Vocabulary.
Neut. plur. as adv., harshly, sourly, morosely, grimly, violently : tuens
I
Of things, (furiously, bitterly). harsh, heavy, disagreeable, bitter, troublesome, rigorous, grievous, sad. Neut., calamity, misfortune. Poetic, painful, violent, sad ;
causing pain (to others),
distressing.
afflictive,
tne famous hero of * the Iliad, son of Peleus and Thetis. Achilleus,-a,-um,[Gr.'Axto.A.u>s], adj., belonging or pertaining t&
-
Achilles, of Achilles, Achilles'.
Achi vus, -a, -um, [Gr.

found)], Greek.
adj.,
'AXCUFOS (not
Ach&an, Grecian, Plur., Achivi, -oruin,
m., the Greeks.

adj.,
[f. of adj. Acidaliiis i, f., a name of Venus from a made of maple, maple- : trabes. fountain (Acidalius) in Boeotia. acerra, -ae, [?], f., an incense-box. Acerrae, -arum, f., a town of Cam- acidus, -a, -um, [lost stem facior faco- (cf. aciculus, aceo) 4pania, near Naples (now Acerra).
acernus, -a,-um, [acer+nus],
Acidalia, -ae,
Ot hard, acid : sorba. Acesta, -ae, (-e, -es), f., a town of acies, -ei, ies], f., (point), Sicily, named after King Acestes edge, sharp edge of a sword, sickle, ferri falcis. Of sight, &c. acies (earlier Egesla, later Segesta). keen look or glance, power ofvision, Acestes, -ae, [Gr. 'AKOTTJS], m., a son of the river-god Crimisus by a the sight, the eye : geminas flecte acies; brightness of the heavenly Trojan woman Egesta, or Segesta. He received yEneas as a kinsman. bodies: stellis acies obtusa viline or order of battle, detur. Achaemenides, -ae, [Gr. "Axoj/xebattle-array of land or sea forces w8i;y],m.,a supposed companion of a similar line of boys ; an army Ulysses, left on the island of Sicily. drawn up in order of battle ; (he Achal'cus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'AXOHKO'S], action of troops drawn up in batadj., Achtean, Grecian.
acervus,
-I, [acer + vus], m., (a pointed mound), a heap.
dus],
adj.,
(pointed, sharp).
taste, sour,
[^0+
;
Ac ha! us, -a, -um, [Gr
'
.
Axaifos] , adj .,
Achtzan, Grecian. Fern, as subst., Achaia, a country in the northern part of the Peloponnesus, on the Gulf of Corinth. Less exactly,
Greece.
tle-array ; a battle: aciecertare; an army : eoas acies. aclis, -idis, [Gr. eryicuAf j], f., a small javelin. Acmon, -onls, [Gr. "A.KHUV'], m., a companion of Aneas.
Achates,
-ae, [Gr. 'AXCITTJS], m., the trusty squire of Alneas.

adj.,
Acoet^s,
-is,
[Gr. 'AKO/TTJS], m., an
armor-bearer of Evander.
-I, [Gr. OKOVITOV], n., aconite, ivolf s-bane or monk's-hood
Acheloiius,-a,-um,[Gr 'AxeAouoj], aconitum,

belonging to the river Acheloiis in Greece. Ac hoi o us, -if [Gr. *AXAOJ], m., Acheloiis, a river of central Greece (now the Aspropotamo~).
Aconteus,
(a poisonous herb). -el, [Gr. 'A/coi/reus], m.,
a Latin warrior.
Acheron,
-ntls, [Gr. 'Ax*'p a"'] -t a river in Epirus, which flows through the Lake Acherusia into the Ambracian Gulf (now the Verlichi or Delika). Hence, a river in the infernal regions. Also, the infernal region?, the world Mow. Ac hern us, -untis, in., the infernal regions, the world below. Achilles, -Is, (-i or -ei), [Dor. Gr.
acquire, see adquiro. Acragas, -ant is, [Gr. 'Aicptiyas], m., a mountain and town in Sicily, called also Agrigentum (now Gir_ genti)_.
Acrisione,
-es, [Gr. 'AAcp<r<c5^7j], f., the daughterof Acrisius.i.e.Ztom*?.
Acrisioneus, -a, -um, adj.,/^r/rt//iing to Acrisione : coloni. Acrisius, -I, [Gr. '\Kplaios], m., Acrisius. fourth king of Argos
Vocabulary.
father of Danae, unintentionally killed by his grandson Perseus.
Mere end, purpose,

to,
or reference,
to,
for, in respect
:
Acron,
-onis, m., an Etruscan warrior slain by Mezentius.

-a,
-11111,
on
according ad frena leones (broken

to,
to
acta, -ae, [Gr. d/cr^J, f., the sea-shore.
Of time, at. adactus, -a, -um, p.p. of adigo.

the bit).
Actaeus,
adj.,
[Gr. 'A/cratos],
pi.,
adamas,
Masc. of Attica, Attic. Actaei, the Athenians,
yielding'}, m.,
Act ias,
Attic,
-atlis, [Gr. 'A/crfos], adj.
f.,
Athenian. Actiuin, -I, (n. of Actlus), [Gr. Adamastus, -I, [Gr. 'ASoyuao-Tos], &KTWV, sea-coast], n., a promontory m., father of Achsemenides, and and town of Greece on the AmbraIthacan. cian Gulf, off which the great vic- adc-, see ace-. tory of Octavius over Antony was adcedo, see accedo. gained. adcerso, see arcesso.
aSd/j.as, unadamant,\he hardest of metals, supposed to be steel, used loosely for a hard material solido adamante columnae.
-antis, [Gr.
Actius, -a, -um, [Gr. &KTIOS], adj., addenseo, no perf., no sup., -ero, of Actium (prop, same word as [ad-denseo], 2. v. a., thicken, clo>c Actiuin, but used as adj. from it). up: acies. Others read addeiia Actor, -oris, [Gr. "A/crcop], m., sant. Trojan. addico, -xl, -ctum, -ere, [adart us, -a, -mil, p.p. of ago. dico], 3. v. a., (speak in favor of), actus, -us, [-^/ag+tus], m., a drivaward, adjudge, deliver, make
ing, impulse
:
fertur
mons mag-
no acta.
over, yield:
me
huic class! (surp.p. of
actutum
render)
[n. ace. of cornutus)], adv.,

stantly.
factutus
-with
(cf.
add if us,
3. v. a.,
-a,
-um,
addo.
to,
speed,
add<3,-didi,-ditum, -ere, [ad-do],
hastily, immediately, speedily, in-
put
join
;
near, by, or
add,
;
attach,
acuo, -ul, -n tarn, -ere, [facu-], 3. v. a., make sharp, sharpen : ferrum. Fig., spur on, incite, drive
on, rouse, disquiet
:
;
se sociam
: cognomen (give) noctem addens operi

;
mortalia corda.
rouse, excite : iras. -um, p.p. as adj., sharpened, sharp

(in all senses) tua (shrill). aeus, -us, [ -y/ac
:
addere gradum (employ in) So quadri(press the pace) gae addunt se in spatia (consume, lupos curis cover Jhe space). Of passions, acutus, -a, adduce, -xl, -ctum, -ere, [ad.
duco],
3. v. a.,
self,
lead
to,
saxum
f.,
hinni-
To
bring.
p.p. of adduco. -esum, -edere, [ad(embroider). edo], 3. v. a., eat into, gnaw, eat Of fire, conacutus, -a, -um, p.p. of acuo. up : favos stellio. ad [unc. case-form], prep, with ace., sume, burn up. Of ademptus, -a, -um, p.p. of adimo. to, toward, against (cf. in). motion, direction, and tendency ademtus, see ademptus. in all senses tendens ad sidera adeo, -ii (-ivi), -itum, -Ire, [adpalmas respice ad haec canit eo], v. n. and a., go to or towards, ad auras (on the air); ad unum (to With hostile approach, accost. Of rest, near by, near a man). intent, go against, attack, set upon. Of things immaterial, enter on, to, at, by: ad flumina; adTroiam; arrive at, attain, incur : labor es 5 ad lunam (=in the moonlight); ad superos (in the world above). sales; astra.
+ us],
(a pointed
add actus, -a, -um,

-edl,
: arcus (draw) &rius(drawup,contract).
one's
;
draw back
thing},
a needle:
acu pingere adedo,
Vocabulary.
adeo [ad-eo],
adv., to that point, to that degree, so (in space, time, or
degree): usque adco turbatur; non obtusa adeo gestamus pectora (to such a degree as is
indicated
adflictus (aff-), -a, -um, p.p. of adfligo. adfligo (aff), -flixi, -flictum,
-ere, [ad-fligo], 3. v. a., (dash against}, dash down, overthrow. adflictus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
by the context)
nee
;
sum adeo informis (so very} adeo consuescere multum est

.
ruined, ovenuhelmed, miserable: vita; res.

, .
wretched,
With adflo ( such power has habit} weakened force, in fact, just, preflo]
cisely,
(af-), -avi, -atiim, -are, [adI v. a. and n., blow on, breathe
really,
:
indeed, full (with
on :
me ventis.
inspire: adflata
est numine dei. breathe somehaec adeo ex illo thing on one, bestow, impart : speranda fuerunt {just this}; oculis adflarat honores. nee me adeo fallit (at all} iam adeo (just now}; vix adeo adfluo (aff-),-fluxi,-fluxum,-ere, [ad-fluo] 3. v. n.,flow to, towards, adgnovit (really he could scarceor into. Less exactly, pour in, nunc adeo (but just at ly, &c.) this moment}; teque adeo conflock to, throng to. sule (and precisely in your con- adfor (aff-), -atus,-ari, [ad-for], speak to, address, accost. sulship}; totae adeo acies (absee adsum. solutely entire}; haec adeo (this adfore (aff-)
numbers)
is
just what}.
adf ui
see
adsum.
adesus,
-a, -um, p.p. of adedo. adfalrilis (aff-), -e, [adfa- (stem of adfor) + bills], adj., to bespoken to, courteous : dictu (in speech}.
adgero(agg-),essi, -estum, -erere, [ad-gerol, 3. v. a., bear to, heap
upon
adgeritur tumulo tellus.

(ag-),
-avi,
v. a.
adfatus (aff-), -us, [ad-fatus], m., an address, accosting. Less exactly, mode of address. adfatus (aff-), -a, -um, p.p. of adfor. adfecto (aff-), -avi, at n in, -are,
adglomero
Of
atum,
and
n.,
are [ad-glomero],
roll together,
gather together, heap
a band of men, join, atup. tach themselves to : lateri adglo-
[ad-facto, or fadfecto],
i. v.
a.,
(make for}, strive for, aim at, grasp -ere, [ad-(g)nosco], 3. v. a., recat, catch, seize : viam Olympo. ognize : matrem. adfero (aff-), -tuli (att-), -latum adgredlor (agg-), -gressus, -gre(all-), ferre, bring to, bring: di, [ad-gradior], v. dep.,^ to, aphonorem. In pass., or with reattack, assault: turrim. proach.
flexive,
gather, crowd toup : cuneis se coactis. adgnosco (ag-), -novi, -nltum,

gether, close
merant nostro.
come, arrive.
(aff-),
accost
aliquem
dictis.
Seize
:
adficio
-feci,
v.
-fectum,
a.,
-ere, [ad-facio], 3.
do
to
some one,
thing
to :
upon, lay hold of (cf. "go at ") hastilia. Fig., undertake (with
inf.).
affect, treat.
With
abl.,
treat with
something, give somepretio (to reward}.
adf Igo
(aff-), -f ixi, -f ixum, -ere,
adgressus (agg-), -a, -um, p.p. of adgredlor. adhaereo, -haesi, -haesum, -ere,
[ad-haereo],
cleave
to,
[ad-flgo], 3. v. a.., fasten to, fix to or in, fasten : radicem terrae ;
2.
v.
n.,
stick
to,
flammam
adfixns, adfigo. adflatus
adflo.
lateri.
(aff-), -a, -oni, p.p.

(aff-), -a,
hang on, adhere : sudor. adhlbeo, -bui, -bitum, -ere, [adof habeo] I v. a., have by or near,
,
.
apply, turn, employ, adopt:
manus
-uin, p.p. of
medicaa ad vulnera animos hos castris socios (secure).

;
Vocabulary.
Esp., invite to a banquet, invite
:
adligo
Penates.
adhuc
to this
[ad-huc,
cf.
ad-eo],
adv.,
point. degree, neque
Of place, time, or adhuc (never thus adloquor

still, yet,
(all-), -avi, -atum, -are, [ad-ligo], i. v. a., bind or tie to, bind, fasten, moor: ancora naves. Fig., detain, confine.
(all-),
locntus, -loqui,
ad-
far, never yef).
longer
[ad-loquor],
dress, accost,
quis adhuc precibus locus ? adicio (adj-), -led, -iectum, -ere, [ad-iacio], 3. v. a., throw to or at.
Fig., add.
to, force, send, ago], hurl, plunge : me fulmine ad umbras ; alte volnus adactum(V<?//j'
pray
3. v.
v. dep., speak to, to : deos.
adludo
(all-), -lusi,
a.
[ad-ludo],
-lusum, -ere, and n., play
adigo, -egi, -actum, -ere, [ad- adluo

3. v. a.,
drive
Fig., force, impel, complanted}. With pel, bring (force), drive. inf., oblige: vertere morsus in
with, or at ; refer in jest, jest. (all-), -lui, -ere, [ad-luo], 3. v. a., wash against, wash (of a river or sea). a;l i rand us, -a, -um, part, of admiror, used as adj.
m
.
admiror, -atus, -ari, [ad-miror], v. dep., wonder at, be surprised, I

admire, marvel at, gaze with suradniiranprise or admiration.
exiguam Cererem. adi mo, mi i, -emptum, -ere, [ad-
emo
from
tum (put
(/nir)3i (take at or by), take or away ; lumen adempout}.

Fig.,
dus,
-a,
-um,
ger.
as adj., ad-
mirable,
marvellous,
wonderful.
somnos
admirans,
tion.
p. as adj.,
admir-
(deprive of}. aditus, -us, [ad-itus], m. Abstr., a going in, approach, access. Concr., an entrance, approach, means of access, way of approach. adiunctus, -a, -inn, p.p. of ad-
ing, with surprise, with admira-
adinisceo,-iscui,-ixtum(-istum), ere, [ad-misceo], 2. v. a., mix with, intermingle, unite with: Less exstirpem Phrygian!.
actly,
iungo. adiungo, -unxl, -unctum,

[ad-iungo],
vites.
3. v. a.,
-ere,
of persons, intermingle, join.
add
to,
unite,
join
to,
fas:
admisti,
ten, yoke, harness, attach :
ulmis
contr. perf. of admiito. admissus, -a, -um, p.p. of admitto.
Fig., place beside, attach
admitto, -misi, -missum,
-ere,
later!
sis.
castrorum adiuncta clasLess

exactly,
add,
-are,
state
[ad-mitto], 3. v. a., let go to, admit, allow to approach, let in.
furtlier.
admoneo,
alum,
[adswear.
adiuro, -avi,
moneo],
2. v.
-nui, -nltum, ere, [ad&.,give warning to,
iuro], I. v. a., swear to, With_acc., swear by: caput fontis. adiuvo, -luvi, iutum, -are, [adiuvo], I. v. a. and n., give help to,
aid, assist, help. adlabor (all-),
admonish, warn, remind, suggest. With inf.,decedere campis. Less exactly, urge on : telo ad-
monuit
-ere,
into,
Jriiugos.
2. v. a., bite
admordeo, -momordi, -morsum,

[ad-mordeo],
-lapsus, -labi, [ad-labor], s.v.dep., fait to or towards, glide to or towards, approach or reach (with smooth or viro adlapsa sliding motion)
:
gnaw : admorsa
stirpe.
admorsus, -a, -um, p.p. of admordeo. admoveo, -movi, -motum, -ere,

[ad-moveo],
3. v. a.,
sagitta.^
move
to,
con-
adlacrimo,
lacrimo],
-avi,
-atum, -are, [adweep.

-a, -uin, p.p. of
duct, apply,
bring
.
to :
te ventus
i. v. n.,
(waff)
(offer,
admorunt ubera
tigrea
adlapsus (all-), adlabor.
give suck} admoram, etc. ; see
admoveo.
Vocabulary.
adnisus
aim
,
-a,
-nni, p.p. of
adnitor. adnitor aim

-ti,
oro, -avi, -atum, -are, [ad-oro], v. a., pray to, worship, adore. Less exactly, beg, intreat, imFig., struggle for, strive, exert one's self. plore : vos adoro. acini x us aim-), -a, -uin, p.p. of adortus, -a, -um, p.p. of adorior.
I.
-nisus (-nixus), [ad-nitor], 3. v. a., struggle to, towards, or against, lean against, support one's self by, lean on : cubito.
against (perhaps from ambush), attack. Less exactly, accost. Fig., enter upon, take up, undertake, attempt, essay (with inf.).
,ul
adnitor.
adno
(ann-), -avi-, -at nm, -are, [ad-no], I v. a., swim to, float to :
.
adpareo (app-),
-ui,
terrae.
[ad-pareo], 2. v. some place, appear.

ble,
n.,
-itum, -ere, appear at

Fig., be visi-
adnuo,
nuo],
inf.).
-ui,
-iitum, -uere, [ad-
3. v. n.
and
a.,
nod
to,
nod.
manifest, evident, apparent. adparo (app-), -avi, -atum, -are,
Act., indicate by
a nod, nod (with
[ad-paro],
vide.
nod assent, assent, With inf., grant, agree: petenti.

Neut.,
1.
make ready for, put

make
So of appermit, vellere signa. proval, approve, favor: audacibus coeptis. promise (by a nod). adoleo, -ui, -ultuin, -ere, [adoleo], 2. v. a. (add by growth ; cf.
prepare for, in order, proFig., prepare, be ready, ready, be about (with inf.).
,
I.
v. a.,
adpello(app-),-puli, -pulsum,
-pellere, [ad-pello] 3. v. a., drive, With move, bring to or toivards. navem (or alone), bring to land, land.
adolesco).
religious
Fig.,
magnify
(in
2.
language), sacrifice to: flammis adolere Penatis. Transferred, burn, kindle, light,
;
-are, [akin to formation], i.

to,
adpello (app-), -avi, -atum, I. adpello, but diff.
verbenas pinguis sacrifice : honores altaria taedis. ad pet i. (app-), -ivi or -ii, -itum, adolesco (adul-), -evi, (-ui), -ere, [ad-peto], 3. v. a. and n.,fall -ultum, -ere,[ad-olesco],3.v. n., upon, attack, assail: ferro caemature : aetas. lestia corpora. grow up, prima
;
v. a., address, speak name, a^tfs/^cf.adgredior). call, hail: Acesten victorem.
Fig.
(relig.
:
burn, flame
term), be kindled, ignibus arae.
adplico (app-), -avi or
-ui,
-atum
adultus,
p.p.,
grown
:
ten, attach, gird on : ensem. Adonis, -is, (-Idls), [Gr. *A5a/, Fig., drive, force, bring to (nautia beloved cal term). 'ASwm], m., youth by Venus. He was changed by her adpono (app-), -posui, -positum, into a flower, and supposed to be -ponere, [ad-pono], 3. v. a.., put, mourned by her at a yearly sacred at, beside, or near, serve up,
full grown, adult
up, mature, fetus.
or -itum, -are, [ad-plico], i. v. a. and n. (fold upon), join, fix, fas-
place
day
in spring.
v. a., cover over, cover. -a, -uin, p.p. of ado-
serve, supply (of food)
pabula
adoperio, -erui, -ertum, -ire, [adoperio], 4.
(for bees).
adquiro
adopertus,
perio.
[ad-quaero],
(ac-), sivi, situm, rere, 3. v. a., get or pro:
adoreus
eus],
(-ius), -a,
-um, [ador +
cure in addition, add to, acquire viresque adquirit eundo.
adj.,
real used
of spelt (a peculiar ceby the Romans as food,

:
Triticum spelta} liba. adorior, -ortus, -iri, (cf.

[ad-orior], 4.
v.
dep.,
-i, [Gr. 'ASpocrror], m., a king of Argos, father-in-law of Tydeus. orior), adrectus, -a, -um, p.p. of adrigo. rise up aclreptus, -a, -um, p.p. of adripio.
Adrastus,
10
Vocabulary.
.
Adriacus, -a,-um ; see Hadrlac us adsidue (ass-), adv. [abl. of artadrlgo (arr-), -rexi, -rectum, slduus], continually, constantly,
-rigere, [ad-rego], 3. v. a., set up, raise, erect : leo comas ; adrectus in digitos (rising on); currus (tipped up, with the poles in the air); aures(/rzV/fc up) ; adrectis auribus (listening) ; adrecti oculi
(staring)
.
adsiduus,
incessantly, persistently, -a, -um, [ad-fsiduus
( y'sed uus)], adj. (silting by). Yig., permanent, constant, increas-
Fig.,
rouse,
excite
animum
(encourage).
adripio (arr-), -ripui, -reptum,

-ripere, [ad-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch,
catch, seize,
ing, perpetual, incessant: sal (of the waves) voces ; fuligo. adsimilis (ass-), -e, [ad-similis], adj., like, resembling, similar. adsimulo (ass-), -avi, -atum, -are,
;
grasp
hanc terram
[ad-simulo], I. compare, liken.

tis
;
v. a.
(make
like),
copy, imitate.
veils
s
ii
(make for).
(asc-), -scendi, -scen-scendere, [ad-scando],
counterfeit: clipeum divini capi-
adscendo
in, 3. v. n.
1.
and
a.,
ascend,
mount
up,
climb: collem.
adscensus, -a, -um, p.p. of adscendo. 2. adscensus, -us, [ad-fscansus], m. ascending, ascent. adscio (asc-), no perf., no sup.,
-scire, [ad-scio], 4. v. a., take to one's self, receive, admit.
formam adsimulata Camerti (assuming the form). adsisto (as-), -titi, no sup., -sistere, [ad-sisto], 3-v. n., stand at, by, or near: super (stand over) adspecto, -avi, -atum, -are, [ad.
specto], i. v. a. intens., gaze at (with some emotion). Fig., of a place, look towards, look out on, lie towards, lie opposite.
1.
adspectus,
spicio.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
ad-
adsclsc (asc-), adscivi, adscit u in, adsclscere, [ad-fscisco],

admit, adopt. Fig., take or draw to one's self, receive, take, adopt, appropriate. adsensus (ass-), -a, -um, p.p. of assentio and assentlor.
3. v. a. inch., receive,
2.
adspectus (asp-), -us, [ad-spectus],
1.
2.
(ass-), -us, [ad-senassenting, assent, agreement, approval, assent to or in any thing. belief Esp. (with expression), assent, approbation, assent. sign of Fig., echo (as answering in accord). adsentio (ass-), -sensi, -sensum,
adsensus
sus],
m.,
an
in. Act., a seeing, looking at; a glance, look ; the faculty or sense of seeing, sight. Pass., visiOf things, bility, appearance. appearance, look. adspergo (asp-), -ersi, -ersum, -ergere,[ad-spargo], 3. v. a.,scatter, cast, strew, spread: pecori virus. Less exactly, strew, sprinkle about : sapores. Transferred,
bestre'iv,
streiv
(with something),
-inis, [ad-
sprinkle^, bedew.
adspergo (aspargo),
fspargo- (-v/sparg
sen tire, [ad-se ratio]
4. v. n. (think
in accordance with), assent, give Also deponent. assent, approve. adservo (ass-), -avi, -atiim, -are,
o)], f., a sprinkling, besprinkling. Concr., drops, spray.
[ad-servo], i. v. a. (watch over), guard with care, preserve, protect, In hostile sense, guard, defend. watch over, keep in custody.
adspernor,-atus,-ari,[ad-(orab-) spernor], i. v. dep. (spurn from

one's self) Fig., disdain, reject, despise : naud adspernanda (not to be despised, not despicable). adspersus, -a, -um, p.p. of ad.
adsideo (ass-), -sedi, -sessum, -ere, [ad-sedeo], 2. v. a. and n., sit

by or near.
Act., besiege, belea-
spergo. adspicio (asp-),
guer : muros hostis.
-exi, -icere, [ad-specio], 3.
v. a.
-ectum, and
Vocabulary.
look upon or at, behold, see. Esp., look with respect, admiration, or regard : aspice nos (regard}.
n.,
'
(fig.) , yield the
palm to.
Of things,
:
Neut.,
(see /) .
look,
glance
-avi,
aspice
or rise in height, increase in size, stand (of high objects) turres. rise (in the heavens):
:
.
mount
Act., catch sight of, espy.
adspiro (asp-),
[ad-spiro], I. v. breathe or blow to in altum. Fig., be favorable, smile on : labori. Of assist, winds, blow : aurae in noctem
Orion. rise up in or for some-atum, -are, thing querelis (break out in) Of degree, increase, rise : irae. n. and a. Neut., or upon : Auster adulter, -era, -erum, [ad-ulter
cf.
ultra, etc.], a.Q.(going beyond, abroad, with special sense of illicit love). Masc., a paramour.
-I,
(blow on into the night). aspire to: equis Achillis (poet. dat. for
adulterium,
n.
[adulter
.
ium,
ad).
Act., breathe
something up.
of -ius], n., adultery. adultus, -a, -urn, pai t of adolesco .
ventos eunti (of Juno). aduncus, -a, -um, [ad-uncus], adj., hooked towards one, curved Fig., canenti (inspire) infuse, inward: rostrum. Less exactly, instil, impart : dictis amorem. curved upwards. Of odors: amaracus (breathe its ad M i-d. -ussi, n -tu in, -ere, [adfragrance). uro], 3. v. a., burn into, scorch, adsto (ast-), tin, -stitum, -are, From simisinge, parch, dry up. [ad-sto], I. v. n., stand at, by, or lar effect, nip, freeze, bite (with near: adstitit oris (reached); frost). stand ready, stand up, stand out. ad usque ; see ad and usqne. adstringo (ast-), -inxi, -ictum, of adveho. -ingere, [ad-stringo], 3. v. a., advectus, -a, -am, p.p. on
:
bind,
tie,
or fasten,
to,
bind.
<
adsuesco
(ass-),
-evi,
-etum,
-escere, [ad-suesco], 3. v. a. and Pass. ,go by any conveywinds). n., accustom to : ne tanta animis ance, ride, sail, arrive, reach. adsuescite bella (become accusWith reflexive (rarely alone), go tomed in your thoughts) Neut., to, arrive, reach. become accustomed, be wont (with Pass., be accustomed or adve!5, -avi, -atum, -are, [adinf.). velo], I. v. a., cover over, wrap, habituated: silvis. encircle, surround, deck : tempora adsuetus (ass-), -a, -urn, p.p. of lauro. adsuesco.
.
o , -vexi, -vectum, -ere, v [adveho], 3. v. a., carry to, convey, bear : advecta classis (by the
< 1 1
adsultus, -us, [ad-saltus], m., a advena, -ae, [ad-fvena cf. advenlo], m., one who arrives, a an attack, bounding towards. stranger, foreigner, new-comer, assault. chance-comer. In adj. sense,/oradsum(ass-), -fui (aff-), -futurus eign : exercitus. (aff-), -esse, [ad-sum], be at, near, or by, be here, be there, be in, advenlo, -veni,-ventum,-Ire, [adbe present : coram adest (is here venio], 4. v. n., come to, arrive at, arrive, reach : Tyriam urbem. before you). Esp., with idea of assisting (cf. "stand by"), aid, advento, -avi, -atum, -are, [adIn special assist, defend, favor. vento], I. v. n., come to often, fresense, come (and be present), apquent. Less exactly, come, arrive. proach: hue ades (come hither}. adventus, -us, [ad-fventus; cf. adsurgo (ass-), -rexi, -rectum, eventus], m., a coming to, arri;
-gere, [ad-surgo],
up,
lift
3. v.
one's self up.
n., rise Esp., rise
adversatus,
versor.
val, approach, coming. -u, -urn, p.p. of
ad-
up out
of
respect,
pay
respect,
12
Vocabulary.
aedes (the interior rooms). So advcrsor, -atus, -ari, [ad-versor], of bees, hive, home. I v. dep., turn or act against, oppose, resist, withstand : non ad- aedifico, -Svi, -Stum, -are, [faedicf. opifex], i. v. a., be a versata petenti (not refusing). fic-, Less exacthouse-builder, build. adversus, -a, -uin, p.p. of adverto. of other things, construct: adversus, prep. see adverto. ly, adverto, -verti, -versuna, -ere, equum. Act., turn Aegaeon, -onis, [Gr. AfyoiW], m. [ad-verto], 3. v. a.
.
towards or against :
rect one's course.
direct, steer, sail :
pedem
ripae.
a giant, called also Briareus,
who
Pass., or with reflexive, turn, di-
Less exactly,
classem in por-
tum.
mails.
Fig., turn, direct :
numen
animo
attempted to scale the heavens. Aegaeus (-eus), -a, -um, adj. [Gr. Aryeuoj], Aegean (i.e. of the /tgean Sea, between Greece and Asia
With aniraum
or
(turn the
mind
or turn with the
mind}, notice, recognize, attend to, give heed, heed, give ear (with or without object) animis advertite
:
Neut.with Neptunus. mare, the sEgean Sea. aeger, -gra, -grum, adj., (-rior,
Minor)
:
or without
-rimus), [unc. root

weak,
ill,
rus], sick,
adversus, -a, -um, feeble. turned towards, facing, in led, sad, dispirited, dejected : mortales. Transferred, feeble, sad, front, over against : obluctus adversae arenae (against the sand) sorrowful, unfortunate : anhelisol adversus (opposite); flumine tus ; amor. _ Also, opposing, un- Aegeria, see Egeria. (up a river). favorable, hostile, adverse: venti aegis, -idis, [Gr. aty/s], f., the tzgis adversi. in adversum, adv., (shield or breastplate) of Zeus, worn also by Pallas. adversus, as prep, against. with Aegle, -es, [Gr. AfyA.??] f., a Naiad. a.cc.,_against.
vestris.
p.p.,
;
suffering, weary, -worn, Fig., sick at heart, troub-
advoco,
voco],
-avi,
-Stum,
anna.
-are,
[ad-
Aegon,
aegre
with
-onis, [Gr. A.lyuv'], m., a
mon.
I. v. a., call to one, sumLess exactly, call to one's
shepherd.
adv., weakly, hardly, scarcely. aegresco, -ere, [faegre- (stem of aegreo) + sco] 3. v. a.., grow sick, sicken. Fig., grow worse, increase : violentia Turni.
difficulty,
,
[abl. of
aeger],
aid, call for :
advolo, -avi, -atuin, -are, volo], y?y to, come flying : fama.
[ ad-
advolvo, -volvi, -volutus,

[ad-volvo],
3.
v.
a.,
-ere, roll to or
towards, roll up : ulmos. adytum, -i, [Gr. &&UTOV
Aegyptius,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. Aiyvir-
(unapTIOS], adj., of Egypt, Egyptian : coniunx (Cleopatra, called wife proachable)'], n., the sanctuary of a Less exactof Antony). temple, inner shrine. a shrine, also of a tomb as a Aegyptus, -i, [Gr. Afyinrroj] f., ly, ex imis temple of the Manes Egypt.
, :
adytis
(recesses).
Aeacides,
-ae, [Gr. patronymic], m., son of jJLacus (Achilles and his son Pyrrhus, and Perseus).
-a,
Aemonides, aemulus, -a, -um, [faemo +

see
cf.
1
Haemonides.
lus,
Aeaeus,
-um,
the
[cf.
adj.,
ofÊa, an
Phasis,
in
island of Colchis.
river
aedes,
fire], Plur.,
-is,
f.
aestas, and
aiOos,
imitor" , adj. In good sense, vying with, emulating, rivalling: In bad sense, patriae laudis. envious, jealous, grudging : Triton. Transf., of things, grudging: senectus.
fireplace}, temple. apartments, house.- cavae

(lit.,
Aeneades,
-ae, [Gr. patronymic from Aeneas], m., descendant of
Vocabulary.
s.
Plur., the
Trojans, his
m., the
f.,
aequo,
companions.
Aeneas,
Aeneis,
-ae, [Gr.
A<Was],
hero of the yneid.
See Silvius.
-atum, -Sre, [faeand n., make equal, laborem equalize: partibus iustis (divide); caeloaequatamachina
-avi,
quo-],
I. v. a.
-idls, [adj. of Gr. form],
the AZneiJ, Virgil's great epic. Arm-ins, -a, -nm, [borrowed or
imitated form from Gr. adj.], adj.,
belonging
to
Êneas, of ALneas.
Aenides,
-ae, m., son of ALneas. aenus (ahe-), -a, -urn, [aes+nus], adj., of copper or bronze, copper, bronze : falces ; lux (such as bronze gives). Neut., copper or bronze kettle, kettle: litore aena
(raised to) ; nocti ludum (prolong through); aequare caelo (extol to) equal : ducem vadentem (keep pace with) see also iii. 671, N.; lacrimis labores (do acquit tus, -a, -um, justice to). p.p., level, uniform, even, regular:
.
aurae
aequatis veils
(before the
wind).
aequor, quus)
smooth
the
-oris, [unc. root (in or], n., (the level),
aethe
locant.
sea.
Less exactly, the sea,
Aeolides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic from Aeolus], m., son ofALolus.

Esp., Sisyphus, Ulysses (as the son of Sisyphus). Surname of ClySurtius, a warrior under Turnus. name of Misenus (perhaps as son of 2. ôlus).
waves : pascentur in aequore

also,
cervi;
thesurfaceoi other waters; level plain, afield.

-a,
aequoreus,
eus],
adj.,
-um,
[aequor
of the sea, sea-, watery : genus (tribes of the sea). aequus(-os), -a, -um (-om),(-Ior, -issimus), [?], adj., even, equal, Aeolius, -a, -um, [Gr. Al6\tos, from level. Neut., a plain, a level. AÂos], adj., belonging to sEolus.
Fern., JEolia, the country of the winds, a group of islands off the Italian coast (now Lipari
Fig., fair, equitable, just,
tial,
impar;
kindly, favorable
;
oculi
ae-
Islands).
Aeolus, -i, [Gr. AfoAoj], m. I. The god of the winds 2. A companion

: ;
quo foedere amantes (with reaequius fuerat ; quited love) aequo Marte (on equal terms, in a drawn battle) aer (wholesome).
;
of .tineas.
calm, unmoved, tranquil, With reference resigned: sorti. [faequo-aevo (stem of aevum)], to adj., of equal age. something else implied, equal. uequalis, -e, [faequo ( reduced) + aer, -erls, [Gr. a?jp], m., the air alls], adj., even, equal, of like size : (nearer the earth than aether). Of degree of amount, Less exactly, cloud, mist. corpus. : aevum. In arboris (top). Poet. summus . &c., like, equal age, same : catervae. coeval, of aeratus, -a, -um, [aes (as if faera-) age cf. armatus], adj., proMasc., comrade, crony. -)- tus, vided with bronze, bronze - clad, aequatus, -a, -um, p.p. of aequo. bronze -plated : postes ; navis ; aeque (-lus, -issime), [abl. of acies (mail-clad). aequus], adv., evenly, equally,
(-os), -a,
ings,
:
aequaevus
-um (-om),
Neut.,yj/zV<r, equity.
Of feel-
justly.
Aequi, see Faliscue. Aequfculus, -a, -um, [fAequico+

lus], adj.,
the
bronze- or copper-clad, armed with SEquian, belonging to brass: clipeus. of Italy). (aj>eople aequiparo, -avi, -atum, -Sre, aeripes, -edis, [aes (as if faeri) -pes], adj., bronze-footed. [faequo-par(asif tpard)], l.v.a., make equal. aerius, -a, -um, [aer + ius], adj. equal, match.
aereus, -a, -um, [aes- (r for s) -f eus] adj., brazen, of bronze, bronze, Less exactly, copper : cornua.
,
&qtn
Vocabulary.
belonging to the air, aerial : mel (from heaven) ; palumbes (of the air}; cloudy, aerial, lofty, cloudcapped: ulmus; arces. aes, aeris, [?], n., copper; bronze (an alloy of copper and tin). Things made of bronze, trumpet, beak, cymbals, statues, arms, &c.
Esp., money.
(conceived
the ether.
as a fiery
element),
heaven.
the
.
the sky, the heavens, the atmosphere, the air,
open air (opp. to the lower Personified, the Sky (Juworld)

piter).
aetherius, -a, -um, [faether-f ius]

adj.,
aesculus (esc-),
-i, [faesco (perhaps v/ed + cus) + lus], {., oak (of a particular kind), Quercus
esculus.
belonging to the ether or i4pper air, heavenly, celestial. ofthe air, of the sky : plaga ; aura (of the air, opp. to the world below). Aethiops, -opis,[Gr. AiQioty'], m., an Ethiopian (inhabitant of Africa).
aestas, -atis, [stem akin to aedes

-f
Aethon,
tas]
f.,
(heat),
summer, sum-
mer
air.
-onis, [Gr. Aidiav, burning}, m., (originally, no doubt, a name of one of the horses of the
aestifer,
-era,
(weakened)
-fer
-erum, [faestu sun), a horse of Pallas. (^fer + us)], act lira, -ae, [Gr. AWpa, cf. aether],
f., clear weather, clear sky. adj., heat-bringing, burning, hot. aestivus, -a, -um, [faestu (re- Aetna, -ae,[Gr. AJrnf], f., Mt. Etna, the famous volcano in Sicily (now duced) + ivus], adj., belonging to
Monte Gibello). heat or summer, summer, hot. N. plur. (sc. castra), a summer Aetnaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. AI'TVCUOS], Less exactly, a summer adj., belonging to Mt. Etna, of Etna: camp.
pasture, cattle (in pasture).
aestuo, -avi, -atuin, -are, [faestu-j,

I.
v. n., be hot, boil, be
aglow:
ager.
be heated, heat, be fired :
umor.
From similarity, seethe, roll in waves, ebb and jftow (cf.
fratres (the Cyclops) Less exactly, Etnaean, Etna-like, firebelching : ignes; antra. Aetolia, -ae, (f. of adj.), a district of Central Greece ; see Aetolus.
.
Aetolus,
adj.,
aestus, tide}, fluctuate : nebula specus (be filled with clouds of smoke); gorges; incorde pudor. aestus, -us, [root akin to aedes + tus (cf. aestas)], m., heat, boiling,
the
-a, -um, [Gr. ArrwAo's], Aetolian, of Aetolia : urbs
(Arpi, built by Diomedes). Masc. plur., the inhabitants of ALtolia,

jEtolians.
aevum,
-I,
[^/i (increased)
+ vum
sun.
From
similarity,
tide, sea, waves, roll (of fire), surge. aetas, -atis, [faevo + tas], f., age
(young or old) ambo florentes aetatibus firmata (mature).

: ;
(young or old), life: integer aevi sanguis aequura (fresh blood of youth)
;
(n. of -VTIS)], n., age
(the
age.
same
age). Esp., old age, Less exactly, any season or
Esp., old age, age. time, lapse of time.
Less exactly,
Fig.,
an
a generation. aeternus, -a, -um, [faevo + nus, cf. hesternus], adj., everlasting, eternal, enduring, immortal,
an age, a generaperiod of life. age, _ tion (in both senses as in Eng.). Afer, -fra, -frum, [?], adj., African. Masc. plur., the Africans, terinhabitants of Africa. adf-. affbre, see adsum. affui, etc., see adsum.
aff-, see
vulnus ; imAdv. phr., in aeternum, aeternum, for ever, eternally, Africus, -a, -um, [fafro + cus], Masc., the S. W. adj., African. unceasingly. same wind (blowing from that region). aether, -eris, [Gr. al&rip root as aestas], m., the upper air Fern., the country Africa.
undying: ignes
;
peria.
Vocabulary.
Agamemnonius,
'Aya.fj.ffjii'ot'tos'],
.
-a,
-um,
[Gr.
of Agamemnon : phalanges (the forces under him at Troy)

adj.,
Aganippe,
-es, [Gr. 'AyaviWTj] f., a fountain in Boeotia, a favorite resort of the Muses.
,
fall (of rain), movement (of oars). The thing which moves, band, army, throng, flock : turba agniinis aligeri. Phrase, agmine facto, in column (of attack). agna, -ae, [cf. agnus, m.], f., a ewelamb.
Agathyrsus,
6vp<Tos], adj.
-a,
-um,
[Gr. "A7a-
Only
in plur., a peo-
ple in Scythia.
age, see ago. agellus, -i, [dim. fagro a little field QI farm.
agnosco, see adgnosco. agnus, -I, [cf. agna, f.], m., a lamb. ago, egi, actum, -ere, [Va g]
3. v. a., drive, lead,
lus], m.,
Of living beings: capellas;
drive away.
ali;
Agenor,
ager,
-oris, [Gr. 'Ay^caip], m., a king of Phoenicia, father of Cadmus and ancestor of Dido.
quem pelago
fatis
;
metus
:
acti (force upon) agit (inspires).
pursue, chase
go.
apros.
:
With
re-
rus, cf. acre}, -rl, [y'ag m., afield. Plur.,totisturbatur Collectively, land, soil. agris.
flexive (or without)
proceed, move, Imp., age, agite, come, come

Fig.
:
on
(brin% in)
agger, -eris,[cf. adgero], m.,(what is heaped up), a mound, heap, levee, dyke, rampart, wall: Alpini viae (the bed) tumu(the Alps) li. ^Less exactly, a drift of snow. aggero, 3. v. a., see adgero. aggero, -avi, -atum, -are, [t*gger], I. v. a., heap up, pile up: cadavera. Yig.,gather, increase :
;
;
acta horis. tates actae (driving) venis acta sitis (coursing through) pinus ad sidera acta (towering up) ; sepalmes &g\i(burstsforth); undam (roll) vias (traverse) testudo acta (worked, formed).
:
Lucifer diem age ratem (steer) nox Of things tempes;
iras.
agglomero,
see
adglomero.
Of inf., urge, impel. acts, do, act, perform : id ago (aim at); gemitum (raise). Of time, pass, spend. nullo dis-
With
crimine agetur (shall be treated). aggredior, see adgredior. Agis, -idis, [Gr. "A-yis], m., a Lycian agrestis, -e, [unc. stem (prob. in t, cf. eques) + tis (cf. Carmenwarrior. agito, -avi, -atum, -are, [fagito, tis)], adj., (of the field), belonging to the country (as opposed to the as if p. of ago], I. v. a. Freq. of ago, drive violently or fretown), country, rustic, woodland: Masc. and fern., a ruscalamus. hunt, pursue. drive, quently. Less exactly, tend. tic, a countryman. Fig., rouse, move, drive : trouble, vex, pursue, rough, rude, wild: poma. gentes. drive mad (esp. of the Furies), agricola, -ae, [fagro-fcola, cf. inpersecute.
engage in, pursue, press on in
cola], m., cultivator of the land, hitsbandman, farmer. Agrippa, -ae, [ ?], m., M. Vipsanius fugam. pass, spend : aevum. be meditate, consider, revolve, Agrippa, son-in-law of Augustus, and his most distinguished general moved: meus agitat (with inf.,
abstract
things,
:
Of
moved to),
agitator, -or is, [fagita-f tor], m.,
and supporter. Agyllinua, -a, -um, [Agylla
(re-
a driver, charioteer. agitatus, -a, -um, p.p. of agito. agmcn, -inls, [-^/ag + men], n., a driving, a march, line of march, course, flow (of a stream), falling,
duced) + Inus], adj., of Agylla (a town in Etruna, more commonly
known by its later name Caere, Masc. plur., i/f now Cervetri).
inhabitants, people of Agylla.
i6
Vocabulary.
in
fib (a), interj. (chiefly of surprise, but used also in many other states of mind), ah, oh. ahemis, see aenus.
Lucania (now Monte di
Posti-
glione) .
albus,
Aiax,
-acts, [dialectic or corrupted AJfas, -J/TOS], m., Ajax, name of two heroes of the Trojan war: I. Telambnius, son of Telamon and brother of Teucer, who contended with Ulysses for the arms
-a, -um, [cf. fiAôs], adj., (no comparison), pale white (opp. to ater, dull black, cf. candidus,
form of
shining white): ligustra; scopuli Neut. (as subst.) white. ossibus. Alcander, -dri, m., a companion
,
of Êneas.
Alcanor,
father of
-oris, m.
I.
Oileus, a less distinguished warrior, son of Oileus. offered violence to Cassandra,
of Achilles
2.
Pandarus ;
'
2.
a Trojan, a Latin.
,
He
Alcathous, -ol, [Gr. AA(ca0ooy] a companion of Êneas.

Alcldes, -ae, [Gr.
'AA/cei'STjs],
m.,
and was punished by Pallas. aio [perhaps ag> c ^- neS]> v
descendant of Alcseus.
m., Esp., a
Scoi/], m., a famous wood-carver, aiiint, they say. nego) . mentioned only by Virgil. ala, -ae, [perhaps for faxla, cf. the wing of Alcinous, -01, [Gr. 'AAKiVoos], m., axilla], f., a wing. king of the Phseacians (Corfu), an army, cavalry (as the cavalry whose gardens became proverbial. originally formed the wings) Alcippe, -es, [Gr. 'AA/n-n-7j] , f., a riders in a hunt, huntsmen. female slave. alacer (-cris), -cris, -ere, [?], a (-crior, -cerrimus), adj., active, Alcon, -onls, [Gr. "AA/cwj/], m., Cretan bowman. eager. lively, quick. joyous, the Transf., lively, alcyon, -onis, [Gr. dA/cucov], f., happy, cheerful. kingfisher, halcyon. eager : voluptas. ulatus, -a, -um, [tala + tus (cf. Alcyone, -es, [Gr. 'AA/cuJj/rj], f., a woman who with her husband Ceyx armatus, armo)], adj., winged. was changed by Thetis into a kingAlba, -ae, [f. of albus, the white
.
defect., only pres. stem, say, speak. Esp., say yes, affirm (opp. to
name of Hercules, his grandson. Alcimedon, -ontls, [Gr. 'AA/a/ie-
fisher. town}, f., Alba Longa (the supAlecto, see Allecto. posed mother city of Rome). Albauus, -a, -um, [alba + nus], ales, -itis, [ala (weakened) + tus Subst., (reduced)], adj., winged. adj., Alban, belonging to Alba. a bird: Jovis (the eagle). Masc., Mt. Albanus. Transf., swift, winged : Auster. albeo, -ere, no perf. nor sup., see Halaesus. [falbo-], 2. v. n., be white : campi Alesus, Aletes, -Is, [Gr. 'AA^TTJS], m., a ossibus. companion of Êneas. albesco, -ere, no perf. nor sup., abeau[falbe -(stem of albeo) + sco], Alexis, -Is, [Gr. 'AA'{],m., tiful slave, loved by the shepherd 3. v. n., grow white, whiten, gleam : Corydon. fluctus; lux (dawn). Alb ul us, -a, -um, [falb5 + lus], alga, -ae, [?], f., seaweed. Albula, f., alias [unc. case-form of alius], adv., adj., dim., while. Of time, at another elsewhere. ancient name of the Tiber, from
Albunea,
the yellow paleness of its water. -ae, [f. of falbuno- (fr. eus], f., a fountain at albus) Tibur ( Tivoli) in a sacred grove. Also, the grove itself (?).
: non alias (never before, or again). alibi [dat. or loc. of alius, cf. ibl], adv., in another place, elsewhere. alienus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (akin
time
Alb urn us,
-i,
[ ?], m.,
a mountain
to alius)
+ nus], adj., belonging to
Vocabulary.
another, of another, another's volnus (meant for another).
strange, foreign
:
:
allabor, see adlabor. Allecto, -us, [Gr. 'AATJKTWJ,

f.,
f.,
custos
menses
(unusuaJ).
arva Fury. Masc., a Allia, -ae,

; ;
-erum, [fala (weakby the Gauls. ened) + ger (-v/ er + us)], adj., alligo, see adligo. allium (al-), -i (-U), [?], n., garwing-bearing, winged. lic. Also plur., same sense. alio [old dat. of alius, cf. eo], adv., elsewhither, to another place, in alloquor, see adloquor. another direction. alludo, see adludo. alipes, -edls, [ala (weakened) + alluo, see adluo. pes], adj., with winged feet, wing- Altno, -onis, m., a Latin, son of Masc., a horse (as swift Tyrrhus. footed.
of foot).
stranger. aliger, -era,
famous
for
a river near Rome, a defeat of the Romans
almus,
f.
aliqua
of aliquis, cf. qua], adv., by some way, in some way,

[abl.
-a, -um, [ ^/al + mus], adj., nourishing, fostering, bountiful: Less exCeres ager ; vitis.
;
somehow. actly, propitious, kind, kindly, realiqui, see aliquis. freshing. aliquando [fali-quando, cf. ali- alnus, -I, [cf. al-der\, f., alder. a vessel or boat (made of the wood). quis and quando], adv., at some time (indef. affirmative), some time, alo, alui, alitum (altuin), -ere,
ever, once, formerly, hereafter. Emphatically, at last, at length.
[ ^/al, cf.
adoleo, almus],
3. v. a.,
aliquis(qui), -qua, -quid(quod), indef. adj. (and subst.) [taLLquis], some, some one (indef. affirmative, cf. quisquam with neg.). With si Neut., something.
Less exactly, sustain, support, feed, bring up : Africa dactores (produce) volnas venia (of Dido, feeds, i.e., is connourish, feed.
;
sumed by)
Aloides, -ae, [Gr.
'AAa>e87js, patr.
and
relative words,
any, any one,

indec.
adj.,
aliquot
anything. [fali-quot],
of "AAwevs], m., descendant ofAloeus. Plur., Otus and Ephialtes,

giants.
a number, a few (affir- Alpes, -ium, [a foreign word akin to albus], ro. plur., the Alps. matively, cf. pauci, only a few). aliter [fali+ter, cf. forti-ter], Alphesiboeus, -I, [Gr.], m., a
several,
adv., otherwise :
so).
baud aliter
(just
herdsman.
Alpheus,
-el, [Gr. 'A\<f>fi6s, cf.
al-
alitus, -a, -HIII, p.p. of alo. ulituum, irr. gen. plu. of ales, from another stem alitu- ; see ales. alius, -a, -ud, -lus, (stem alio, often ali), [y'al + ius, cf. oAAos
for oAyoy] , other(no\. all, cf. ceteri, the rest), another, some other (of
bula], m., a river of Elis which disappears under ground, and was
Alpheus,
fabled to reappear again in Sicily. -a, -um, [Gr. 'AAêlosj, adj., of the river Alpheus, Alphean
Elis).
Pisa (founded by a colony from
alter, of two) : haec inter alias urbes. Esp., alias . . . alias (one another) ; alii
many,
cf.
Alpinus,
-a,
-um, [falpi
(length-
pars (some
another part ) Usually agreeing with its noun,

. .
. . :
ened) + nos], adj., of the Alps, Alpine : Boreae. Alsus, -i, [?], m., a Latin.
alt arc, -is, [n. of adj., falto- (re-
rarely with partitive or equivalent construction aliud mercedis (a
different
reward).
duced) + aria], n., an altar (higher than ara). alte [old abl. of altus], (-ius, -is-
i8
Vocabulary.
aiuans, -antis,
p. of
sinie), adv., highly, on high, high,

deeply, deep.
amo.
d/xcipa/cos],
amaracus,
-ius, [ -y/al (cf.
-i,
[Gr.
m.
alter, -era,
-erum,
(cf.
and
f.,
marjoram.
-f,
alius)
adj.,
+ ter
uter)], pron.
alius,
amarantus,
[Gr. iûipavros, un-
alter alterius, one of another (reIn ciprocally), of one another. order, the second, a second: primus . . . alter. Opposed to both, one or the other. Fig., the sec. .
other (of two, cf. other of many), the other. . . . alter, one ...the other.
.
Alter
fading}, m., amaranth,2J!\ unfading flower, prob. coxcomb. amare [old abl. of amarus], adv.,
bitterly.
amaror, -oris, [unc. stem (cf. amarns) + or], m., bitterness. amarus, -a, -uni, [?], (-ior, -IssiOf mus), adj., bitter: salicea.
smell, harsh, ill-smelling, pungent. Fig., sad, melancholy, unfortunate, unhappy : amores ; rumor. Of bitter, implacable : hostis.
ond, next
.'
negative
other).
With alter ab illo. nee alter {another, any

Plur., of a
number
or set,
(ten more, words, bitter, severe, harsh : dicta. alter no, -avi, -atinii, -are, [fal- Amaryllis, -idis, [Gr. 'AyuapyAAi's],
&c. : alterae another ten).

terno-j,
nate.
decem
do by turns, alterp., by turns, waver, vacillate. alternately. alter n us, -a, -urn, [alter + nus],
I. v. n.,
alternantes,
Ama sen as,

Latium.
f.,
a rustic maid.
-I,
[?], m., a river in
Amaster,
adj.,
belonging to the other, alternate, by turns, responsive, reciprocal. Neut. pi., alternate strains, alternate acts, alternation : alternis.
Amata,
-trl, [?], m., a Trojan. -ae, [f. of amat us f., wife of King Latinus.
]
,
Masc.
pi.,
matched man for amatus,

trix], f., a nourishing, fos-
Aiiiathus, -u iit is, [Gr. A./j.aBovs'] f., a town of Cyprus (now Limisso)
,
.
'
man.
altrix, -ids,
nurse.
As
[yal +
adj.,
tering : terra. altus, -a, -um,[p.p. of &\o\,(grown up), adj., high, lofty, great (in all senses) montes ; rex lupiter. Neut., the heavens, heaven, t the Also, sky : in altum (on high) Neut., the deep : gurges ; quiea. deep, the sea, the high sea, the main. ex alto (from far, far). alumnus, -I, m., -a, -ae, f., [falo(stem of alo) + mnus (cf. -yuei/os,
: .
,
p.p. of amo. Amazon, -onis, [Gr. 'Aâci>, anciently supposed to mean bosomAmazon, one of a less'}, f., an fabled nation of Scythia, composed Plur., the Amaonly of women.
zons.
Amazonicus,
-a,
+ icus],
+
ius],
-um,
of the
[t Amazon
adj.,
Amazons,
[f Amazon
the
Am a /.o ni us,
Amazons.
Amazonian.
-a,
-um,
adj.,
Amazonian, of
Amazonis,
adj.,
-Idis,
[Gr. 'A/xofoi/fs],
Amazonian, an Amazon. Gr. p.)], (fostered, nursed), foster amb- (am-, an-), [fambi, cf. ambo, Gr. ajjupl, Germ, urn], insep. child, nursling. alvearium, -i, [falveS (reduced) prep. Only in composition, around, on both sides, double. + arium, n. of -arius], n., a beehive. ambages,-is, [amb-ages ( a g ?
alveus, -I,[falv5 (reduced) + eus], a m., a hollow, cavity, channel. bed of a river, channel boat, skiff.
(current). ml v us, -i, [ -y/al
cf.
ambigo)],
f.,
circuit,
wind-
Of speech, ing, circuitous -way. circumlocution, a long story, long

details.
Less exactly, obscurity,
vus], f., the belly, the body (inner or lower part).
anything perplexing, mystery, mys

terious expression, obscure oracle.
Vocabulary.
ambedo,
gnaw,
devour.
-edi,
3.
-esum,
v. a.,
-edere,
amicitia, -ae, [famico

friendship.
+ tia],
f.,
[amb-edo],
eat around,
nibble, eat.
Fig.,
consume,
amlctus, amictus,
cio)
ambesus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
amb-
-a, -um, p.p. of amicio. -us, [as if amic (cf. ami-
+ tus],
m.,
an outer garment,
edo. anibiguus, -a, -um, [fambigo (cf. prodigus) + vus], adj., uncerdark, mysterious, dubious, perplexing, ambiguous : domus; proles; voces (dark
tain, doubtful,
robe, covering.- nebulae. amicus, -a, -um, [unc. stem from
wrap,
-y/am
+ cus], adj., loving, friendly.

things, friendly, favoring,
Of
favorable.
Masc., a friend.
mi hi..,
and
hints)
-ii
itus),
(-IvI), -Itum (cf. -Ire, [amb-eo], 4.
ambv.
a.
Aminaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'A/xtvoIo?], adj., of Amin&a (a district of Picenum, famous Aminaean.
for
its
vineyards) v
Less exactly, n., encircle, surround : aliquid auro For a special pur(rim, edge)
.
go around.
amitto. amissus, -a, -um, Amiternus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of Amiternum (a Sabine town, now
p.p. of
pose, entreat, solicit
: San Vittorino), Amiternian. reginam conubiisLatinum (gain Latinus 's amittO, -misi, -missum,
;
-ere,
consent to). ^ ambo, -ae, o, adj., both (of
[cf.
amb-],
.
pron.
two together, cf. Less uterque, both separately}
A in MIOII.
amnis,
[ab-mitto], 3. v. a., let go, send off or away, abandon, lose : anna Anchisen (by death).
;
see
Hammon.
exactly, two. ambrosius, -a,
[Gr. apPpo<rios, immortal~\, adj., divine, diFern., the food vinely beautiful. of the gods, ambrosia. ambaro, -ussi, -fistum, -firere,
-um,
m. and f., a river, a stream, body (of water) aquae

-is, [?],
:
(of water in a kettle). water.
Gen.,
[amb-uro],
3. v. a.,
burn around,
.HUM, -avl, -ittuiii, -are, [-^/am, but prob. fr. a noun-stem, cf. ami-
cus],
ish,
v. a., love, be fond of, cher-
scorch, burn.
ambustus,
p.p. of
amburo.
regard.
Of
things,
in, love.
Fig., keep close to
delight : litus
f.,
amellus, -i, [?], m., starwort. amens, -entis, [ab-mens, having

the
mind
(hug). a lover, loving
amans, -ntis, m. or
man
or
cf.
woman.
noun-stem,
away~\, adj., senseless,
amoenus,
akin to
adj.
-a,
-um,
distracted, frenzied, frantic,
mad-
[lost
amo + nus,
amicus],
dened, bewildered.
menamentum, -1, [unc. root turn], n., thong (attached to a spear and unwinding, so as to give a rifleball
amomum
n.,
objects of sight, picturesque, lovely, pleasant, charming: piorum concilia.
Of
(-on),
-i,
[Gr.
Hfua/jiov'],
motion to
it).
Amerinus, -a, -um, [simpler stem akin to Amelia + inus] , adj., of Ameria (a town of Umbria; now
Amelia), Amerian.
amomum, an aromatic shrub. amor, -oris, [ -^/am -f or] m., love,

,
amice
[old abl. of amicus], adv., in a friendly manner, as a friend,

,
longing; casiis cognoscere nostros; edendi (appetite, cravTransferred, an ing for food). object producing love, a love-charm.
desire,
Concretely,
an
object
of
love.
kindly.
Personified, the god of love, Cupid,
amicio, -icui
i.\i -ictum, -ire, [amb-iacio] 4. v. a., throw around, wrap around. Transferred, wrap, cover, conceal : nube cava.
,
Love.
amoveo, -movi, -mdtum,

[ab-moveo],
2. v. a.,
-ere,
move away,
remove, take away.
20
Vocabulary.
m.,
Amphion, -onis, [Gr. 'A/uîW],
Amycus,
Amphion, a king of Thebes, husband of Niobe, famous for his performances on the lyre.
I. A -I, [Gr. "A,uu os] m. Trojan, father of Mimas ; 2. The name of two followers of /Eneas, killed by Turnus.
,
Amphitryoniades,
-ae, m., a descendant of Amphitryo (king of Thebes, husband of Alcmene), son of Ampliitryo (Hercules).
-a,
Amyntfis,
-ae, [Gr. 'A/j.vvras'], m.,

-a,
a shepherd.
Amythaonius,
thaon
Amphrysius,
-um,
adj., belong-
ius], adj., of Amythaon (the father of Melampus), Amy[?], conj.
-um, [Amy-
ing to Amphrysus, Amphrysian, of Apollo: vates (i.e. the Sibyl}.
thaonian.
an
In disjunctive
inter-
Amphrysus
eros],
sos,
(-os),
-I,
m.,
Amphrysus
[Gr. 'A^puor Amphry-
which Apollo fed the Admetus.
a small river of Phthiotis, near flocks of King
ample [abl. of amplus],adv.,42w//)'.

Comp., amplius, more, longer, again : non amplius unam (only
one).
rogations introducing the second part, or, or rather, or on the other Often with the hand, or in fact. first part suppressed, or, or indeed, or can it be that, why ! tell me ! anne (an annon, or not. ne), same as an alone. Anagnla, -ae, f., a town of Latium, the chief seat of the Hernici (now
amplector, -exus,
plecto]
,
-ecti,
[amb-
Anagni).
-itls,
3. v. dep.,
wind or twine anceps,
[amb-caput], {with
around, surround, encompass, encircle, embrace : limina ; tumu-
head on
both sides}, adj., with two
lum
(of a snake) ansas acantho In speech, (wreathe, in carving). discuss particularcomprehend, non ego cuncta ly, handle, treat :
;
Of weapheads, double-headed. ons, two-edged : ferrum. Fig., doubtdouble, two-fold: formido. ful, uncertain, undecided, dubious,
baffling:
fortuna; dolus
.
(treach-
meis amplecti yersibus opto. amplexus, -a, -um, p.p. of amplector.
erous uncertainty}
wavering, doubtful. cle, ambiguous.
Of persons, Of an ora-
amplexus, -us, [amb-plexus], m., Anchemolus, an encircling. Rhoetus, king Esp., an embrace,
caress.
amplus,
[?],
(-lor, -Issimus) , of large extent, great, ample, spacious, roomy : Elysium.

adj.,
-a,
-um,
-1, [?], m., son of of the Marsians. He fled to Turnus' father on account of an incestuous crime.
'
' 1
Anchises,
Fig., magnificent, splendid, gloIn fame, illustririous, superb.
Amsanctus, -i, [amb-sanctus]

trance to the world below
ous,noble, renowned, distinguished. , m., a lake in Italy, fabled as an en-
-ae, [Gr. 'A-yx 7?*]' -> a son of Capys, father of /Eneas. Anchiseus, -a, -um, adj., belonging to Anchises, Anchisean. Anchisiades, -ae, m., the son of Anchises, i.e. ^neas. anchora, see ancora.
(now ancile
f.,
(-ule),
-is,
[fanco
ilis, cf.
am urea,
Lago d'Ansante).
-ae, [Gr. i/t^/yyTj],
the
scum of oil.
Amyclae, arum, [Gr. 'A/UUKA.OI], I. A town in Latium 2. A plur. f. town of Laconia. See Amyclaeus. Amyclaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'A/uv:
a small oval shield. Esp., the shield which was said to have fallen from heaven in the reign of Numa, and on the continued preservation of which the prosd-wci>A.dj], n.,
perity of
pend.
it,
Rome was declared to deAlso the others made like
KAalos], adj., of
nia),
Amycla
:
(in Laco-
Amycltean
canis.
at
which were carried in procession Rome in a religious ceremony.
Vocabulary.
21
(breathless)
;
aurora (anch-), -ae, f., an anchor. Ancus, -i, [= ancus,

refer to
[Gr. &yKvpa],
bent, said to
Mars
senes (short-
breathed); tussis (hacking).
crooked arms, cf. anculus], m., Ancus Martius, fourth king of Rome.
Anien, see Anio. Anienus, -a, -um,

&&}.,
[f
Anien +
us],
pertaining to the Anio, of the Anio.

uiiilis, -e,
Androgeos
7eo>s]
,
(-eus),
I
.
-I,
m.
A son of Minos, king

;
[Gr. 'AvSpo-
[fanu
+ His],
;
old
woman,
f.
anile,
adj., of an an old woman's.
of Crete, killed by the Athenians
and Megarians
2.
iitiiina, -ae,
Greek
at
+ ma,
[fani (treated as root?)
of
-mus
cf.
animus and
the sack of Troy.
Andromache,
'Ai'Spoyuax'?]
,
-es, (-a, -ae), [Gr.
f.,
a daughter of King
&pi)0oi/], n., dill,
Eetion,
and wife of Hector.

-i,
&vfôs, -y/an, blow], f., a breeze, breath, blast (in Vulcan's bellows). As inhaled or exhaled, breath : viperea. Fig., breath (as vital
: effundere; proicere (throw away life) purpurea Of living (crimson stream oflife)
a net
;
hum,
[Gr.
principle), life
a sweet- smelling herb. infract us (am-), us, [amb-fractus] m., a bending, turning, windanise,
,
ing.
persons, soul (cf. Eng. "souls"). Of the departed, shade, soul,
Angitia (Angui-), -ae, [prob. akin spirit. to ango], f., a sorceress, sister of animadversus, see animadverto. Medea and Circe, worshipped by animadverto (vort-), -tl, -sum,
the Marsi.
angd,
-xi,
-ctum (-xum),
Of
living
-tere,
[animum, adverto], 3. v
a.,
[ -y/ang], 3. v.
-gere, a., squeeze, compress :

creatures,
guttura.
choke, strangle.
anguis,
sitic
-is, [
v/ang
f.,
is,
with paraser-
u], m. and
a snake or
to, consider, regard. simply, notice, perceive, see. animal, -fills, [n. of adj. anlmalis (with loss of e)], n., living creature (incl. man and beast), animal.
turn tend
the
mind
or attention
to, at-
More
Esp., as constellations, the Dragon, the Hydra, the Serpent. Anguitia, see Angitia.
pent.
anlmalis,
pertaining
-e, [fanima-f lis], adj., to life, animate, living.
ammo,
ma],
give
-avi,
i.
-at
a.,
um,
-are,
ani-
angustus,
-a,
-um, [fangus (noun-
v.
stem akin to angor)
+ tus,
cf.
animate, quicken,
barbatus],
strait,
adj.,
close,
contracted.
Neut.
gen.
angusta viartun (narrow

Fig.,
:
narrow, animdsus, -a, -um, [fanimo (rewith duced) + osus], adj., courageous,
bold, spirited :
life to.
Eurus
(wild, vio;
ways'}.
narrow,
slight,
scanty apes. row, trivial : res. anhelltus, -us, [fanheli- (weaker stem of anhe!5) + tus], m., panting, quick or difficult breathing.
Less exactly, nar-
lent).
animus, -i, [fani- (as root) + mus cf. anlma, &vtfj.os, y'an, blow'], m.,
breath,
life,
soul
(cf.
Eng. spirit),
mind (including all the powers; cf. mens, intellect). Esp. of

thought or feeling, intention, purpose,
will,
anhelo, -avi,
-at um, -are, [fan (unc. prep.) -halo" (cf. exhalo)], i. v. n. and a. Neut., breathe with difficulty, breathe heavily, gasp, Of flame, roar : fornacipant.
desire,
:
inclination,
mind, impulse
omnibus idem
DUS ignis. a u In- n-, -a,

1
m, [an
(?) -halus
halo)], adj., panting, puffing, gasping: equi ; pectus (heaving) ;

(cf.
eat (cf. "have a mind"). Also esp. in plur., feeling, sentiment, courage, heart, spirit : successu animisque (the spirit of Instead of ntens, the success). Less exactly. mind, the intelltct.
animus
22
nature, character.
Vocabulary.
Of
the winds
and prep.
fore,
In bad (personified), wrath. sense, arrogance, pride, passion, wrath (esp. in plur.). Anio (Anien), -enis or -onis, also
Adv., of place, before, in front, forward. Of time, besooner, first:
ut ante (as
.
hitherto');
etc.
ante
.
quam
abl. of
(see
diff.
:
antequam)
:
With
Anienus, -i, m., a tributary stream of the Tiber, which, taking its rise in the Apennines, passes along the southern Sabine country, separating it from Latium (now Teverone)
.
multo, {long before). like Greek ante malorum (offor-
As adj.,
Anius,
-I (-11),
m., a king
and
priest
of Delos, who hospitably entertained ^neas. Anna, -ae, [a Phoenician word], f., Anna, the sister of Dido, honored as a goddess after her death, under the name Anna Perenna.
Prep., of place, beOf fore, in front of: focum. estimation or rank, before, in preference to, above : ante alios ; ante omnia {more than all else,
trials).
mer
above all)
Of
time, before, ere.
anteeo, -ivi
[ante-eo],
cede.
(-11), no sup., -ire, 4. v. r\..,go before, pre-
Of
Of time, anticipate, precede. degree, excel, svrpass, outdo,
anno, see adno. annosus, -a, -um, [fannoduced)
[fanno- (reduced) + outstrip : candore nives ; cursibus auras. belonging to a year, Masc. (sc. li- antefero, -tuli, -latum, -ferre, yearly, annual. ber), a record (by years), a chron[ante-fero], 3. v. a., bear or carry Of estimation, icle, a report: laborum {details). before one, &c. anne, see an. place before, prefer : quae quibus anteferam. annisus, see adnisus. annitor, see adnitor. Antemnae, -arum, [?], f., a town
annalis,
alls],
-e,
adj.,
(re-
osus],
aged, old : annuo, see
annus,
-i,
ad]., full ofyears, bracchia {aged limbs). antenna (-mna), -ae, [probably borrowed from Greek], f., a sailadnuo. Less [?], m., a year. yard.
of the Sabines, perhaps so called from its situation on the river Anio, where it falls into the Tiber.
exactly,
season
simus annas.
(as
many
-a,
nunc formosisAdv., quot annis years as there are),

:
Antenor,
-orls, [Gr. 'Avrfivvp], m.,
yearly, every year.
annuus,
adj., lasts
-um, [fanno
+ us],
a noble Trojan who was in favor of restoring Helen and making peace with the Greeks ; after the fall of Troy he went to Italy and
founded Patavium {Padua). pertaining to a year, that a year, of a year's duration. Antenorldes, -ae, [Gr. patronythat returns, recurs, or happens mic], m., a son or descendant of Antenor. everyyear, yearly, annual : sacra. ansa, -ae,[?], f., a handle: mollicir- anteqnam [ante, quam], rel. adv.,
cum est ansasamplexusacantho.

-eris,
[cf.
sooner than, before, first before, ere.
anser,
Gr.
j(i\v,
Eng. antes, -ium,
[Van + tis, cf. ante],

,
m., rows^ or ranks of vines, &c. Antaeus, -I, [Gr. 'AITCUOS] m. : I. A antevenlo, -veni, -ventum, -veHercules ; nire, [ante-venio] 4. v. n. and a., Libyan giant slain by 2. A Rutulian. come or arrive before. get the
goose}, m., a goose.
,
Antandros
ante
(-us),
-I,
[Gr. 'Ainav-
Spoy] , f ., a maritime
at the foot of Ida.
town of Mysia,
start of, anticipate. Absolutely, come betimes, anticipate (a dani.
ger)- ^ form antld), [abl. of antevolo, are, [ante-volo], Gr. adv. fanti (cf. antes, iin-f)], fly before.
(old
v. a.,
Vocabulary.
Antheus,
-I,
(ace.,
Anthea),
[Gr.
Apenninicola,
fcola
(cf.
-ae,
'Av&fvs], m.,a companion of /Eneas Antigenes, -is, [Gr. 'Avnyfvr)<,], m., a shepherd Antiphates, -ae, [Gr. AVT i<pdri]s'], m., a son of Sarpedon, slain by
'
Incola)],
[tApenninScomm., a
[Gallic pen,
dweller in the Apennines.
Apenninus (App-), -i, "
mountain-summit "], m., the Apennines, the lofty mountain-chain

:
that runs diagonally across Italy (-os), -a, -um (-om), pater (the mount personiried). [fanti (with unc. lengthening) + aper, apri, [?], m., a -wild boar: setosi caput apri. cus, cf. posticus], adj., belonging to former times, former, old, an- aperio, -ul, -turn, -Ire, [ab (or ad) Not contrasted with later cient. -pario(cf. reperio), but connection times, but simply of long standing, unc.], 4. v. a., uncover, lay bare, Of persons, aged. old, ancient. open, unclose : antrum apertum. Less exactly, discover, display, Antonius, -I (-11), m., the name of
Turnus.
antiquus
Roman
the
nius,
gens. Esp., distinguished

at
M. Antotriumvir,
An tores, -ae,
der, slain
conquered by Octavius
Actium.
m., a warrior of Evan-
by Mezentius.
aiitrum,
[Gr. ij/rpoi/], n., a cave, Less excavern, grotto : viride. actly, hollow : exesae arboris.
-I,
,
show, reveal : his unda dehiscens terram aperit ; templum. Pass., or with reflexive, show itself, appear : sidus (rise) ; Apollo (i.e. his temple rising above the horizon) Neut., without se, appear: mon.
tes.
f ig., disclose, unveil, reveal,
Anubis,
is and idis, [Gr. 'Avou&ls, an Egyptian word] m., an Egyptian deity, with the head of a dog, the
make known, unfold: futura. As in Eng., open, begin: annum. apertus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
apertus,
open, uncovered, clear (of the sky). -a, -um, p.p. of aperio.
-icis, [ ?]
tutelary deity of the chase. anus, -us, [?], f., an old woman.
apex,
m., a tip, point, a
auxins, -a, -urn, [unc. stem from ^/ang + ius], adj., anxious, troubled,
tormented.
Transferred
to
:
the
cause, distressing,
:
anxious
timor.
Anxur,
I. town -uris, [?], n. of the Volsci, later Terracina ; 2. Masc., an Italian killed by
From the tongue (of flame). shape, a cap (of peculiar form worn by several religious functionaries at Rome, see note iv. 682). Aphidnus, -i, [?], m., a Trojan. apis (-es), -is, [?], f., a bee.
apium, -i (-ii), [?], n., parsley, celery. The leaves of one kind were
usedjbr garlands.
'
./Eneas.
An x urns,
of _ shipped
adj.,
-a,
at
Anxur :
-um, [ Anxur + us], Apollo,

lupiter
(wor-
Anxur).
[Gr. "Acres], adj., m.
cf.
Aones,
plur.,
-nirf,
Aonian,
(-e
(cf.
Aonins.
form),
Aonius, -a
Gr.
um,
ius], adj., the Aonian, Boeotian. Fern., country Aonia, a part of Boeotia in which are the Aonian mountains, Mt. Helicon, and the fountain
[fAon
Aones) +
-inis, [Gr. A.it6\K<av], m., the son of Jupiter and Latona, and twin brother of Diana ; god of the sun, of divination, of poetry and music, and president of the Muses. He was also god of archery, of pestilence, and, on the other hand,
of
medicine.
Also,
his
temple
god himself). appareo, see adpareo. apparo, see adparo.
(identified with the
Aganippe.
m., the d^ Aver-
Appenninus,
see
ApenninoB.
Aornos, -1, [Gr. "Aopvos], Lake Avernus (now Logo

no).
appeto, see adpeto. applico, see adplico.
appono,
see
adpono.
Vocabulary.
apricus,
-a, -urn, [perhaps faperi(stem of aperio) -f eus, cf. Aprilis], adj., tmcovered, lying open, exposed to the sun, sunny : terrae. Transferred, fond of sunshine,
Arabs,
-abis, [Gr.
-a,
Apai/>],
m.,
an
Arabian, an Arab.
Arabus,
adj.,
-um, [fArab+us],
Masc.
plur.,
Arabian, Arab.
-1,
the Arabs.
sunloving.
Aracynthus,
and Attica. aranea, -ae,
dpax"T;],
f.,
apto, -avi, -atum, -are, [fapto-],

I
.
m., a mountain
[Gr. 'ApzKwOos), between Boeotia
v. a., fit,
Fig.,
accommodate,
making
equip : without means expressed

{fit out). aptus, -a, -urn,
[-y/ a P>
adapt, adjust, apply. As adapt. fit, get ready, prepare, classem veils. Abs.,
:
Arar
[f. of adj., from Gr. a spider. (Araris), -is, [?], m., a river
.
classem
(
apiscor)
+ tus,
^ras^
p.p. of lost verb],
of Gaul (now the Saone) arator, -oris, [ara (stem of aro) + tor], m., one -who ploughs, a ploughman, a husbandman, farmer.
{fitted to), adj., joined, fastened, attached. Transferred, endowed, ornamented with : caelum stellis
aratrum,
trum],
-i,
n.,
[ara (stem of aro) a plough.

[Gr. 'Apo{7?s],
m.,
-f
Araxes,
river of
-is,
aptum
(studded}.
Fig., suited,
Armenia Major.
(old form
fitted, fit, suitable, fitting.
arbor,
[?],
-oris,
f.,
arbos),
apud
Of per[?], prep. w. ace. sons, with, by, near. Esp., at one's house, or in one's possession :
tree.
made
adj.,
of wood, a mast,
Of many things an oar.
arboreus, -a, -um, [farbor + eus],

of a tree: fetus {fruit).
.
apud me.
in.
Of
f.,
place, at, near,
cornua exactly, tree-like water: dulces (branching). a stream, a river. arbos, see arbor. aquarius, -a, -um, [faqua (re- arbustus, -a, -um, [farbos + tus], adj., provided with a tree or with duced) + arias], adj., of or relattrees. Masc., the waterNeut., a plantation of trees ing to water. with vines trained on them. bearer, one of the signs of the
Less
aqua,
-ae, [?], {fresh water}

.
Zodiac.
Neut.
-i,
plur., trees, shrubs.
Aquicolus,
[?], m., a Rutulian.
arbustum,
see
arbustus.
aquila, -ae, [perhaps f. of aquilus, arbuteus, -a, -um, [farbuto (redark gray, on account of its color], duced) + eus], adj., of (or pertainf., the eagle. ing to) the straivberry- or arbutetree : crates (of arbute twigs') aquilo, -onis, [faquilo- (reduced) + 6 (on), from its darkness, cf. arbutum, -i, [(?) n. of arbutus], n., the strawberry- or arbute-tree : aquila], m., the North wind. iubeo frondentia capris arbuta Less exactly, the North.
.
aquosus,
-a, -uin,
[aqua (reduced)
+ osus], adj., abounding in
water, rainy, watery, moist, humid, full

f.,
the fruit- of the strawarbute-tree, the wild strawberry: glandes atque arsufficere.
berry-
or
of water: hiems; Orion. ara, -ae, (old form asa), [?],

elevation
:
buta.
an arbutus,
-i, [cf.
arbor],
f.,
the
wild
or structure (of wood, ara sepulchri stone, earth, &c.) Esp., an altar: (a funeral pile)
.
strawberry- or arbute-tree : dulce satis humor, depulsis arbutus haedis.
illius
aram imbuet agnus.

similarity, the Altars, rocks
Arcadia,
-ae, [Gr. 'Ap/caSfo,
f.
of
From
in
Sicily
the
Mediterranean,
Africa.
between
adj., sc. terra], f., a mountainous district in the interior of Pelopon-
and
nesus,
which,
from
its
position.
Vocabulary.
long retained its primitive and sylvan wildness.
-a,
sim-
mille trahit varies adverse sole

colores. Of anything shaped like a bow, a curve, arch, bend, arc, loop : portus curvatus in arcum. i.ardea, -ae, [Gr. tywSids], f., a
plicity
Arcadius,
adj.
-um, [as
if 'ApxciStos,
from
"Ap/cas], adj.,
Arcadian.
art-amis, -a, -um, [farca+nus],

adj., (secreted), secret, private. Neut., a secret. Areas, -adis, [Gr. 'Apas], m., son of Jupiter and Callisto, supposed ancestor of the Arcadians. Plur.,
heron.
2.
Ardea,
tal
-ae, [fardea], f., the capiof the Rutuli, six leagues south
;
was burned by /Eneas, ashes the heron was said to have been produced. the Arcadians. As adj. (ace. Arcada), Arcadian : rex (Evan- ardeo, arsi, arsum, ardere, der) [Pfardo- (contr. stem of arieques (of Pallanteum). Arcens, -entis, m., a Sicilian. dus)], be on fire, burn, blaze. arceS, -cul, f-citum, -ere, [nounFig., flash, glow, sparkle, shine : stem akin to area], 2. v. a, shut oculi clipeus. Of color, glisten, From anup, enclose, keep fast. glitter, blaze : Tyrio ardebat muof
it
Rome
and from
its
off,
other point of view, shut off, keep keep at a distance : periclis With inf. or abs., (protect front}.
(bind,
rice laena.
Of emotion, burn,
;
hinder, prevent: manus prevent from raising) .
glow: Penthesilea (rages); spe (be fired with) quibus arserit armis (be ablaze). Esp. (abs. or
with ace.), love, burn, be fired :
arcesso (accerso), -sivl, -situm, Alexin. ardens, -entis, as adj., -sere, [ar- (= ad) -cesso?], (as glowing, fiery, hot, blazing, sparkcausative, cause to come), call, sumling, in fiery haste : Tyrii (eager); Less exactly, draw, virtus (glowing). mon, bring. take in, absorb : tenues vitas ardesco, arsi, ardescere, [farde
(acquire etherial souls,
tures at birth).
of crea-
(stem of ardeo)
sco],
3. v. n.
inch.), take fire, kindle, become in-
a Rutulian. Archetius, -I, [?], m., Art -hip pus, -i, [Gr. yApxnros],m.,
an Umbrian.
Arcitenens, -entis, [farcu- (weakened) -tenens], adj., holding a bow, Masc., the bowbow-bearing. holder (Apollo). arctos (-us), -i (ace. sing, arcton], [Gr. &PKTOS], f., the Great and Little Bear (Ursa major et minor), a double constellation in the vicinity of the north pole gelidae arcti. the north pole, the north.
:
flamed. Fig., gleam, glitter. Of the passions, burn, be inflamed, more intense, increase become in violence : tuendo. Of other things, become violent or furious, rage, increase: fremitusque ardescit equorum. ardor, -oris, [fard (as if root of
ardeo)
(cf.
fire, heat.
ness,
or], m., burning, flame, Of the passions, &c.
ardeo),
arduus,
Arcturus,
[Gr. koKTovpos], m., the brightest star in Bootes, the rising and setting of which brings bad weather. the (whole) constellation Bootes. the rising of
-I,
duus infert (towering high) cornua; lupiter (on high). area, -ae, [prob.far6(stem of farus, cf. aridus) + ea (f. of -eus), dry
:
-a, -um [?], adj., steep. high, lofty, tall : campo sese ar-
heat, ardor, eagerenthusiasm, fire.
Arcturus : sub ipsum Arcturum. Esp., courtyard], f., court,yard. a threshingfloor. arctus, -a, -uin, see artus. arc us (old form, -quus, -os), -us, arena (hare-), -ae, [fare (stem ? akin to area], m., a bow. of areo) -f na (f. of -nus)], (dry Esp., uu rainbow : ceu nubibus areas Less exactly. earth f) t f., sand.
["
26
earth:
strand.
Vocabulary,
nigra {loam, mud).
argumentum,
mentum],
n.,
Esp., the seashore, seabeach, beach,
stem of arguo,
[fargu- (as if argfitus) + an argument, proof,

-I,
cf.
arenosus,
-a,
-11111,
[arena
(re-
duced) sandy : litus. subject, story, argument (of the arens, -entis, p. of areo. story of lo on a shield) areo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [Pfaro- arguo, -ui, -utum, -uere, [fargu(cf. aridus)], be dry, be parched, ( T/SiTg, cf. argeutum), cf. facu-, arens, -entis, dry up: ager. acuo], (make clear or bright}, p. as z.^}., dry, arid, parched: arva. 3. v. a., show, prove, make known,
.
osus], adj .,/// of sand,
a representation or statement of Of a play, poem, &c., any kind.
Arethnsa,
'
-ae, [Gr. ApeQovaa] f., a fountain near Syracuse. Personified, the nymph of the fountain addressed as a muse.
,
indicate
mor arguit (ignoble souls are known by fear). Esp., accuse,

charge. as adj.,
lively :
degeneres animos
ti-
argenteus,
( reduced)
-a,
[targentoeus], adj., of silver,

:
-inn,
argutus, -a, -um, p.p. (made bright), active, caput equi (graceful).
silver.
Fig., silvery -white, white

-I, [-v/
anser.
Often of sound, piercing (cf. clarus, bright and loud), sharp,

shrill, rustling, noisy,
argentum,
ar S
( c f-
arguo)
its
whirring:
;
.
entum,
orig.
n.,
.
p.,
or developed
:
from one],
brightness)
things
silver (from
Esp.
lentum, an alloy
argentum Of of silver.
ilex (singing, with the wind) serra (squeaking) ; pecten ( ringing) Argus, -a, -um, adj., Argive. Masc. plur., the Greeks.
made
of silver, plate, silver.
Argus,
-i,
[Gr. *Apyos~\, m.
I.
The
money.
Argi, see Argos.
Argiletum,
-i,
[argilla (reduced)
,
etum, clay-pits~\, (wrongly supposed to be from Argi-letum) n.,

a part of Rome. argilla, -ae, [Gr. &pyi\\os,
cf.
hundred-eyed keeper of To after she was changed into a heifer by slain by Mercury at the Jupiter command of Jupiter. His hundred eyes were placed by Juno in the
;
ar-
gentum],
f.,
-white clay, potters
earth, marl. argitis, -idis, [akin to argentum, etc.], m., a vine bearing white
tail of the peacock ; 2. fabled guest of Evander, whose death was supposed to have given the name to Argiletum (but see that word). argntus, -a, -um, p.p. of arguo.
Argyripa (-ippa),
ptinra] , f., a
-ae, [Gr. 'Apyv-
grapes.
Argivus, -a, -um,

'Apyeifos,
[Gr. (not found)
town of Apulia, founded by Diomedes of Argos (afterwards

called Arpf).
from 'Apyos (Argos), cf. Achivus], adj., of Argos, Argive. Masc. plur., the Greeks.
Aricia, -ae, f., a town of Latium on the Appian way (now Riccio).
Argo,
-fis, [Gr. 'Apyia], f., the ship in which Jason sailed to Colchis for the golden fleece.
From
this place
came Virbius (a
Argolicus, -a, -um,[Gr. 'Aoyo\iK6s,

fr.
Argos
'Apyo\is, A.rgo\\s\,3.&}.,of Argos, Grecian. Argolic. (only nom. and acc.),[Gr.'Ap705], n., more freq. plur. Argi, -orum, m., the capital of the province Argolis in the Peloponnesus, sacred to Juno.
supposed son of Hippolytus), who fought in the ranks of Turnus. His mother is by some supposed to have the same name, Aricia. aridus, -a, -um, [faro- (cf. areo) -f dus], adj., dry, arid, parched:
ora.
Transferred,
making
drying up, dry: febris.
dry, Also,
wood
cracking, snapping, as when dry is broken fragor.

:
Vocabulary.
aries, -letls, [?], m., a ram : candidus. From its form and use, a battering-ram, an engine, with a head like a ram's, for battering walls: crebro ariete (with fre-
ar men tails,
-e,
[farmento-
(reto
duced) -falls], adj., perta ining a herd, of the herd.
armentarius,
duced)
herd~\, m.,
-ii,
,
[farmento
(re-
+ arius]
-i,
(^belonging to the
quent strokes of, &c.). arieto, -avi, -atum, -are, [ fariet-]

I.
a herdsman, neatherd.
[prob. -y/ar-f
armentum,
turn],
n.,
men-
v.
a.
and
n.,
strike
violently,
:
cattle
for ploughing.
dash violently (like a ram) arietat in portas. Arion, -on is, [Gr. 'Apiuv'], m., a
celebrated player on the cithara, of Methymna in Lesbos, rescued from drowning by a dolphin which was charmed by his music. Arisba, -ae, f., Arisba, a town of Troas.
Less exactly, a drove, herd, &c., of horses, deer, or other large animals.
armiger, -era, -erum, [farmo-ger ( \/S es + us )]> a 4)-> bearing arms, armed, warlike, an armor-bearer:
lovis (the eagle, bearing the thunderbolt).
armipotens,
tens],
-entis,
[farmS-poin arms, war-
arista, -ae, [?], f., the top of an ear of grain, head or ear of grain. Fig., summer, harvest: aliquot aristas (many years).
'
adj., powerful
like, Lord of arms. armisonus, -a, -um, [farmosonus, having the sound of'arms'],
Aristaeus,
-i,
[Gr. Apio-raios^, m.,
a son of Apollo and Cyrene, who is said to have taught men the management of bees and the treatment of milk, and to have been the first who planted olive-trees. He was the husband of Autonoe and father of Actaeon.
resounding with arms, clad in ringing arms. armo, -avi, -atum, -are, [armo-],
adj.,
I.
v.
:
a.,
armare in proelia fratres agmina. Fig., arm, excite,

;
arm
furnish with weapons,
Arinsius, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Aptovvios], adj., of or belonging to Ariusia, a district in Chios famous for its wine: vina (Chian). ar ma, -or n m, [ -y/ar (Jit) -f mum
With other equipments, arm, jit out, equip, furnish : bello armantur equi ; ferrum veneno ; classem. armarouse, stir up.
tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., armed, Masc. plur., equipped: classes. armed men, warriors. (cf. armus)], n. plur., equipments armus, -i, [-v/ ar (JU) + mus, cf. (of every kind), arms, weapons, arma], m., the shoulder, the upper arm. Less exactly, the whole arm. armor. Fig., war, battle, contest, arms : potens armis. Of animals, the shoulders,flanks. Also, armed men, warriors, forces. aro, -avi, -atum, -are, [ -y/ar, prob. Less exactly, means of defence or through a noun-stem], I. v. a., attack : quaerere conscius arma. Of a ship, plough : aeplough. For labor, implements, tools, inOf age, furrow : frontem quor. struments : Cerealia arma; diLess exactly, cultivate, rugis. cendum et quae sint duris agresinhabit. tibus arma. Of a ship, equip- Arpi, -drum, m., a town of Apulia,
at
first
ments, tackle. (See moveo.) armatus, -a, -um, p.p. of armo. Armenius, -a, -um, [Gr'Apjucyios],
adj.,
called Argos
terwards Argyripa arr-, see adr-.
Hippium, af(now Foggia).
Armenian, of Armenia, a
country of Asia (now Kurdistan and Anatolia). Armenia (sc. terra), f., the country itself.
.Vrrims, -untis, [Etruscan word], m., an Etruscan name (properly a

title,
younger son).
y'ar
(cf.
are,
irtis, [
arma)
-f tis
28
(reduced)],
f.,
Vocabulary.
(a fitting),
skill,
I.
art, knowledge,
called also lulus ; 2. A river and workmanship, praclake in Bithynia. tice : magicae (arts of sorcery). Of ascendo, see adscendo. Concretely, a -work of art. character and conduct, habit, prac- ascensus, see adscensus.
tice.
son of yEneas and Creusa,
fice,
Transferred, cunning, artiOf plants, stratagem, art.
ascisco, see adscisco.
Ascraeus,
adj.,
habit, artificial form. artifex, -icis, [farti-
(ars) -fex ( -y/fac as stem), -comm., generally in the higher sense ef ars], one
A scraan
(i.e.,
-a, -um, [Gr. 'Aovcpcuos], of Ascra, a town in Boeotia

;
senex
(i.e.,
Hesiod).
Less exactly, ofllesiod: carmen

rural).
-I,
who practises an
.
art,
an
artist (cf.
asellus,
[tasino
+ lua], m.
dim.,
opifex, artisan, mechanic), work-
man (of skill) Esp., one who practises arts, a trickster, contriver. i.artus (arc-), -a, -um, [proh. -y/arc (arx, arceo) + tua, p.p. of
arceo], narrow,
adj.,
_a
little ass,
an
ass's colt.
Asia, see Asius. Asilas, -ae, [?], m., an Etruscan

warrior,
asilus,
I,
[?], m., a gadfiy, horsefly.
confined
(cf.
area),
Fig.,
close, strait:
compages
vincla. (close-fitting) ; straitened, scanty, small.

2.
Fern., the province of Asia, Asia. Conor., a Asius, -I, m., a tua], m., (a fitting). Lycian with ^Lneas. Less exactly, parts (of joint. aspargo, see adspergo. the the world) Extended, body, aspecto, see adspecto. frame. aspeetus, see adspectus. arundineus (bar-), -a, -inn, asper, -era, -erum, [unc. root + of + arundo) (farundin (stem (-ior, rus], -errimus), adj., to or reeds, eua], adj., of pertaining rough, uneven : rubua ( prickly}
.
artus, -us, [Var (f-
arma) +
Asius, -a, -um, [Gr.'Ao-wJ, adj., of or pertaining to Asia, a town of Lydia, Asian : palus (the marsh of the Cayster, near that town)
.
reedy, reed-
ailva.
arundo
(bar-), -inis, [?], f., reed, cane. Sing., collectively, reeds. Fig., things made of reed,
a fishing-rod, an arrcnv shaft, an arrow, a reed pipe, syrinx (of several reeds).
Of taste aignis pocula aentea. and smell, harsh, sour, bitter, acrid, Fig., rough, harsh, pungent. hard, bitter, violent, cruel, fierce : non asper egenia (unfeeling) odia. studiis aaperrima belli
; ; ;
aruspex,
see
haruspex.
Of Of animals, wild, savage. circumstances, cruel, adverse, dis-
arvina, -ae, [?], f., grease, fat, suet, tressing. lard : pinguia. aspergo, see adspergo. arvum, see arvus. -atum, -are, [fasarvus, -a, -urn, [-y/ar (aro)+ vus], asper, -avi, pero-], l.v. a., make rough or unNeut, land (culadj., ploughed. even, roughen : glacialis hiems Transferred tivated), a field. aquilonibua asperat undaa. a arva Neptunia (the sea}. see adspersus. the female organs aspersus, shore, a coast. aspicio, see adspicio. of generation. arx, arcis, [ -y/arc (in arceo, area) aspiro, see adspiro. as stem] f., a castle, citadel, strong- asporto (abs-), -avi, -atum, -arc, hold. Less exactly, a height : co[abs-porto], I. v. a., carry or bear eli. Of mountains, peak, summit. away, carry off, take away (of per:
Asbytes,
Ascanius ,
-ae, [?], m., a Trojan. -li, [Gr. "A
sons or things) tare Creuaam.
comitem aspor-
Vocabulary.
Assaracus,
-I,
29
[Gr.
'Atro-cEpeucos],
m.,
Assaracus, a king of Phrygia, son of Tros, brother of Ganymede and Ilus, father of Capys, and grandfather of Anchises.
a contrasted but not opposite idea, but yet, and again, on the other
assensus, see adsensus. assentip, see adsentio. asservo, see adservo. assideo, see adskleo. assidue, see adsidue. assiduus, see adsiduus. assimilis, see adsimilis. assimulatus, see ads-. assimulo, see adsimulo.
assisto, see adsisto.
Of mere transition, hand, still. but, now. Adding a, contrary or opposite idea, but, bttt on the other After a hand, on the contrary. negative idea, but at least, but, yet
still :
si
genus
humanum
temnitis (= not regard); at sperate deos, etc. atavus, -I, [ad-avus], m., a greatLess great-great-grandfather. exactly, an ancestor, a forefather.
ater, -tra, -trum, [?], adj., black, dark, opp.
(-trior),
"to
albus
assuesco, see adsuesco. assuetus, see adsuetus. assultus, see adsultus. assuin, see adsuiu.
assurgo, see adsurgo. Assyrius, -a, -um, (Gr.
adj.,
'A<T<rvpios],
(dead white),
cf.
niger
(jet black).
Fig., black, dark, gloomy, dismal, sad, melancholy, foreboding : timor ignes cupressus (fune; ;
real);
venenum
-Is,
Athesis,
[?],
(deadly). m., a river
in
ofAssyria (a vaguely-bounded country of Asia), Assyrian. Less Masc. plur., the Assyrians. exactly, of all people of that region,
Upper
Elsch).
Italy
(now
the Adige or
;
Median, Phoenician, &c. ast, older form of at.
Athos (gen. not found abl. Athene dat. and abl. Atho ace. Atho, Athon, Athonem, and Athona), [Gr. "ABois, later
;
;
"AOuv, -coj/os], m., Athos, a high as to, see adsto. mountain on the Strymonian Gulf, astringu, see adstringo. in Macedonia (now Monte Santo). astruni, -i, [Gr. forpov], n., a star, a constellation, a luminous celes- Atina, -ae, [Gr. "ATJJ/O], f., a town
of Latium. As divinities astra Less exactly (in plur.), Atinas, -atis, m., a Latin. heaven, the skies, on high : sub Atius (Att-), -I, f ?], m., a Roman Atii genus. astra (up to the sky} sic itur ad gentile name astra (to the gods) Atlas, -antls, [Gr/ArAas], m., king of Mauritania, son of lapetus and Astur, -uris, m., an Etruscan. In abl. astus, -us, [?], m., craft. Clymene, a lover of astronomy; changed by Perseus, with the aid (of manner), craftily, cunningly, with craft. of Medusa's head, into Mount AtAstyanax, -actis, (ace. Astylas, because he refused him a hostial body.
:
vocat.
The mountain anacta), [Gr. Aarvdva^], m., pitable reception. son of Hector and Andromache itself in Northern Africa. at the destruction of Troy cast Atlantis, -id is, [Gr. patronymic], down by Ulysses from a tower. f., a female descendant of Atlas,
'
asylum,
i.e.,
-I,
[Gr. &crv\ov (unspoiled,
a place safe from violence)], n., a place of refuge, a sanctuary, asylum. Esp., the asylum (opened by Romulus on the Capitoline hill).
Plur., the Pleidaughter of Atlas. adA, his daughters (as a constel-
lation) .
atque, 9c, [ad-que],
conj.,
adding
with emphasis, stronger than et,
at (ast), [?
cf.
ad],
conj.,
adding
and also, and besides, and even, and in fact, and. Adding some-
Vocabulary.
thing unexpected or particularly In important, and lo, and then. comparisons (= quam), than, as :
2. v. a.,
With
shave, trim, clip : vitem. the teeth, crop, gnaw,

:
browse, graze on
baud secus ac (just as); baud pellae. attonitus minus ac (not less than).
atqui [at-qui],
conj.,
virgulta ca-
(adt-), -a,
-um,
p.p. of
adversative,
attono.
(but in some way), and yet, but attono (ad-), -nl, -itum, -are, now, yet still. [ad-tono], (thunder at), i. v. a. Atrides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], m., Fig., seize with divine furor, render the sons son of Atreus. atPlur., of frantic, infuriate, frenzy. Atreus (Agamemnon and Menetonitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., at leaders of the Greeks the laus, frenzied, frantic, amazed, confounded: matres; inspired (domus). Troy). atrium, -i, (-ii), [perhaps fatro + attorqueo (adt-), no perf., no sup., the from the of ium, blackening -ere, [ad-torqueo] 2. v. a., hurl household smoke], n., the main iaculum. (to or towards) the of a Roman house. court, hall, attractus,-a,-um, p.p. of attraho. attraho (ad-), -xi, -ctum, -ere, Plur., halls, rooms (generally) atrox, -ocis, [fatro- (with length[ad-traho], 3. v. a., draw to or ened o, cf. aegrotus) + cus (retowards one's self. Fig., draw,
,
:
.
cf. verbals in ax], (terridire), adj., savage, fierce, wild, cruel, harsh. attactus (adt-), -us, [ad-tactus], m., a touching, touch, contact (only in abl. sing.).
duced),
ble,
attract, allure.
attrecto (adt-), -avi, -a turn, -are,

[ad-tracto] I v. a., handle, touch. attritus (adt-), -a, -um, p.p. of attero.
,
.
attero
Atys, -yos, [Gr.'Arws], m., a young

Trojan.
(adt-), -trivi, -tritum, -terere, [ad-tero], 3. v. a., rub against, rub : vomer sulco (polish)
.
auctor,
-oris,
[Vaug + tor],
m.,
From
the effect, rub
off,
wear away. Fig., destroy, injure. attingo (ad-), -tigi, -tactum, -tingere, [ad-tango], 3. v. a. and n., touch against, come in contact with, touch : ore ; dextras (reach).
(agent ofgrowth), father, founder (of a family), progenitor, sire (of Of b\ii\dings,/otinJer, animals) builder, artist. Fig., promoter, adviser, contriver : fatis auctoribus (by order of). Of cause,
.
Of
local
relations,
come
to
place, approach, reach, arrive at, or attain to a place : proram te Aurora (overtake, (gain);
find). attollo (adt-), no
originator, source, author: teli. Of information, author, inforOf mant, narrator, authority. responsibility, security, voucher, surety, guarantee, authority : certior (more trustworthy authority) :
si
perf.,
no
sup.,
lupiter auctor spondeat (as

-acis,
(cf.
-ere, [ad-tollo], 3. v. a., lift up, raise up. Pass, or with reflexive, one's self up, rise up, rise, aplift Of building, pear : se in femur. erect, construct, raise : immensam
a voucher).
audax,
[lost
or supposed
(re-
verb-stem
audeo) + cus
duced)],
adj.,
daring (in good and
molem. up : iras
rouse, lift Pass, or (of a snake)

Fig.,
raise,
bad sense), bold, courageous, fearMore less, undaunted : populus. commonly in bad sense, bold, audacious, rash, presumptuous, fool-
with reflexive, rise, se gloria.
grow : Punica
-tondi, -ton[ad-tondeo],
attendee
(adt-),
sum,
-tondere,
hardy, reckless : coepta ; audax viribus (presuming on). audens, -entis, p. of audeo.
Vocabulary.
and co, ausus sum,

perf.
2.
-ere,
cf.
ausim), [noun-stem
favido-,
(subj. in 6,
(of the future)
triste per
augu-
rium.
perhaps
ardeo],
semi-dep., venture, dare : talia ; audens, -cntis, p. as sperare.

adj.,
less.^
augury auguro,
gur],
take
sign, omen, (as an art).

-sivi,
I. v. a.,
token.
daring, bold, intrepid, fear-ivi (-ii), -itum,-Ire, [akin
-a turn, -are, [auact as an augur, Fig., surmise, auguries.

:
conjecture, forebode, presage
si
audio,
quid vera mens augurat. to auris, ausculto], 4. v. a., hear, augustus, -a, -um, [faugus- (cf. hear of, listen, learn. Esp., hear angor, angustus) + tus], adj., (as a judge), examine into, inmagnified'(cf. adoleoand augeo,
quire into
:
dolos.
obey,
heed :
neque audit currus habenas. auditus, -a, -um, p.p. of audio. aufero, abstuli, ablatum, auferre, [ab (abs)-fero], v. a. irreg., take or bear away, carry off, remove, shut out (of the sky, cf. eriWith reflexive, remove, pio) .
honor), sacred, honorable, august. Fig., venerable, magnificent, noble. Masc., Augustus, title of Coesar Octavius as name) (used
as emperor.
Augustus,
tus.
-i,
m.
see
augus-
With retire, depart. idea of violence or stealth, snatch

withdraw,
aula, -ae, (gen. aulai), [Gr. auA.?';], f., a court, yard, court-yard, court
(of a house), hall.
Less exactly,
Poetically,
cell.
away,
(rob of life} Esp., sweep off at away, kill, slay. a of Apuriver Aufidus, i, [?j, m.,
.
mam
rob, steal,
wrest from
ani-
a palace, royal court. of the queen bee, royal
aulaeum,
lia (now Ofanto). augeo, -xl, -ctum, -gere,
-y/aug,
causative or
noun-stem], 2. v.a., (cause to grow), produce, increase, augment, add to, enlarge : numerum (by joining); Italos (through one's self, and one's descendants) si qua dona ipse auxi (add more) Esp., load or pile up with
fr.
: .
-I, [Gr. ovAou'a], n., a splendidly wrought or embroidered a covering, stuff, tapestry, arras, curtain, canopy, hangings. Esp., the curtain of a theatre (which, was fastened with the ancients, below; hence, at the beginning of a piece or an act, it was let down ; at the end drawn up. Also, a
covering for beds and sofas, tapestry.
Aulestes, -ae, m., an Etruscan. (Others read Auletes). augur, -uris, [favi + unknown see Aulestes. root], comm., an augur, diviner, Auletes, soothsayer (who foretold the future Aulis, -idis, [Gr. AuAis], f., a seaby observing the notes or flight of port of Boaotia, from which the Greek fleet set sail for Troy. birds, the feeding of the sacred fowls, certain appearances of quad- AUIUIS, -1, m., a Ligurian. rupeds, and other unusual occur- aura, -ae, (gen. sing., aural),
something, heap upon.
rences).
foretells futurity by
Less exactly, one who any means, a
soothsayer, diviner, seer ; prophetic

(in app. as adj.).
augurium,
(n.
-i (-ii),
[augur
+ ium
of -ius)], n., the observance and interpretation of omens, auLess exactly, divination, gury.
[v/va + ra], f., air (in motion), In a breeze, a breath of air. more violent morion, wind, a breeze, a blast. Fig., breath, breeze : More gen., the air, the famae. atmosphere : simplex {ether As inhaled, air, vital aether) .
air.
prophecy, soothsaying, interpretaa presentiment, foreboding tion.
Opposed to the earth or to the world below, the heavens, the

upper air,
the
upper world : ad
Vocabulary.
auras (to the open air out of concealment), on the breeze ; sub au-
Of things of metal*), n., gold. gold, a goblet, a bit, a hair-band,

adj.,
ras (to light, into the air). By gold coin, money. an unc. connection of ideas, a Auruncus, -a, -um,
From auri. association, an odor, exhalation. auratns, -a, -uin, [as if p.p. of
gleam, glittering:
taining
in
Aurunca (an old town Campania), Auruncan : senes. AuruncI, -orum, masc. plur..
to
oj'or per-
auro (which was perhaps

cf.
in use,
.
the
Aurunci.
inauro)], adj.,
(set
with gold},
;
m-
MI, see
audeo.
ornamented, or plated Ausones, -um, [Gr. A&roi/es], m., a very ancient name of the people with gold, gilt, gilded : trabes of Southern Italy. tempora (adorned with gold, i.e., with a helmet). Ausonidae, -arum, [Greek patroaureus, -a, -urn, [fauro (reduced) nymic of Auson, supposed progenitor of the Ausones, see : coro+ eus], adj., golden, ofgold Ausones], na. Like auratus, adorned, set, m., the Italians. or wrought with gold, gilded : tec- Ausonius, -a, -um, [Auson + ius], ta cingula. Fig., of color or adj., Ausonian, Italian, Latin, Ausonia, f. (sc. terra), Italy. appearance, gleaming, glittering, mala Masc. plur., the Italians. golden, yellow : sidera Less exactly, beauti- auspex, -icis, [favi-fspex, ^/spec caesaries.
overlaid,
; ; ; ; ful, magnificent, superb gens ; saecula (the golden age*) auricomus, -a, -uin, [faurd-coma (declined as adj.)], adj., with golden hair. Fig., with golden leaves
.
Venus
as stem], comm., an augur, diviner, soothsayer. Fig., directorate auspicium), guide, leader, protector : dis auspicibus (under guidance of the gods'). the
or foliage.
auspicium,
auriga, -ae, [possibly akin to auris and ago, cf. aurea, headstall'], Less comm., driver, charioteer. exactly, groom.
auris,
l.,
ium
sign,
-I (-ii), (n. of -ius)], n.,
[fauspic-
augury (from
-is,
[fausi-
(cf. ovs, cbrJs)],
ear : vellere (as an admonition, the ear being the seat of thority, right, power, inclination, -will: meis auspiciis infaustum memory). Fig., the ear of the Turni auspicium (ill-omened plough, the mould- or earth-board rule.) by which the furrow is widened and the earth turned back. auster, -tri, [ -y/us + ter (f-tro, cf. auritus, -a, -urn, [as if p.p. of -trum)], m., a south wind (dry and hot). As an agreeable wind faurio, from auri(s), cf. auraAs disagreeable sibilus iuvat. tus], adj., having large ears, longFor winds in floribus immisi. eared : lepores.
the
; : :
Less exactly, auspices. omen, divine premonition : melioribus auspiciis. Because only a commander could take the auspices, command, guidance, aubirds),
aurora,
-ae,
[Vus
( see
uro )
f r
general: furentes.
ausosa], f., the morning, dawn, daybreak : rubescebat Aurora nona. Personified, Aurora, the
;
aust rimis, -a, -um, [faustro (reduced) + Inus], adj., pertaining

to the south,
goddess of the morning, daughter of Hyperion, wife of Tithonus, and mother of Memnon. The eastern country, the East.
uuriuii,
-I, [
ausum, -i, audeo in

ausus,
-a,
southern. of ausus, p.p. of pass, sense], n., an at[n.
tempt, enterprise,
daring
deed.
-um,
cf.
p.p. of
audeo.
.y/us (cf.
aurora, uro) aut
[unc., but
autem and Gr. aS],

an alternative
urn (n. of -us)], (the shining
conj., introducing
Vocabulary.
Regularly exclusive, or, of
else :
33
quae nemora aut qui saltus; haedos depone aut si ... vere-
aveho, -xi, -ctum, -ere,[ab-veho],

v. a., bear, carry, 3. convey rnvay, Pass., be carried away, bring. ride or sail away : avecti (having sailed away).
mur licet eamus (or in case, &c.)

. . .
quid furis, aut qtionam nostri tibi cura recessit ? (or ifyou are avello, -velli or -vulsi, -vulsum or : Repeated, either sane). (volsum), vellere, [ab-vello], aut Turnus aut Rhodope pu3. v. a., tear or pull away or off,
After negatives (expressed or implied) not exclusive, but distributing the negation quis aut Eurysthea aut nescit Busiridis iras ; quid labor aut
;
:
erum edunt.
pluck
out, separate from an object by pulling, part or remove forcibly:
Palladium.
avena,
-ae, [?],
fig., reed.
f.,
oats: steriles
stalk,
avenae.
a stem or
nee benefacta iuvant. aut, neither nor ; nee Austros aut Without exclusion or imbrem. negation Anthea 3iquem videat aut Capyn ; aut Ararim Parthus bibet aut Germania Tygrim. autem [cf. aut], conj. Introducing
. .
a straw, Poet., an oaten pipe, pastoral or shepherd 's pipe. i.Aventinus, -I, m. ; inn, -i, n.
(prop,
adj.),
[?],
the Aventine,
one of the seven hills of Rome, extending from the Palatine to the
Coelian
Hill
;
until the reign of

city
Ancus Martins, without the

proper.
2.
a more or less strong antithesis, or even a mere transition, but always with some contrast, but, on
the contrary,
also, too,
Aventinus,
-a,
-I,
m.,
a supposed
son of Hercules.
on the other hand.
Avernus,
-um, adj., o/or belong-
again, now, but then, however, furthermore, then again. Automedon, -ontis, [Gr. Auro/te$wv~\, m., a son of Diores and charioteer of Achilles.
ing to lake Avernus, in the neighborhood of Cumas, Puteoli, and Baiae, almost entirely enclosed by steep and wooded hills (now Lago d'Averno) Its deadly exhalations
.
autor, -oris, minus, minus,
etc.,
see
auctor.
[for
autumnus(auct-),
-i,
aucto-
f^cto
cf.
(cf.
augeo)
the birds flying over it ; hence in fable it was placed near the entrance to the lower world.
killed
tumn
Gr. p. -juevos], m., au(the season of increase).
auxiliuin, -i, [akin to augeo, lost noun-stem + ium] , n. Abstr., kelp,

aid, support,
Neut. plur., Averna, -drum, the neighborhood of Avernus, places near or about Avernus, the lower
world. a versus, -a, -um, p.p. of averto. averto (avor-, abv-), -ti, -sum, -tere, [ab-verto], 3. v. a., turn
viae
ney')
.
assistance, succor auxilio (aid for their jour.
Concrete, usually plural, instruments, means, or sources of

aid,
away, avert, turn
off,
turn
:
aside,
means of assistance,
military
resources.
Esp.,
auxiliaries,
keep off (\>y turning aside) regem Pass, or with reflexive Italia.
Also, fig., remedy, forces, allies. help, relief. ;i\ arus, -a, -uin, [lost noun-stem
(cf.
aveo and avidus) + rus]
eagerly desirous : agricola. Esp., avaricious, covetous, Of persons greedy of money, &c. lit us. or things avert us, p.p. of aveho.
adj., eager,
:
(sometimes without), turn away, From depart, retire, withdraw. driving away booty, carry off, steal. Fig., turn away, divert, keep avert, ward off : omen ; caoff.
sum
turned or turning away, withdrawn, retiring, looking asas adj.,
(end).
curaa pestem (remove} a versus, -a, -um, p.p.

;
34
kance.
Fig., averse,
Vocabulary.
unfriendly,
hostile, estranged.
aviarius, -a, -um, [tavi + arms], adj., pertaining to birds, of birds, bird- : rete (bird-net). Neut., a placewhere birds are kept,apoultryan Less exactly, aviary. yard, the resort of wild birds in a forest. avidus, -a, -um, [favo- (whence aveo) + dus], adj., longing, desirous, eager : medullae (burning
with passion).
remote from the way : hence, also, untrodden, unfrequented: virNeut., a pathless or outgulta. Transferred, of of-the-way place. persons, wandering straying. avolo, -avT, -atum, -are, [abvolo], I. v. ri.,fly away. avolsus (avulsus), p.p. of avellOc a vu unit us, -1, |lost stem favSn + culus, cf. avus], m. dim., a mother's brother, maternal uncle (cf.
patruus, paternal uncle).

a bird.
avus, -I, [ ?], m., a grandfather, an avitus, -a, -um, [noun-stem akin to ancestor, a grandsire. avus + tus, cf. anritas], adj., of axis, -is, [perhaps akin to ago], or belonging to a grandfather, dem., an axle-tree : faginus axis. rivedfrom a grandfather. Less Fig., the axis of the heavens exactly, of or belonging to an an(supposed to turn as spheres) the pole, the north pole. Less cestor, ancestral : solium. avius, -a, -um, [ab-via (inflected exactly the heavens, the canopy : as adj.)], adj., that is at a distance Atlas axem umero torquet ; aetheris axis (the ethereal heaven). from the way, that goes out of or is
avis,
-Is, [?],
f.,
;
B.
baca
(bacc-), -ae, [?], f., a berry (either edible or not), small fruit
(cf.
pomum,
larger fruit).
-a,
; go or run about in a wanton, wild, raving, or furious manner: Fig., fly or run per urbem.
way
Esp., of the olive.
wildly: fama.
bacatus (bacc-),
+
or
tus.(cf.
-um, [baca barbatus)], adj., set

In
later
is
-um,
bacchatus, a, p.p. in pass, sense, sought in

:
adorned with pearls.
poets
baca
used for pearls:
monile (pearl necklace). bacca, see baca.
revels (of a place where the orgies were celebrated) virginibus bacchata Lacaenis Taygeta (where the maidens revel).
Bacchus,
baccar (-char),
<:-aris, [Gr. X&pis], n., the baccar, bacchar, or
baccharis ; a plant with a fragrant root, which yielded a kind of oil,

ace. to some,
-I, [Gr. -> Bcfox*] Bacchus, a son of Jupiter and of the of wine and of Semele, god poets. Fig., the vine: Bacchus amat colles. wine : hilarans
convivia Baccho. purple foxglove. It to possess magic Bactra, -oruni, [Gr. BaxTpa], n., Bactra, the chief city of Bactria or powers. Bactriana (now Balkh). bacchatus, -a, -um, p.p. of bacchor. Baiae, -arum, [Gr. Bofa], f., a small town in Campania, on the Bacchicus (-ius, -eus, -eius), -a, coast between Cumre and Puteoli, -um, [Gr. adjs. /3a/cx"fJ>s, etc.], a favorite resort of the Romans on adj., of or pertaining to Bacchus, account of its warm baths and Bacchic. bacchor, -atus sum, -ari, [fBacpleasant situation. cho-], I. v. dep., celebrate the festi- balatus, -us, [fbala (stem of balo) Less exactly, val of Bacchus. + tus], m., a bleating: agnibalatum exercent. revel, rave, rage, or rant in any
was supposed
Vocabulary.
Bal Paris,
-e, [cf. Gr. $a\iapt?s'], adj., Balearic, of the Baleares, or Balearic Islands, Majorca and Minorca, in the Mediterranean Sea. Their inhabitants were famed for the use of the sling. As subst.,
35
German and
Celtic origin
ple of
dwelling in the north of Gaul. Belides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], m., a descendant of Belus (see Belus). bellator, -oris, [fbella- (stem of bello) + tor], m., a warrior, sol-
Baleares, -ium,
(sc.
incolae),
m., the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands.
halo, -avi, -attiiu, -are, [prob.

the sound],
I. v. n.,
fr.
bleat.
n.,
balsam 11 m,
balsam.
-I,
[Gr. fra.\aa,ôv\,
a fragrant gum of the balsam-tree,
As adj., that dier, fighting-man. wages or carries on war, warlike, war-, ready to fight, martial, valorous : deus (the warrior-god, Mars); equus (war-horse}. bellatrix, -Icis, [fbella, (stem of bello) + trix], fern, adj., that wages or carries on war, warlike ;
warrior (female). balteus, -i, (plur. baltea), [?], m., a baldric or shoulder-belt for carry- bellipotens, -entis, [fbello-poing a sword, a belt or band for tens], adj., powerful or valiant in war. Masc., the god powerful carrying a quiver. in war, i.e., Mars. barathrum, -I, [Gr. fra.pa.Qpov}, n., an abyss, chasm, gulf, deep pit. bello, -avi, -atum, are, [fbello-], i v. n. and bellor, perhaps no barba, -ae, [?], f., the beard, of men or animals barba cadebat. perf., -ari, I. v. dep., wage or carbarbaricus, -a, -um, [Gr. Pap&ary on war, to war : pictis bellantur Amazones armis. PIKOS, adj. from /3apapos], adj., of or pertaining to a barbarian, Belloua, -ae, [unc. form (cf. patronus) from stem of bellum], foreign, strange, barbaric, barbarous. f., the goddess of war, and sister of Mars. barbarus, -a, -um, [Gr. 0dp0apos'], adj., foreign, strange, barbarous: bellua, see belua. barbara tegmina crunun. bellum, -i, [unc. form akin to duo and perhaps dis-], n., war, warBarcaei, -orum, [masc. plur. of
.
Barcaeus, Gr. Bapica.?os~]
m.,
cceans, inhabitants of Barce, a in Libya.
Barfare. town belua
Personified,
War.
Barce,
-es, [Gr. Betp/oj], f., the nurse of Sichaeus. Hat ilium, -i, n., a town built by the Samnites in Campania. Bavius, -I (-ii), m., Bavius, a bad poet, contemporary with Virgil and Horace, and obnoxious to both. beat us, -a, -um, p.p. of beo as adj.,
(bell-), -ae, [?], f., a beast (large or ferocious), a monster (as an elephant, lion, wild boar, whale,
dolphin); Lernae (the Hydra). Belus, -i, [Gr. BT}AOI, same word as Bel at Baal~\, m., a mythic name
of several Eastern kings, among others, of several ancestors of Dido. Benacus, -i, m., a deep and rough lake in Gallia Transpadana, near Verona, through which the Mincius (Afincio) flows
happy, prosperous, blessed, fbrtunate : Eurotas sedes (Elysium). Bebryclus, -a, -um, adj., of or belonging to Bebrycia (a province of Asia Minor, afterwards called Bithynia, the country of Amycus, a
;
(now Lago
di
Garda). bone [abl.
of bonus], (meHus, uptime), adv. Of every kind of
excellence, well, beautifully, ably,
famous boxer), Bebrycian. rightly, honorably, favorably, prosBelgicus, -a, -um, [fBelga- (or perously, fully, completely : olentes the + Belgo-) CUB], adj., Belgic, of (sweet) Be!~a or Belgians, a warlike peo- benefactum, -i, [p.p. neut. of
.
Vocabulary.
{a thing well done, bidens, -entis, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) Fern., honorable, -dens] adj., with two teeth. a sheep for sacrifice, victim. praiseworthy act; good, honorable action ; heroic deed. Fig., with two points, two-pronged: (a thing forfex. well done to or for some one), a Masc., a hoe with two
benefacioj,
absolutely),
n.,
a good,
benefit,
kindness, service.
iron teeth.
benignus, -a, -um, [fbonS-genus bifer, -fera, -ferum, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -fer (-v/fer+ us)], adj., ( -v/g en + us )> ofgood birth~\, adj., Of persons as to feelings or behabearing twice a year, twice-bearvior, good, kind, friendly, pleasing, favorable, mild, benignant, kindly. Transferred, kindly, friendly :
ing : biferi rosaria Paesti.

biforis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -foris], adj., with two doors : bifores valvae (double doors). Fig., two-fold, double: biforem dat tibia can turn (because two pipes were used, giving a double opening)-
mens. Berecyntius,
-a,
-um, (-cynthi-
us), [Gr. BepeKiWtos], adj., of <yc pertaining to Berecyntus, a mountain in Phrygia, sacred to Cybele,
biformis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -forma (weakened)], adj., twodess or mother (Cybele). formed, two-shaped : Minotaurus Beroe, -es, [Gr. Btpori], f. I. One (part man and part bull). of the Oceanidae, or ocean nymphs bifrons, -ontis, [bi (for dvi, cf.
tian.
: ;
on the
river Sangarius, BerecynFern., the Berecyntian god-
2.
The
wife of Doryclus of Epirus,
in the
Trojan company.
bis) -frons], adj., with two foreheads ; or, in a wider sense, with
.
two faces, double-faced (an epithet -oris, [Gr. &ia, av^p], m., an ancient hero, the founder of of Janus) Mantua. bigae, -arum; also -a, -ae, [bi bib6, blbi, bibitum(?), bibere, (for dvi, cf. bis) -fagus (lost adj., akin to ago, cf. agilis, auriga) ] [redup. v/pa (in pot us)], 3. v. a., drink: Ararim Parthus bibat f., a pair of horses, a span, double team. (drink of) ut gemma bibat. Fig., a car or chariot drawn by two horses. Of things, imbibe, drink, drink in : sat prata bibemnt bibit ingens biiugis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) arcus (draw water, of the rain-iugum (weakened)], adj., yoked two together : equi ( pair of horses) bow) Fig. longum amorem (drink in long draughts of love, biiugus, -a, -um, [cf. preceding], leones of Dido). Transferred, bring adj., yoked tivo together (yoked in pairs'); certamen (the forth or draw forth, drink (cf. contest with the bigse, two-horse haurio) : hasta bibit cruorem. Masc. plur. race, chariot race). bibulus, -a, -um, [lost stem fbibo f lus], adj., drinking readily or (sc. equi), two horses yoked abreast, a pair, span. Fig., of things, that draws, freely.
Bianor,
sucks in, or absorbs moisture, bibulous, absorbent, thirsty :
arena.
bicolor, -oris, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -color], adj., of two colors, two-colored : equus (dappled). bicornis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -cornu (weakened ) ], adj., with two horns, two-horned. Fig., with two
points,
bilinguis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -lingua (weakened, cf. bilinguus)], adj., with two tongues.
Fig., double-tongued, false, treach-
erous
liilix,
Tyrii.
[bi (for dvi,
cf.
-Ic is,
stem akin to licium],
adj.,
bis) with
two-horned,
two-pronged :
a double thread, two-threaded, twoply, double : loricam.
furcae.
bimembris,
-e,
[bi (for dvi,
cf.
Vocabulary.
bls)-membram(weakened) ], adj.,
Masc. having double members. plur., two-formed monsters (the
-11111, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis)- thinus (lost stem akin to hieins), of two winters], adj., two years old, of two years, continuing tiuo years, two-year-old. bini, -ae, -a, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis)
37
Centaurs) Inmiis, -a,
bis) -via, declined as adj.], adj., or passages : fauces (double*) Neut., a place where two roads meet, cross roads, corner.
having two ways

.
blundus, -a, -um, [perhaps for mlandus, akin to mollis], adj.,

of smooth tongue, flattering, fondling, caressing : canes (affectionate). Fig., flattering, friendly, kind, pleasant, agreeable, enticing, alluring, charming : laudes Sores; gaudia (alluring). blatta, -ae, [?], f., the blatta, a night insect, moth, bee moth. IJohi, -ae, (-ae, -arum), f., a very ancient town of the /fcqui, in
;
+ nus],
tively),
distrib. adj., tivo (distribu-
two apiece or for each. Less exactly, tivo, with substantives

:
Of things that are in plural only. scyphos (a pair pairs or double ofgoblets) bina hastilia.
;
bipatens, -entis, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -patens], adj., opening in tivo
ways, open in two directions, swinging : portae. bipennis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis)
Latiuui.
bonus,
-a,
adj.
:
mus),
-um, (melior, opt iOf every .kind of ex-
cellence
-penna (weakened)],
adj.,
having
pleasant,
physical, good, beautiful, suitable, fair. fit,

^vealth,
two edges, two-edged : ferrum. Fern. (sc. securis), an axe with two edges, double-axe, battle-axe. bipes, -edis, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -f- pes], adj., two-footed : equi {seahorses)
;
Neut. plur.,7/?.y offortune,
riches, property, goods, fortune. Mental and moral, good, fit, able,
excellent, skilful, noble, virtuous, upright, honest, &c. (with inf., skil-
mensa.
num sit (a good omen); bona biremis, -e, [bi (for dvi, cf. bis) -remus (weakened)], adj., twobello cornus (iveltfitted). Neut. As subst., oared, having two oars. sing, and plur., advantage, weal: bonis communibus obsto. biremis, -is, (sc. navis), f., a small vessel with two oars, a vessel Bootes, -ae, [Gr. j8oo>T7js, ploughwith two rmvs of benches or two mart], m., the constellation Bootes. banks of oars, ships (generally). Boreas, -ae, [Gr. Bopc'as], in., Bobis [for dvis, case-form of duo as reas, the mountain or north wind adv. (cf. cis, uls)], adv. num., (pureLat.aquilo) Boreaepenetrabile frigus. Personified, Botiuice, in two -ways, in a two-fold manner: bis in liora (twice an reas, the son of the river-god StryWith numerals, twice a mon, and father of Calais and hour). bis senos. certain number bis Zetes by Orithyia, daughter of tanto or tantum (twice as great Erechtheus, king of Attica. or as much). bos, bovis, (gen. plur., bourn), Bisaltae, -arum, m., a Thracian [cf. Gr. /3oCs], comm. gen., one of the ox tribe, an ox, a cow : pascite people on the Strymon. boves (cattle). bisseni, see bis and seni. bracchium (brach-), -I, [?], n., bissextus, see bis and sextus. I Jit ias, I. A Trojan, son of an arm ; the whole arm, from the -ae, m. From Alcanor ; 2. A Carthaginian noshoulder to the fingers. bleman. Plur., the similarity, a branch. a (natural or artibitumen, -inis, [?], n., bitumen, sail-yards. bivlus, -a, -urn, [bi (for dvi, cf. ficial) outwork; an arm for con: :
ful).
favorable, propitious
bo-
Vocabulary.
necting hvo points in fortifications a or preparations for besieging. side-work, mole, dike, in the fortification of a harbor. bractea, see brattea.
brattea (bract-), -ae,

brevls,
[?],
f.,
thin plate, leaf (of metal).
an ox-driver or wagoner, one who ploughs with oxen, a ploughman. buccina, -ae ; see bucina. bin- iiia (bucc-), -ae, [?], f., a a trumpet : shepherd's horn. bello dat signum rauca cruentum bucina.
bueolicus,
-a,
-e, [for fbregvis, y'bragh us, with accidental i as in levls,

cf. Qpa.xvs~\,
little,
-um,
[Gr. &OVKO\I-
gravis,
adj.
In dis-
KOS], adj., relating to herdsmen. Only neut. plur., bucolica, name
tance, extent,
narrow: brevis est

depth, small,
little,
small, short, In via.
of the Eclogues, as the songs of herdsmen.
shallow : vada. bucula, -ae, [fbov- (bos) + cula], f. dim., a brevia, -iuin, shallieifer. lows, shoals. bufo, -onis, [?], m., a toad. nil la, -ae, [cf. bullo, breviter [brevi + ter (probably bullio], f., neuter of -terus reduced)], adv. a water-bubble, bubble. Fig., a Of space, shortly, in a small space, boss, stud. at a short distance. In expres- b u must us, -i, [Gr. jSou/xoo-Tos], f., the bumastus, a species of grape sion, briefly, in brief, with few
Neut.
plur.,
words,
concisely,
shortly, in
buris, -is, [?], m., hinder part of a Brian-iis, -ei, [Gr. Bpjapew], m., plough, plough-tail. a hundred-armed giant (also called Busiris, -idis, [Gr. Bownpts], m., Busiris, a king of Egypt, who ALgczori) Brit ami us, -a, -uin, [?], adj., of sacrificed strangers, and was himMasc. plur., self slain by Hercules. Britain, British. Britons. Also their country, bust um, -I, [n. p.p. of unc. verb, but cf. comburo], n., the burned Britain.
.
Of time,
summarily. no long time.
with large clusters.
Brontes,
-ae, [Gr. Bp<W?;s (Thunderer)], m., a Cyclops in the workof Vulcan. shop
hriinia, -ae, [for brevima (old superlative of brevis, cf. infimus),

sc.
pyre, pyre (after burning), funeral the hillock raised pile : semusta. over the ashes of a burned corpse, a tomb. Plur., same meaning.
dies],
f.,
the shortest
day
in the
Less exyear, the winter solstice. actly, the winter time, winter.
Butes, -ae, [Gr. BOUTTJS], m. I. Son of Amycus, king of the Bebrycians, slain by Dares at the tomb
:
brumalis,
-e,
[fbruma (reduced)
pertaining to wintry, of
alls], adj., of or the winter solstice.
of Hector ; 2. An armor-bearer of Anchises and guardian of Ascanius 3. A Trojan, perhaps the

;
same
as
2.
winter: frigus. Buthrotum, -I, [Gr. Bouflpon-oV], n., a maritime town of Epirus (now Brutus, -i, [brutus, heavy, dull], m., a Roman family name. Butrinto~) Esp., L. Junius Brutus, who expelled buxus, -i, (sometimes -uni, -i, n.), [Gr. iruos], f., the box-tree, boxTarquinius Superbus. He was saved wood. Of things made of boxby his feigned stupidity (hence the wood, a pipe or flute. name). bubo, -onis, m. (f. only once), an Byrsa, -ae, [prob. a Phoenician word (= Basra), confounded with owl, the horned cnvl, the cry of which was considered as ill-boding. Bvpiro (a hide)], f., the citadel of
.
bubulcus,
-I,
[fbubulo + cusj, m.,
Carthage.
Vocabulary.
39
c.
(acumen, -Inis, [unc. stem (cf. Sk. kakud, mountain) + men], n., the extreme end, extremity, or point of a thing the peak, top, utmost point (whether horizontal or perpendic;
Transferred, dark, invisible, concealed,

secret,
hidden
ular).
fores; Mars (blind warfare). Fig., uncertain, dubious, blind: fata ; undae (unknown) parietes (deceptive) ; ignes (mean;
caligo
Cue us, Caca], m., a mythical monster of Italy who robbed Hercules of Geryon's cattle, and was on that account slain by him. cadaver, -eris, [akin to cado], n., a dead body, a corpse. Of beasts, a carcass.
-i, [ ?, cf.
murmur ingless, acting blindly) (undistinguishable~) blind, heed;

.
less,
reckless
auri amor.
caedes,
cadens, p. of cado. cado, cecidi, casum,

[ Y/cad], 3. v. n.,fall
cadere, down, be pre-
-Is, [ -^/cad + -es (-is), two stems], f., a cutting or lopping off. Of persons, a cutting down, slaughter, murder. Concretely, a person slain or murdered ; tht slain. blood shed in slaughter,
gore.
-I, [?, cf. caedes], m., a Rutulian warrior, perh. two. caedo, cecidi, caesnm, caedere,
cipitated, sink
down, fall : barba (under the shears) vela (are low; ;

.
Caedicus,
ered}; de montibus umbrae (are Of thrown by) imbres (drop)

stars, &c., decline, set:
[y/cad (increased, as causative)],

3. v. a.,
(cause to fall), cut, fell, In death, fall, perish, be slain. lop, cut down, hew, throw down, cut off, cut to pieces. Fig., Fig., happen, come to pass, befall Transslaughter, slay, sacrifice. one, occur to one : cadit in quenferred, shed (of blood). quam tantum scelus (be conceived); quocunque res cadent. caelatus, -a, -um, p.p. of caelo. decrease, diminish, perish, de- caelestis, -e (sometimes gen. plur., caelestum), [fcaelit- (stem of cay, cease, subside, abate : fragor ; animi (sink). caeles, heavenly) + tis(cf. agresp.p. as adj.: patis and adjs. in -ticus)], adj., (of tria cadens (failing, going to or pertaining to the heavenly), of ruin). heaven, heavenly, celestial : animi cadOcus, -a, -um, [lost stem in u Plur., comm. (souls of the gods). (from ^/cad in cado) + cus], gen., the inhabitants of heaven, the adj., that falls or has fallen, fallgods. ing : frondes volitare caducas. Esp., of those who fall in battle, caelicola, -ae, [ -y/caeli-fcola (cf. Incola)], comm. gen., inhabitant &c., falling or having fallen dead : Less bello cadnci Dardanidae. of heaven, deity, god. exactly, devoted to death, destined caelicolum, gen. plur.; see caelito die : iuvenis. cola. cadus, -i, [Gr. Kc5os], m., a large caelifer, -fera, -ferum, [fcaeliearthen vessel for containing lifer ( -v/fer -f us) ] adj ., supporting the heavens, heaven-supporting : quids (esp. wine), a bottle, flask, a funeral urn. Atlas. jar, vase.
,
sidera.
Caea, see Cea. caelo, -a vi, -Stum, -are, [fcaelo-], i. v. a., emboss, carve in Caeculus, -i, [dim. of caecus, relief,
tcaeco -f lus], m.,a son of Vulcan, founder of Pneneste.
;
Maengrave, carve: bipennis vors caelatus ferro (embossed on

steel).
caecus,
-a,
-um,
[?], adj., blind.
4o
caelum,
-i,
Vocabulary,
[?],
n.,
the sky (cf.
caetra (ce-),
CaIcus(Cay-),-i, [Gr. Kcu:os],m. I. A river of Greater Mysia, which takes its rise on Mount Teuthras, the air, atmosphere, temperapasses near Pergamus, and falls into the sea at Lesbos (now the ture, weather : mores caeli (course Poetically, day. Mandragora}; 2. One of the comof the -weather}
:
caelo), the heavens, Heaven : ruina caeli (deluge of the sky, the whole heavens falling) quarta caeli hora {fourth hour, as indide caelo taccated by the sky) tae quercus (struck by lightning)
;
;
.
-ae, [borrowed word from native Spanish], f., a cetra (a short Spanish buckler), a buck-
ler.
Caeneus, -ei, [Gr. Kou/fus], m., panions of /Eneas. Caneus : I A girl originally Caieta, -ae (-e, -es), f i. The nurse of /Eneas 2. A town and named Caenis, daughter of Elatus,
. .
Ace. to female
changed by Neptune into a boy. Virgil, he again became a

;
2.
-I,
Trojan warrior.
caenum,
mire
[?], n., dirt, filth, mud, (always with the access, idea
Latium (novfGaeta}, suphave been named for her. Calaber, -bra, -um, [perhaps akin to caleo], adj., of Calabria, the country in Lower Italy from Tarenharbor
in
posed
to
of loathsomeness). Caere, n. indecl., (gen. Caeritis, abl. Caerete, f.), Care, a very ancient city of Etruria, previously called Agylla (now Cervetere). caeruleus, -a, -urn, [?], adj., dark blue, cerulean, sea-green, green : Neut. angues; colla glacies.
;
tum to the promontory lapygium (now Terra d'Otranto), Calabrian.
Calabria,
-ae,
-i,
f.,
Calabria.
calamus,
reed, cane. of reeds, a reed-pipe,

stalk, stem, blade.
[Gr. KoAa/uos], m., a Fig., of things made
an arrow. Less exactly, a straw of grain, a

calathus,
-i, [Gr. /ca\oflos], m., a wicker-basket, a hand-basket (wiFrom dening towards the top).
plur.,
the sea.
From
similarity,
of things connected with water, blue: Thybris. Opposed to bright colors, dark, gloomy, black : vittae.
Caesar, -aris,
a milk-bowl, milk-pail ; a wine-cup. I. calcar, -aris, [for calcare, neut. of calcaris (fcalc + aris)], n., of Gaul, and the opponent of Pomin the civil war, assassinated (a thing belonging to the heel~), a Eey y Brutus and Cassius 2. C. Ocspur.
[?],
m., a
family
:
similarity,
name
gens Julia. Esp. C. Julius Casar, the conqueror
in the
tavius Ccesar, called Augustus, the Galenas, -antis, (ace. Gr. CalRoman emperor, the friend and chanta), [Gr. KoAxas], m., a son of Thestor, the most distinguished patron of Virgil. the hair seer among the Greeks at Troy. of caesaries, ei-, [?], f., the head, the locks. calcO, -avi, -Stum, -are, [fcalccaespes (ces-), -pitis, [?], m., (keeiy^ i. v. a., tread something or upon something, tread under turf, sod, the turf (grassy plain) congestum caespite cu.lm.en. foot: mixtaque cruor calcatur caestus (ces-), -us, [perh. y'caed arena (is trampled in the sand~) From the result, trample in, tread + tus], m., a cestus (a kind of down, press, crowd, press together glove for boxing, made of a thong close or firm, press in : hue loaded with lead and worn round ager
: .
the hand).
caesus, -a, -um, p.p. of caedo. caeterus, -a, -um, caetra, -ae; incorrect for ceterus.
ille malus dulcesque a fontibus undae ad plenum calcentur (into this let this poor soil and fresh water
be trodden down).
Vocabulary.
calculus, -i, [fcalc- (stone) + ulus, calor, -oris, [-y/cal (in caleo) + as if calco + lus], m. dim., a small or], m., warmth, heat, glow (of stone, a pebble. Collectively, in any kind, as in Eng.). calta sing., gravel. (caltha), -ae, f., a strongcalefacio (calf-), -feci, -factum, smelling flower of a yellow color, -facere, 3. v. a. pass., calef io perhaps marigold. (calfio), -factus sum, -fieri, caltha, see calta. form to [unc. (akin caleo) -facio] calx, calcis, [?], f., the heel. make warm or hot, warm, heat. Less exactly, the foot : calcemque
;
,
Fig., rouse or excite, fire, heat :
terit
iam
calce.
calefactaque corda tumultu.

flush, cause to glcnu (of blushing)
:
Calybe,
ora calefacta (blushed). calefactus (calf-), -a, -um, p.p. of calefacio. calef io, -ieri ; see calefacio. caleo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [lost stem
fcalo(cf.
among Calydon,
-es, f., priestess of the Rutuli.
Juno
-onis, (Gr. ace.
Caly-
or hot, glow : ture (of an Pres. p. as adj., warm: altar). membra (still unchilled, in death ) Cales, -iiim, f., Cales, a town in southern Campania, celebrated for
.
warm
calidos),]
2. v. n., be
dona),[Gr. KoAuSwy], f., Calydon, a very ancient town of Êtolia, on the the river Evenus. It was abode of QEneus, father of Meleager and Deianira, and grandfather of Diomedes.
Camaena, see Camena. Camarina, see Camerina.
Camena
(-aena,
(later
-oena),
f.,
-ae,
a,
wine (now Calvi). calldus (caldus), -a, -um, [lost stem fcalo- (cf. caleo) + dus]
its
.
[tcasmen same root
carmen) +
(goddess of song, cf. Pomona), a muse (the proper Latin name, cf. musa bor-
as
cano],
adj.,
1.
warm,
hot.
Fig.,
fiery,
rowed from Greek).
spirited, fierce. caligo, -inis, [lost stem caligo -f o(n), root in clam, celo], f.,
Camerina (Camar-), -ae,

Gamers,
[Gr. Kopdpiya], f., a town of Sicily, by a marsh of the same name.
a thick atmosphere, a mist,

fog, darkness.
2.
-vapor,
(whence
-ertis, [lost stem fcamer also Camerinus) tis
caligo, no perf., no sup., -are, [lost stem caligo (whence caligo,

-inis),
I. v. n.
same root as clam, celo], and a. Neut., be involved Camilla,
of Camerinum (a town in Umbria, now CameriName of an Italian warrior. no).

(reduced)],
adj.,
dark, gloomy : Act., veil in darkness, darken, obscure : mortales visas.
darkness, be caligans lucus.
in
-ae, [cf. next word], f., a Volscian heroine, killed in the war between /Eneas and Turnus.
-i,
Camillus,
[camillus, a young
Calliope, -es, (-ea, -ae), [Gr. KoAAIOITTJ, KaAAj'oireta (having a beautiful voice)'],
{., the chief of the of whom was M. Furius Camillus, Muses, goddess of epic poetry, and, in the poets, sometimes of every who conquered Veii, and delivered other kind of poetry the mother Rome from the Gauls. of Orpheus and of the Sirens. caminus, -i, [Gr. KO./JUVOS'], m., a see Calliopea, Calliope. smeltingfurnace, a forge or smithy. callis, -is, [ ?], m., a stony, uneven, Plur., chimneys, the crater of narrow foot-way ; a foot-path, a jÊtna, where were supposed to be a the forges of the Cyclops. mountain-path, &c. ; path (of
;
;
religious servant, probably akin to cano, carmen, Camena], m., a name of several persons of the gens Furia, the most distinguished
cattle).
Campanus,
-a, -urn,
[fcampo
(re-
Vocabulary.
duced) + anus] of Campania (a
ern Italy)
:
adj., Campanian, district of south-
2. v. n.,
canens,
be white, gray, or hoary. -ntis, p., white.
urbs (Capua).
[?], m.,
campus,
(the
-i,
an
even, flat
aged: lumina. canis, -is, [?], comm. gen., a dog.

the
place ; a plain, field :
Rome outside the walls, once belonging to the Tarquins. Afterwards it was dedicated to Mars, and became the meeting-place of In it was the the Roman people.
tomb of Augustus and
Coll.,
Mavortis Campus Martius, a plain at
major
star is
Dog (the constellation) or Icarius, whose brightest the Dog-star (canicula)

: :
and minor, minusculus, or Erigoneius (commonly called antethe sea-dog; plur., and canis).
mythically, of the dogs of Scylla. canistra, -orum, [Gr. ndva.o-Tpa~\
n. plur., baskets
,
a land. (of the sea or a rock) campi saUs ; immota attollitur unda
:
his family) level surface

.
reeds, bread-, fruit-, flower-, &c., baskets for use in (esp. religious sacrifices).
woven from
camurus
to
campus. Fig., a free, open space: liquentes (the fields of air).

(-erus), -a,
:
canities, -em,
-e,
some intermediate stem],
[canus, through f., a gray
camera], adj.,
inwards
aures. canalis, -is, [?], m., a channel, canal ; a pipe, a trough, a conduit: ilignis potare canalibus undam. cancer, -cri, [?], m., a crab, seacrab.
the
-um, [akin crooked, turned camuris sub cornibus cano, cecini, no sup., [yean, orig. cas], 3. v.
sound, play
.'
or grayish-white color, hoariness. _Fig., gray hair.

a.
canere, and n.
Neut., of voice or instrument, sing,

:
frondator ad auras.
;
.
With cog. ace., sing, recite, compose carmina signum (sound)
Crab (the sign of the
Zodiac).
can dens, -ntis, p. of candeo. candeo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [lost stem fcando- (-y/can in can us, caneo), cf. candor, candidus],
of song, sing of, celebrate: reges et proelia; bella exhausta (tell of) Of any religious or inspired utterance, repeat, recite,
.
Of subject
prophesy, foretell, interpret : vota lunoni. Of things, forebode. 2. v. n., be of brilliant or glittering Canopus, -i, [Gr. Kdvta&os, Kdv<awhiteness, shine, glitter, glisten. iros], m., an island-town in Lower Egypt, on the western mouth of Y\g.,glow (with a glistening color), the Nile. be glowing hot : fa villa. candens, -ntis, p., glistening, shin- canor, -oris, [^/can + or], m., meling, white : vacca. ody, tone, sotind, song.
candidus, -a, -um, [fcando (noun- canorus, -a, -um, [perhaps canor + us, but cf. decorus], adj., o/or stem, whence candeo) + dus], z.Q.,glistening,dazzling white, pure pertaining to melody, melodious, white, white, clear, bright: Canharmonious, sounding : aves (tunedida luna Dido (fair) barba. ful}; Threicia fretus cithara Of the face of a divinity, difidibusque canoris. vinely fair. populus (the white cant hams, -i, [Gr. K<ivBa.poi\, m.,
;
;
candor,
or silver poplar). -oris, [stem of candeo, treated as root, or], m., a dazzling, glossy whiteness ; a clear
lustre, clearness, radiance, brightness, brilliancy, splendor.
a cantharus (a large, wide-bellied drinking-vessel with handles), a tankard, pot (esp., used by Bacchus and his followers). canto, -tavi, -tatum, -tare, [fcanto], i. v. n. and a. intens., produce
(with energy) melodious sounds, Neut. Areasound, sing, play.
:
canens, -ntis, caneo, -ui, no
p.
of
caneo.
sup., -ere, [tcan6-],
Vocabulary.
des ambo, et cantare pares,
etc.
43
Act. with cog. ace., sing, play, With ace. of the subject recite. of song, sing, celebrate or praise in
song, sing of: dignus cantari. utter Esp., use enchantments ;
(so only pass.), be injured, impaired, weakened : oculis capOf the mind, win tus (blinded). or gain by fair or foul means, captivate, ensnare, enchain: misers
lead, seduce, delude, deceive
;
ima-
charms, or incantations : frigidus in pratis cantando rumpitur anguia (by spells}.

spells,
capta, of Dido gine (deceive) With the passions, (betrayed). &c., as subjects, seize, lay hold of,
affect: captus amore; te dementia cepit. captus, -a, -uni, p.p. as adj., captured, captive, captivated. Masc., a prisoner, captive. capistruni, -i, [fcapid- (akin to capio) + trum], n., (a means of holding), a halter, headstall for animals. Esp., a nose-piece or muzzle, with spikes to prevent young animals from, sucking after
cantus,
-us,
[^/can
tus],
m.,
tone, sound, melody, singing, song.
canus,
instruments, blast. -a, -uin, [?], adj., gray, ash-colored, hoary, white : fluctus fides (clothed in white) ; mala
;
Of
(downy, quinces). capella, -ae, [fcapro-
(cf.
+ la],
ager)
f.
Capenus,
dim., a she-goat. -a, -uin, adj., of
(a Tuscan Veientes).
Capena town founded by the
they have been weaned. Capitoliuin, -i, [developed from

fcapit-],
n.,
caper, ;pri,
capesso
[?], m., a he-goat. (-isso), -essivi or -essii, -essitum, -essere, [akin to capio through a noun-stem], 3. v. a. desider., seize, take, or catch at eagerOf place, strive ly ; lay hold of. after, make for, betake one's self to,
the Capitol at
Rome.
Also plural.
capra, -ae, [f. of same stem as caper], f., a she-goat (either tame
or wild).
caprea, -ae, [fcapro (reduced) + ea], f., a species of wild goat, a roe,
roebuck.
endeavor
to
arrive
at,
go
to,
repair
Bay of Naples (now Capri). arma (take capreolus, -i, [fcapreo- (cf. caengage in : iussa up) regna (take the throne). prea) + lus], m., a species of wild Caphareus, -el, [Gr. K.a<(>apevs],m., goat, chamois, roebuck. a rocky promontory on the south- caprigenus, -a, -uin, [fcaproern coast of Euboea ( Capo del Oro). genus ( s/gen + us)], adj., goatcapillus, -i, [?akin to caput], m., begotten, goat-born, of the goat hair (usually plur.). kind: pecus. capio, cepi, captum, capere, captivus, -a, -uin, [stem akin to captus + vus], adj., taken priso[Y/cap], 3. v. a. In the widest sense, take, lay hold of, seize : saxa ner, captive. Masc., a prisoner, manu. Of a position, take posFern., a female prisoner captive.
; ;
or resort to : tuta (seek) ; Italas oras. Fig., take hold of any thing with zeal, take upon one's self, take charge of, undertake, enter upon,
Capreae,
duced)
-arum,
[fcapro-
(re-
ea, cf. caprea], f., an island in the Tuscan Sea, off the
session of, seize, hold, occupy
tu-
anticipate. Also, receive, hold, contain. Fig., comprise, contain, include, have space for : unda se capit
mulum.
With ante,
or captive. Of animals, caught or taken. Of things, captured, plundered, taken as booty, spoiled, taken Less exactly, by force : vestis. that pertains or belongs to captives,
captives'
:
(keep within its bounds) Fig., take, lay hold of, seize, resort to :
.
sanguis.
t
orgia (begin).
Of
capto, -avi, a u in. -are,[tcapto-],

i. v. a. in tens.,
physical pow-
strive to seize, lay
44
Vocabulary.
;
hold of a thins; with zeal, &c. carduus, -I, [?], m., thistle. catch or snatch at. Fig., strive carectum, -I, [fcarec- (later -ic) ex-f- turn (n. of tus, cf. robustus)], after, desire earnestly, seek, auribus n., a place covered with sedge. plore, search : frigus
;
aera (listen to catch). captus, -a, -um, p.p. of capio.
careo, -ul, -itum, -ere, [ ?], 2. v. n., be without, be free from, not have :
deprive one's self of, do be dewithout, resign : Latio. prived of: matre (of a staff cut
dolis.
Capua,
-ae,
f.,
the
chief city of
Campania (now the village of Sta. Maria). capulus, -I, [fcapo- (y'cap, cf.
lus], m., (holder}, the hilt of a sword, the handle of
from
p. as
its
tree).
carens, -ntis,
of,
capistriim)
deprived luce (of the dead)

adj.,
.
-without:
carex, -icis, [?], any thing. caput, -itis, [akin to Eng. head], sedge. Of carina, -ae, [?], f., n., the head (in all senses).
I
f.,
reed-grass,
the bottom of a
living creatures (cf. corpus), head, creature, life: triginta capitum
Fig., a vessel, boat, ship, the keel. Plur., the Keels, a place in ship.
fetus;
huic capiti
(to
me).
Rome between
quiline hills.
the Caelian and Es-
chief, principal, ruler, head, au-
thor, cause:
Of
end.
urbibus (of Rome). things, head, top, summit, Of a Of rivers, source.
carmen
city: alias inter caput extulit urbes (of Rome). Capys, -yos, [Gr. Kairus], m. I. A companion of /Eneas, said to have founded Capua 2. The eighth king of Alba in Latium. (vocal, instrumental, or of birds). Car, -aris,(aec. plur. Gr. Caras),m., Carmentalis, -e, [tCarmenti- (rea Carian (of Caria, in Asia Minor) duced) + alls, or Carmentii + lis] carbaseus (-inus), -a, -um, [fcaradj., of or pertaining to Car menbaso- (reduced; + eus], adj., ofo\ tis : porta (a gate of Rome, named
:
;
.
(old form casmen), -inis, [y/cas (in cano) + men], n., c poem, poetry, song, lay, verses, lines. a response of an oracle ; a prophecy, prediction, as being usua magic forally given in verse. Less exmula, an incantation. actly, a tune, song, air, strain
made offlax
the sails)
.
or linen
sinus (of
n.),
from Carmentis).
carbasus,
[Gr.
-I,
(plur. -a,
f.,
-orum,
Carmentis, -is, (elsewhere Carmenta), [fcarmen + tis (or ta),

cf. sementis, agrestis], f., (the prophetic or predicting one, cf. carmen), the mother of Evander, who went with him from Arcadia to Latium, and uttered oracles on the afterwards honCapitoline Hill ored as a goddess.
;
Spanish flax. a linen garment. a sail. career, -eris, [Gr. Kapxapov], m., a
Ka.pirao-vs'],
From similarity, of prison, jail. a race-course, the barrier or starting-place.
carchesium,
[Gr. Kapx'n<rioi>], n., a cup (that is contracted in the middle), goblet. cardo, -inis, [?], m., the pivot and socket (by which the doors of the ancients were fixed, and made to open and shut), hinge (but not of the same kind as ours) Fig., that about which everything else revolves or on which it depends, turning
(-li),
.
-I
Carpathius (Carphatius), -a, -um, [fCarpatho- (reduced) +

ius], adj., Carpathian, of Carpathus (an island in the yEgean,
now Scarpanto).
carpo,
-si, -turn, -ere, [akin to Gr. xxprAs, Eng. harvst~\, 3. v. a., pick, pluck, pluck off, crop, gather, cull (plants, flowers, fruits, &c.) :
point, crisis
rerum.
primus vjre rosa,m atque au-
Vocabulary.
45
Also of cassis, -idis, (-Ida, -ae), [?], f., a turano carpere poma. helmet. animals, crop, pluck off, graze on, videbat car- cassus, -a, -um, [p.p. of quatio?], eat (plants, &c.) Fig., with adj., empty, void, hollow. Fig., pere gramen equos. the idea of plucking, taking, and wanting, devoid of, deprived of, without : (with abl.) lumine casenjoying extended in various ways
: :
pensa {spin};
vitales auras
etc.
somnos
{breathe)
.
{enjoy);
;
viam,
cf.
fruitless.
"
{tread,
pursue,
cleave,
vain, empty, useless, futile, Neut. ace., in cassum, incassum, in vain, vainly, idly :
sus.
Of the effect pick one's way ") of plucking, wear away, consume,
waste:
igni
{is
studio incassum gestiri {with an

idle desire, &c.).
regina
wasted}.
caeco
carpitur
Castalia, -ae, [Gr. KCKTT a.\id],

fountain
f.,
of Parnassus,
sacred to
f.
Carthago (Kar-),
borrowed from Gr.
orig.
city in
-inis, [prob. 'K.apx^taf, but
Apollo and the Muses. castanea, -ae, [Gr. Kao-rai/fa,
adj.
Phoenician,
meaning
New
from
KtiffTa.vov~\,
f.,
chestnut-tree.
Also, (in adj. Town], {., Carthage, the famous North Africa (near modern sense). castellum, -I, [fcastro + lum, cf. Tunis), once the rival of Rome. ager, from fagro], n. dim.,<2 casearns, -a, -urn, [perhaps akin to tle, fort, citadel, fortress, strongcareo], adj., dear, precious, valued, esteemed, loved.
hold.
Fig., shelter, defence, refuge.
a chestnut : nuces
casa, -ae, [?],

:
f.,
a simple or poorly
built house, a hut, cottage, cabin, shed, &c. humiles habitare casas.
a residence situated on nence.
an emi-
caseus, -I, [?], m., cheese. I. A tree casia, -ae, [Gr. Kaffia], f with an aromatic bark, like cinnamon, prob. the wild cinnamon ;
. :
castigo, -avi, -atum, -are, [lost noun-stem fcastigS (fcasto-ago-,

cf.
prodigus)],
I. v. a.,
{purify),
set right, correct, chastise,
punish
2.
fragrant
shrub-like
n.,
plant,
col-
mezereon. Casiniiin, -1, [?],
Roman
ony in Latium (now Monte Casino). Casmilla, -ae, [cf. CamillusJ, f., the mother of Camilla. Casperia, -ae, [?],f., a town of the
Sabines.
reprove, chide, censure, find fault with : moras {chide the stragglers); castigat auditque dolos (of a preliminary examination of criminals). Castor, -oris, [Gr. Ka<TTo>p], m., a companion of Êneas.
castorea, -orum, [castor -f eus], n. plur., the glands of the beaver, castor, musk.
Caspius,
ing
dia)
\
-a,
-um,
:
adj.,
to the Caspii.
of or belong(a nation of Me-
castrum,
n.
Caspian
regna.
Cassandra,
-ae, [Gr. Kaaa-dvSpa], Hef., a daughter of Priam and cuba, priestess of Apollo. Endowed by him with prophetic powers, she continually proclaimed the destruction of Troy, but, according to the terms of the gift, was believed by no one.
plur.,
[unc. root + trum]. a castle, fort, fortress : Castrum Inui (a city of Latium). PJur., (several works together), a fortified military camp, an en* campment : castra movere {break Of bees: cerea up, decamp}.
-1,
Sing.,
{hive)
casses, -him, [?], m.

snare. spider's web.
net,
hunting-
From
similarity,
cassida, -ae; see cassis.
castus, -a, -um, [p.p. of unc. root], adj., morally pure, unpolluted, spotless, guiltless (of persons or nulli fas casto scelerathings) tum insist en- limen. Esp.,//v, chaste, continent : matres. pious, religious, holy, sacred (of persons
:
46
or things)
:
Vocabulary.
hac casti maneant cauda
(cod-), -ae, [?], f., the tail of animals delphinum.
:
in religions nepotes. casus, -Qs, [ -y/cad + tus], m., a Esp., a falling down, a fall, &c.
fall, overthrow.
caudex
Fig., of time, the la, dim.], Generally, (what caulae, -arum, [tcavb acf., openings, holes, passages. Fig., befalls), an occurrence, event, cident, chance : sub hoc ca.su (at sheep/olds, sheepcotes : fremit lu-
(cod-), -ids, [?], m., the trunk of a tree, stock, stem : caudicibus sectis.
end: hiemis.
this crisis}
tively)
;
casus
marini (dangers of
(fate, collecthe
pus ad caulas.
caulis
< 'a
(col-), -is,
[Gr. *aiA6s], m.,
sea).
bad
Esp., condition,
an adverse
event, a
a stalk, stem, or shoot of a plant, &c.

n Ionia, -ae, f.; -on, -onis, [Gr. KavXwp/a], m., a town founded by the Achaeans on the east coast of Bruttium (in the vicinity of the
a misfortune, misf.,
hap, calamity. cateia, -ae, [a Celtic word], kind of missile weapon.

-ae, [ ?] , f .,
a chain, a fetter. catena, present Castel Vetere). cater va, -ae, [?, cf. catena], f., a Caurus (Cor-), -i, m., the northbandoi men. west wind (violent and dry). crowd, troop, Esp., a body of soldiers, a troop, com- causa (-ssa), -ae, [akin to caveo ?], a band. Of animals, flock: pany, f., a cause, reason, efficient cause, avium. motive, inducement, an occasion, catervatim [fcaterva + tis, ace.], opportunity: Romam causa viadv., in companies, in troops, in dendi; malorum; ad culpam. or by flocks: catervatim dat Also, a feigned cause, a pretext, stragem. pretence, excuse: morandi. Catilina, -ae, [fCatilo (reduced) causor, -atus sum, -ari, [tcausa], + inus, f. of adj.], m., L. Sergius i. v. dep., assign or give as a reaCatiline,
the
conspirator driven
from Rome by Cicero. Catillus (-ilus), -1, m., a brother of Tiburtus and Coras, with whom
he^built Tibur.
,
Cato, -onis, [tcatd-+ o], m., (the Shrewd) a family name in several -um, p.p. of cavo. Roman gentes. Esp., M. Porcius cavatus, -a, cavea, -ae, (gen. cavern), [tcavo moralist a
Cato, the Censor,
son (whether real or feigned), plead as an excuse, pretend, allege, &c.: causando nostros in longum ducis amores (making excuses). cautes, see cotes. cautus, -a, -um, p.p. of caveo.
and
rigid Also, Uticensis, puritan. killed himself at Utica.
who
catulus, -i, [lost stem fcato--f lus], m. dim., a young dog, a whelp, puppy : sic canibus catulos similes noram. Less exactly, a cub, the young of animals
. .
.
in general (of the lion, of the ser-
ea, cf. caulae], f., (reduced) Of bees, a hollow place, a cavity. Of a theatre, the theatre a hive. (the circular part in which the spectators sat), spectators' seats or benches: consessu caveae. caved, cavi, cautum, cavere, one's [?], 2. v. n. and a., be on
pent).
guard, take care, take heed, beware,
Caucusing,
-a,
-am, [fCaucaso +
guard against,
take care not
to,
avoid.
With
inf.,
ius], &&)., pertaining to Caucasus,
Caucasian, of Caucasus.
Caucasus,
-i,
[Gr. Kawcao-o j] , m., a
beware of: occursare capro. cautus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., careful, wary.
chain of rough mountains, inhabited by wild tribes, in Asia, between the Black and Caspian Seas.
caverna,
(-eris)
+ na
-ae,
[lost
(cf.
caves)],
stem tcavus f., a
hollow, cavity, cave, cavern, grotto, hole : cavernae curvae.
Vocabulary.
cavo, -avi, -atum, -are, [tcavo-],
I. v. a.,
47
make
hollow, hollow out,

-a,
excavate. cavatus, p.p. as adj., hollow.
-um,
-as, [Gr. KsAaivai], f., one of the Harpies. eelebratus, p.p. of celebro.
Celaeno,
cavus,-a, -uin, [?],adj.,(prob..rm>/len), concave, excavated, hollowed out, hollow, cavernous : concha flumina {deep). Of a vision, without substance, empty, hollow.
;
celebro, -avi, -atum, -are, fcelebro-, orig. stem of celeber],

[
I.
v.
a.,
numbers
Caystros(-us), [Gr. Kauo-rpos], m.,

a river of Ionia, celebrated for
its
go in great a celebration, celebrate, solemnize, keep a festival sacred,

;
tum
resort or go to in great or often, frequent : CO6to
litoi'a ludis.
numbers
:
&c.
honorem.
honor,
praise,
Meander}. Cea, -ae, [Gr. Kc'ws], f., an island

of the /Egean, birthplace of Simon-
swans (now
Little
celebrate a person or thing, celebrate in song, render famous, sig-
nalize
talia carminibus.
famous for its female garments and the fertility of its soil.
ides,
Celenna (Celem-),
Cecropides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], m., a male descendant of Cecrops.

Masc. plur., the Athenians, as descendants of their ancient king.
ae, f., a town of Campania. celer, -eris, -e, [y'cel + rus (reduced)], adj., (urged on), swift, quick, fleet, speedy : sagittae iaculo celer (throwing siviftly)
;
.
-um, [Gr. KfKp6- celero, -avi, -atum, -are, [fcelero-, orig. stem of celer], i. v. a. of Cecrops, Cecropian. Less exactly, of Athens or Attiand n., quicken, hasten, hasten on. Celeus, -el, [Gr. fKfAeus], m., a ca, Athenian, Attic. Cecrops, -opis, [Gr. Ke/rpoifr], m., king of Eleusis, father of Triptolemus. Cf. Gr. /ceAeuw. the most ancient king of Attica, who went thither from the Egyp- cella, -ae, [?], f., a storehouse. tian Sais, and founded the citadel Transferred, a cell (of bees). of Athens ace. to the fable, half celo, -avi, -atum, -are, [akin to
Cecroplus,
-a,
irios], adj.,
:
man and
half serpent (or half
man
clam],
secret
i. v. a.,
hide, conceal, keep
and half woman). cedo, cessi, cessum,

[y/ced,
cedere,
simplest known form], 3-v. n.,go, be in motion, move, make
something from one, cover. celsus, -a, -um, [p.p. of cello as adj.], adj., raised high, extending upwards, high, lofty : naves.
,
With dat. centaureum(-ion), -1, [Gr. xtvravcompounds). come to, fall to, accrue : vicpioi/and K tvravpiov~\ n., centaury, toria Turno. a kind of gentian, a plant with a Esp., retire, make way, depart, withdraw : litora cefragrant root. dentia retro (receding in the dis- Centaurus, -i, [Gr. Kevravpos~\, m., ab ordine. In military a Centaur. The Centaurs were tance') wild people in the mountains of sense, withdraw, leave one's position. ne lama cedat loco (fig., Thessaly, who fought on horselose its prestige) back ace. to fable, monsters of Fig., pass, pass a double form (the upper parts away, vanish, depart, forsake one / yield, give place, submit (of a ship human, the Icwer those of a in a race) salix olivae (be infehorse), sons of Ixion and of a nee cedit honore (be becloud in the form of Juno. Also, rior) the name of a ship (hence fern.), hind). yield, comply. prosper, succeed : res Latio (success is the Centaur : magna. centeni, -ae, -a, (poet., -us, -a, granted). -uin i, [stem of centum (lengthcedrus, -i, [Gr. Kc'SposJ, f., the cedar, juniper-tree. ened) + lias], distrib. num. adj.,
way
(cf.
or in,
48
Vocabulary.
Collectively
a hundred each, a hundred. centena arbore.

:
centum, [?], indecl. num. hundred, indef, as Eng.
adj.,
centumgeminus,
-a,
-inn,
[cen-
tum-geminus], adj., a hundredfold : Briareus (having a hundred

arms). cera, -ae, [akin to tempos, perhaps
certum est, it Esp. determined, one is resolved. Personally, determined, resolved to : eundi; mori. From another point of view, fixed, established, undisturbed, sure : domus ; requies ; certissima proles So also of persons, doubled}.
foedus.
is
:
(-
borrowed],
f.,
wax.
the
cerasus,
-I,
fherry-tree (brought in Pontus).

adj.,
[Gr. K/pao-os], f., from Cerasus,

,
certain, sure, unswerving, steady, trustworthy, unerring, faithful. Of a mentai state, certain, sure :
ceraunius, -a, -um, [Gr. ntpavvtos]

of thunder
and
Esp. masc. plur., Ceraunii monies, the Ceraunian mountains in
lightning.
certum (certiorem) facere (inform, make known to one) cernuus, -a, -um, [akin to cerebrum], adj., head-downwards: incumbit cernuus.
.
certamen,
Epirus (now Monti della ChimaNeut. plur., the Ceraunian ra). mountains.
-inis, [certa- (stem of certo) + men], n., (act or means of contending) contest (either hos,
Cerberus,
-I, [Gr. Kt'pjEfcpos], m., the three-headed dog that guarded the entrance to the Lower World.
or friendly), struggle, battle, fight ; match, rivalry.

tile
certatim [fcerta-f tis,

tim],
ace., cf.
par-
adv., earnestly, eagerly, in
Cerealis,
-e,
[stem akin to Ceres
-falls], adj., of Ceres, wheaten : solum (of a cake used as a plate or trencher). More generally,
eager rivalry (often translated by a verb, vie with each other in, &c.). certe [abl. of certus], adv. In
suredly.
affirmation, certainly, surely, asOpposed to a conces-
pertaining to grain, agricultural : arma (tools of the husbandman). cerebrum, -i, [unc. stem (cf. cer-
nuus)
bruin],
n., the
brain.
sion, yet surely, at least, at any rate, still at any rate. certo, avi, -at um, -are, [fcerto-],
I. v.
Ceres, -eris, [-^cer (root of cresco) + es, cf. pubes]. f., the goddess of grain, daughter of Saturn
n.
contest, cf.
and a. intens., {decide by cerno), contend (with
and mother of Proserpine.
In
hostility or otherwise), fight, strive, struggle, emulate, vie with, rival :
prob. earlier mea.ning,grain,faur, bread.
remi
certat
strive,
endeavor : Phoebum superare canendo. waxy : castra (of bees, waxy certus, -a, -um, p.p. of cerno. Of color and appear- cerva, -ae, [?, akin to cornu and fortress) ance pruna. cerebrum], f., a hind. cerintha, -ae, [Gr. Kj]piv9i\], f., a cervix, -Icis, [akin to cerebrum], f., the neck, the back of the neck plant furnishing food for bees. cerno, crevi, cretum, cernere, (for carrying burdens), back or
muneribus Amyntas.
solus
tibi
innn.,
With
cereus,
-a,
-um, [cera (reduced)

of wax,
eus],
adj.,
waxen,
sift,
[-v/cer (ere), suffix tna], 3. v. a., separate (cf. cribrum, sieve) .
shoulders.
-i, [root of cornu m., a slag, a deer : levis. cespes, -itis, see caespes.
cervus,
vus],
Fig. (with obj. or without), distinguish, see, discern: ut cernis.

.
Decide by contest, contend, fight cesso, -avi, -at um, -are, [fcessoferro. certus, -a, -um, p.p., (p.p. of cedo)], i. v. a. intens., dc tided, fixed, certain, prescribed: (give way, cf. cedo), hang back,
Vocabulary.
delay, cease, stop, abate, hesitate,
49
go
merly occupied by the Chaonians),
by a roundabout way, loiter
ge-
Dodonian.
Chaos, abl. Chao, [Gr. x^*]' n., (a yawning gulf ), the boundless, siquid cessare potes quidquid cessatum est (whatever idleness empty space, as the kingdom of darkness the Lower World. Also of has been indulged}.
Esp., be idle, idle :
;
;
nus telorum.
things, lie idle, be inactive les ; furor (abate)

.
nova-
Personified,
Chaos
(or
Infinite
cestus (caes-), -us, [Gr. KeorJs], m., a cestus, a thong wound round the hand loaded with lead or iron,
a
weapon of
pugilists.
etc.],
cete, see cetus.
tceterus (not found, cf. alter,

-a,
m., the'ferryman of the Styx, a personborrowed from age probably Egypt. Charybdis, -is, [Gr. Xdpu&Sis], f., a dangerous whirlpool in the Strait of Messina, between Sicily and
Italy.
and Darkness). Charon, -ontis, [Gr. Xdpuv'],

Space
terus, comp. of ce], adj., the other (implying only two, cf. alter), the rest, the remaining, the rest of: rura. Neut. plur. as adv., in other respects, for the rest, for the future, otherwise, Cethegus, -I, m., a Trojan. cetra, see caetra. cetus, -1, [plur. n. cete, as if fr.
(cf.
-um, [fee
hie)
Chelae, -arum, [Gr. (the arms of Scorpio).

actly, the constellation
x*? Aa ']'
f->
Less ex-
Libra (into which the arms extended). chelydrus, -i, [Gr. xeAufyw], m., a water-snake.
Chimaera,
goaf)'}, f. in Lycia,
:
-ae,
I.
[Gr. Xâtpa (a fabulous monster
KTJTOS], m.,
a sea-monster, whale,
shark, &c.
which vomited forth fire (in front a lion, in the hinder part a dragon, and in the middle a
ceu [fee
(cf. hlc) -ve (cf. neu), or thus\, adv. With single words, With clauses, as as, like, as if. as when, just as. if, Chalcidicus, -a, -um, [GrT XoA*n-
goat), slain by Bellerophon; 2. The name ot one of the ships of /Eneas.
Chiron, -onis, [Gr. Xeipw (the one with a large hand}~\, m., Chiron,
a
Centaur
;
distinguished
by his
of Chalcis (the chief city of Euboea), Chalcidian: versus (of Euphorion, a native of Less exactly, of Cunue Chalcis). (a colony of Chalcis), Cumcean :
SIKO'S], adj.,
knowledge of plants, medicine, and son of Saturn and divination

Phillyra; the tutor of /Esculapius,
Hercules, and Achilles
placed
f-
arx (heights of Cumd). Chalybe, see Calybe. Chalybes, -um, [Gr. XoAi//3],
the
among the constellations. chlamys, -ydis, [Gr. x\a/ifo],
m., Chalybes, a people of Pontus,

for their preparation of steel.
noted
chalybs, -ybis, [Gr. x

steel: vulnificus.
Al"J']
a woollen upper garment or cape (sometimes purple and inwrought with gold), fastened by a clasp over the shoulder a chlamys,
;
cloak, military cloak (esp. state mantle.
Greek),
Chaon, -onis, m., a Trojan, the brother of Helenus, and eponymous hero of the Chaonian nation.
Chf!5niu8,
ius], adj.
-a,
Chloreus, -ei, m., a Phrygian. chorea, -ae, [Gr. \optia. (pertaining

to
xP
>
a dance in a
s]
-um,
Epirus),
f.,
of Chaonia Chaonian.
ring, a dance. (a region of chorus, -I, [Gr. ral dance, a dance. Chaonia,
[fChaon
x^
m
Of
h'
(sc.
terra), the country.
exactly, of rus, which
Doaona (a
city
Less of Epifor-
the performers, a chorus, dancing band, choir. Less exactly, a multitude,
whole country was
band, troop.
Vocabulary.
Chromis,
cibus,
-i,
-Is,
;
[Gr.
2.
young satyr
beast).
Trojan. [?], m., food (of man or

f.,
Xprf/tus],
m.
Of
close,
bem
things, surround, encircle, en invest : oppida muris ; nr-
obsidione (beset); flamma

.
(encompass)
the cicada or tree
cicada, -ae,
cricket.
cingulum,
-i,
[lost
noun-stem
cicatrix, -icis, [?], f., a scar. Less exactly, of a plant, mark, scar,
wound. Cicones, -urn, [Gr. KiVoces], m., a Thracian people, whose women shade (of the departed). were fabled to have torn Orpheus Cinna, -ae, [cf. cicinnus, Cinin pieces. cinnatus], m., C. Helvius Cinna, a Roman poet, friend of Catullus. cicuta, -ae, [?], f., the poison hemlock, cicuta virosa.
f cingo- ( v/cing us) + him], n., a girdle, belt, sword-belt. cinis, -eris, [cf Gr. K&VU], m., ashes, embers. Esp. of the dead, ashes, tomb. Fig., death, the spirit or
.
a hemlock
stalk, or
Less exactly, stem of some
cinnamum (-amomum),
Kivvafjiov,
tcivvd/j.u/j.oi/],
-i,
[Gr.
n.,
cinna-
other similar herb used for pipes.
mon.
cieo, civi, citum, ciere, (rarely cio, cire, cf. compounds), [\/ci, of unc. meaning], 2. v. a. (causative), set in motion, move, stir, agitate : aequora; equos (urge on); tonitru caelum (disturb); aere viros (rouse, stimulate"). Less ex-
Cinyphius,
ius], adj.,
-a,
-um, [fCinyph
the Cinyps
of
(a river
of Libya), Cinyphian. Less exactly, Libyan, African. Cinyras, -ae, [Gr. Kiwpas], m., a hero of the Ligurians. Others read
Cinyre as from Cinyrus. ge- Cinyre, see Cinyras. mitus; lacrimas (.!/,?</); simula- circa [abl. fern, or instr. (cf. ea, cra pugnae (counterfeit}; stragem qua), same stem as circum, cf. circulus], adv. and prep., around, Fig., call upon : (make havoc). about. With ace. lucos. Of aiumam (cf. vocare) nocturnes manes (invoke). citus, -a, -um, number, about, not far from. CircaeHS, -a, -um, [as if from Gr. p.p. as adj., hurried, swift, quick. KipKatos, which was perhaps used], Ciminus, -i, m., a lake of Etruria, near Sutrium (now Lago di Ronadj ., of Circe. ciglione), with a mountain-forest Circe, -es (-ae), [Gr. Kfp/oj], f., a near it. daughter of the sun, said to have fled from Colchis to Circeii in Italy. 1. cinctus, -a, -um, p.p. of cingo. 2. cinctus, -us, [y'cing + tus], m., She was famous for her sorceries, a girding. by which she changed her guests Esp., cinctus Gainto beasts. binus, the Gabine girding, a manner of girding up the toga; its cor- Circei (-ii), -iorum, [Gr. Kipxriov'], ner, being thrown over the left m., a town (and promontory) in the was under shoulder, brought Latium, famous for its oysters, the right arm round to the breast. supposed abode of Circe. emmanner was customarily (This Circensis, -e, [fcirco (reduced) + Masc. ployed in religious festivals.) ensis], adj., of the Circus. -ct if inn, -gere, [as Cingo, -xi, plur. (sc. ludi), the great games of the Circus : magnis Circensibus. Y/cing, perhaps u inserted], 3. v. Of circlus, see circulus. a., surround (in all senses). persons, gird on, gird with, gird, circueo, -Ire see circumeo. gird up; inutile ferrum cingi- circuitus, -us, [circum-itus], m., Of parts of the body, sur~ a going around, a circuit, revolutur. tion. round, bind on, bind, encircle.
actly, produce, callforth, cause:
:
Vocabulary.
circumdo), surround (by pour ing) gradientes circum dea fudit amictu (envelope). (round the neck, hair or the like), chain : flexilis. circumf usus, -a, -urn, p.p. of circuinfundo. Clrcum [ace. of circus], adv. and
:
circulus (clrelus), -I, [fcirc6 + lus], m., a circle, a ring, band
prep. Adv., around, round, about. Prep, with ace., around, about,
circumligo, -avi,
-atiini,
-are,
near
tor.
by.
[circum-ligo], i .v. a., bind around, bind to (by binding around).

-steti,
circumamplector,
circumdatus,
circuindo.
-a,
see
amplec- circumsisto,
of
n., act.,
no
sup., -sis3. v. a.
tere, [circum-sisto],
and
-urn, p.p.
circumdo, -dedl, -datura, -dare,

.
\
,
crowd around, surround. circuinsono,no perf., no sup., -are, [circum-sono], I v. a. and n., act.,
.
cause to echo, make echo, fill -with [circum-do, puf], i v. a., put sound. around, place around : loricam umeris (buckle on}; licia tibi circumspicio, -exi, -ectum, -iceFrom another) re, [circum-specio], 3. v. n. and (twine around}. a. Neut. absolutely, look about, point of view, surround with, gird, look around. encircle, enclose ; muros igni ; Act., look around
\
lapis circumdatur auro (is overlaid); armis circumdatus (arrayed, begirt) ; turbine corpus
(envelop).
at
agmina
look
:
around, sur-
vey, espy, descry
saxum.
circumsto,
circumeo
-Ivi (clrcu-), (-11), it 11 in, -Ire, [circum-eo], irr. v. n.
and a.., go around. Act., encircle, go round, runabout: circuit Camillam (circles around). circumtextus, -a, -um, p.p. of circumfero, -tuli, -latum, -ferre, circuintexo, woven round. [circum-fero], 3. v. a. JIT., bear circiimvecto, no perf., no sup., -are,
around, carry round : secum silvam; acies (turn the eyes). From another point of view (cf.
-steti, no sup., -stare, [circum-sto], i v. n. and a. Neut., stand arorind, be about, crowd around. Act., surFig. odia. round. Fig., surround, encompass, beset: horror.
.
[circum- vecto], I. v. a., carry around. Pass, as deponent (cf. vehor), ride around. Fig., go
:
over (in discourse) circumdo), encircle: socios pusingula. ra unda (lustrate). circumvenio, -veni, -ventum, circumflecto, -xi, -xum, -ctere, venire, [circum-venio], 4. v. a.,
encompass, encircle, surround : [circum-flecto], 3. v. a., bend or turn about, wind around: longos Cocytus. (Others read circumcircumflectere cursus. fluit). circunifluo, -xi, no sup., -ere, circumvolito, -avi, -Stum, -are, v. n. and [circumvolito], i v. n., fly about, [circum-fluo], 3. a..,Jlma round, flow about, surround (by flit around : lacus hirundo.
.
flowing).
circumvolo,
-fudi,
-avi,
i
.
circumfundo,
-fusum,
[circum-volo],
v. z..,fly
-atum, -are, around:
-fundere, (also separate), [cirpraedam. hover over : nox. cum-fundo], 3. v. a., pour around: nubes circumfusa (enveloping). circumvolvo, perhaps no perf., -volutuni, -volvere, [circumFig. in passive, rarely active, gather, crcnvd around, flock tovolvo], 3. v. a., rollor turn round : sol circumvolvitur annum (recircumfuso milite (thronggether volves around the circle ofthe year). ing) ; iuventus circura fusa.
Fig., hover around,
From
different point of view
(cf.
circus,
-i, [cf.
Gr. Kipxos, prob. for
Vocabulary.
tcicrus], m., a circle, a ring ; a
circus,
prep., secretly, in secret, by sur-
race-course,
a course.
Poetic, of a body of men gathered for sports, the conclave. Cisseis, -idos, [Gr. patronymic], f., daughter of Cisseus (Hecuba).
Ha mo,
mo-
prise
(=
unawares).
-avi,
( Vela
-atum,
+ mus,
-are, [tclacf nomen.
Cisseus, ei, [Gr. Kw<retfs], m., (ivycrowned): i. A king of Thrace, father of Hecuba; 2. A Latin
warrior.
cit at us, -a,
Neut., clator)], i. v. a. and n. cry out, shout, cry, clam or, exclaim With ace., call, invoke (with
.
With direct loud cry): Hylan. or indirect discourse, shout, cry, exclaim : se causam.
clamor, -oris, [tclam (as if root -um, p.p. of cito. of clamo) + or], m., a loud cry, Cithaeron, -onis, [Gr. Ki0aipo'], a mountain in Boeotia, a favorite shriek, outcry, yell, shout, battlehaunt of Bacchus. Poetic, of animals cry, clamor. and things, noise, din, roar, hum, cithara, -ae, [Gr. iciOdpa], f., a lyre, a cithara. bellowing : saxa dedere. cito [abl. of citus], adv., quickly : clangor, -oris, [Vclang (root of citius dicto (quicker than a clango) + or], m., a sound, clang, clangor, blare, noise: tubarum. word). cito, -avi, a tun i. -are, [tcito-], Clanius, -I ( ii) ; Glanis, -is, [?], i v. intens., arouse, excite. cim.,a river of Campania, frequently tatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., huroverflowing the country around, where was the town of Acerrae ried, swift, quick : equi (at full (now il Lagno). speed, in full career). citus, -a, -um, p.p. of cieo. claresco, -uT, no sup., -escere, clvicus, -a, -um, [tcivi- + cus], [tclare + sco, cf. clareo, cla.
adj., of a citizen, pertaining to a citizen (more literal than civilis):
rus], 3. v. n., grow loud, grow bright: sonitus armorum (in-
quercus (the civic garland, made crease). of oak leaves, and given to any Clarius, -a, -um, [tClaro- (cf. Gr. soldier who saved the life of a KXdpos) + ius], adj., of Claras (a
fellow-citizen in war).
civilis, -e, [lengthened
stem from
tcivi lis, cf. Aprilis], adj., (cf. civicus, which is less general), of a citizen, citizens, or the citizens,
: quercus (the garland of oak leaves bestowed on a soldier who saved a fellow-citizen in war, cf. corona civica, the usual
to wn of Ion ia,celebrated for a temple and oracle of Apollo), Clarian. Masc.//$*? Clarian god ( Apollo).
clarus,
-a, -um, [Vela (cf. nomenclator) + rus], adj., loud,
civil, civic
clear, distinct.
distinct, bright,
From
;
similarity, brilliant, clear:
lux
Olympo
Aquilo
(clear,
phrase). civis, -is, [Vci (in quies, cf. mvis (weakened from -vus)], /xat)
Fig-, clear, distinct, manifest, evident,
bringing clear weather).
plain: signum. Also, renowned, famous, glorious, celebrated: Mycenae. comm., a citizen, a fellow-citizen, Clarus, -i, m., a Trojan. fellow-countryman (-woman). clades, -is, [?], f., disaster, mis- classicum, -I, [tclassi- + cum (n.
Esp. in war, chief, loss, calamity. defeat, disaster, havoc. (&&. Avoid
slaughter)
Poetic, of persons,
scourge, destroyer.
of -cus)],
battle
n.,
(belonging to the
army, see classis), a signal for

given with the trumpet. Less exactly, a trumpet.
-is,
clam
ace.
[unc.
f.?),
form (but see palam, classis,

I
[Vela
(cf.
clamo)
akin to celo], adv. and
tis (cf.
K\rjffis)~\, f.,
a summoning,
Vocabulary.
a
levy}, the levy, the
53
army,
an army, a
forces,
force.
forces, Esp., of sea-
clipeatus, -a, -um, see cllpeo. clipeo (clup-), no perf., -atuin,

-are, [fclipeo],
i. v. a.,
a fleet.
-a,
arm
with
a shield. -um, [tclaudoclipeatus, -a, -uni, (stem of claudus reduced) + iusj, p.p. as adj., armed with shield : adj., of Claudus (the Lame}. agmina. Masc., Claudius, a Roman gentile clipeus,m.,(-um, n. ),-!,[?], shield name. Claudia gens, the gens (round, of the Greek pattern). or clan of that name to which the Clitius (Cly-), -i (-ii), [akin to Marcelli and other great Romans inclutus], m., a Trojan hero, perhaps more than one of the same belonged. name, cf. Clytius. claudo, -si, -sum, -dere, [akin to clavis], 3. v. a., shut, close: lu- Clitumnus, -i, m., a river of Umbria. mina. Less exactly, stop, stay, clivosus, -a, -um, [fclivo- (re-
Claudius,
block
up
claudite
iam rivos
.
duced)
osus],
adj., hilly.
Fig.,
(shut the gates of irrigating canals) Of the things enclosed, shut up, confine, hem in, enclose, house,
steep, difficult.
clivus, -i, [ v'cll (as root of clino) -f vus], m., a slope, a hill, an incline.
pen
up, surround, encompass, be-
set, besiege,
shut off, cutoff :
agnos
Cloanthus,
-i,
[Gr. akin to
Cluen-
claudunt convallibus umbrae tius], m., a Trojan leader. maris nos obice pontus. clau- Cloelia, -ae, [f. of Cluilius, prob. for sus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., enclosed, fClovilius, and akin to clueo], f., a Roman maiden who confined, close shut, pent up : lacus career. Neut., an encloescaped from Porsenna, and swam
;
sure.
the Tiber.
-a,
claudus,
[?], adj., limping, halting, lame, crippled (of a
-um,
wounded snake). claustrum, -i, [Belaud (as if root engraver. of claudo) + trum], n., fasten- Clotho (nom. and
Less exactly, ing, lock, bolt, bar. of anything that serves the same
purpose, door, gate, barrier : Lucrino addita (dykes, levees} ; Pelori (of the sides of a strait). clausum, see claudo. Clausus, -i, [prob. akin to Claudius], m., a Sabine, the supposed founder of the house of Claudius. clausus, -a, -um, p.p. of claudo.
Bti>
-i (-ii), [?], a Trojan, perhaps several of the same name. Clonus, -i, [?], m., a sculptor or
Clonius,
ace.), [Gr. KAo>-
(the
spinner or spinster}], one
of the three Parcae, or Fates, see
Parcae.
cluens, -entis, see cliens. Cluentius, -a, -um, [tcluent-(stem
of cliens)
tile
+ ius],
Roman
gen-
name, used
collectively for the
clan.
clupeus, see clipeus. Clusinus, -a, -um, [fClusio- (reclava, -ae, [?], f., a stick, a staff, duced) -r-Inus], adj., of Clusium. Clusiiim, -I (-ii), [?, perhaps akin cudgel, club. to claudo], n., an Etrurian town, davits, -i, [akin to clavis, clau-* From do], m., a nail, a peg. formerly called Canters. Less exactly, Clymene, -es, [Gr. KAt/jueVij], f., a similarity, a tiller.
a rudder, helm. cliens, -entis, [p. of cluo, hear, obey], comm., a dependant, a client. I. The Clio, -us, [Gr. KAc'o], f. muse of history ; 2. A daughter of Oceanus.
:
clypeus, Clytius, cluo],
daughter of Oceanus. etc. ; see clipeus.

-i
(-ii),
m., a a,
name
[prob. akin to of several war-
riors, cf.
Clitius.
coactus,
-um,
p.p. of
cogo.
54
Codes,
-Itls,
Vocabulary.
[codes, one-eyed~\, Coeus, -I, [Gr. Ko7os], m., a Titan, surname of Q. Horatius, the father of Latona. who, in the war with Porsenna, cogito, -avi, -atum, -are, [con alone defended the bridge across agito], I. v. a., weigh thorouglil) in the mind, weigh, reflect upon, the Tiber. think (cf. agito). coctus, -a, -uni, p.p. of coquo. Esp. of purCocytius, -a, -um, [fCocyto- [repose, have in mind, intend, meditate upon, think upon, design, plan duced) + ius], adj., of Cocytus, inpurpose : quid Auster ? fernal : virgo (Alecto, one of the cognatus, -a, -um, [con-(g)natus], Furies) adj., akin, kindred, related (by Cocytus, -i, [Gr. KWKUTO'S, river of Poetic: urbes (whose blood). lamentation}, m., a fabled river of
m., the
.
the world below.

[Gr. Ko'Spos], m., a shepherd, perhaps representing under a disguised name some contemporary poet, an enemy of Virgil. coeluin and kindred words, see caeln in, etc.
citizens
are akiii).
-a,
Codrus,
-I,
cognitus, nosco.
n.,
-um,
p.p.
of cog-
cognomen, -inls,[con-(g)nomen],
Less exactly, family-name. name. cognominis, -e, [con-t(g)nomen, infl. as adj.], adj., of like name : coenum, see caenum. terra (bearing one 's name). -it 11 coco, -ivi, in, -Ire, [con-eo], irr. v. n., come together, unite, as- cognosce, -gnovi,-gnitum,-gnosWith imcere, [con-(g)nosco], 3. v. a., semble, meet, gather. examine, learn, inquire into, tract plied intent, either hostile or friendout, listen to, hear, flnd (learn tc ly (cf. congredior), join, join in alliance, unite, meet, encounter, know, with two aces.) haec cognoscite ; carmina In casiis. join battle: infoederadextrae(7^ joined in) perf., &c., have learned, kno'M. gener atque socer
:
(be united}.
(cf.
:
Fig., curdle, congeal
_cogo) sanguis formidine. coepio,-!, -tum, -ere and -lsse,(rare

except in perf., &c.), [co-apio, cf. apiscor], v. act., (take hold}, Pass., only begin, begin to speak. in p.p. and compound tenses, usual with pass, infin. coeptus, -a,
Less exactly, recognize, understand : matrem; quae sit virtus.
cognitus,
well-known.
-a,
-um,
p.p. as adj.,
cogo, coegi, coactum, cogere,

[con-ago], 3. v. a., drive together, gather (of fruits, &c.), assemble (of men, forces, &c.) pecus ; agmina (keep in line, of the
collect,
:
um,
p.p. as adj., n.,
an undertak-
ing, attempt.
coeptus, -a, -um, p.p. of coepio. coerceo, -ui, -itum, -ere, [conshut in together, surround, restrain, confine, hold Of troops in check, restrain.
arceo],
2. v. a.,
:
rear guard, or officers). Of consistency, condense, congeal: aer
in
nubem coactus;
:
mella.
Fig.,
force, compel, oblige (with ace. and infin.) quid (cog. ace.) non mor-
talia pectora cogis ?

-a,
coactus,
postrema Tyrrhidae iuvenes (bring up the rear, cf. cogere
-um,
p.p. as adj., forced : lac-
rimae.
agmcn).
coerulus, etc., see caeruleus. coetus (coi-), -us, [con-itus, cf. Concoeo], m., an assembling.
cretely,
bly,
cohibeo, habeo],
-ui,
:
-Itum, -ere, [conhold together, con-
2. v. a.,
an assemblage, an assema crowd, throng, company (at cohors,
tain, confine spelunca Scyllam. Fig., restrain, check, repress : iras.

-ortis, [?],
f.,
an
enclosure,
soldiery),
feast), flock (of birds).
Fig.,
a company (of
Vocabulary.
Less exactly, of troop, squadron. other things, band, multitude,
55
[?], m., a serpent,
n.,
coluber, -ubri,
snake.
crowd: cuncta cohors

ships).
{line, of
col u m, -i, [?], ander.
a strainer,
col-
columba, -ae, [? f. of columbus], Coitus, see coetas. f., a dove, pigeon. collapsus, see conlapsus. Collatinus, -a, -um, [Collatia (re- columna, -ae, [unc. root + mna, cf. autumn us], f., a pillar, a duced) 4-Tnus], adj., of Collatia arces. (a Sabine town) support, a column. collatus, see conlatus. columns, -a, -um, [unc. stem (akin to corulus) + nus, possibly corcollectus, see conlectus, p.p. of conljgo. rupted from corulnus], adj., of hazel (cf. corulus), hazel : hascolligo, see conligo. tilia. collis, -is, [?], m., a hill. colloco, see conloco. coins, -I (us), [?], f., a distaff.
:
see eonloquium. collflceo, see conluceo. colludo, see conludo.
colloquium,
coma,
-ae, [cf. Gr.
KÛTJ],
f.,
the
hair (of the head), the

animals).
foliage,
mane
(cf.
(of
From similarity, leaves,

coin all senses.
collum,
-i,
[?],
n.,
the
neck.
and even flowers

of
p.
Poetic, _of a poppy, neck. collustro, see conlustro.
cold, colui, cultum, [? Y/col], 3_v. a. and n., cultivate, Less extill, tend, take care of. actly, inhabit, dwell in : Pallas arces. Fig-, cherish, care for, regard, attend to, love, foster : tc-
Also plur. mans). comans, -antis, [p. colere, -are, from coma],
fromo,
as
adj.,
hairy, shaggy, leafy (cf. coma), dictamnus flowering, crested: flore purpureo; cristae (waving).
comes,
-itis,
[verb-stem
(cf.
com-
lorum amorem; reliquias meorum vitam {lead) morem

; ;
ineo) -f tis (reduced)], comm., a companion, associate, follower (as

subordinate) senioris Acestae docta comes {guide, of the Sibyl)
:
;
;
{observe").
Esp. of pious regard,
worship, revere, honor : templum. cult us, -a, -UIM, p.p. as adj., cultivated, tilled, well kept.
comes Ascanio
dian).
{attendant, guar-
cometes,
colocasia, -ae, (-ium,
-i (-ii),
n.),
f.,
[Gr. KO\OKa.ffia or KO\OKO.O'iov\, a plant of the lily kind.
-ae, [Gr. KO^TT;*, cf. m., a comet, shooting-star. see comminus. comitatus, -a, -um, p.p. of comito
coma], cominus,
colonus,
nus,
and comitor. -I, [unc. stem fr. -./col -f patronus], m.., a farmer, comitatus, -us, [fcomita + tus], husbandman : veteres {former m., {an accompanying), an escort, From the nature of ana coinpany, a retinue. tillers') cient colonies, a colonist. Less comito, -avi , -atum, -are, [comes, cf. comitor], I. v. a., accompany, exactly, an inhabitant (cf. colo) color, -oris, [unc. root + or (os)], comitatus, -a, follow, attend. m., color, a color, complexion, -um, p.p. as adj., accompanied,
cf.
.
hue.
beauty.
Esp.,
fair
complexion,
attended.
coloratus, -a, -um, p.p. of colon i. coloro, -avi, -at u 111 , -are, [fcolor-], i. v. a., color, dye. coloratus,
-a, -um, as adj., colored. Esp. as opposed to light or fair, dusky,
comitor, -Titus, comito], i. v.
-ari,
[pass,
of
dep., accompany, Esp. of follow, escort, attend. attend. funerals, escort, P-P-, ac-
companying: films classe catervas.
swarthy:
liidi.
commaculo,
-avi,
-atum, -are,
Vocabulary.
[con-maculo], i. v. a., stain, polimbrue : manus sanguine.
-avi,
i. v. a.,
commixtus,
misceo.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
com-
lute,
commemoro,
mind
-atum, -are, commodus, -a, -um,[con-modus],

recall to
[con-memoro],
In refer(of one's self). ence to another, remind, mention, recount, relate (in song), pioclaim, celebrate. commendo, -avi, -atum, -are,
(agreeing with the measure). proper, favorable, adapted : Baccho (suitadj.,
Fig., fitting, jit, suitable,

to the
ed
vine).
[con-mando],
entrust.
I. v. a., commit, Less exactly, commend,
commotus, -a, -um, p.p. of commoveo. _ commoveo, -movi, -motum,-movere, [con-moveo], 2. v. &.,move commoviolently, agitate : alas tis sacris (when the emblems are Less exactly, stir up, revealed).
;
recommend.
commercium, -i (-11), [con-fmerc (stem of merx)+ium, (n. of ius),

cf.
commercor],
:
n.,
traffic.
rouse
rage,
cervum.
Fig., rouse, stir,
Poetic
ista
.
commercia
{such bargains of prisoners) comminus (co-),
belli war, ransom of
excite, disturb, agitate,
alarm, en-
move (with any emotion). communis (old form comoenis),

-e, [con-fmunis, cf. immunis and in u nia J, adj., (serving together), belonging to two or more together, common : periclum (shared alike by both) Erinys (of both
;
[con-manus,
petrified as adv., cf. eminus], adv., in close combat, hand to hand (opposed to a contest with missile
weapons).
Less exactly, without
actual contest, close by, standing by, at close range : cervos obtrunarva incant ferro. Poetic
:
bona (the public interests). como, compsi, comptum, comere, [? con-emo, take'], 3. v. a.,
sides)
;
sequitur {hotly engages) commisceo, -miscui, -mixtum or -mistum, -miscere, [conmisceo], 2. v. a., mix together, intermingle : frusta mero cruento.
.
(1 gather together), comb, arrange, Less exactly, deck, adorn, braid.
array : vitta ramos.

tus, -a,
compcomae comptus
-um,
p.p. as adj.:
commissum,
mitto
crime.
-i,
[n. p.p. of
com-
(plaited, in order); felici oliva (wreathed).
as noun], n., offence, fault,
compactus,
pingo.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
com-
commissus,
mitto;
-a, -urn, p.p. of comsee also commissum. commistus, -a, -um, p p. of com-
compages, -Is (gen. plur. compagum), [com; pa(n)g-o], f.,

a joining
together,
a connection,
committo, -misi, -missum, -mit[con-mitto], 3. v. a., (let go together), combine, join, unite : delphinum caudas utero deltere,
misceo^
joint, structure. 1. compello, -puli,
-pulsum, -pellere, [con-pello], 3. v. a., drive together or in a body : greges in
unum.
bisco
;
With weaker meaning

:
phinum.
serere)
battle).
Esp. of hostility, join cf. con(battle), begin (the fight,

:
prep., drive, force

2.
gregem
of hi-
noto eodem compulsus.
raanum; proelium; funera pugnae (begin the havoc of

entrust,
compello,
With idea of a trust, commit to, trust, consign :
-avi, -atum, -are, [prob. from lost noun-stem akin to pello, cf. adpello], i. v. a., accost, address : aliquem voce.
sulcis semina. Transferred, allow to happen, allow one's self to do,

allow, commit, practise, perpetrate,
compesco,
-scere,
commit an
offence.
-scitum (?), -scui, [unc. verb with con], restrain, curb, check : ramos fluentes (by pruning).
Vocabulary.
compingo, -pegi, '-pactum, -pingere, [con-pango],
3. v. a.,
57
(postus),
-a,
composltus
join
together, fasten together, fasten. compact us, -a, -uni, p.p. as adj.,
joined, fitted : trabes {jointed}.
-urn, p.p. as adj., fixed, crderty., regular, quiet: gradus ; leges. Neut. abl. as adv., composite), by arrangement, in concert.
coinpitum,
-i,
+ urn) J, n.,
coinplector,
[com-fpitum ( ,/pet meeting of roads, cross

-plexus,
3.
compositus (compostus), -um, p.p. of^ compono.
-a,
roads, corners.
comprehendo (-prendo),
-plecti,
clasp
v.
-ndi,
[con-plecto],
dep.,
around, encircle, enfold, embrace ; hold, grasp : corpus ; terra gremio ossa ; Cacum complexus in nodum. Less exactly, surround, embrace : Penates umbra (of a tree). Fig., seize, come upon, enfold : sopor artus.
-nsuni, -ndere,[com-prehendo], 3. v. a., take hold of, grasp : imaLess exactly, seize, apprego.
hend.
prise,
Esp.
of
tire
or of thing
fired, catch.
Fig., embrace,
comfor-
mas comprensus,
enumerate, include; scelerum.

-a,
-11111,
see
com-
prehendo. compleo, -evi, -etum, -ere, [con- compressus, -a, -um, p.p. of comprimo. pleo], 2. v. a., fill up, fill full, naves (man) comprimo, -press!, -pressum, fill: loca milites
;
;
1.
Less (crowd, throng). exactly, fill, complete : tempora debita ; orbis completur. complexus, -a, -um, p.p. of
litora
press together.
straint,
-primere, [con-premo], 3. v. With idea of
a.,
re-
hold in, hold back, hold,
2.
complector. complexus, -us, [con-plexus],

m., a surrounding, encompassing, embrace encircling, embracing, (esp. of love).
restrain, repress, check : gressum. Fig., curb, check, repress, stay :
amor compressus edendi

res caeli marisque
;
furo-
impetus.
comptus, -a, -um, p.p. of como. compulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of compello.
1.
compono,
-posui, -posltum, -ponere, [com-pono], 3. v. a., put together, bring together, lay up, collect : opes (hoard}; aggerem tumuli (raise). With idea of union
2.
conatus, -a, -um, p.p. of conor. conatus, -us, [fcona- (stem of conorj -f tus], m., an attempt,
effort,
exertion.
-a,
or arrangement, found, build, dispose, array, set in order, arrange,

settle,
concavus,
-um, [con-cavus],
mas (of soldiers, arrayed in squadurbem genus indocile rons) ac dispersum (settle in law and
; ;
adjust: compositi in tur-
concave, arch^d, vaulted, ben, curved : saxa (of caves). concedo, -cessi, -cessum, -cedere, [con-cedo], 3. v. n. and a.,
adj., hollow,
move away'(cf. cedoandadcedo),

withdraw, come or go off : concedite, silvae (farewell'). Fig., depart, cease: suirae peris ab oris (by death) Of superiority, give way, defim.
retire,
order); foedus; litea (settle by With idea deciding) pacem. of rest, dispose, lay, place : defessa membra (lay down to rest) ; thalamis se composuere (of bees, become quiet in their cells') ; se (recline) ; diem (close) ; fluctus
:
hue;
yield, give place, yield the palm. So also (act.) of withdrawing opposition, give
(calm); placida pace compostus (settled in peaceful repose, by some thought to refer to death) ; curas.
up, grant, allow,
Of putting together for comparison, compare ; parvis magna.
permit: in iras Calydona (sacconcessa mover! (alrifice); concessus, -a, -um, lowed).
p.p. as adj., permitted, permissible,
Vocabulary.
lawful:
concessa
veto (things
take in,
take,
receive
pabula
Esp.
not forbid}.
terrae (draw nutriment}.

of females, conceive.
stract objects, receive,
concentus, -us, [con-cantus], m., harmony, harmonious songs, tuneful melody. conceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of conclpio.
With ab-
admit, harbor, take on, give way to : ducis curam (enter on} ; furias (be
;
concessus, cedo.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
con-
Koyx^ f., a shell, Also as an instrushell, conch, horn. concido, -cidl, no sup., -cidere, dus (drawn up, established}. [con-cado], 3. v. n., fall (in a Esp., concito, -avi, -Stum, -are, [fconheap), fall to the ground. of death or fainting, fall, sink. cito- (cf. concitus), or perhaps Less exactly and fig., fall, be con-cito] I v. a., set in motion,
concha,
conch ment,
-ae, [Gr.
,
shell.
pectore robur (posideas in words, comOf the prise, express, formulate. mind as subject, take in, conceive, conimagine : mente furores. ceptus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj. in foeeither meaning of the verb
possessed by)
sess).
Of
ruined, perish. concido, -cidl, -cisum, -cidere, [con-caedo], 3. v. a., cut up, cut to pieces, cut down : scrobibus
rouse, excite, incite :
on}
1
.
equum (spur Allecto se in Teucros (Jly

-um, p.p. of concio. p.p. of con-
fiercely at). concitns, -a,
montes (furrow).
concieo,
-ivi, -ituiii, -iere, [concieo], 2. (also 4.) v. a., (move toWith intensive gether), assemble. meaning of con, shake, agitate,
2.
concitus, -a, -um,

cieo.
conclam, -avi, -atum, -are,[conclamo], i. v. a., cry aloud, shout, cry aloud upon, call for aloud, summon with a shout. With direct or indirect discourse Italiam
:
move -violently, urge on : concita tormento saxa (hurled violently)

.
Fig., rouse, excite, agitate, stir
up, provoke : immani concitus ira {fired with mighty wrath}

.
(cries out, Italy !) .
conclude,
concitus,
(cf.
-a, -i'.m, p.p. as adj.
citus), in headlong motion, headlong, violent, careering : mulvi ta (with mighty effort ) ; processu (with headlong rush). concilio, -avi, -a turn, -are, [fconcilio-], I. v. join. Fig.,
-si> -sum, -dere, [conclaudo], 3. v. a., shut up, enclose. Less exactly, surround, include: locum sulco (mark out).
-oris, [con-fcolor, declined as adj ], adj ., ofthe same color. concors, -rdis, [con-fcord-, declined as adj.], adj., united in feel-
concolor,
(assemble), unite, over, win, conciliate, gain, secure, obtain : sceptra lovemque (secure the sceptre and Jove's favor}; sibi arma
a.,
ing, friendly,
harmonious
frena
gain
(peaceful). concredo, -dldi, -dltum, -dere, [con-credo], 3. v. a., entrust, consign, commit.
(ally).
concilium,
stem
fr.
-i (-ii),
[perhaps con-,
classls)],
n.,
concresco,-crevi, -cretum,-crescere, [con-cresco], 3. v. n., (grow

together),
^/cal
(cf.
an assembly
(generally, cf. consiliuin, a deliberative body), gathAlso in sense ering: piorum. of consilium, a council : silen-
harden, curdle, congeal, As growing into something else, grow into, become
condense, freeze.
tum
(as a jury).
concipio, -ccpi, -ceptum, -cipere, [con-capio], 3. v. a. and n.,
attached. concretus, -a, -um, p.p. in passive force (cf. cretus) as adj., condensed, hardened, concrines gealed, curdled, clotted:
sanguine (matted).
Vocabulary.
concretus, -us, [con-cretus], m., a growing together, an adhering
(a doubtful reading).
tablish, sellle
:
59
Romanam gentem
;
aurea secula {bring in) fata So also of composi(ordain).

tion, write, compose, describe, cele-
concubitus, -us,[con-cubitus],
a lying
together, coition.
m.,
concurro, -curri(-cucurri),-cursuni, -currere, [con-curro], 3. v. n., run with or together, flock toLess exactly, gether, assemble. rush (to a place), rally, hasten (to
one).
fight,
brate : tristia bella. of preservation, tip
//
With idea (cf. con;
dio), store, lay away, hoard: opes
Of
hostile meeting, meet,
contend : virisvirgo; mon-
tes (dash together)
concursus, -us, [con-cursus], m., a rushing together. Concretely,

a crowd, an assembly, a concourse.
concussus,
cutio.^
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
con-
signa mente (treasure up). So also of concealment, hide, secrete, conceal, suppress, withdraw (one's self) caput inter nubila; conditur in tenebras altum caliin mare Ufens gine caelum Nilus se alveo {confine (be lost) lumina {close) optato itself} Thybridis alveo (by others referred to the first meaning).
:
Esp. of the dead, bury, lay
to rest :
;
concutio, -cussi, -cussum, -cutere, [con-quatio], 3. v. violently, agitate, thrust

a.,
ossa terra
animam
sepulchre
longos soles cantando {sing the sun to rest) Of stars, set : Orion. (cf. conduce, ilii\i, -ductitin, -ducutio), force, throw, dash : frena cere, [con-duco], 3. v. a. and n., lora; silicem dexter in advershake
ex-
sum
loose
nitens.
Of shaking out the garments of the ancients,
lead together, assemble,
collect, hire.
conductus,
-a,
-um,
p.p.
as
shake <?/(for examination), search: fecundum pectus. Fig., of emotion, &c., agitate,
adj., rented, hired.
conduct us,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
con-
duco* alarm, trotible : casu acerbo (overwhelmed} ; urbs conecto (conn-), -xui, -xum, -cterc, [con-necto], 3. v. a., bind {panic-stricken} ; animum conentwine. cussus. Also, excite, rouse, urge : together, fasten, connect, conexus, -a, -um, p.p. of conecto. equos {spur on}
.
concensus, -a, -um, [con-densus]

adj.,
confectus,
flcio.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
con-
very dense,
close,
.
crowded :
. .
columbae condensae
bant. ^
sede-
confercio, -fersi, -fertum, -fcrcire, [con-farcio],

4. v. a.,
condicio (not
-tlo),
-onis, [con-
together.
confertus,
-a,
crowd -um,
dicio], f., (statement of terms'), a p.p. as adj., close, dense, serried, in closê array, close packed. stipulation, condition, terms, a mortis (destiny, law of confero, -tuli, -latum (coll-), compact. -ferre, [con-fero], bring together, human^life). bear together: gradum {step /0conditio, see condicio, the proper form. Esp. of hostility, join, gether}. (Join hand to engage : conditpr, -oris, [con-dator, as if condi + tor, cf. condo], m., buildhand}; certamina belli {engage
manum
-a,
er,
founder.
-a,
in strife of battle}
condltus,
-um,
p.p. of
condo. confertus,
-um,
se viro vir. p.p. of con-
fercio. condo, -dldi, -ditum, -dere, [condo, //], 3. v. a., {put together}. conlVssus, -a, -um, p.p. of conWith reference to the result, fiteor. build, found, make, erect : arces. confestim [con-ffestim, Vfed (in Fig., in same sense, fou'id, es fendo) + tis, cf. manlfestus],
6o
adv.,
Vocabulary.
(on the stroke (?), in the
cf.
con ll no,
-fluxi, no sup., -fluere,
grasp,
Fr.
maintenant), in-
confido,
stantly , forthwith, at once. -f eci, -fectum, -ficere, (also confieri as pass.), [con-
facio], 3. v. a., (do up), finish, complete, accomplish : immensum
Of fluids, [con-fluo], 3. v. n. Less exflow or run together. actly, of a great multitude, flow, come toflock, or crowd together ; gether in multitudes.
confodio, -fodi, -fossum, -fodere,
[con-fodio], 3. v. a., dig thoroughpierce through, transfix : super exanimem sese proiecit amicum confossus.
ly,
aequor. In special sense (cf. Eng. done up), exhaust, waste, use up,
destroy
life)
.
me volnus (exhausts my Less exactly, bring to pass,

confectus,
wasted,
cause.
as
ed,
adj.,
worn
-a, -uni, p.p out, exhaust-
confossus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
con-
emaciated : made ; curis ; aetate (burdened with years'). conf idens, -entls, p. of confido. confido, -fisus, -dere, [con-fido],
sup., -fugere, [con-fugio], 3. v. n., flee for refuge or succor, take refuge (with any one). 3. v. a. and n., trust in, rely on, eonfundo, -fudi, -fusum, -funtrust to, trust : rebus ; huic mondere, [con-fundo], 3. v. a. Of stro. confidens, -entis, p. as Less exliquids, pour together. adj., bold, undaunted, confident, actly, with reflexive or in pass., mix shameless, unblushing. blend. Fig., itself, mix, mingle, configo, -fixi, -fixum, -figere, confound, confuse, disturb, tlirow into disorder, disconcert: foedus 3. v. a., pierce through, transfix, strike down (with a missile weapconfusus, -a, (destroy, break). confixus, -a, -uni, p.p. on). -um, p.p. as adj., confounded, perdown. struck as adj., transfixed, plexed, panic-stricken : urbs. conf io, -fieri, pass, of conficio. confusus, -a, -um, p.p. of conconf isus, -a, -urn, p.p. of confido. fundo. confiteor, -fessus sum, -fiteri, congemino, -avi, -atum, -are,
confugio, -fugi, no
fodio^
[con-fateor], 2. v. dep., fully or entirely acknowledge (cf. Eng. own

up), confess, own, avow.
exactly,
disclose
[con-gemino],
i.
v.
a.
and
n.,
double, redouble, repeat again
and
Less
reveal,
again: crebros ensibus ictus conPoetically, of the instrument,//)' repeatedly: securim.
a thing,
manifest, show: confessa deam
geminant.
(revealed a goddess, confessing herself).
congemo, -gemui, no
sup.,
-geme-
confixus,
figo.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
con-
re, [con-gemo], 3. v. n. and a., sigh or groan deeply, heave a deep congemuit Fig., of a tree sigh.
:
confligo,
-fligere, n. Act., strike against or on, strike or bring

-flixi,
-dictum, [con-fligo], 3. v. a. and
supremum {groaned its

3. v.
last).
congero, -gessi, -gestum, -gerere,

or
a., bear, bring, [con-gero], carry together; heap up (cf.
together.
Neut., dash against (each other), be in conflict, con-
adgero and agger),

With reference
construct, erect
:
gather.
;
tend, fight, combat: with each other).
venti (war
to the result, build,
manu oppida
rondo, -avi, -Stum, -are, [conOf fire, blow together, flo], I. v. a. From blow up, stir up, kindle.
the use of the bellows in the forge, also of metals, &c., smelt, fuse, melt down : falces in enaem.
Poetically, of birds, build Less exactly, in pass., nests, nest. cubilia be full, swarm, teem:
aram.
blattis. p.p. as
congestus,
adj.,
;
-a,
-um,
.
gathered,
heaped:
turea dona
culmen (soMed )
Vocabulary.
61
congestus, -a, -urn, p.p. of con- coniunx (-lux), -iugis, [congero. -y/iug, as stem], comm., (uniting congredior,-gressus, -gredi, [contogether}, a husband, a wife, a consort. Less exactly, a betrothed. gradior], 3. v. dep., {step together'), go, come, or meet together or with coniuratus, -a, -um, p.p. of conone.
Esp.,
in
a hostile
p.p. of
sense,
iuro.
fight, contend, engage.
coniuro, -avi,
-atiiiu, -are, [conn.
eongressus, gredior. eongressus,
-a,
-um,
con-
iuro],
gether,
-a,
I.
v.
and
conspire.
p.p. in act.
-us, [con-gressus], m., a meeting (either friendly or hostile), encounter, interview.

-ieci,
-um,
swear toconiuratus, sense, having

a.,
sworn, banded together, conspiring : rescindere caelum.

-a,
conicio (conii-),
-iectum, COIHMIS,
tor.
-um,
p.p. of
coni-
-k-ere, [con-iacio], 3. v. a., throw together or at, hurl, cast, fling, conshoot : coniecta sagitta ;
conlabor
iecta cuspide
saxa
:
With
reflexive,
velamina. throw one's self,

;
[con-labor], 3. gether, fall in

fall.
(coll-), -lapsus, -labi, v. dep., fall toruins, collapse, Esp., in a swoon or in

sink,
rush, speed, hasten
sese in late-
bras (plunge}; Iris inter mediLess exactly, as sese (dashes*). of direction merely, cast, turn :
oculos.
membra
ossa
death, fall,
drop,
collapsa
faint (fainting}
:
;
ferro conlapsa (swooning from a wound}. Fig., waste away:
morbo.
conlapsus,
-a,
coniectus,
icio.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
eon-
-um,
p.p. as adj., fainting,
swoon-
ing, sinking, lifeless.
conifer, -era, -erum, [fcono-fer ( -y/fer + us) ] adj ., cone-bearing,

,
coniferous.
t
conlapsus (coll-), -a, -um, p.p. of conlabor. conlatus (coll-), -a, -um, p.p. of
confero. conisus, -a, -um, p.p. of conitor. com or (conn-), -nisus and -nix- conligo (coll-), -legi, -Iectum,
us, -niti, [con-nitor], 3. v. dep., lean against, strain, struggle, put
-ligere, [con-lego],
3. v. a., col-
mighty effort}. Esp. of (cf. enitor), be in labor, yean, bring forth young. coniugium, -i (-11), [fconiug--f ium, as if con-fiugium], n., a Esp. (perhaps joining, union.
originally,
forth (with labor
an
effort,
strive
conixus
lect together, bring together, assemble, gather, collect : ex alto nubes ;
nox pluviam (bring

;
quaron} ta bora sit im coniecta ex Iongo rabies edendi (ravening hun;
riage
cf. coniunx), marVeneris (union with}.
Less exactly, of animals, coition. Concretely (cf. amor, beloved object}, husband, wife. coniunctus, -a, -um, p.p. of oon-
ger grown by long privation). Pass., or with reflexive, come together, gather, mass forces : omnibus conlectis. Also of strength, presence of mind, or courage, colLess lect, gain, regain : robur. exactly, contract, shrink (pass.) 86 in arma (draw behind his alitis in figuram shield};
:
iungo.^
(shrunken);
arma ("make snug"),

-avl,
i.
contango,
-lunxi, -iunctum, -iungere, [con-iungo], 3. v. a., join together, unite, attach, ally. Esp. in marriage, unite: digno coniuncta viro rat is coniuncta crepidine saxi (moored}.
;
conloco
place,
(coll-),
-atum,
a.,
-are, [con-loco],
set,
v.
put,
arrange, station.
conloquium(coll-), -i (-ii), [confloquium, cf. eloqulum], n.,

discourse, conversation, talk, con-
62
Vocabulary.
:
ference, converse, intercourse
de-
sequor],
3. v. dep.,
attend, follow.
orum. _ conluceo (coll-), no
perf.,
no
sup.,
1
.
With
Esp. in hostile sense, pursue. different sense of con, follow
-lucere, [con-luceo], 2. v. n., shine brightly, blaze, gleam, glare,
ignes
moenia flammis
(glitter}.
veste
atque armis
conludo
(coll-),
-Insi,
-lusum,
n.,
-ludere, [con-ludo], 3.v.

:
play
2.
up, overtake, reach. consero, -sevi, -situm or -satum, -serere, [con-sero], 3. v. a., sow or plant with something: arva. Fig., cover or strew over with something: freta consita terris
(dotted).
with, play together, sport, play. plumae. Poetically, of things conlustrd (coll-), -avi, -at HIM, v. a., light i. -are, [con-luatro],
conserO, -serui, -sertum, -serere, [con-sero], 3. v. a., connect, entwine, tie, join, fit, unite, bind into a whole : lorica conserta
up.
Perhaps
from
an entirely
meaning (cf. lustro), examine, survey : omnia. connects, see conecto.

different original
hamis (woven)
tegumen
spinis.
connexus,
see
conexus.
connisus, see conisus. coniiixus, see conlxus.
Esp. of hostilities, join(\i\ right). engage in : dextram ; proelia. consertus, -a, -um, p.p. of 2. consero.
rimmi hiiim, see conubium. Conon, -onis, [Gr. KO'COJI/], m.,

mathematician and astronomer
consessus, -us, [con-sessus], m., (a sitting together, a session). a Concretely, an assembly : caveae
in
(spectators in the theatre).
the time of Ptolemy Philadelphia. Conor, -at us sum, -ari, [ ?, perhaps
consido, -sedi (-sidi), -sessum,

-sidere, [con-sido],
3.
v.
n.,
sit
akin to onus, cf. molior], I .v. dep., undertake, attempt, try, venture. conr-, see corr-. cdnsanguineus, -a, -inn, [tconsanguin (lost stem, con-sanguis, cf. cognominls) -f eus], adj., of kindred blood, akin, related. Masc., a kinsman : Leti (brother^).
down,
settle,
:
seat one's
self,
light (of
molli in herba ; Ausonio birds) pori\l(anc/i(>r). Esp., halt, settle dcnvn (to dwell) , take up one's abode.
Of inanimate subjects, settle, sink

dcnvn, sink in, give way, subside
:
in ignes
(be
totam ur bem luctu
plunged).
consanguinitas, -tatis, [fconsan- cons ilium, -i (-11), [consul + ium, cf. consulo], n., consultation, guin (as if consanguini-, cf. concounsel. Of the result, wise counsanguineus) + tas], f., kindred,
relationship guinity.
(by blood), consan-
sel,
conscendo,
-di, -sum, -dere, [contor. Of advice given to another, scando], 3. v. a. and n., mount, ascend : rogos. counsel, advice. Concretely (cf. Esp., go on board a ship, embark, take ship : aequor concilium), a (formal) council, to Adv., consllio, adassembly. sea). (put consclus, -a, -inn, [con-fscius, visedly, intentionally, purposely, with design. ^801+ us (cf. insclus)], adj., conscious, privy to, aware of: ag- conslsto, -stlti, -stitum, -sistere,
resolution, plan,purpose, course of conduct (as resolved upon), course : consiliis non futilis auc-
mina
(witness}; Transferred, conscious (with one's self), conscious of guilt, self-conscious : virtus ; i'ama ; mens conscia recti.
(allied);
fati
[con-sisto],
still,
3. v. a.
:
and
n.,
place
aether conubiis.
one's self, take one's stand, stand

(set foot on). Esp., take a stand, make a halt, keep a position, stand, halt, settle.
remain
terra
consequor, -secutus, -sequi, [con-
Fig., rest
mens.
Vocabulary.
consitus, -a, -um, p.p. of i.consero. consono, -ni, no sup., -are, [conI. v. n., sound together or same time, resound. censors, -sortis,[con-fsorti- (fuller
[con-struo],
3. v. a.,
heap or pile
sono],
at the
Of the result, together, heap up. build, erect, construct, make.

constructus,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
p.p.
as
heaped, gathered, stored, built.
stem of sors)], adj., of equal share, consuesco, -evi, -etum, -escere, [con-suesco], 3. v. a. and n. inch., partaking -with : me consortem So in pass. nati concede sepulchre (in comaccustom, habituate. mon with) Also, of equal lot, part., accustomed, inured, habitu.
of the same condition, common, in
ated: m.em\>ra,(trained).
ris
-a,
Neut.,
common. i conspectus, -a, -um, p.p. of conspicio as adj., conspicuous. 2. conspectus, -us, [con-spectus],
.
accustom one's self: adeo in tene-
consuescere
multum
est (such
force has
-um,
consuetus, habit). p.p. as adj., accustomed,
m., sight, view, presence : e conspectu (out of sight} in conspectu; ire ad conspectum genitoris (to meet).
;
usual, ordinary. consul, -ulis, [prob. con-^/sal as stem (cf. praesul, exsul) with some lost connection of ideas,
founded on religious observance, conspicio, -spexi, -spectum, -picf. Salii], m., a consul, one of the cere, [con-specio] 3. v. a., gaze two chief magistrates of Rome. A\so,get a sight of, upon, behold. jspy,descry,Jind._ See conspectus. consulo, -ui, -turn, -ere, [prob. conspiro, -avl, -atum, -are, [conconsulo, akin to salio, cf. praesul, spiro], I v. n., blow together, sound exsul], 3. v. n. and a., consider, together ; aereaque assensu conreflect, deliberate, take cottnsel, consult : consulite in medium (for spirantjcornua rauco. the common advantage) Particconsterno, -stravi, -stratum, ular phrase consulere alicui or -sternere, [con-sterno], 3. v. a., strew over, bestrew, cover : terrain alicui rei, take counsel for some one or some thing, care for, take tergo terram frondes. care of, look to, have regard for, constitud, -ui, -atum, -uere, consult for : custodi et consule [con-statuo], 3. v. a., set up, place, aras longe ne, etc. (keep a look-out). put : taurum ante aras.
,
. .
(erect)
moenia (build )
metam
(set). Fig., rial, establish.
of things not mateOf purpose, deter-
Act., consult a person or thing, ask the opinion or advice of, ask counsel of:
vates consultus.
Esp.,
:
mine^, resolve : Mi-til, -stiti,
quaerere.
-t.it
um,
[con-sto],
i.
v.
n.,
-stare, stand with,
consult a deity, an oracle, omens exta ; lucos. Transferred, advise, counsel: rem nulli obscuram
(cog. ace.).
stand
stand : cyparissi. Fig., agree or accord with, be consistent with, correspond to, fit. Also, standfirm or immovable, be
together,
consult uin,
n.,
-i,
[n.p.p. of consulo],
(a thing deliberated or advised), usually plur., resolutions, plans,
firm, remain immovable, unchanging, steadfast, be settled, last, persevere, endure : cuncta caelo sereno (be steady, as a sign of settled weather); animo sententia (is
oracles, advice.
consumo, -sumpsi, -sumptum,

-ii
m r n-,
;
[con-sumo],
3.
:
v.
a.
Of
sas
food, consume, devour
menLess
consumptus
aliis.
fixed).
exactly, of other things, consume,

-a,
constructus,
-um,
p.p. of
con-
late, destroy,
construo, -uxi, -uctum, -uere,
devour, waste, squander, annihibring to nought, use up, use, waste away : vaccae in
64
Vocabulary.
;
dulcesubera natos (waste upon) consumerer aevo nocte consumpta (spent) sagitta con;
;
straining the powers of mind or body, strive, exert one's self, struggle.
sumpta (by fire). consumptus, -a, -inn, sumo.

[con-surgo],
3. v.
With idea of opposition, struggle, contend, strive for mastery : bello

;
p.p. of
con-
versibus
cursu ; ludo
contra
Fig., of
consurgo, -rexl, -rectum, -gere,

n.,
rise
up,
(in boxing). things in rivalry, vie with, compare with. Of aim or direction (cf.
Paridem
rise (in various senses, as in Eng.). From bed, from table : relictis
trado),
course);
direct,
aim,
hold (a
mensis in ensem (rise with, &c .)

;
cursum (steer). tentus, -a, -um, p.p.

stretched,
conas
adj.,
socii tonsis (rise on the oars) Less exactly, of order or position

.
straining:
cervix (of
oxen).
remi ordine (in ranks) mnndus 1. contentus, -a, -um, p.p. of conad Scythiam (of the higher North) tendo. mare ad aethera {mount to the 2. contentus, -a, -um, p.p. of conOf hostility in arma (in tineo. ^ skies) bellum (arise) conterreo, -ui, -itum, -ere, [conarms) Fig.
; ;
.
venti.
contactus,
tingo.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
conm.,
contactus, -us, [con-tactus],
terreo], 2. v. a., terrify greatly, frighten, alarm : conterrita tellus (terror-stricken} conterritus, -a, -um, p.p. of con.
coutagium,
a touching, contact, touch. -1 (-11), [con-ftagium, Esp. -y/tag + ium], n., contact.
of the result, contagion, infection vicini pecoris contagia.
:
terreo.
contexo,
-xui, [con-texo], 3. twine together.
-xtum,
v.
a.,
-xere,
or
exactly,
weave
Less
contego, -texl, -tectum, -tegere,
prepare by joining together, compose, make, build, construct, form,
contcmno
[con-tego], 3. v. a., cover up. (-pno), -psi, -ptum, -nere, [con-temno], 3. v. a., set a small value on, value little, hold in
put together;
acernis.
equum
trabibus
conticesco, -ticul, no
sup., -tices-
contempt, despise, disdain, scorn : ventos (defy); opes; favos (of bees). contemplor, -atus, -ari, [fcon-
cere, [con-ticesco], 3. v. n. inch., become still, grow dumb, hold one's peace : conticuere omnes (were
hushed).
contiguus (-uos),
-a,
-um, [con-
templo (con-templo-)],
survey
(cf.
i. v.
templum),
dep., observe,
notice carefully. contemptor, -oris, [con-ftemptor ( y'tem tor), as if contem -f tor, cf. contemno], m., a scorner, de-
ftaguus, cf. nocuus (Vâg-fAct., (touching), aduus)], adj. Pass. (cf. perjoining, near. spicuus), (to be touched), within missae within range reach,
,
hastae.
spiser.
contendo,
tendo],
strain,
-di,
3.
-tum, -dere, [conv. a. and n., stretch,

(forcibly), tighten
.
contineo, -tinui, -tentum,-tinere, [con-teneo], 2. v. a. and n., hold

Less in, keep together, confine. exactly (cf. cohibeo), hold back, : imstay, detain, restrain, check ber agricolam (detain at home)
;
draw
;
vincla
the
et arcum (draw tela nervo arrow on the bow) equino telum (cf. telum in auresult From the (cf. last ras).
.
.
gradum (halt)
and the
due,
Fig., of passions
example), hurl, throw, cast, fling, shoot: telum in auras. Fig., of
like, restrain, curb, subcontrol. contentus, -a,
-um,
p.p. as adj. (self-contained),
Vocabulary.
content, satisfied :
mens contenta
quiete.
contingo, -tlgi, -tactum, -tingere, [con-tango], 3. v. a. and n., touch,

take hold of :
(reduced)-f arius, cf. extrarius], lying over against. Fig., opposed, contrary, opposite : fata. With idea of hostility, adadj., opposite,
funemmanu; avem
ferro (hit}, Less exactly, reach, arrive at, attain, gain, touch ; Italiam. Of the effect of touch, in p.p., taint, affect with contagion
(cf.
verse, unfavorable, opposed : furtis; litora litoribua (of eternal
enmity).
contremisco,
-ui,
no
3.
[con-tremisco],
sup., -iscere, v. n. inch.,
contagium).
to,
Fig.
(with
lot
tremble all over, shake, shudder,
subject), fall
fall to the
of
(impersonal), happen, be one's lot, befall, be one's fate : Turno coniunx; ire ad conspectum con-
quake .ômne contremuit nemus. contristo, -avi, -atum, -are,[conftristo (cf. tristor)], i. v. a., sadden, cast a gloom over : caelum.
tingat (may I be allo-Med). continuo[abl. of continuus],

immediately,
delay.
contundo, -tudi, -tusum, -tunadv.,
forthwith,
without
contorqueo, -torsi, tortum, -torquere, [con-torqueo], 2. v. a., p.p. as adj., broken, crushed, aftwist, turn, whirl flicted : animi. proram. From the whirling of missiles (cf. contus, -I, [Gr. /COI/T^S], m., a punt-
dere, [con-tundo], 3. v. a., beat, bruise, crush, pound, bray : herbas. feroces Fig., crush, quell populos. contusus, -a, -um,
.
amentum), hurl contorta phalarica
venit
.
(came
hurtling
pole.
pole (with pointed iron), settingLess exactly, of weapons, a

pike.
-a,
through the air) contortus, -a, -um, p.p. of
torqueo. contra [abl.

tero-,
cf.
con- contusus, tundo.
-um,
p.p.
of
con[con(cf.
of fcontro- (con -f Inter)], adv. and prep. Adv., opposite, on the other side, on
the opposite side. Fig., on the other hand, on the contrary, in re-
conubium
(conn-),
-f-
-1 (-11),
tnubium, stem akin
to
n.,
nubo
pronuba)
lock
:
as an institution (cf.
marriage nubo), wednostra conubia poscunt.

cf.
its
ium],
in reply, in opposition. Prep., over against, opposite : Italiam contra. Less exactly and fig., against, in reply to, in oppositurn,
tion to
;
conns,
the
-1, [Gr. KUVOS, From m., a cone.
cuneus],
shape
(cf.
modern spiked helmet),
the
contra quern (answering contra dicta {proceeds tened). in reply to); contendere contra coin al Us, -Is, [con-vallis], f., a Paridem. valley (enclosed). contractus, -a, -um, p.p. of con- convecto, no perf., no sup., -are, traho._ [con-vecto], i. v. a., bring tocontraho, -traxi, -tractum, -tragether / praedam. here, [con-traho], 3. v. a., draw convello, -velli, -vulsum,-vellere,
:
peak (of a helmet), a crest (to which the flowing crest was fas-
him)
it
together, gather,
collect,
assemble,
tear away, pluck up : viridem Scorpio bracchia. Less exactly or fig., draw on, bring silvam ab humo ; funem a terra " on : frigos (cf catch ") conLess exactly, tear (fast off). tractus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., apart, rend asunder. contracted, narrow, confined : lo- con venlo,- ve ni,-ventum, -venire, cus. [con-venio], 4. v. n. and a., come rontrarlus, -a, -um, [fcontrdtogether, assemble, gather round.
:
.
draw
[con-vello],
3.
v.
a.,
in
(wrench),
66
Vocabulary.
copia, -ae, [copi- (con-ops) -f ia (f. of ius), cf. inops, inopia], f., plenty, multitude, abundance, a supply. Transferred, ability, power, means, resources, opportunity, chance (to do anything) fandi ; Conpugnae; adfari (leave).
:
Fig., of things or impersonally, be agreed upon, be determined.
Also,
right.
be Jilting,
be
suitable,
be
cf.
conventus, -us, [con-fventus, adventus], m., a coming together. Concretely, an assembly, conclave.
cretely, in plur., troops, forces.
conversus,
verto.
-a, -urn, p.p. of
con- coquo, coxi, coctum, coquere,

[y/coc,
cf.
Gr.
ire'irw], 3. v. a.,
cook.
converto
(-vorto), -ti, -sum, -tere, [con-verto], 3. v. a., turn around, turn, invert, reverse, turn backivard: in me ferrum ; omen in ipsum (bring the disaster). In pass, or with reflexive, turn,
wheel, face about.
Fig.,
alter,
Less exactly of other things than food, fire, roast, mellow (of soil),
harden (of wood)

tur vindemia.
Of
Fig.
the effect
:
of the sun, ripen, mellow
(cf.
coquiuro),
change, transform : animi conversi ; classein in Nymphas ; vias. conversus, -a, -um, as transinverted, reversed, adj.,
coctus, -a, vex, worry, harass. -um, p.p. as adj., hardened. cor, cordis, [unc. root, cf. Gr. :%>, Eng. heart], n., the heart. Fig.,
heart, soul (of both moral
tellectual
and
in-
powers).
Of
persons,
formed: agmina (Jlying)
nu.
as in English, soul, heart: iuve-
(adverse} ; conversis frontibus (opposing, of bulls fighting) convexus, -a, -um, [p.p. of con-
mina
nes fortissima corda. cordi ease (cf. "go

sired.
Phrase
to
one's
heart"), be dear, please, be de-
(brought together), vaulted, arched, rounded, bending,

adj.,
veho),
Cora,
winding: trames (circuitous).

Neut., a vault, arch, concavity, recaeli cess, hollow (nemorum) ;
-ae, [Gr. Kopa], f., a town of Latium (now Core). coram [con-os (or stem akin), unc. case, cf. perperam], adv. and
aupera convexa
(the
canopy of
;
prep.
Adv., in presence, before
heaven); convexa (the rounded convexo mass, of mountains) ponuere (the mass of the spheres').
the eyes, in
(is here before
person : coram adest you). Prep., in
convivium,
duced)
-1 (-ii),
[conviva
+ ium
-a,
(n. of ius)], n.,

(cf.
meal in company
a feast, banquet.
one of the a founders of Tibur. conviva), Corlnthus, -I, [Gr. KdpivOos], f., a
(re-
Coras, -ae,
the presence of, before. [?], m.,
convolsus,
vello.
-um,
p.p. of
con-
celebrated city of the Peloponnesus, famous for its bronze-foundries and

artistic skill.
It
was conquered by
x<fy OJ']
convolve, -volvi, -volutum, -volvere, [con-volvo],

together,
3. v.
a.,
roll
Mummius. corium, -I (-11),

L.
roll up. Pass, or with reflexive, roll together, roll up, roll,
[Gr. skin, hide, leather.
->
writhe,
coil.
i.corneus, -a, -um, [fcornu- (reduced) + eus], adj., of horn, horny,

horn.
-a, -um, [fcorno- (reduced) -f- eus], adj., of the cornel cornel wood. tree, of cornlger, -era, -erum, [fcornu(weakened) -ger ( y'ger + us)], adj., bearing horns, horned.
2.
convulsus,
vello.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of con-
corneus,
coorior, -ortus, -oriri, [con-orior] 3. and 4. v. dep., arise, rise up.
Fig., of things, break out, arise : seditio. coortus, -a, -um, p.p. of coorior.
Vocabulary.
cornlpes, -edis, [fcornu- (weak- correptus (conr-), -a, -urn, p.p. of corripio. ened) -pesj, adj., horn-footed, corripio(conr-), -ripui, -reptum, horny-hoofed.
comix,
cornu,
-icis,
f.,
[dim.,
akin to Gr.
KopoJpTj],
a crow. a horn, horn.

Less
-u, [unc. root (akin to Ktpas)

n.,
-ripere, [con-ripio], 3. v. a., seize, snatch up, catch, lay violent hands on, grasp quickly : hastem ; cae-
+ nu],
sariem
scuta correpta sub un;
exactly, a hoof.
From
similarity,
horn (of the moon), tip, yardarm, end, branch (of a river), peak (of a helmet, cf. conus), a bow (with horn ends), a trumpet.
[perh. akin to cornu, from the hardness of its wood], n., the cornel cherry. Also, cornel. cornus, -i, [see cornum], f., a cor-
monies unda Marte secundo omnia (gain). With corpus or a reflexive, rise
dis (borne away)
;
cornum,
-i,
quickly, start up, tear one's self away,hurryoff: e sir&i\s(spring) e somno. Fig., of intangible subjects, seize upon, catch, attack, car-
ma tabulas
ry
away
flam(with any passion) cinis altaria flam;

:
nel.
Less exactly, cornel wood,

.
mis (break out in flames on)

;
a javelin (made of the wood)
Coroebus,
corona,
-i, [Gr. Ko'poijSos], m., a Phrygian, an ally of Priam.
-ae, [Gr.
/copaSrr;],
f.,
a gar-
land, a diadem, a wreath, a crown In astronomy, The (of royalty).
mediis silvis correptis Camilla correpta tali militia (carried away by) hunc plausus (captiOf sudden motion, occupy, vate) hurry over : campum (scour)
;
.
From similarity, a circle Crown. of men, a ring, a crowd, a ring of

defenders.
viam (speed on) spatia spatium medium. corrumpo, -rupi, -ruptum, -rum;
corono, -avi, -Stum, -are, [corona],

i.
v. a.,
furnish with a garto
pere, [con-rumpo], 3. v. a., (break up), spoil, destroy, ruin, damage, adulterate. Less exactly, infect,
land or crown,
crown
vina
Less exact(wreathe the bowl}. ly, surround, encompass, enclose, wreathe, beset: omnem aditum custode.
corruptus, -a, poison, taint. -um, p.p.as &di).,tainted, infectious, pestilent, infected: tractus caeli. corruo (con-), -ui, no sup., -ere,
[con-ruo],
gether, fall
3. v. n.
and
corporeus,
-a,
-um, [fcorpos +
down,
-a,
fall,
a., fall tosink to the
eus], adj., corporeal, of the body : pestes. corpus, -oris, [unc. root us], n., a body (alive), a lifeless body,
ground.
corruptus,
-um,
p.p. of
cor-
rumpo.
cortex, -icis, [?], m. and f., bark. form, the cortina, -ae, [?, perh. akin to Gr. As in English, a person, person. xdpros], {., a kettle, a caldron. an animal (cf. " head ") c reature: From the use of the utensil at Delcorpora vixorwm.( forms ofheroes}. phi, the tripod (at Delphi), the More abstractly, person, form, oracle (see note iii. 92). figure : praestanti corpore Nyra- corulus, -i, see corylus. Also of things, bulk, mass, Corus (Cau-), -i, [?, prob. Greek], phae. toto cerm., the North-west wind. body, trunk (of a tree) tatum est corpore regni (united corusco, no perf., no sup., -are, From association with power) [tcorusc6-], I. v. a. and n., agiburial, the ghost, shade, spirit. tate, move to and fro, shake, brandPhrases: corpore exire, elude, Neut., ish, wave : gaesa manu. dodge ; toto corpore, with all one's quiver, wave, shake : apes pennia
corpse.
the
frame,
the
might.
(agitate their -wings).
From
sim-
68
ilarity,
Vocabulary.
verb,
of light, &c., quiver, shimmer, flash, glitter, sparkle. coruscus, -a, -um, [unc. stem (akin to Kopvffau) + cus], adj., waving, quivering, tremulous : silvae.
perh. -y/cart (cf. Sk.
krit,
twist, spin) -f tus], adj., thickened up, thick, coarse : cruor (clotted) ;
;
paludes (miry) terga (rough ridges) farrago ; ignis caligine From similarity (cf. corusco), (dark with thick smoke). flashing, gleaming, coruscating: crastinus, -a, -um, [eras + tinus, cf. (I hit inns], adj., fulmina ; sol (blazing) iuvenes of the morrow,
;
auro.
to-morrow's
-i, [ ?].,
ortus
f.;
(next,
-eris,
next
m.,
plur.
corvus,
Corybantius,
jBacreios],
m., a raven. -a, -um, [Or. Kopv-
Jay's)
(ace.
cratera, -ae,
Gr.
-er,
of the Corybantes (priests of Cybele who celebrated her worship with clanging cymbals), Corybantian.
adj.,
sing,
cratera,
Corycius,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. K&>pu/ccuos],
famous
of Cory cus (a place in Cilicia for its saffron), Corycian.

-onis, [Gr. K.opvSuv~], m.,
opu\os],
crateras), [Gr. /cpor^p], a mixing' vessel, a bowl, a jar, of large size in which the whole store of wine was mixed for the company. Also the same vessel used for other purposes, oil-jar : fuso crateres olivo. crates, see cratis.
cratis, -is, [perh. akin to crassus], f., wicker-work, a hurdle (used for many farming purposes by the
ancients).
Esp., a drag (for har-
Corydon,
a shepherd. corylus (-ulus), -I, [Gr. f., a hazel-tree, a hazel.
corymbus,
a
-I, [Gr. Kopuyu$oy], m., cluster (of fruit, &c.), a bunch. -i,
Corynaeus,
Corythus,
founder.
[?],
2.
m.
I.
of the Trojans;
-I,
A
:
priest
Rutulian.
i
.
[ ?],
m.
A town
of
Etruria, Cortona ; 2. Its mythical
cos, cot is, [Vco (cf. sharpen, con us) +tis], f ., a hone, a whetstone. creatus, -a, -um, p.p. of creo. Less exactly,flint,stone(ci. cautes). creber, -bra, -brum, (-brior, Cosa, -ae, (-ae, -arum), f., a town -berrimus), [?, unc. root + rus], of Etruria (now Ansedonia). adj., thick, close : Africus creber Of closeness procellis (full of) Cossus, -I, [?], m., a Roman family in time, repeated, frequent, numername in the Cornelian gens. ous, constant : sonitus pedum (of Esp., A. Cornelius Cossus, consul B.C. 428. many feet ) crebro ariete (with Less excosta, -ae, [?], f., a rib. frequent strokes of); anhelitus (quick, hurried) ; turbo (quick) actly, a side.
.
From similarity of texrowing). ture, a net-work, a cell (of a hive), the breast: pectoris (framework). creatrix, -Icis,[crea(stem of creo) + trix], f., a producer (female), a mother.
cotes (cau-),
-is,
pointed rock, a
[?], crag.
-I,
f.,
a rough
heros creber (as adv., again and again) ; tela (showers of) Aus;
cothurnus (cotu-),
[Gr. KoQ
ter (full
and
strong, with inces-
sant blasts). Neut. plur. as adv., vos], m., a hunting-boot (covering the foot and lower part of the leg, frequently, repeatedly. and laced in front), a buskin. crebresco (-besco), -brui (-bui), From its use by tragic actors, of a no sup., -brescere (-bescere), the busin lofty tragic style poetry, [fcrebre (stem of lost crebreo, fr. kin, tragedy. crebro-)], 3. v. n. inch., become crabro, -onis, [?], m., a hornet. frequent, increase, freshen (of eras [cf. Sk. (vas], adv., to-morrow. winds, cf. creber), become rife (of rumors) aurae. crassus, -a, -um, [?, p.p. of lost
:
Vocabulary.
creditus, -a,
-
69
um,
p.p. of
credo
credo, -didi, -ditum, -dere, [lost stem tcred (cf. Sk. crat) -do, put], 3. v. n. and a., put faith in, trust Austo, confide in, trust : color!
; ;
[stem akin to creo (perhaps same, if ere) + sco), 3. v. n., grow up, be born, arise. Less exactly, grow,
as
;
increase, si.oell ; Thybris (rise); corpus (fatten) umbrae (lengthtris auditis quicquam {believe en); aestus (rise, ftow). Fig., at all). thrive, prosper. cretus, -a, -um, Act., entrust, confide to, descended commit : anni spem terrae (of p.p., sprung from, from. custodia Cres, -etis, [?], adj., Cretan. sowing) tibi sensus Masc. plur., Cretes, -um, the inIn same sense with recredita. habitants of Crete, Cretans. flexive, trust one's self to, venture With Cressius, -a, -um, [Gr. se pugnae. on, hazard
;
thing as object, credit, believe, suppose,
adj.,
of Crete, Cretan.
-a,
imagine
;
Cycladas
credas innare res credita vim ad:

;
Cressus,
adj.,
-um,
[cf.
Gr.
of Crete, Cretan.
fore verbo. Irregularly with person as object, trust, believe : Cassandra credita.
Creta,
-ae, [Gr. Kprrrri], f. of adj., Crete (the island in the Mediter-
ranean,
now Candia).
export,
From
credulus,
-a,
-um,_ [teredo
(lost
common
Cretaeus,
chalk,
[adj.
Cretan
of Gr.
noun-stem, cf. credo)

ulous
:
lus], adj.,
non ego credulus illis. form], adj., of Crete, Cretan. see Cretheus. cremo, -avi, -atum, -are, [perh. Creteus, akin to carbo], i. v. a., burn, Cretheus, -eos, [?], m., a Greek
consume.
the Trojan army.
-a,
believing, trustful, confiding, cred-
earth, white clay. -a, -um,
in
Cremona,
-ae, [?], f., a town of Gallia Cisalpina, on the Po. Its lands were confiscated by Augustus.
cretus,
-um,
p.p. of
cresco.
Creusa,
-ae, [Gr. Kpeovo-a (fern, p.,
-inis, [akin to Kpipr/s], f., a base, foundation. Less exactly, a quay, bank. crepito, -avi, -atum, -are, [fcre-
crepido,
creo, -avi, -atum, are, [fcerocrimen, -inis, [lengthened root of ( -y/cer + us, see cerus, cresco, cerno + men], n. (a decision of a Ceres)], I. v. a., produce, bring case, cf. cerno), a charge, accusaLess exactly, breed forth, beget. tion. Less exactly, a reproach, a (of animals). crime, a fault (more serious than
princess)], f., a daughter of Priam, and wife of /Eneas.
culpa).
belli
Poetically
(charges to lead to
crimina war)
;
ae
clamat crimen
(the
guilty
one).
pito-, p.p. of crepo], crackle, rattle, rustle,
i.
v.
n.,
:
;
clatter
flamma; malae (with blows) Auster (whistle) brattea vento undae (murmur).
;
crepitus, -us, [fcrepi- (stem of crepo, as root) -f tus], m., a ratcreaking, clattering, tling; rattle (of thunder).
tling,
rus-
Criiinsus, C'rinisus(-issus), -i,[Gr. K.pi/j.lff6s (Kpifjufffffa)], m., a river on the south-west coast of Sicily. Also, the river-god. crinalis, -e, [tcrini- (reduced) + alia], adj., of the hair: auruni (golden hair-band). From crinis, -is, [ ?], m., the hair. similarity, tail (of a comet, or
-
crepo,
-ui, -itum, -are, [?], i.v.n., From crack, rattle, rustle, crash. effect to cause, break with a crash (perhaps the original meaning).
shooting-star), a trail, a train. cri nit us, -a, -um, [tcrini ('lengthened, as if stem of tcrinio) + tus,
cf.
armatus],
adj.,
having long
crevi, cretum, cresoore,
hair, long-haired, crested.
Vocabulary.
crlspo,
(cf.
no
perf.,
I. v. a.,
-utum,
-are,
shell, crust,
ice.
bark.
Less exactly,
[fcrispo],
wave, brandish
crispus).
crustum,
(thin
crista, -ae, [?], f., a crest (of a Less exactly, a helmet. helmet). crista tus, -a, -um, [fcrista-f tus, cf. armatus], adj., crested (having a crest as a famous warrior).
-i, [cf. crusta], n., bread and perhaps hard baked, as
used for trenchers).
Crustumeri, -orum,
[?], m., the
people ofCrustumerium, a town of the Sabines, the town itself.
croceus, duced)
saffron.
-a,
-um, [fcrocoadj.,
(re-
+
-I,
eus],
m.,
of saffron,
-I,
Crustumius, Crustumium
-a,
-um,
or
adj., of Crustumeriuni,
crocus,
-um,
n.,
[Gr.
Less KDOKOS~\, saffron. saffron, saffron-colored.
exactly,
cru delis, -e, [fcrude- (stem of fcrudeo, fr. crudus implied in cubitum, -I, [fcubi- (stem of cubo, as root) + turn (n. of tus)], n., crudesco) + lis, cf. Aprilis],
harsh, severe, cruel, unrelentTransferred, cruel, ing, ruthless. bloody, destructive, frightful : fuadj.,
Crustumian. cubile, -is, [n. adj. fr. lost nounstem (akin to cubo) + ilia], n., a Less exactly, a nest, bed, couch. a beehive, a stall, a burrow.
the elbow.
cucumis,
root
+ is
-eris, [?, reduplicated (akin to -us and -or)],
(of the lower world). Also, bitter, violent: luctus; odium. crudeliter [fcrudeli + ter ( ?, neut.
nus; fata; arae; umbrae
m., a cucumber. cuius (quo!-), -a, -um, [fquo(stem of qui) + ius), pron. adj., whose ?
of terus, reduced)], adv., cruelly, barbarously. crudesco, -ui, no sup., -escere, [tcrude- (cf. crudells) + sco], 3. v. n. inch., grow hard, become
aggravated,
fierce,
culmen,
V'col)
top,
-inis, [unc. root (perhaps
+ men,
cf.
columna],
n.,
lofty abodes. culmus, -I, [cf. "halm "], m., a stalk, stem (esp. of grain), straiu-thatch.
summit, roof ;
wax
-a,
grow
hot :
worse,
grow culpa,
to
-ae, [?],
f.,
fault, crime, de-
cradus,
pugnae. -um, [stem akin
fect, guilt.
Less exactly, infection,
disease (cf.
vitium) .
,
cnl pal us, -a, -um, p.p. of culpo. cruor -f dus], adj., bloody, raw. o ui po, -avi, -atum, -are, [ fculpa] From similarity, hard, rough. I. v. a., blame, reproach, censure, Less exactly, undressed, raw : pero.
Fig., rough, rude,
nectus.
ensis^
Also,
cruel,
sturdy : seharsh :
reprove, disapprove,
condemn.
p.p.,
culpatus,
able, to be
-a,
-um,
blame-
blamed.
cruento, -avi, -alum, -are, [fcru- culter,

ento-j, I. v. a., make bloody, spot or stain with blood.
-tri, [?], m.,
a knife, sacri-
cruentus, -a, -um, [-y/cru, in cruor, p. or p. developed, cf. ar-
ficial knife. cultor, -oris, [VCG! ( colo) tor], m., cultivator, husbandman, Less exactly, tiller of the soil.
gentum], adj., From similarity, son, red : myrta

etc.)
bloody, gory. blood-red, crim;
inhabitant.
priest.
Also,
(cf.
worshipper,
Also
colo), lover:
bello signum.
nemorumPan
cultrix,
{loving to inhabit).
cruor, -oris, [y'cru
(in cruentus, or], m., blood, gore (blood
-icis, [-v/col (root of
colo)
shed).
Also, life-blood.
trix], f., a female inhabitant. Also, protectress, patroness, mistress.
crus, -Sris, [?], n., the leg. crusta, -ae, [?, but cf. crustum
and
/cpuaraAAos],
f. f
the skin, rind,
cult lira, -ae, [fcultu- (lengthened, perh. as if verb-stem, cf. tribus,
Vocabulary.
tribunus,
rus,
1.
trlbuo)
ra
(f.
of
bees).
dle, first
Fig., of a birthplace, cra-
also figura)], f., cultivation, care. cult M-, -a, -ii in, p.p. of colo.
cf.
maturus,
cunctor,
2.
cultus, -us, [^/col O n colo) 4tusj, m., cultivation, tillage (of Of other things, care. land).
Fig.,
: gentis nostrae. -atus, -ari, [fcuncto, p.p. of lost verb of unc. root, but cf. Sk. afik, waver~\, I. v. dep.,
home
linger,
loiter,
hesitate,
delay
:
;
cunctando (by dilatory measures)

cunctanti (of Palinurus,
mode of
life,
manners,
dress,
1.
care of the person, plight. [prob. identical with con], prep, with abl., -with (in all English senses except instrument, and sometimes almost approaching that if accompaniment is the main idea).
cum
resisting, not yielding to sleep). cunctus, -a, -um, [con-iunctus, p.p. as adj.], adj., usually plur., all
(together), the whole.
cuneus,
-i, [?,
but
cf.
conus, cos],
Appended to personal pronouns
mecum, tecum.
2.
Phrase
cum
cf.
From the form, a m., a wedge. column (of attack, in the form of a wedge). Also, the rows of a
theatre, benches
cum
prlmls,
chiefly, especially.
of spectators.
(earlier
fr.
form
quom,
cuiique, see
cumque.
qui), incorrect spelling, [unc. case-form of quis, qui, cf. turn, mini, dum], adv. Temporal, when, since, while. Causal, since, although, while.
cuius
quum,
-onis, [?], m., son of Cycnus, a prince of northern Italy. Cupencus, -i, [?], m., a Rutulian. cupido, -inis, [fcupi- (either stem of cupio or lost noun-stem akin)
Cupavo,
Cnmae, -arum,
[Gr. Kv/n?]i f., an ancient colony of the Chalcidians in Campania, the residence of the
-a,
do, perhaps through cupes],
f.,
rarely m., desire, longing, eagerness. Personified, Love, Cupid.
Cumaeus,
adj.,
_Sibyl.
-um,
[Gr. Kivtcuos],
cupidus, -a, -um, [fcupo- or fcupi(lost stem akin to cuplo) + dus],

adj.,
of Cumce, Cumcean.
longing, eager, desirous.

-Ivi
(-ii),
cumba, see cymba. cumque, [2. cum-que,

que],
adv.,
relatives,
cupio,
cf.
-itum,
-ere,
quisusually appended to
[ -y/cup,
but perhaps through noun-
(always), so ever. cumulatus, -a, -um, p.p. of cu-
mulo.
ciinuilo, -avi,
stem], 3. v. a. and n., long for (stronger than volo), desire, be eager, covet, wish, be anxious, long,
burn
I. v. a.,
to.
-atum, -are, [fcu- cupressus,

heap up, pile up.
-i,
[Gr.
Kuiropiff-o-os],
f.,
mulo],
By a change of point of view, heap up with, load, pile with :

altaria muneribus Poetic use veniam cudonis. mulatam morte remittam (in-
the cypress (a tall evergreen sacred to Pluto, and a sign of death and
mourning)
Acesten
cfir (quor), [prob. qua-re], interrog. adv., why? wherefore? for what purpose ?
creased by
my
[lost
death,
repaid
in
cura, -ae, [akin to
itoipavos],
f.,
ample measure).
cumulus,
KVfio- in
-i,
stem fcumo-
(cf.
care, trouble, anxiety, concern, solicitude : curae ingeminant. love
composition, wave, same root as KVIO) + lus], m., a mass, a heap, a pile. cunabula, -orum, [tcuna- (as if of lost verb, cf. cunae) -f bulum]
n. plur.,
Esp. of love, distress (of love), : regina gravi saacia cura. Concretely, the object of love,
love, flame, darling: tua cura With reference to an Lycoris.
a cradle.
nest,
cell
(resting-place
Less exactly, of
object, solicitude, care, attention,
pains,
concern
cura
peculi
Vocabulary.
grandaevis oppida curae
are their care)
;
(i.e.,
amantes curae
purpura;
shooting-star) : stella ; tremor ; classis iter tutum
numen habet (has in his care) ; (speed); aequor (skim). tantae est victoria curae (such currus, -us, [ y'curr (as if root of terracurro) + us], m., a chariot, car. eager desire for victory) Less exactly, a te,arn, horses : nee rum cura (charge) arva non audit currus habenas. curae to no a plough ulli obnoxia (subject omni cura vires labor of man) (with wheels). exercet (diligence); curas ex- cursus, -us, [ v/curr (as if root of In a weaker tendit in annum. curro) +tus], m., a running, course, march, passage, voyage, sense, regard for, thought of, memjourney, pursuit, flight, race : ory : Corydonis (regard for); hunc modum cursus (manceuamissae parentis ea cura vres) transmitterecursum(rrdw rumpere, etc. (the thought).
;
; ;
the ferry) Less exactly, gait, walk, mode of running ex going : business, province ducis concipe curam (task, but compare grantrepido c\n:&Vi(trembling haste) daevis, etc., above) quibus cura Transferred, direction, way, course struere obsidere (of a river), course (of ships, &c.) penum (office) cura datur Messapo ; tenues torquet medios cursus nox (rolls in the middle of her course). curae (trivial affairs). PerCares : curvatus, -a, -um, p.p. of curvo. sonified, in first sense, ul trices (pangs of conscience). curvo, -avi, -atum, -are, [tcurcurculio (gurgulio), -onis, [?], VO-], I v. a., bend, bow, bend down, m., a corn-worm, weevil. curve, crook. curvatus, -a, Cures, -ium, m. and f., the ancient -um, p.p. as adj., bent, arched, chief town of the Sabines. bowed, curved, hollowed out.
Concretely, object of care, care,

:
Curetes, -um, [Gr. Koup^res], m., curvus, -a, -um, [same root as Gr. the most ancient inhabitants of the Kvpros + va], adj., crooked, bent, curved: aratrum ; arator (stoopisland of Crete, priests of Cybele falces (hooked} flumina (the same as the Corybantes). ing) curia, -ae, [?], f., the senate-house. (winding) euro [old form, coero], -avi, cuspis, -idis, [ ?], f., a point: acuta. -sit um, Less exactly, a trident, a spear, -are, [fcura], i. v. a., care for, take or have care of, be javelin, lance. solicitous for, look or attend to, custodia, -ae, [stem of fcust5d + ia (f. of -ius)], f., watch, guard, trouble one's self about, tend, culticorvate, look out for (secure) care, charge. Concretely, a guard orguardian. vites \\x.,guards,guard pora (refresh) ; (dress) ; carmina ; id venti curant ; frior watch. -ivi or With care -ii, -itum, -ire, inf., custodio, gora (mind).
;
to,
desire
to,
take the trouble

-I,
to.
[fcustodi-(asif stem of custos)],

4. v. a.,
curriculum,
ened)
[fcurru- (weakn., course.
watch over, protect, defend,
Esp., with the notion of hindering free motion, hold back, career. preserve, keep, giiard, shut up, hold in custody, hold captive. curro, cucurri, cursum, curWith clause with ne, guard, watch. rere, [?], 3. v. n., run, move Less ex- custoditus, -a, -um, p.p. of cusquickly, hasten, &c. todio. actly and fig. of everything conceived as moving, sail, flow, pass, custos, -odis, [?], comm., a guard, skim, fly, run, shoot, glide (of a watch, preserver, keeper, overseer.
culum, dim.],
course
guard.
Fig.,
space,
(of time),
Vocabulary.
Less exactly, herdsprotector. man, porter, pilot, overseer, shepherd, watchdog, watchman, spy, priest, attendant (of a boy).
vu>s~],
73
adj.,
of CyUene.
Masc.,
Less exactly, of MerMercury. cury : ignis (the planet Mercury).
Cybebe
f.,
(-ele), -es, [Gr.
KuflVjfli?],
cyinba, -ae, [Gr.

a
skiff,
KiûjSTj], f.,
boat,
n.,
Cybele, a Phrygian goddess worshipped as mother of the gods.
a bark.
-i,
cyinbalum,
a cymbal.
[Gr. K i>/j.&a\ov] ,
Her worship was orgiastic, accompanied by drums and cymbals. Her effigies were crowned with towers, and her car drawn by lions. Cybela, -ae, [Gr. KJ^XTJ], f., a
cyinbium,
n.,
-I
(-il),
[Gr. KVH&LOV'],
a cup, a boivl (in form of a

Kuyuo5o7j],
f.,
boat, cf. cymba). Cymodoce, -es, [Gr.
mountain
Cybele.
in
Phrygia, sacred to
a sea-nymph.
-ae, [adj. fr. the prea sea-nymph. Cymothoe, -es, [Gr. Ku/xoflcfy], f., a sea-nymph. Cyniphlus, -a, -um; see Ciny-
Cymodocea,
ced.],
f.,
Cybele, -es; see Cybebe. Cybelus, -I, sometimes read Cybela, -ae. Cyclades, -um, [Gr. Ku:Aa5s,
for
fr.
KVK\OS, circle], f. plur., a group of islands around Delos in the yEgean.
phius. Cynthius,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
CyclSpeus,
-a,
-um,
[Gr.
Ki>/cAo>-
of Cynthus.
[Gr. KvvBios], Masc., Apollo,
irejoj], adj., of the Cyclopes : saxa. Cyclops, -opts, [Gr. KuKAeoif], m., a Cyclops, fabled giants with one
Lord of Cynthus. Cynthus, -I, [Gr.
Kwflos], m., a
eye in the middle of the forehead. They served as the workmen of

Vulcan.
mountain in Delos, the birthplace and favorite haunt of Apollo. cyparissus, -i, [Gr. Kwapiaaos'], f.,
the cypress (an evergreen tree used
.
at funerals, and planted by tombs) cycnus, -I, [Gr. KVKVOS}, m., a swan. Cycnus, -I, [same word as preced.], Cyprus, -i, [Gr. Ki/nyws], f., an
m.,
king
to a
of
the
Ligurians,
f.,
island in the Mediterranean.
changed
swan.
Cyrene,
a
-es, [Gr. KU^JTJ],
f.,
the
Cydippe,
nereid.
-es, [Gr. KuSimnj],
Cydon, Cydon,
-onls, m., a Latin. -onls, [Gr. K.u5a>~\, adj. a Cydonian, a native of Cydonia, a town of Crete, put generally for Cretan.
-a,
mother of Aristaeus. Cyrneus (-naeus), -a, -um, [Gr. tKi/p/*?oj], adj., of Corsica (anm., ciently called Cyrnus), Corsican.
Cythera,
nia
-orum,
n. plur., the island
[Gr. K^pa], south of Laco-
Cydonlus,
adj.,
-um,
a Cydonian;
-i
;
[Gr. Ku5/os] see Cydon.
(now Cerigo), where Venus was fabled to have landed from the
sea.
Cygnus,
see
Cycnus.
Cythereus,
peios'],
-a,
-um,
[Gr. tKuflr?-
cyllndrus, -1, [Gr. Kv\ivSpos'], m., a roller, a stone (for rolling). Cyllarus, -i, [Gr. Ki/AAopoj], m.,
the horse of Pollux.
Fern., of Cythera. the goddess of Cythera, Venus. cytlsus, -I, [Gr. /ctrneroj], comm.,
adj.,
clover (of a special kind, perhaps

bi
Cyllene, -es (-ae), [Gr. KV f., a mountain of Arcadia, the

place of Mercury.
Cytorus,
for
its
medicago arborea~). -I, [Gr. Kwrwpos], m., a mountain in Paphlagonia, famous
Cyllenlus,
-a,
-um,
[Gr.
Kt/AA^-
boxwood.
Vocabulary.
D.
Dacus,
Dacian, of the Dad (a warlike people on the northern bank of Masc. plur., the the Danube).
-a,
-um, [Gr.
AOK<$J), adj.,
Dardanldes,
-ae, [Gr.
Aa
patronymic of Dardanus], m., son of Dardanus. Esp., sEneas, descended from him. Plur., the
Dacians (the people themselves). Trojans. Daedalus, -I, [Gr. Aai'8aA.os], m., a Dardanis, -idls, [Gr. AapSwis, cf. famous artisan of Athens who built preceding], f., daughter of Dardanus. the labyrinth, and escaping from Esp., the Trojan women. Crete on artificial wings, landed at Dardanius, -a, -um, [Gr. AapSdCumae (see next word). pios],adj., (ofDardanus) of Troy, daedal us, -a, -um, [Gr. Sot'SaAos], Fern., the Trojan land, Trojan.
,
adj.,
skilful,
ferred,
tic :
cunning. cunningly wrought, artis-
Trans-
Troy.
Dardanus, Dardanus,
vos],
adj.,
-i,
[Gr. AopSai/os], m.,
tecta.
Dahae, -arum,
[Gr. Aaoi],m. plur., a Scythian tribe east of the Caspian on the Sea, Oxus, in the modern
son of Jupiter and Electra, founder of the house of Priam and /Eneas.
-a,
-um,
[Gr. AapSa-
dama,
Aoj],
see damma. dam ina, -ae, [perhaps akin to 8ci/xof.
Daghestan.
(rarely m.), a deer.
of Dardanus, son of Jupiter and Electra, father of Tros, and founder of the race of Priam and /Eneas, Dardanian. Less Masc. plur., the exactly, Trojan.
Trojans.
damnatus, -a, -um, p.p. of damno.
damno, -avi,
no-J,
I
.
v.
-atuni, -are, [fdamz.,(Jine), sentence, judge,
Dares,
etls, [Gr. Aapi?$], m.

;
i.
Trojan boxer
2.
Trojan war-
rior. condemn. Less exactly, bind, oblige : votis (bind by vows, by dator, -oris, [^/da + tor], m., a quem dam.net giver. granting prayers) labor (whom the toil of war shall datus, -a, -um, p.p. of do. Da uc us, -a, -um, [?], adj., of condemn to death). Daucus, a noble of the Rutuli, Damoetas, -ae, m., a shepherd. Rutulian. Damon, onis, [Gr. Aa/uwi/], m., a
; i
goatherd.
Daunlus,
[Gr.
AOJ/^TJ],
f.,
-a,
-um, [fDauno-
(re-
Danae,
a daughter of Acrisius, king of Argos, beloved by Jupiter and sent adrift in a boat. Virgil interprets the story differently (see Ên. vii.
-es,
duced)
ius], adj.,
of Da^tnus,
Daunian.
[?], m., a mythical king of Apulia. de [unc. case from pron. -^/da, cf. deterior, demum], prep, with
Daunus, -I,
410).
Danaus, -a, -um,
[Gr. Aavaos], adj.,
abl.,
(down,
cf.
of Danaus, a mythic king of Egypt who settled in Argos, father of the Danaidae, and king of Argos. Masc. Less exactly, Grecian.
plur., the Greeks.
away from, down from,

pendere de rupe.
a whole, from,
cause, origin,
of,
compounds), from, out of : Of part from

out
of.
Of
from,
and
material,
Daphnis,
-idls, [Gr. &<!uj>vii\,m., a mythical Sicilian shepherd, the into

5airdt>i)~], f.,
ventor of bucolic poetry.
fdaps, dapts, [akin feast, a banquet.
de of: suo de nomine (after) te suscepta (begot by). Fig. (cf. Eng. of-, off), of, in regard to, about, concerning, respecting, as to : de vita certant (for life} de te merui (ofyou) ; cui tantum
;
Vocabulary.
de te licnit {upon, of an outrage)
.
75
Of
quasi origin, in accordance

:
with, by
de more.
dea, -ae, [cf. deus], f., a goddess. debellator, -oris, [de-bellator, cf. debello], m., a conqueror, a subduer.
decisus, -a, -um, p.p. of decido. Declus, -i (-ii), [prop. adj. ?], m., a Roman gentile name. Esp., two distinguished Romans, P. Decius Mus, who devoted themselves to death in battle for their country, one at Veseris, the other
at
debell<3, -avi,
bello],
crusji, quell.
-atum,
I. v. a.,
-are, [desubdue, vanquish,
Sentinum.
debeo, -bui, -bitum, -bere, [de{keep away), owe. due, be destined, be dc bit us, -a, -urn, appointed. p.p. as adj., due, destined, appointed. de bills, -e, [de-habilis] adj., {unhandy), weak, maimed, powerless,
habeo],
2. v. a.,
Pass.,
be
declaro, -avi, -atum, -are, [declaro], I. v. a., make plain, maniEsp. by word of mouth, fest. pronounce, proclaim, announce, declare : Cloanthum victorem. declino, -avi, -atum, -are, [declino], I. v. a. and n., bend down, turn off. Esp. of the eyelids, lower, close : lumina somno. decolor, -oris, [de-color, as adj.],
adj.,
crippled.
{with
its
color off), discolored,

.
debllito, -avi, -atum, -are, [fdebilito-, fr. debllis], i.v.a. weaken,

enfeeble. debitus, -a,
aetas {/ess lustrous, changed from golden to bronze)
dimmed:
decoquo, -coxi, -coctum, -coquere, [de-coquo], 3. v. a., boil down, boil away. decor, -oris, [y/dec (cf. decet) +
or], m., beauty, comeliness, grace.
-um, p.p. of debeo. decedo, -cessi, -cessum, -cedere,

[de-cedo], 3. v. n., withdraw, regive way to, set (of heavenly bodies); nodi {retire before).
tire,
decoro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fdecoro-], I. v. a., adorn, embellish. me sepulcro.
-entls, p. as adj., desetting: die decedent! {declining) decem [cf. 5eca, petrified case-form], indecl. num. adj., ten.
decedens,
clining,
make
beautiful,
Fig.,
honor
deceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of declpio. decerno, -crevi, -cretum, -cernere, [de-cerno],
decide (cf.
3. v. a. and n., cerno), determine.
decorus, -a, -um, [perh. fdecor-f us, more likely lost stem fdeco cf. avarus, (cf. decet) -f rus, severus, maturus, and colonus, aegrotus, velox, custos,
With
Esp.
inf.,
resolve,
determine.
in a contest,
contend, fight.
3. v. a.,
decumus
adj., decorated, adorned, beautiful, comely, lovely, brilliant.
-odls],
(decl-), -a,
-um, [decem
orig.
decerpo, -cerpsi, -cerptum, -cerpere, [de-carpo],

off.
(reduced or perhaps
stem)
pluck
mua, cf. infimus], adj., tenth. dScurro, -curri ( -t-iu-urri), -cur-
decet, decuit, no sup., decere, [-y/dec, akin to dignus, doceo,

SeiKvufj-i], 2. v. a.
sum, -ere, [de-curro], 3. v.n.,r

down.
Less exactly, of any rapid motion, sail, fly, rush, march down or over, speed along: circum rogos {dance around, of an armed
dance).
Fig.,
:
and
n.,
only third
person, proper.
befit,
behoove, be fitting, be
decido,
Past tenses, ought. -cidi, no sup., -cldere,

3. v.
[de-cado],
n.,fall down, fall.
through, finish
run over, pass laborem incep-
-cidi, -cisum, -cidere, [de-caedo], 3. v. a., cut of, lop. deciplo, -oepl, -ceptum, -clpere, [de-capio], 3. v. a., deceive, betray.
decido,
tum. decursus, -us, [de-cursus], m., a running down, course, descent. derus, -oris, [ y'dec + us], n.,
76
beauty, comeliness, grace.
cretely,
Vocabulary.
(pass, deflt), [de-facio],
irr. v. a.
Conornament, adornment. Of perFig., honor, glory, fame. sons concretely, glory, pride :
and
n.
(make
off,
cf.
proficiscor),
;
decus i nostrum. decutio, -cussi, -cussum, -cutere, [de-quatio],

off,
give out, fail, be wanting to, cease : lac mini defit (fail vie) glandes sylvae (the woods lack acorns) ; navis (sink, in the sea) ; qua, deficit
3. v. a.,
shake
knock
off :
mella
foliis.
n., dis-
ignis (what the fire spares) ultimus ignis (is dying out).
be
dedecus,
-oris, [de-decus], grace, dishonor, shame. dedignor, -atus, -arl, [de-dignor] I. v. dep., disdain, scorn. dedo, -didi, -ditum, -dere, [dedo], 3. v. a., {give off or away),
,
Esp. of persons, faint, fail, sink,
exhausted : luctu Latinus ; dubiis ne defice rebus. With ace., deficit noctes umor (the night
lacks^
moisture)
deduce, -duxi,
down, draw
give up, resign, yield up. -dtictuin, -ducere, [de-duco], 3. v. a., lead
defigo, -fixi, -fixum, -flgere, [de-figo], 3. v. a., fasten down, plant in : hastae defixae (stuck in the ground) defixa aratra
;
down, drag away,
(standing in the furrow).
Fig.,
Less exactly, lead, conduct, (of a triumph, lead in triumph}, (esp. of a colony, plant} Esp. of ships, launch.
off,
draw
drain.
deduct us, -a, -11111, p.p. as adj., {drawn out), slender, fine spun : carmen (cf. tenuis). deflecto, -flexi, -flexum, -flectere, [de-flecto], 3. v. a., turn deductus, -a, -um, p.p. of deduce.
aside. deerro, -avi, -atum, -are, [dedefleo, -evi, -etum, -ere,[de-fleo], erro], i. v. n., wander away. 2. v. a., weep for, mourn for : defectus, -us, [de-factus, as if dene + tus], m., (failure), eclipse. membra; haec (mourn thus).
fix, fasten, cast down : defixus lumina (with eyes fixed, &c.) ; defixi ora tenebant (held their eyes cast down ) defio, see deficio. defixus, -a, -um, p.p. of defigo.
.
defendo,
ffendo,
-di,
-sum, -dere, [de- defletus,

3. v.
a.,
off,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of defleo.
strike'},
off,
(strike
down), ward
keep
avert
hunc furorem (defend me from).

defend
With change of point of view, from, guard, protect: aprum palus (harbor). imos pedes. defensor, -oris, [de-ffensor, cf. defendo], m., a defender, a pro- defodiS, -f odi, -fossum, -fodere, tector, a champion. [de-fodio], 3. v. a., dig down, dig. Of effect, bury, conceal. defensus, -a, -um, p.p. of defendo. deformis, -e, [de-forma (weakdefero, -tull, -latum, -ferre, [deened) decl. as adj.], adj., deformed fero], irr. v. a., carry down, bring (cf. decolor), unsightly. down. Esp. from sea to land, deformo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fdeland bear, drive, in, convey. formi-, as if fdeformo-], i. v. a.,
Less exactly, deliver, bear to, reIn pass., throw port, announce. one's self down.
-a, -um, [de-fessus], tired out, worn vut, fatigued. deficiO, -feci, -fectum, -flcere,
defluo, -lluxi, -fluxuin, -fluere, [de-fluo], 3. v. n., flow down, float Less exactly, down, sail down. of things not liquid, glide down, slide : cohors ad terfall, drop, rain equis relictis; vestis ad
disfigure, deform : by killing a member). defossus, -a, -um, p.p. of
domum
(spoil,
defodio.
defessus,
z<\}.,
defringo", -fregi, -fractum, -fririgere, [de-frango], 3. v. a., break

off.
Vocabulary.
77
-I, [?], n., must (boiled nunquam deinde (never hereafter) down) defunct us, -a, -uni, p.p. of de- Deiopela (-ea), -ae, [Gr.], f., i. A fungor. nymph of Juno 2. A nymph of defungor, -functus, -fungi, [deCyrene.
defrutum,
.
the
dep., (perform fungor], 3. end), finish, complete, have done with, pass through : vita
;
v.
to
Deiphobe,
-es, [Gr. ATJIÔ^] f., a priestess of Apollo, daughter of Glaucus.

,
periclis. degener, -eris,

cf.
Deiphobus,
[de-genus
(r for s),
-i,
[Gr. ATJ/ÔÔS], m.,
a son of Priam.
decolor], adj., degenerate. Less exactly, of low birth, ignoble.

-avi,
delabor, -lapsus, -labi, [de-labor],

3. v.
dep., glide
down, fall
degenero,
gener],
riorate.
-atum, -are, [dedegenerate, dete-
down.
I. v. n.,
dego, degi, no
ago], 3. vitam.
v. a.,
sup.,
upon : delapsus, -a, -um, p.p. of delabor. degere, [de- delatus, -a, -um, p.p. of defero.
:
Less exactly, fall into or inedios in hostes.
delectus, -us, [de-lectus], m., a choice, a selection. degusto (perh. n), -avi, -atum, delectus, -a, -um, p.p. of dellgo. -are, [de-gnsto], r. v. a., (take deleo, -evi, -etum, -ere, [de-flee, akin to letum and perhaps lino], Fig., of a off to taste), taste.
spend, lead, pass
weapon, graze.
2. v. a., blot out, obliterate.
Fig.,
dehinc [de-hinc, cf. deinde], adv., from hence (of place or time),
hence.
Less exactly, next, hereupon, then.

[de-hisco],
3. v. n.,
;
cf.
delude,
or more extended meaning, destroy, annihilate. deletus, -a, -um, p.p. of deleo. Delia, see Delius.
dchlsco, -hivi, no
terrae (crack)
sup., -hiscere,
yawn, gape
(fly open}.
delibo, -avi, -atum, -are, [delibo], i. v. a., taste : oscula (kiss

the lips).
ora
deicio
-iectum, (dell-), -ieci, -Icere, [de-iacio], 3. v. a., thrcnu do~tvn, cast do^vn, hurl down, drive down. Esp. of death, lay Icnv, strike down, bring dcnun, kill, slay.
Technically, of forces, dislodge, drive away (also of a serpent) deFig., cast do-wn : voltum.
.
deliciae, -arum, [de-flicius, akin to lacio and perhaps licium,
sublica],
ure.
light, pet.
f.
plur., delight, pleas(cf.
Concretely
-legi,
amor),
de-
deligo,
-Iectum, -Hgere,
[de-lego], 3. v. a., pick out, choose, select : jielecta iuventus.
lectus, -a, -um, p.p., dejected, Also, deprived of, dismayed. stricken off : deiecto voltu (with sors (thrown into eyes downcast) a helmet). delectus, -a, -um, p.p. of delcio. dellclo, see better spelling delcio.
;
delitesco, -litui, no sup., -litescere, [de-latesco], 3. v. inch., hide away, lie hid, lurk, skulk. Delius, -a, -um, [Gr. Afaios, adj. of ATJAOS], adj., of Delos, Delian : Apollo (so called from his birthFern., a name of Diana, place)
.
dein, see delnde. delude, deln, [de-inde, cf. dehinc], adv., from thence, from
Diana. Delos, -i,
[Gr. Af/Aos], f., an island in the .rtLgean, famed as the birth-
Of time, from here, thence, hence. this or that time on, thereafter, Less exactly, then, hereafter. thereupon, next in succession : nunc deinde (now
after this)
;
place of Apollo and Diana.
delphin,
-inls,
-i,
(delphinus,
-I),
[Gr. 5* A^/v], m., a dolphin.
delubrum,
luo), as
if
fdelu
[de-flubrum + brum],
(cf.
n.,
Vocabulary.
{place of cleansing), a temple, a
shrine.
away
(cf.
emo),
-i,
take
off.
Fig,
remove, dispel : cnras.
delude,
Demoleus, -i, [Gr. A^/nÂeos], m., a Greek. animum Apollo. demens, -entis, [de-mens], adj., Demophoon, -ontis, [Gr. AIJ/J.O (with the mind away, cf. amens), <oW], m., a Trojan.
mad, insane, crazy
than
(less violent
-lusi, -liisuin, -ludere, [de-ludo], 3. v. a., mock, deceive, delude, cheat: somnia sensus;
Demodocus,
m., a Trojan.
[Gr.
A?7;uo8<foos],
demoror,
I.
-atus, -arl, [de-moror],

delay,
amens),
wild.
Less exact-
v.
dep.,
detain, linger
(n. of
infatuated. dementia, -ae, [tdement+ ia], f., Less madness, insanity, frenzy.
ly, foolish,
out;
demum
await, expect.
[de + mum
-mus),
exactly, folly, infatuation.
superl. of de (cf. imus, sumus)], adv., (lowest}, at last, at length,
demerge,
-rsi,
-rsum,
-a,
[de-mergo],
3. v. a., sink,
-rgere, plunge.
p.p.,
demersus,
-um,
p.p.
Esp. with implied negafinally. tion, at last (and not before), not retill, only : ilia seges
sunken, submerged : rostra.
spondet
turn
demum demum (not
till
demersus,
merge*.
-a,
-um,
of de-
then). drill, -ae, -a,
demessus, -a, -um, p.p. of demeto. demeto, -messui, -messum, -metere,
nus,
cf.
[decem (reduced) -f nonus], distr. num. adj.,
Less exten each, ten (apiece). actly (regular with numeral ad[de-meto], 3. v. a., mow Less exactly, pluck (off}. down. verbs), ten : bis deni. demissus, -a,-um, p.p. of dernitto. denique [fdeno (de + nus, cf. demum) + que(case-formofquis)], demitto, -niisi, -missam, -mit&&v., (lowest, cf. demum), finally, tere, fde-mitto], 3. v. a., send at length, at last. Like demum, down, let down, let fall : multos not till, only* Oreo (despatch) morti corpora dens, dentis, [?, cf. Gr. oSovs'], m., (consign) imbrem caelo (drop} a tooth. Of things of similar Less naves (bring to land}. shape, as in English, a sickle, a exactly, lower, throw out, cause to flow, sink, cast down, hang fluke (of an anchor), prong (of a hoe), point (of a ploughshare): down, suspend, let fall, droop: curvo Saturni dente dente unubera vaccae (bear hanging}; co (recluditur terra). bracchia scopuli; iugulis cruorem (drain); demittitur caelo denseo, no perf., -etum, -ere ; see
; ;
;
nova progenies
(descend};
pu-
denso.
teum
mentea (lose denso, -avi, -a turn, -are, [fdendemissa ex umeris courage} so-], i. v. a. (also 2.), thicken, laena (hanging) make close or frequent: agmina iugum clivo a hastilia (descend in slope} uvam ramis (close up the ranks') demissa pectoribus monilia ; (redouble, hurl thick and fast}. demissa voltum (with downcast close Pass., up, stand thick, crowd
in
solido;
; ;
;
face}; dicta in aures (receive}; demissae aures (laid back}.
together, thicken, close in
agmi-
demissus,
downcast,
-a,
-um,
p.p.
as adj.,
na; tenebrae. densus, -a, -um,

verb],
adj.,
[?,
p.p. of lost
loiv,
;
vox ; lumen nomen 1o\o(drawn
subdued, drooping :
thick,
dense,
close,
from}; ab love gens (sprung}. demo, dempsi, demptum, demere, fde-emo], 3. v. a., take
crowded: fagi; iuba; testudo (serried}; caligo; grando; tecta ferarum; imber (heavy). Less exactly, of mere numbers, or
Vocabulary.
repetition in time, numerous, repeated, frequent, numberless : su-
79
to die).
boles ; Austri fremitus sant); ictus.
{incesn.
dentale,
-is,
[tdent
alis,
of
abandon : cur am ; deof, put off, posita formido; animos popu;
out: depositus par ens {doomed With idea of abandonment or relief, lay aside, get rid
depositus, -a, -um, p.p. of depono. depreoor, -atus, -ari,[de-precor], " I. v. dep., pray denuntio, -avi, -atum, -are, [debeg off ") off (ci. merui nee deprecor (pray not to nuntio], I. v. a., announce (officially, cf. defero), declare, threatescape my fate). en : iras; pluviam (portend). deprehendo (-prendo), -prehendepasco, -pavi, -pastum, -pasdi, -prehensum (-prensum), cere, (also pass. dep. ) [de-pasco] -prehendere, [de-prehendoj, 3. v. a., overtake, catch, seize : fla3. v. a., feed down, crop, graze, feed Also of mina deprensa silvis. upon : summa Lycaei. Fig., of the shepherd luxuriem segetum danger or time deprensi nautae Less ex(by turning in cattle). (by a storm); deprensus mari
: ,
adj.],n. (reg. plur.), a share (part of a plough). denuncio, see denuntio.
beam
lum
(leave behind, of a colony).
actly, of other things
than
cattle,
(by a returning anniversary).
deprensus, -a, -urn, p.p. of deprehendo. pent) depasta altaria (with the depressus, -a, -um, p.p. of dcconsumed desaepes ) offering primq. pasta florem apibus; artus fe- deprim6,-pressi,-pressum, -pribris. mere, [de-primo], 3. v. a., press de pastus, -a, -urn, p.p. of depasco. down. depressus, -a, -um, p.p. no depecto, as adj., sunken, low, deep-set : conperf., -pexuin, -peccomb v. tere, [de-pecto], 3. a., valles ; aratrum. off, comb down : vellera foliis. depromo,-prompsi, -prom ptum, depello, -puli, -pulsum, -pellere, -promere, 3. v. a.,
feed on, consume, tear, devour, waste: artus morsu (of a ser;
[de-pello],
3. v. a.,
drive
off,
drive
[de-promo],
down, drive away : fetus ovium With or (to the town for sale).
without a determining word, wean : agni a lacte depulsi ; ab ubere matris depulsi haedi. Fig., repel, save from (changing the point of view) ; ratibus taedas ;
;
serve out (cf. promo), draw out tela pharetris. (for use) depulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of depello. Dercennus, -1, [?], m., an ancient Latin king.
:
sup., -riges[de-rigesco] , 3. v. n., become stiff, become set, swoon, be w fixed (in a frightened stare); sandependeo, no perf., no sup., -penguis {freeze). dere, [de-pendeo], 2. v. n., hang down, hangfrom, hang on : lych- deripio, -ripui, -reptum, -ripere, [de-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch off, ni laquearibus ; ex umeris amicsnatch down, tear away, tear off : tus. cola tectia (fetch quickly) fudepono, -posui, -positum, -ponem ; derepti cothurni. nere, [de-pono], 3. v. a., put down, lay aside, lay down ; arma desaevio, -11, no sup., -ire, [deumeris ; corpora sub ramis saevio], 4. v. n., rage off vt away, spend one's rage : pelago hiems. plantas sulcis (plant) ; hie haedos. Esp. of a wager, put down, descendo, -scendi, -scensum, " -scendere, [de-scando], 3. v. n., put up, stake (cf. lay a wager ") hanc vitulam. climb down, come down, go down, Of the dead, lay
derigesco, -rigui, no
cere,
8o
Vocabulary.
desolatus, -a, -um, p.p. of desolo. desolo, -avi, -atum, -are, [desolo], I. v. a., forsake, abandon, desert : desolati manipli. In a
different
descend, fatt : orni; Inpiter im-
Less exactly, sink in, penetrate : toto corpore pestis. Esp., lower one's self, descend to, give way to : preces in omnes. descensus, -us, [as if de-fscansus, cf. descendo], m., a going down,
bri.
sense of the
:
primitive,
sup., -are,
lay waste, ravage
agros.
despecto, no
perf.,
no
a descent. describe, -scrips!,
-scriptum,
-scribere, [de-scribo], 3. v. a., mark off, write off, write down, draw, map out, portray : in cortice carmina radio.
(carve)',
orbem
[de-specto], i. v. a., look down upon. Y\g.,command(ot a view) despectus, -a, -um, p.p. of despicio. despiciS, -spexi, -spectum, spicere, [de-fspecio], 3. v. a., look down on: terras lupiter. Fig.,
as in English, despise, slight, disre-
deseco, -secul, -sectum,

[de-seco],
I
.
v. a.,
cut
off,
-seciire, sever :
gard, scorn.
collum.
despumo,
3. v. a.,
desectus, -a, -um, p.p. of deseco. desero, -serui, -sertum, -serere,

[de-sero],
cf.
-avi, -atum, -are, [despuma, perh. through an adj.-
detego,
(as if" unjoin," uncover), forsake,
leave, abandon, quit, depart from: ne umor deserat arenam (the
thalamos its moisture) Hesperus (Detain (/eaves Fig., establish, design, desfast. tine : me arae. below); ardentem ensis (fails him) litora naves. 'desertus, destituo, -ui, -iitiim, -uere, [de-a, -um, p.p. as adj., abandoned, statuo], 3. v. a., (set off), leave,
sand lose
pactos
; ;
stem], I. v. a., skim off. destillo, -avi, -atum, -are, [destillo], I. v. n., drip down, trickle, ooze. ^ destino, -avi, -atum, -are, [destano, cf. dano], i. v. a., set
deserted,
desolate, lonely,
desert
,=
culmina ; terrae.
Neut.
forsake, abandon.
plur.,
destruo,
solitudes, wilderness, desert.
deserter, -oris, [as if de-sertor, tear down, demolish, destroy : cf. desero], m., deserter, renegade. moenia. desidia, -ae, [fdesid + ia], f., in- desuesco, -suevi, -suetum, -suactivity, idleness, sloth. escere,[de-suesco], 3.v.a.andn., desido, -sedi, 3. v. n., sink down. disuse, lose a custom. desuetus, designo, -avi, -atum, -are, [de-a, -um, p.p. as adj., disused, unsigno], I. v. a., mark out ._ urbem aratro.
-silui,
off,
-uxi, -uctum, -uere, [de-struo], 3.v.a.,(as if unbuild),
mark
desilio,
-sultum,
n.,
-silire,
.
[de-salio], 4. v.
jump down : ab equo
leap down, (spring)
used. Less exactly, unused (of something never tried), unaccustomed. Actively, unaccustomed corda. (to anything)
:
desuetus,
esco.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
desu-
desiiio, -sivi (-sii), -situm, -sinere, [de-sino], 3. v. a. and n. Kct.,leave off, cease, forbear : plura Neut., {forbear to say more). stop, close, end, cease : aetas ; alvus in Pristin (end in).
desum,
sum],
-fui, -futurus, -esse, [deirr. v. n., be away, be absent,

adv.,
be wanting, fail.
desuper [de-super],
above.
from
desisto, -stiti, -stitum, -sistere, [de-sisto], 3. v. n., (stand off),

leave
off,
detectus, -a, -um, p.p. of detego. detego, -texi, -tectum, -tegere,

[de-tego],
close.
cease,
incepto ;
mauum
forbear,
desist:
3. v. a.,
uncover,
dis-
committere.
Vocabulary.
81
deterior, -us, [fdeterS- (corap. of [de-veho], 3. v. a., bear down, de, cf. demum and inferior) -f carry away, bear off : devecta sarmenta sylvam. ior, comp. of fdeterus], sup. deterriinus, adj., worse, inferior, devenio, -veni, -ventum, -venire, [de-venio], 4. v. n., come degenerate, weaker, vanquished. detexo, -texui, -textum, -texere, down, descend. Esp. (from the rising of the sea towards the hori[de-texo], 3. v. a., weave off, weave up (out of the way). zon, arrive at, come to, land at. detineo, -tinui, -tentuin, -tinere, deverto, see diverto.
;
[de-teneo],
cling
to.
2. v. a., hold,
detain,
devexus,
cire, [de-vincio], 4. v. a., bind down, bind fast. Fig., fetter, hold bound: pater devinctus amore. cornua. Fig., turn, divert: curdevinco, -vici, -victum, -vinsum. cere, [de-vinco], 3. v. a., subdue, detraho, -traxi, -tractum, -tracon juer. With cognate ace., win : here, [de-traho], 3. v. a., drag bella (fight victoriously) draw off. Less off, drag away, devinctus, -a, -11111, p.p. of deexactly, take away, steal. vincio. detrecto, -avi, -atum, -are, [dedevolo, -avi, -atum, -are, [detracto], I. v. a., (keep hands off"), volo], I. v. n.,yfy down. refuse, decline, spurn : iuga bos.
2. v. a.,
-toiiui, no sup., -tonare, [de-tono], I. v. n., thunder down. Fig., rage out, spend its rage. detorqueo, -torsi, -tortum (-torsum), -torquere, [de-torqueo],
detono,
-a, -urn, p.p. of deveho as adj., (cf. vehor as clep.), descending, sloping, inclined, declin-
ing, setting.
de victus, -a, -uni, p.p. of devinco. de vincio, -vinxi, -vinctum, -vin-
turn
off,
turn aside, turn
detrudo,
-trusi, -trusum, -tru- devolvo, -volvi, -volntum, -volvere, [de-volvo], 3. v. a., roll dere, [de-trudo], 3. v. a., thrust thrust away, thrust down, force down, roll off, unroll: trabes ; off, fusis pensa (spin off). : naves scopulo ; off, sJiove off Less devotus, -a, -um, p.p. of devoveo. nostem e muro (dislodge). exactly and fig. thrust down, force devoveo, -vovi, -votum, -vovere, down, drive : finibus hostem ; [de-voveo], 2. v. a., (vow away), sub Tartara hoc caput ; lovem devote, doom.
,
regnis (drive out).
deturbo,
dexter, -tera, -terum, (-tra, -trum), [unc. stem (in 8f'ios) + terus (comp. cf. StiTfp6s)], adj., turbo], I. v. a., hurl off, hurl the right (opp. to laevus, left), down, drive off, drive out : praethe right hand, on the right side. cipitem a puppi ; caput orantia
-avi,
-atum, -are, [de-
(strike off).
Deucalion, -onis,
[Gr.
AewaAiW],
m., a son of Prometheus, king of Thessaly, the survivor with Pyrrha of the flood.
the superior readiness of hand skilful, dexterous. From the custom of omens, proFern, as subst. pitious, favor able. the right
:
From
deus,
[akin to lovis, divus, and dies], m., a god, a deity. Sing.,

-i,
collectively, the divinity, the Deity. Without distinction of sex, a
deity (female),
a goddess.
For
Bacchus,
i.e.
wine.
devectus, a, -HIM, p.p. of deveho. deveho, -vexi, -vectum, -vehere, dicio
manus), the right hand: data (given as a pledge, plighted faith). Phrase ab dextera (dextra), dextra, on the right, auspicious. Diana, -ae, [perh. akin to lanus j, f., the goddess of the moon, sister of Apollo, identified with Hecate. dicittus, -a, -um, p.p. of dico.
(sc.
:
(dit-), -6ni8,[tdico(reduced)
Vocabulary.
+ io],
f.,
command, sway, power,
control,
dominion.
dico, -avi, -atum, -are, [lost nounstem fdico- (cf. maledicus)],

dedicate. l.jv. a., devote, assign,
dlco, dixi, dictum, dicere,
[ -y/dic
(strengthened), cf. SeiKw/ju, zeigen,

token)'], 3. v. a., speak, say, tell, command, sing, celebrate (in song
hard: terrae (stubobitus (painful, reluctant, from stubborn resistance to death); scopuli (dangerous}. diffidO, -fisus, -fidere, [disfido], 3. v. n., distrust, have no confidence in : armis.
easy, difficult,
born^)
;
diffindo, -fldi, -fissum, -finderc,

[dis-findo], 3. v.
a.,
or story), name, call. any form of utterance. -a, -urn, p.p. as adj. see
;
Used of
dlctus,
cleave, split
dictum.
.
asunder. diff ugio, -f ugi, no sup., -f ugere,

[dis-fugio],
directions)
.
3. v. n.,
fiy apart,
(in different
Dictaeus,
[Gr. Awcrajos], adj., ofDicte (a mountain in Crete)
-a,
-um,
scatter, disperse, fiee
Less exactly, Cretan, of Crete.
dictamnus,
[Gr. B&myuwf}, f., dittany (a plant growing on Mt. Dicte). dictum, -I, [n. p.p. of dico as
-I,
diffundo, -fudi, -fusum, -fundere, [dis-fundo], 3. v. a., pour

away, scatter abroad.
actly,
Less ex-
subst.],
speech,
n.,
word,
of things not liquid, spread abroad, scatter : dederat comam
saying,
:
command (cf. dico)
dicto
parere ; citius dicto. dictus, -a, -um, p.p. of dico.

dido, dididi, diditum, didere,
[dis-do, put], 3. v. a., distribute, spread abroad, disseminate.
diffundere ventis (had unbound her hair the sport of the winds); equites haec in ora virum. diU'iisiis, -a, -um, p.p. of dif;
fundo.
digero, -gessi, -gestum, -gererc,
[dis-gero],
3. v. a.,
Dido, -us (-onis), [a Carthaginian

word], f., the founder of Carthage, the heroine of the Êneid, called also Elissa.
carry apart,
separate, distribute, arrange, disLess exactly, interpret, expose.
diduco, -duxi, -ductum, -ducere,

[dis-duco], 3. v. a., draw apart, separate, divide, distract : terrain ad capita (stir, in cultivation) ; urbes litore diductae (separated
plain : omina. digestus, -a, -um, p.p. of digero. Also digitus,-i, [?], m., a finger. of the feet, a toe.
dignatus, -a, -um, p.p. of dignor. dignor, -situs, -ajri, [fdigno-], I. v. dep., deem -worthy : me honore ; Teucros dominos (not disby a shore). With an action as obj., diductus, -a, -um, p.p. of diduco. dain). digDidymaon, -onis, [Gr. AtSt/juttta?], deign, think fit : sternere. m., a famous artist in metal. natus, -a, -um, p.p. in pass, sense, root as Veneris. deemed lovis, deus, dies, -el, [same worthy: coniugio cf. Sk. div, divas'], comm., a day, dignus, -a, -um, [prob. -^/dic +
Less exactly, daylight, daytime. time, lapse of time, proper time, fitting time, allotted time.
differo, distuli, dilatum, differre, [dis-fero], irr. v. a., bear apart, scatter : in diversa quadrigae (tear asunder, of Mettius); in versum ulmos (transplant).
nus],
adj.,
(conspicuous?), worthy,
deserving, suitable, fitting, fit, due; tu vitula ; cantari (a poetic construction, cf. next example) : cui pater haud Mezentiua esset ;
digna relatu
ting)
;
dignum credere
:
(deserving of belief )
laudes
.
(fit-
grates (sufficient) Also, put off, protract, defer, de- digredior, -gressus, -gredi, [disgradior], 3. v. dep., step aside, lay : piacula in mortem. come away, depart: e bello. dime-ills, -e, [dis-facilis], adj., not
Vocabulary.
digressus, -us, [as if dis-gressus, cf. digredior], m., a departure, a parting. digressus, -a, -um, p.p. of digredior. dilabor, -lapsus, -labi, [dis.
Venus), Dionaean Venus).
mater
(i.e.
Diores,
-is, [?],
m., a Trojan of the
race of Priam.
Dioxippus,
-i,
[?], m., a Trojan.
Dirae, see dirus. labor], 3. v. dep., glide away : Dircaeus, -a, -um, [Gr. AjpKo?os], Less excalor (leave the body*) adj., of Dirce (a fountain near Less exactly, l^heban. Thebes). actly, dissolve away : cadavera directus (de-), -a, -um, p.p. of tabo. di lapsus, -a, -um, p.p. of dilabor. dirigo.
dilectus, -a, -um, p.p. of diligo. diligo, -lexl, -lectum, -ligere,
[dis-lego],
3. v. a., (choose out, cf.
direptus,^-a, -um, p.p. of diripio.
dirigesco, see derigesco. dirigo (de-), -rexi, -rectum,
-ri-
dellgo),
love, esteem.
dilectus,
be-
-a, -um, p.p. as loved, dear.
adj., loved,
diluo, -lui,
luo],
-1 11 1 ii
3. v. a.,
in, -lucre, [dis-wash away, dissolve :
gere, [dis-(de-?)-rego], 3. v. a., dispose in line, arrange. Esp. of troops, &c., array, form : acies. Less exactly, aim, turn, direct: tela ; volnera ; cur sum.
[dis-emo, take~\^. v. a., take apart, separate, divide : plaga (separating others by being between).
Esp. of
strife
labores
bourn
pluvia
favos dirimo, -emi, -emptum, -imere,
lacte (dilute).
diluvium, -i (-ii), [as if dis-fluvium, cf. diluo and eluvies], n.,

Less exactly, a destruca deluge. tion, a devastation.
p.p. of
or combatants, sepa-
dimensus,
tior.
-a,
-um,
dime-
dimetior, -mensus, -metiri, [distram ense (strike off) Esp. of metior], 4. v. dep., measure out, measure off. booty, plunder, rifle, ravage, spoil: dimitto, -misi, -missum, -mitdapes (of the Harpies) focos. tere, [dis-mitto], 3. v. a., send diruo, -rui, -rut urn, -ruere, [disaway, let go, send forth, send off. ruo], 3. v. a., overthrow. Less exactly and fig., dismiss, dirus, -a, -um, [*\/di (cf. 8ef5&>, give up, cea::, abandon : fugam fear) + rus (cf. Sttvis)], adj.,
.
bellum. diripio, -ripui, -reptum, -ripere, [dis-rapio], 3. v. a., tear away, tear asunder, snatch apart : dex-
rate, decide, end: proelia;
dimoveo, -movi, -motum, -movere, [di.s-moveo],

2. v. a.,
:
move
aside, separate, cleave
bram '(disperse'); Dindyma, -drum,

n.,
<li
polo umterrain (stir).

[Gr. AiVSvpa],
to
a mountain in Mysia sacred Cybele. _
dread, awful, horrible, frightful, ill-omened, ominous. Fern., esp. plur., a Fury, the Furies. of diruo. dirutus, -a, -um, p.p. Dis, Ditis, [akin to dives], m., the god of the lower world, Pluto. dis- [akin to duo], insep. adv. expressing separation, distribution, opposition and negation, cf. discedo, diligo, diripio, digero, dispono, disiungo, diffldo,
difficilis.
mi n
i
<
T<>, -a vi, -at n

I. v. a.,
numero],
count up.
-are,[discalculate, reckon,
1
1
1,
Diomedes,
-Is, [Gr. AIO/XT/S^S], m.,
discedo, -cessi, -cessum, -cedere, warrior at Troy. He afterwards [dis-cedo], 3. v. n., go apart, go founded Argyrippa. away, withdraw : bello (abanDlonaeus, -a, -um,[adj. fr. Dlone], don) caelum (be rent asunder) scena (open). adj., of Dione (the mother of
;
son of Tydeus, a famous Greek
84
Vocabulary.
sup., -crepare, n., sound out of Less exactly, differ :
discerno, -crevi, -cretum, -cer- discrepo, -pui, no nere, [dis-cerno], 3. v. a., sepa[dis-crepo], I. v.
rate, divide: telam (embroider). Fig., decide, determine, distinguish,
tune, jar.
aetas.
descry, perceive
litem
(settle).
discrimen,
cf.
-inis, [as if dis-crimen,

n., a separation, a nullo (with no disquo nullo discrimine
:
;
.
discerpS, -cerpsi, -cerptum,-cerpere, [dis-carpo], 3. v. a., pluck apart, tear away, tear off, rend Less exactly, scatter, asunder.
disperse.
discerno],
;
distinction
tinction)
habebo More
discerptus, -a, -urn, p.p. of discerpo. discessus, -us, [as if dis-fcessus, cf. discedo], m., a departure, a
parting.
(treat as of no account) concretely, a separation, a division, an interval: dedit vobis Pallas (make a distinction or difference) ; una anima dabit
so much difference, much importance) vocum septem (notes of the scale) ;' aequo (interval*) parvo (tenui) leti (slight separation, narrow escapequa spina dedit from death)
tanta (make
be of so
discinctus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
dis-
cingo ;
discindo, -scidi, -scissum, -scindere, [dis-scindo], 3. v. a., tear cliscissus, apart, rend asunder.
-a,
costis (intervals between).

(cf.
Also,
discerno), a decision, a turning-point, a crisis, peril, hazard : Sled rerum (crises of fate) ; tanto discingo, -cinxi, -cinctum, -cin(tali) (s%ch a crisis). gere, [dis-cingo], 3-v. a., ungird discinctus, discrimino, -avi, -Stum, -aro, disiungo). (cf.
-um,
-
p.p. as adj., torn,
man-
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., loosely clad, unbelted.
[fdiscrimin-], I. v. a., distinguish, divide : via agros (mark out with

torches}.
discissus, -a, -um, p.p. of dis-
cindo^
disclndS, -clfisi, dere, [dis-claudo], 3. v. a., unIn close (cf. disiungo), open.
(cf.
discumbo, -cubui, -cubitum, -cumbere, [dis-cumbo], 3. v. n., -clusum, -clu(lie
apart), recline (in place,

;
.
cf.
dispono)
super ostro
(take
another sense of dis, shut apart
their places)
dido),
confine.
sup.,
v. a.,
discurro, -cucurri (-curri), -curdiscere,

learn, find
n.,
disco, didici, no
[-v/dic+
sco], 3.
to
:
sum, -currere, [dis-curro], 3. v. run apart, rush apart, separate,
out,
come
know.
With
inf.,
divide.
As
in
dispono,
learn how
currere.
discolor, -oris, [dis-color, decl. as adj.], adj., of different color or colcutiq. ors, variegated: aura auri (of discutiS, -cussi, -cussum-, -cudifferent color from the rest.) tere, [dis-quatio] 3. v. a., (strike discordia, -ae, [fdiscord + ia], f.,
,
hasten to (severally) ; discurritur in muros. discussus, -a, -um, p.p. of disto one's place,
rush
disagreement, discordance, discord. Personified, Discord.
apart),
strike
off.
Fig.,
dispel
dissipate:
umbras.
-iecl,
discors, -cordis, as adj.], adj., (with mind apart, inharmonious, discordant, contending, hostile
differing,
:
.
[dis-fcord, decl.
disici, (disii-),
-iectum,
arma
animi
venti (warring)
Less exactly, varying, discordant :
-Icere, [dis-iacio], 3-v. a., (throw apart or aside), scatter, disperse, strew far and wide, overthrow (by scattering the pieces), demolish, shatter, cleave : montes ; rates
;
ora sono.
pacem
(destroy}.
disiectus,
Vocabulary.
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., scattered, disordered, broken, routed. disiectus, -a, -um, p.p. of disicio.
[tdissimili-
(cf.
simulo and
si-
disilcio,^see disicio.
pretend not, dissemble, conceal : as n., remain hid. dissulto, no perf., no sup., -are,
mul)],
i. v. a.,
disiungo, -iunxi, -iunctum, -iungere, [dis-iungo],

(cf.
[as
I
.
if
dis-salto,
cf.
dissilio],
discludo),
disjoin separate : Italia

adj.,
3. v. a.,
v. n.,
spring apart, spring aside,
or is (drive from).
dispar, -aris, [dis-par],

like (cf. difflcilis),
un-
burst forth : fulmine crepitus. distendo, -tendi, -tentum (-ten-
sum),
3. v. a.,
-tendere,
[dis-tendo],
unequal.
-pel-
dispellS,
lere,
-puli,
-pulsum,
[dis-pello], 3. v. a., drive Fig., dissiapart, force asunder.

pate, dispel, scatter : umbras Somnos (cleave by passing through).
Less distento, -avi, -atum, -are, [distento], I v. a., stretch out, distend,
.
stretch apart, distend. exactly, swell, fatten.
extend.
distentus,
-a,
-um,
p.p.
of dis-
dispendium,
-I
(-11),
[dis-fpen-
tendo.
dium, cf. compendium], n., (a dlstillo, see destillo. paying out, cf. pendo), expense, distineo, -tinui, -tentum, -tinere,
loss.
[dis-teneo],
3. v.
a.,
2. v. a.,
hold
disperdo, -didi, -ditum, -dere,

[dis-perdo],
stroy
utterly de-
/^carmen (murder, mangle}. -spersi, -spersum, dispergo,

-spergere, [dis-spargo], 3. v. a., spread abroad, disperse : vitam in auras (breathe forth). dispersus, -a, -um, p.p. of disscatter,
perf., sup., distaro, [dis-sto], I. v. n., stand off. Less exactly, be distant, be far away. distractus, -a, -um, p.p. of dis-
disto, no
off,
keep
no
pergo.
dispicio, -spexi, -spectum, -spicere, [dis-fspecio], 3. v. a., see
through^.
distraho, -traxi, -tractum, [distraho], 3. v. a., pull apart, rend

asunder. districtus, -a, -um, p.p. of dis-
tringo^
displiceo, -plicui, -plicitum, -pli- distringo, -strinxi, -strictum, cere, [dis-placeo], 2. v. n., disstringere, [dis-stringo], 3. v. a., mihi equus bind apart, stretch and bind. please (cf. diffldo) ditio, -onis ; see dicio, the proper (/ disapprove the horse) dispono, -posui, -positum, -pospelling. nere, [dis-pono], 3. v. a., (set ditissimus, -a, -um; see dives. apart), arrange (cf. dlgero), set diu [abl. of stem akin to dies, cf. in order. noctu], adv., long, a long time. dissensus, -us, [as if dis-sensus, diurnus, -a, -um, [fdius- (akin to cf. dissentio], m., dissent, dissendies) -f nus] adj., ofthe day, daily. dius, -a, -um, [akin to divus (perh. sion, variance. same word) and deus], adj., didissideo, -sedi, -sessum, -sidere, Neut., the sky, the vine, godlike. [dis-sedeo], 2. v. n., (sit apart), be apart : nostris sceptris terra open air (cf. sub love). divello, -velli, -volsum (-vul(not be ruled by)
: . ,
.
dissilio,
-sllui,
no
sup.,
-sllire,
siini
v.
a.,
[dis-salio], 4. v. n., spring apart,
-vellere, [dis-vello], 3. tear asunder, tear apart,
burst asunder, split in pieces. dissimilis, -e, [dis-similis] adj., unlike (cf. difflcilis), inferior to.
,
tear aiuay.
diverbero,
dissimulo,
-avi,
-atum,
-are,
-avi, -atum, -are, [dis-verbero], i. v. a., (strike apart), cleave, cut asunder.
86
Vocabulary.
of putting forth), offer, present, bestow, grant, concede, permit, allow, afford, yield, supply : aprum dari
di versus (-versus), -a, -um, p.p. of diyerto. diverts (-vorto), -verti, -ver-
sum
verto],
(-vorsum), -vertere, [disaside. 3. v. a. and n., turn

turn
aside
(intr.).
Pass.,
diversus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., in different direction or directions, Less exapart, separate, away.
actly, remote, far off, different, various, other: ramus {peculiar); luctus (different forms of) Phrase ex diverse, from different directions. Neut., different parts, distant places, different di.
optat; fortuna dabatur; terga (turn) sceptra (give away) ; animam (give up) finis dabitur manibus dant fontes germanae; sacra deosque(a//0/w/) fata cursum (ordain); millia
;
;
leto (consign) ; ulmos igni (commit) Esp. of utterance, say,

.
tell,
utter
(cf.
da Tityre nobis
tus
(cf.
accipe, hear) dicta ; ulula: ;
With
reflexive,
son it n in, below). or corpora,

self,
or
rections.
the like, throw one's

in,
rich, adj., [?], Poetiwealthy. Collateral ager.
dives,
divitls,
one's self,
abounding
fluvium
cally, fertile :
form, dis, ditis (ditlor, ditissi-
mus).
divido,
-visi, -visum, -videre, [dis-fvido {separate, cf viduus)] , v. a., part, separate, divide, cut 3. through : animum (turn in different directions); muros (make a breach in).
.
ignibus. poenas, suffer, cf. solvo, pendo (punishment being regarded by the ancients as a penalty paid) ; iura (leges), administer (cf. rl:
consign spring: saltu sese in sese in acies corpora In special phrases

;
Esp. of marriage, marry (a woman to a man), give (in marPerhaps more closely riage) connected with -^dha, appoint,
Orifju)
.
divinitus
vinely.
[fdivino
from heaven,
tus], adv., providentially, di-
divinus, -a, -um, [fdivo- (reduced) + inus), adj., of a god,

heavenly.
ic,
Less exactly, prophet;
sacred, holy, religious, godlike,

; ;
superhuman, divine : mens Alcimedon res ; lacus poeta ; os. divisus, -a, -um, p.p. of divido.
divitiae, -arum, [fdivit
plur., riches, wealth.
ordain: dies; natura modos. Less exactly (perhaps from influence of -y/'dha, cf. edo), cause, give forth, display, make, form, produce, bring forth, oftener with nouns as periphrasis for verb) placata venti maria; prolem (give birth to); tabulata iuncfunera turas (offer, afford)
:
{spread havoc)
sonitnm
nido;
+ ia],
f.
rem
(give out) discrimina costis

;
cuneum (form)
(leave)
; ;
dis;
divortium, -i (-ii), [as if dis-vortium ( f vorto + ium, n. of ius),

but
cf.
diverto],
n.,
a turning
crimina vobis ; spatium (leave) colores stragis acervos (pile) (display) multa melius se (suc;
aside.
Concretely, a parting way, cross-roads, corners.
ceed,
brace)
divus, -a, -um, [-y/div (strengthened) + us], adj., divine, godlike,

heavenly.
amplexus (emcantum (sing) vela (set). With participle or adj. as peprosper);

; ;
Masc., a god.
Fern.,
a goddess. do, dedi, datum, dare, [yda, give, and ^/diha,, place, confounded, doce5, docui, doctum, docere, I. v. a., cf. Si'Soj/u and riffy/xt], [akin to StSocr/cw and perh. dico], 2. v. a., show, teach, tell, explain, five (in all senses, mixed with idea
riphrasis for a verb (cf. reddo, facio), cause to be, make: haec vasta (lay waste); te defensum (secure your defence).
Vocabulary.
inform,
recount.
doctus,
-a,
domitor)
(female)
.
+ trix],
-um,
f.,
tamer
-urn, p.p. as experienced.
adj., skilled, skilful,
domitus,
-a,
p.p. of
domo.
doctissimus, -a, -uni, superl. of domo, -ui, -itum, -are, [fdomo doctus. (cf. -8a/uos and dominus ( -y/dom, doctus, -a, -urn, p.p. of doceo. fame)'], I. v. a., tame, quell, sub-
Dodona,
-ae, [Gr. AajSojjTj], f., a city of Epirus, famous for its oracle of Jupiter in an oak grove.
due, vanquish, conquer, master : Centauros leto ; fera corda. Less exactly, of wild nature, sub-
Dodonaeus,
doleS,
Less exactly, the grove. -a, -urn, [Gr. wuos], adj., of Dodona.
due,
Aco5o>is
master:
;
ulmus domatur
bent)
Fig.,
terrain rastris; (the stubborn elm

.
aiTbores(a'omesticate)
-lui, -llturn, -lere, [?, perh. akin to dolus and dolo], 2. v. n. and a., feel pain, suffer. Esp. in
overpower, overcome, crush,
mind, grieve, grieve for, be sorry, sorrow, be pained. Dolichaon, -onis, [Gr. AoAtxowj'], m., a Trojan, father of Hebrus.
break the spirit, oppress : ilium cura. domus, -us or -i, [y'dom (cf. 5-
dolo, -onis, [Gr.
Dolon, -onis,
Troy.
86\(av~\ m., a pike. [Gr. A<$A.(w], m., a spy of the Trojans at the siege of
,
+ us (u) or us (o)], f., a building (usually for habitation), a house, a dwelling, a home, a habLess exactly, a itation, home. palace, a workshop, any building
yuo>)
or structure
Vulcani
(i.e.
^tna).
Fig., as in English,
a house, a
Dolopes, -urn, [Gr.

plur.,
AefAoires],
m.
family, a race, a lineage.

(old loc.), at
doml
t
a people of Thessaly. dolor, -oris, [ y/dol (as root of

or], m., a pain, a pang, suffering, sorrow, grief, resentment, indignation. Concretely, a grief, a cause of woe.
home
Aomo from
(re-
home ;
duced)
n., (a
domum,
-i
home.
doleo)
donarium,
doniitus,
(-ii),
[fdono-
+ arium
(n. of
arius)],
dono. dolus, -i, [?, perh. akin to doleo, donee [mutilated case-form of fdoa sharp stroke (?)], m., a stratanicas, perh. akin to denique,
gem,
a
wile,
depository for gifts') , -a, -um, p.p. of
a temple.
deception,
deceit,
pron.
-v/da].
a dv., until,
till,
so
treachery (esp. in plur.). domina, -ae, [f. of dominus],
long
f.,
as, while.
dono, -a vi,
i. v.
-a turn, -are, [fdono-],
a mistress, a lady, a queen.
dominatus, -a, -um, p.p. of dominor. dominor, -atus, -ari, [fdomino-],

I. v.
&.,give, present (with ace. and dat., something to somebody).

sent,
abl.,
From another point of view, preendow, reward (with ace. and

somebody with something): te donati omnes donatus
; ;
dep., lord it over, rule, gov-i,
ern, gain the mastery.
cicuta
(cf.
dominus,
and
[fdomo,
-Scytos
(Jionored with a present).
nus], m., a lord, a In accordance with ancient marriage relations, a husband.

ruler, a master.
domo) +
donum,
nus)],
-i,
n.,
gift,
(n. of y'da -f a present, a re-
num
ward: noctis
Do
domito, no
[fdomito-]
,
perf., no sup., -are, i v. a., tame, break in.

.
(cover). -ae, [Gr. AOVUO-TJ], f., a small island in the îgean, famous
ii
lisa.,
for its
green marble.
-a,
domitor,
-oris, [fdomi- (weaker stem of domo) -f tor], m., a tamer, a subdue r : Ta&r\&(qHeller). doiiiitnx, -ieis, [as if fdomi- (cf.
Ddricus,
adj. fr.
-inn,
adj.,
[Gr.
AwpucAs,
of the Dorians Less (a division of the Greeks). exactly, of the Greeks^ Grecian.
Awpos],
88
Doris,
-idis,
Vocabulary.
[Gr.
Aapfe],
f.,
daughter of Oceanus, a sea-nymph, wife of Nereus. Also, the sea
as adj., to be doubted, questionable, doubtful.
dubius, -a, -um, [fdubo- (reduced)
Bacchus, wine). dormio, -ivi(-ii), it HIM.

(cf.
+
-ire, [?],
in
ius], adj., doubtful, wavering, Both of doubt, uncertain.
4. v. n., sleep.
dorsum,
[?], n., a back (of men Less exactly, a or animals) . ridge, a reef, the top (of a wave), the side (of a plough), the roof (of
-i,
persons in doubt and things not clear: res {critical) ; caelum
(uncertain weather).
a cave).
duco, clii\i, ductum, ducere, [ Y/duc (strengthened, cf. redux)], 3. v. a. Of living things,
guide, lead, conduct, escort, draw, entice : te in secreta ; equas
Doryclus,
-I, [Gr. A<{pwcAos] m., the husband of Beroe, once in the

,
Trojan expedition. dos, dot is, [ -y/da + tis (reduced)], a marriagef., (a giving or gift) portion, a dowry.
,
amor trans Gargara

(bring)
;
equum
;
ductus cornu hircus ducenteDeo (under the guidance

Esp. of command or precedence, lead, command, conduct,
of).
details,
-e,
[fdoti-
(reduced)
+
:
alls], adj., of a marriage-portion Tyrii (as a dowry).
lot o,
-avi, -at inn, -are, [fdotiI. v. a.,
(as if doto-)],
tion, dower.
endow, por-
-us, [Gr. Aam0], f., a Nereid or sea-nymph. draco, -ouis, [Gr. SpdKcav~], m., a serpent, a dragon, the Dragon. Drances, -is, (voc. Drance), m., a Latin, hostile to Turnus.
Doto,
turmas ; sacra : aciem funera ; triumphos ; orgia ; larbas (lead captive) captain examina reges. Of marriage uxor ducenda tibi ducitur datur Lavinia (in marriage). Fig., of a path, lead, conduct : quo via ducit. Of stars, bring in, usher in, lead on : astra noctem ; Of Lucifer diem ; annum.
escort
; ; ;
:
things,
draw
;
(lit.
and
fig.)
cri;
Drepanum,
its
-I,
shape],
n.,
[Gr. Spfvavov, from a town on the west
men
coast of Sicily (now Trapani). Drusus, -i, [perh. a Gallic word], m., a family name in the gens Livia and gens Claudia. Ksp., Marcus Livius Drusus, tribune
facem stella diversa bracchia ; ducantur rotae ducto mucrone gemitus pectora per augurium (lead) muros (extend) iuga (bear.)
sidera
; ;
;
;
91 B.C., and Tiberius Drusus Nero, a stepson of Augustus. Dryas, -adis, [Gr. Apvas~], f., a
wood-nymph, a dryad.
Esp. of lots, draw, select (by lot) ductis sortibus ; ductus sorte exsortem honorem sacerdos, Of artistic work, bring (take) forth, draw, fashion : ocreas argento ; effigiem ; vivos vultus.
:
.
Drymo,
nymph.
-us, [Gr. Apv/ta],

-es,
f.,
a sea-
Of
race or
line
of
descent,
;
&c., derive,
draw : genus
;
pro-
Dryope,
[Gr. Apixfcnj], f., a nymph, mother of Tarquitus. Dryopes, -ae, [Gr.], m., a Trojan. In Into, -avi, -at n in, -are, [fdubito (stem of p.p. of lost verb
geniem; ducta series (descending, coming down) nomen (take). Of time and condition, lead, pass : vitam (drag out) somnos (enjoy); bellum (carry on).
;
fdubo (?), dubius)], and a., doubt, waver, question. With or without inf., hesitate : poscere dubiquid dubitas ? tandus, -a, -um, ger. participle
cf.
I. v.
n.
Also, prolong, delay, draw out: From noctem ; amores voces.

;
mercantile use,
reckon, consider,
think, deem : ducebam sic animo ; me crimine dignum.
Vocabulary.
dfictor, -oris, [^/duc (as if root of duco) + tor], m., a leader, a guide, a commander, a captain. dnctus, -a, -um, p.p. of duco. dud ii in [diu-dumj, adv., a while time ago, ago, just noiv, a long
89
amictus (cf. the Gr. 8jirA.oi'5oi>, a long robe doubled down at the top). duplicatus, -a, -um, p.p. of dupllco.
duplicS, -avi,
plic-],
i. v. a.,
;ii
HIM, -are, [fdudouble up, double :

;
long ago.
dulcedo, -inis, [fdulce- (cf. dulceseo)+ do(cf.dulcis)],f.,.ncw/ness.
Fig., pleasure, delight (prop:
cause of pleasure} nescio qua laeti. dulcis, -e, [?], adj. Of taste and Of water smell, sweet, fragrant.
erly, pleasantness,
duplicate poplite (bent) hasta virum (bend double). Also, redouble (cf. geinino) sol umbras {add another length to); vota. duresco, -ui, no sup., -escere, [fdure (stem of fdureo, from
;
(as opposed to amarus, bitter), Transferred, sweet, pleasfresh. ant, grateful, delightful, charming, dear, much prized, much loved. Neut., a boon, a blessing,
durus) + sco], 2. v. n. incep., grow hard, harden. duro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fduro-],
I. v. a. and n. Act., harden, toughen : natos gelu ; umeros ad vulnera. Neut., harden : solum. Also, (liarden one's self), endure, persevere, hold out: durando saecula vincit (in endurWith a kind of cog. ace., ance). endure, sustain : quemvis la-
a joy.
Dulichium,
-i (-ii), [Gr. Aoi/AiX'*'] n., an island near Ithaca, and often confounded with it. DQlichius, -a, -um, [prop. adj. of wh. Dulichium is n., but used as
borem. durus, -a,

rus (?)],
unyielding,
tough, rough
from it], adj. (of Dulichium) Less exactly, of Ulysses. d n in [pron. Y/da, prob. ace., cf. turn,
adj.
.
Sid].,
-um, [unc. root + hard (to the touch),

rigid,
;
stiff,
stubborn,
num, cum], conj., (prop., that time), while, so long as, until: dum imitatur (as he was, &c.). In a logical sense, with or with" so out long as "), (cf.
dura quies Of other et ferreus somnus. senses, harsh, rough : saporem Bacchi ; hiems. Of persons,
:
cestus
modo
;
To hardened, hardy, toilworn. the feelings, harsh, hard, grievous,

cruel,
difficult,
provided.
With
negatives, yet :
severe,
toilsome
nondum necdum. dumetum, -I, [fdumo 4- etum, as if fdume (stem of fdumeo from
durnus)
4- turn (n. of tus)], a brake, a bramble thicket. n.,
casus; vada saxis (cf. first division) ; mors ; labor ; curae ; iter ; volnus. dolores (bitter)
;
Also,
fig.,
of persons, and things
belonging to persons, harsh, cruel,

fierce, savage,
dnmosus,
-a,
-um, [fdumo
(re-
brushy, duced) + osua], adj., brambly, bush-covered, briery. diinnis, -i, [ Y/dus ( ?) + mus], m., a bush, a briar, a bramble bush*.
ades;
Mars
unfeeling: Scipi{cruel war); prae;
lia (cf. preceding division)
amor
regna; certamen; vis; aures.

Neut.
plur., hardships.
i
duo, duae, duo,
[cf. Gr. $vu>, Sk. " dva, Eng. two "], num. adj., two. r ni, -ae, -a, [duo-deni], distr. d Less exactly, num., twelve each. twelve.
dux, d inis, ^/duc as stem], comm.,

a guide, a leader, a conductor, a
driver (of a chariot)
.
Esp. of
duco), a chief, a leader; a pilot, a king, a master. duplex, -icis, [duo-fplex, (-^/plic Dymas, -ant is, [Gr. Auâs], m. 2. A i. The father of Hecuba; as stem)], adj., twofold, double: Trojan warrior. palmae (both); parentes (hue);
command
(cf.
Vocabulary.
i
.
ex. ebenus, -I,

e, see
t&tvos~\, the
forth in discourse, declare, explain,

f.,
(-um,
n.),
[Gr.
relate.
ebony
tree, ebony.
ebuluin,
-I,
[?], n.,
editus, -a, -um, p.p. of edo. dwarf elder edo, edi, esum, edere (esse),
[-y/ed], 3. v.
.
(Sawfiucus ebulus).
Less -oris, [ ?], n., ivory. exactly, a pipe (made of ivory) eburnus, -a, -um, [ebor nusj, Less exadj., of ivory, ivory.
a.,
eat.
Fig.,
con-
ebur,
sume, devour, waste : edendi peflamma nuria (want of food) medullas ; vapor carinas ; to
;
dolor.
actly, ivory-hilted : ensis.
Kbusus,
-I,
[?], m.,
an Etruscan.
edo, edidi, editum, edere, [exdo, give and //], 3. v. a., put
Esp. of speech, forth, give forth. Also of utter, set forth, speak. generation, beget, bring forth. Fig., produce, cause, make : fu-
ecce[en-ce, cf.enandhic],interj.,/0, Often of an unexpectsee, behold. ed occurrence, lo, suddenly, why ! ecfatus, ecfor, ecfero, etc.; see
eff-.
nera
-a,
(make havoc).
editus,
Kchionius,
-um,
[Gr.
fEx 10'"
assisted
Amphion
woj], 9A]. t efE(JtioH (who in building Thebes).
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., raised, elevated, high; editus Austro (ex-
posed to)
edoceo, -docui, -doctum, -docere, [ex-doceo], 2. v. a., show ecloga, -ae, [Gr. tKKsryi\\, f., (a selection), an Eclogue (name given forth, declare, inform (one) of (a
Less exactly, Theban.
to Virgil's Bucolic poetry).
thing, ace.).
ecquis(-qui),-qua, -quid(-quod),
[en-quis], pron. indef. interrog.,
(is) any (whether) any &c. Usually implying some emotion, as eagerness, impatience, surecquis erit prise, or despair modus (will there ever be an end?) ; ecqua puero est cura
:
Kdonus,
adj.,
? does
-a, -um, [Gr. 'HSoWs], of the Edoni (a people of Less exactly, ThraThrace). cian : Boreae (as coming from
the jiorth).
educo,
-avi,
-atum,
-are, [prob.
(has the boy, tell me, any thought ?) ecquid in virtutem excitat Hector (pray, does Hector excite him at all?). edax, -acis f^/ed-f ax, as if feda -f cus (reduced)], adj., voracious.
;
feduco- or feduc- (cf. redux)], I. v. a., bring up, rear, nurture. ednco, -dnxi, -ductum, -ducere, [ex-duco], 3. v. a., lead forth, draw forth: adultos fetus (apes). Less exactly, raise up, build
Fig., devouring, gnawing, consuming, wasting ignis; curae. edico, -dixi, -dictum, -dicere,
.'
Of a high : turrim eductam. mother, bring forth, bear. Also, Of nurture, rear, bring up. ductile metals (cf. duco), forge,
work : moenia educta caminis. edactus, -a, -um, p.p. of educo.
ediirus, -a, -um, [ex-durus],adj., very hard, very tough. effdtus (ecf-), -a, -um, p.p. of
-
[ex-dico], 3. v. a., (say publicly, publish), properly of official announcement, order, ordain, proclaim, charge, command, aid: oves
effor. carpere ; sociis arma capessant. cdisco, -didici, no sup., -dlscere, effectus, -a, um, p.p. of efflcio. [ex-disco] 3. v. a., learn off, learn efTero, extuli, elatum, efierre, by heart, commit to memory. [ex-fero], irr. v. a., bring forth, edissero, -serui, -sertum, -secarry out, bear away: quos ex rere, [ex-disaero], 3. v. a., set ignibua (rescue) ensem (draw)
, ; ;
Vocabulary.
With re- effoetus, see effetus. (go forth}. come forth (go forth). teffor, -atus, -ari, [ex-ffor], i.v. Of height (cf. edo, escendo), dep., speak out, say, tell, relate, raise, lift up, lift: caput; bracdisclose, divulge: O virgo effare chia ad auras ; oculos ad sidera ; (say); tantum effatus. tellus elata mari elatis naribus effossus, -a, -um, p.p. of effomollibus undis dio. (tossed high) With effraetus, -a, -um, p.p. of effringo. (bear up, of the Tiber). next reflexive, arise (cf. division). effrenus, -a, -um, [ex-ffreno, Less exactly, put forth, show (infl. as adj.)], adj., ('without ,i flammas bridle), unbridled, unbroken, unforth, display : puppis aurora diem; ortus Titan; ab tamed, savage. With reflexive effringo, -fregi, -f ractum, -f rinarce signum. or in passive, be puffed up, be gere, [ex-frango], 3. v. a., break
pedem
flexive,
proud: elate (proud
boaster
.').
efferus, -a, -urn, [ex-ferus], adj. wild, savag,barbarous, maddened.
effervo, no perf., no sup., -fervere, [ex-fervo], 3. v. n., boil over. Fig., of things not liquid, rush forth, swarm forth, burst forth.
out, dash out. effugiS, -ffigi, no sup., -fugere, [ex-fugio], 3. v. n. and a., flee away, esc ape, get off, fly from, speed
away.
effugium,
(cf.
-I
(-11),
[ex-ffugium
effetus, -a, -um, [ex-fetus, p.p. of feo], adj., worn out (by bearing), barren, exhausted: senectus veri
efficio,
effugio)], n., an escape, a flight. teffulcio, effultus, only in p.p.; see effultus.
oonfugium and
(incapable of). -feci, -fectum, -ficere, [ex-facio], 3. v. a., make out, form, make, produce, accomplish, achieve : maxima res effecta ; ne lacessas (stop you from challenging).
effulgeo, -f ulsl, no sup., -f nlgere, [ex-fulgeo], 2. v. n., shine forth, gleam, glitter. (Also, -ere, 3.) effultus, -a, -um, [ex-fultus], p.p.
of effulcio, propped up, resting on, lying on.
effigies, -ei,
ies, cf.
+ [ex-ffigies series and illuvies)], f., an image, a likeness, a resemblance,

a copy.
(^g
effundo, -fadi, -fasum,

dere, [ex-fundo],
3. v. a.
-funand n.,
pour
out
.
out,
pour forth,
;
shed, breathe
;
halitus
fletus
voces
vitam
effingo, -finxi, -flctum, -fingere, [ex-fingo], 3. v. a., form, mould, More generally, reprefashion.
sent, imitate.
(breathe out, prop, shed lifeblood}; animam (sacrifice) ; nos lacrimis (dissolve in tears) ; ef-
efflagitd, -avi,
-atum,
flagito], i. v. a., ly, call violently.

efflo, -avi,
I.
demand
-are, [exurgent[ex-floj,
out,
fusi imbres (drenching rain); effusae lacrymae(y?<w/.r oftears). Less exactly, scatter, overthrow^
fling : habenas nes (dishevel);
(let
loose)
cri-
iubam
-atum, -are,
omne genus telorum
(toss); (let fly, dis-
v.
n.,
blow forth, breathe
breathe (out). effodio, -fodi, -fossum, -fodere, [ex-fodio], 3. v. a., dig out, dig From the result up : signum.
(as in English),
charge) ; effusus eques (thrown effusus labor (wasted) off} ; vires (waste) ; effunde (Aenean)
;
sub altis portis (overwhelm). With reflexive (sometimes with-
make (by digging),

Less
:
sepulchra. tear out, dig out

dig:
exactly,
pour
lumen (bored
out, uf the Cyclops' eye) .
out) or in pass., rush headlong, forth, rush out: se quadrigae ; matres effusae. -a, -um, p.p. of effundo.
92
Vocabulary.
away. Poetically, glide on (of the constellation of the serFig., pent), unfold its length. Also (cf. ex), shoot up escape.
slip
egelidus, -a, -um, [ex-gelidua], Also, adj., very cold (?}, chill. somewhat cool (a doubtful word, someonce in only Virgil, occurring times read ec gelido) .
egenus, -a, -um, [ege- (stem of clapsus, -a, -um, p.p. of elabor. hit us, -a, -um, p.p. of effero. egeo) +nus], adj., needy, destitute: res (humbled, straitened}. Electra, -ae, [Gr. 'HA.<=KTpa], f., a daughter of Atlas and mother of egeo, egui, no sup., egere, [?],
<;
_ (of
fire).
tute.
Dardanus. in need, want, be destiLess exactly, require, feel electrum, -i, [Gr. amber. electrum the need of: laudis radicis.
2. v. n., be
;
tf\fKrpov~],
n.,
(a
metal
of
egens, -entis,
p.
as adj., poor,
needy, destitute ; caring for.
mixed gold and silver). elephantus, -i, [Gr. e'At'âs], m.,

exactly, ivory.
'HA.SIOS], adj.,
Less Egeria, -ae, [?], f., a nymph of _ an elephant. Latium who became the wife and Kleus, -a, -um, [Gr.
instructress of
Numa.
egestas, -tatis,
[perh. fegent tas, but more prob. fr. a stem like milit- (miles)], f., poverty, want, need. Personified, Want. egi, perf. of ago.
Less exactly, of of Elis, Elean. Olympia, Olympian.
Eleusinus,
vos], adj.,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. 'EAeuo-?-
ego, mel, [cf. Gr. eyclv, Sk. aham, Eng. /], pron., /, me, myself. egomet [ego-met (intens. form fr. pron. y'ma)], pron., I myself egredior, -gressus, -gredl, [exgradior], 3. v. dep., -walk forth, come forth. Esp., land, disem.
of Eleusis (the famous seat of the mystic worship of Ceres), Eleusinian. Klias, -adis, [Gr. 'HAias], f. adj., Olympian (cf. Eleus). of Elis. elicio, -licui (-lexi), -licitum,
-licere, [ex-lacio],
tice out.
3. v. a.,
enout,
Less exactly, draw
draw, draw down.

elido, -lisl, -lisum, -lidere, [exlaedo], 3. v. a., dash out, squeeze out, force out, crush. elisus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., dashed up, dash.
bark.
egregius,
-a,
-um, [e-greg(e) +
ius], adj., (out of the herd}, re-
ing (of spray) nowned, illustrious, noble. eligo, -legi, -lee turn, -ligere, [exof egressus,-a,-um, p.p. egredior. lego], 3. v. a., choose out, select,
markable, excellent, famous, re-
ehen
[?], interj., alas ! ah! ei (hei), [?], interj. of sorrow, ah, alas. With dative: mihi(a/fc me /)
choose.
eia
[ ?]
interj .,
come
on
come
away ! on ! ho !
eicio (eii-),
eieci,
eiectum,
ei-
Elis, -idis, [Gr.'HAis], f., a district of Greece in the western part of Peloponnesus, famous on account of its chief city Olympia, where was a famous worship of Jupiter,
cere (elic-), [ex-iacio], 3. v. a., and where the Olympic games throw out, cast out. were held. Esp., cast up (on shore from shipwreck). Elisa (Eliss-), -ae, [a Phoenician
eiectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., word], f., a name of Dido. elisus. -a, -um, p.p. of elido. shore, shipwrecked. In a special sense eiecto armo elleborus (ftel-), -I, [Gr. 4AAeoa medicinal (with his leg thrown forward, of pos~\, m., hellebore, a horse falling in fight). plant used by the ancients as a eiectus, -a, -um, p.p. of eicio. specific for insanity. elabor, -lapsus, -labi, [ex-labor], eloquium, -i (-ii), [ex-floquium, cf. conloquium], n., eloquence. 3. v. dep., glide out, dart forth,
thrown on
Vocabulary.
gloquor, -locntus, -loqui, [ex- emo,
loquor],
late, tell,
3. v. dep.,
93
cmi,
emptum, emere,
speak out, re-
speak.
Sluceo, -luxi, no
sup., -lucere, [ex-luceo], 2. v. n., shine forth. eluctor, -tatus, -tari, [ex-luctor], I. v. dep., struggle out, force a way out, press out.
cf. compounds], 3. buy : bene emi honorem vita (honor not too dearly
[-^/em, take,
v. a., (take),
bought with
life)
emotus, -a, -um, p.p. of emoveo. emovco, -movi, -motum, -moplace,
eludo,
-hiM,
-lusum,
[ex-ludo], 3. v. a., by dodging), foil, deceive, frustrate, mock, disappoint. flu.., -lul, -liiium. -lucre, [exluo],
3. v. a.,
-Indere, (avoid a blow
vere, [ex-moveo], 2. v. remove : cardine

;
;
a., dis-
postea
(force) pelled)
emotae curae (disemota fundamenta (up-
turned}.
emunio, -mnnli, -miinitum, -ma>

nire, [ex-munio],
protect, secure.
4. v.
a..,
wash
out,
wash
off.
fortify,
Fig.,
wash away (atone
for) .
Elymus (Hel),-I,
Elysium,
n.,
-i
[?], m., a Trojan,
en
companion of /Eneas.
(-11),
[Gr. 'HAu<noj/] (
With [?], interj., lo ! behold! In quesace. : en quatuor aras. tion or exclamation with feeling of
Elysium (the abode of the
surprise, impatience, eagerness, or
_ blessed dead). Elysius, -a, -um, [prop, same as preceding, but used as adj.
despair [cf. ecquis), ah! pray ! word enarrabilis, -e, [ex-narrabilis, as from iffenarra+bilis], &&\.,describable.
Kn litt hi;t,
_ district
it], adj.,
Elysian.
-ae, [Gr. 'H/tadfa],
f.,
Enceladus,
a
of Macedonia.
-onis, [?], m., a Ru-
Emathion,
tulian.
emeiisus, -a, -um, p.p. of emetlor. emetior, -mensus, -metirl, [exmetior], 4. v. dep., measure out, measure off, measure : spatium oculis; iter (travel); saxa siemenderaque (pass though).
-1, [Gr. 'Eyic\a$os'], m., one of the giants, son of Tartarus and the Earth. He was killed with the thunderbolt by Jupiter and buried under Etna. en iiu [?, perh. e (cf. en) -nam], a conj., namely, for (explaining
The
-um, p.p. in pass, sense, traversed, passed over. gmico, -cui, -cat um, -care, [exsus, -a,
preceding assertion), precisely. assertion is often only imsed enim audierat (but plied she was alarmed for her plan for mene iubes conshe had heard} fidere? quid enim (do you bid me, &c.? I cannot, for why, &c.).
: ;
mico],
forth,
I.
v.
n.,
spring
out, leap
out, leap
up, spring up,
spring
Irregularly (used perhaps on account of the metre), therefore :
boundfomuard : in currum
(spring); equus (prance). emineo, -nui, no sup., -nere, [exmineo], 2. v. n., stand out, project : dorso (rise with the back above the waves).
semper enim refice. Enipeus, -I (-eos), [Gr.
'Evnrei/s],
m., a river of Thessaly. enisus, -a, -um, p.p. of enltor.
eminus [e-manua, cf. comminus],
petrified as adv., adv., at a dis-
cnitcii, -tui, no sup., -tere, [exniteo], 2. v. n., shine forth, beam. Less exactly, thrive, be bright
(opp. to squaleo)
campus.
tance, at long range, from afar. emissus, -a, -um, p.p. of emitto.
enitor,
emitto, -misi, -mlssum, -mlttere, [ex-mitto], 3. v. a., send forth,

let
(-nixus), -niti, [ex-nitor], 3. v. dep., (come or force out by struggling), climb up.
Esp. of travail, bringforth, yean,
-nisus
go forth,
let toose\
hurl, throw,
farrow.
shoot.
Pass., escape,
go forth.
enixus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
enitor.
94
v. n.,
Vocabulary,
Epytus], m., son of Epytus. -I, [?], m., a Trojan. equa, -ae, [f. of equus], f., a mare.
eno, -avi, -atum, -are, [ex-no],

I
.
of
swim out. movement in the

-e,
Less exactly,
Epytus,
enodis,
smooth.
we, float away. [ex-nodo (weakened) eques,
decl. as adj.], adj.,
without knots,
eiisis, -is, [?], m., a sword. Entellus, -!,[?], m., a Sicilian boxer.
enumero,
-avi,
i.
-atum, -are, [excount out, re-
numero],
v. a.,
count, enumerate, rehearse.
-itis? [fequo + tus (reduced)], m., a rider, a horseman, a trooper, cavalry (collectively). Plur., cavalry, horsemen, horse. equestris, -e, [fequit -f tris, cf. sylvestris], adj., of horsemen, equestrian : cursus. Equicolus, -I, [t], m., a Rutulian.
eOjivI (ii),itum, ire,[y/i (strength(in all senses), ened)], 4. v. n.,
equidem
doubt,
(this
eodem
(cf.
see various synonyms in English. [eo (dat. adv. fr. is) + dem
[fe- (cf.enim) -quidem], adv. of asseveration or concession, surely, truly, by all means, no
idem)],
adv.,
to
the
same
Kims,
place, there (also). -a, -inn, [Gr. 'H<os, adj. fr. 'H(f>s, the dawtt\, adj., of the dawn, of the morning, Eastern : Atlan-
(but
Pm
I am sure : hoc equidem a( least) ; certe equidem

sure);
haud equidem
dignor (/ do not, to be sure) ; atque eqidem (and in fact I do). equinus, -a, -um, [fequo- (reduced) -f Inus], adj., of a horse, Less exactly, of horses : pecus. of horse hair, horsehair. equitatus, -tus,[tequita (as if stem of equito) + tus], m., cavalry. equito, -avi, -atum, -are, [fequit(as
if
morning stars) ; flucMasc. sing., the acies. dawn, the morning, the morning star: primo Eoo (at earliest Masc. plur., the men of dawn).
tus
;
tides (the
the East.
-I, [Gr. 'Eirei(fc], m., the inventor of the Trojan horse. Ephyre, -es, (-a, -ae), [Gr. 'E^>i5I. Corinth; 2. prj], f nymph. Ephyreius, -a, -um, [Gr. "E.<pvpl\os], adj., of Corinth, Corinthian.
Epeus,
equito)],
cf.
i. v. n.,
ride.
equus (ecus, equos),

vas,
Gr.
'linros
-i, [
^/ak -f
Sk.
(7/c/cos),
a<;vas~\,
Erato,
m., a horse. -tus, [Gr. 'E/>OT<],
of the Muses.
(in general).
f., one Less exactly, muse
Epidaurus,
-I,
[Gr. 'EiriSavpos'],
f.,
the lower world, Erebus, Hades. erectus, -a, -um, p.p. of erigo. ereptus, -a, -um, p.p. of eripio. bordering on the Adriatic. epulae, -arum (-um, -I), [?], f. Eretum, -i, [Gr. "HpTjrov], n., an ancient city of the Sabines on the plur., a banquet, a feast, a festive entertainment. Less exactly, Tiber (now Cretona).
a city of Argolis, famous for the worship of Êsculapius. Epirus, -I, [Gr. "Hireipos], f., a district of Greece, on the north-east,
Erebus, god of
-i, [Gr. "Epeflos], m., the darkness. Less exactly,
food, viands.
ergo
epulatus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
epulor.
Epulo,
-onis, [epulo, afeaster], m., a Latin.
epulor, -atus, -Sri, [fepula- (or -6)], i.v. top., feast, banquet: daLess exactly, pibus (feast on):
eat:
_ nius).
[ ?, old case-form of unc. stem], adv. (and noun ?). With genitive preceding, for the sake of, on account of: illius ergo (on his Without noun as iliaaccount).
'
live
particle
(more
logical
than
itaque
or igitur), therefore, then,
epulandum apponere menup as a

feast, of
sis (serve
Ascafr.
consequently. Ericetes, see Erichaetes.
Erichaetes, -ae, [Gr.], m., a Trojaii

-ae, [Gr. patronymic
warrior.
Epytides,
Vocabulary.
Erichtnonlus,
Oovios], m., a
'
95
-i
(-11), [Gr.
son of Dardanus and father of Tros, said to have invented the harnessing of the fourhorse chariot.
-i,
Fig. of the mind; a mistake, an error, madness, deceit (prop, a
erubcsco, -bui, no
den,
mistake caused purposely). sup., -bescere, [ex-rubesco], 3. v. n. and a., redAct. blush, be ashamed. (from the signs of shame), respect,
Eridanus,
the^
[Gr. 'HpiSa^s], m.,
Greek name for the Po. erigo, -rexi, -rectum, -rigere,

[ex-rego],
3. v. a., set tip straight,
reverence.
raise, erect, set up, rear : malum; fluctus; scopulos (throiu up). In pass., rise : fumus ; insula. Esp., build: pyram. Erigone, -es, [Gr. 'Hptyo'i/rj'], f., the daughter of Icarius, who became the constellation Virgo. Virgo
eructo, -avi, -atum, -are, [exructo], i. v. n. and a., belch forth. erudio, -ivi (-ii), -itum, -ire,
[ferudi- (stem of ferudis)],
v. a., train, teach, instruct.
4.
Erulus,
neste.^
-I,
[?], m., a king of Prae-
erumpo,
(the constellation itself). crilis (her-), -e, [fero- (stem of
-rupi, -ruptum, -rumpere, [ex-rumpo], 3. v. n., a., and caus., (cf. rumpo), cause to break
erus, herus) + lis], master (mistress).
adj.,
of a
f.,
Erinys, -yos, [Gr.

Fury.
genius, curse.
t
'Epivvs"],
With reflexive, burst out, vent. As forth, break out, sally forth. active without reflexive, break out
from,burst outfrom,break through;
Less exactly, a fury, evil

Ept<t>fari~\, f.,
nubem.
eruo, -rui, -rutum, -ruere, [ex-
Eriphyle, -es, [Gr.
the
wife of Amphiaraus, who betrayed her husband for a golden necklace.
eripio, -ripui, -reptum, -ripere, [ex-rapio], 3. v. a., snatch away,

wrest, catch
up,
seize,
away,
steal,
:
tear away, take rob one of (a.
mo], 3. v. a., dig out, tear out, tear up, undermine, overturn (of walls, etc.), destroy utterly (opes). erus, better spelling of herus. ervum, -I, [perh. akin to tpoftos'], n., a vetch (a kind of pulse).
Eryclnus,
inus],
adj.,
nubes (shut out). thing) Esp. from danger, c., rescue, snatch : me leto ; fugam (hasten one's flight ) ; eripite socii (save yourPass., save one's self, selves).
escape.
-a,
-um,
[fEryc +
of Eryx.
[?], m., a Tro-
Erymans, -anthos,
errabundus,
-a, -um, [terra (stem of erro) bundus], adj. wander* ing, roving, straying. erro, -avi, -atum, -are, [?], i.v. n.,
jan killed by Turnus. Erymanthus, -i, [Gr. "Epu(jMvdos~], m., a mountain in Arcadia, where Hercules killed the Erymanthian
boar.
Eryx, -yds,
wander,
rove, stray,
roam
.
Mars
errat (battle hovers) Less ex actly, of any irregular motion, float, match. halitus (lincreep (of a vine) esca, -ae, [?], f.,food, bait. ger); manus (fly, of blows). waver, miss, wander (of the eyes) ; essedum, -i, [a Gallic word], n., a war chariot (of the Gauls) dexter (shooting at random). erratus, -a, -um, p.p., wandered et [akin to fri], con].,and (stronger over ; n. pi., wanderings. than -que and weaker than atque). With correlative conj., et error, -orls, [êrr (as if root of et, both and, and at the same time erro) + or], m., a wandering, et . que, (omitting the first) turning, maze (of the Labyrinth).
:
. . . . . . .
[Gr. "Epw{], m.: i. A mountain of Western Sicily, with a town of the same name (now San Giuliano) ; 2. A son of Venus, killed by Hercules in a boxing-
:,
96
both
.
. . .
. .
.
.
Vocabulary.
.
and; neqne et, not and but, not and, not neque, and at the same yet ; et time not (omitting the first), and With emphasis, and that too, not.
. . . . . . .
.
shout of joy at the festivals of
Bacchus)
Euphrates,
and also, even, and lo ! and then. etiam [et-iam], conj., even now, still, yet. (and noiv, in addition
to
-is, [Gr. Eu^par?;?], m., a celebrated river of Asia, risin Armenia and uniting with ing the Tigris near Babylon. Less exactly, for the nations dwelling
by
it.
stated before), even, also, likewise.
what has been
Europa,
-ae,
[Gr.
f>vp<am\\,
f.,
Europe, the continent.
etiamiium [etiam-num, cf. etiam Eurotas, -ae, [Gr. Eup&Sras], m., a river of Lacedaemon, on which nunc], conj., even now, still. Of past time, even then, still, till Sparta stood (now Basilipotamo). then. Eurous, -a, -uin, [Gr. -[Evpwos^, Etruria (He-), -ae, [borrowed adj., of the east wind (Eurus).
stem fEtrus- (?)
f.,
+ ia (f. of ius)], the country of Central Italy, north of the Tiber, and west of the
or fEtruso-
Less exactly, Eastern.
Eurus, -I,
[Gr. Ei5pos], m., the southLess exactly, wind. east wind.

-I, [Gr. EfywaA.os], m., a Trojan, the friend of Nisus, killed in an excursion through the Ru-
Apennines.
Euryalus,
(whence Etruria, for
Masc.
pi.,
Etruscus (He-), -a, -um,[fEtrusfEtrusia) Etrurian.

cans.
etsi, [et-si], conj., even
if,
+ cus], adj., Etruscan,

the Etrus-
tulian
camp.
Eurydice,
although,
-es, [Gr. EupySi/crj], f., the wife of Orpheus, for whom he descended into the world below.
-I,
though. euans, -antis,
Eurypylus,
[as
if p.
[Gr. EupuirvAos], m.,
of feuo,
a leader of the Greeks before Troy.
fr. Euan], p., crying name of Bacchus) or Euoe !
Euan !
(a
Eurystheus,
-el (ace. -ea, abl. -eo),
orgia
(shouting the cry
of Bacchus
[Gr. Evpvo-dfvs], m., a king of MyIt cenae, the enemy of Hercules.
in his orgies).
Mn a nt lies (Evantes),
m., a ranks.
adj.,
Phrygian
in
-ae, [?], the Trojan
was he who imposed upon Hercules, by order of Juno, his twelve

labors.
Euboicus, -a, -um,

Eubcean.
[Gr. EvfloiKo s]
of Eubcea (the island east of
the coast of Bceotia and Attica),
Eurytides, -ae [|Euryt6+ des], m., son of Eurvtus {Clonus, a famous artist). Eurytion, -on is, [Gr. Evpvriiav'], m., a companion of yEneas, son of
rn
h; ms, see
euans.
EfydjSijs], m.,
Euhoe, see Euoe. Eumedes, -ae, [Gr.
_ Lycaon. Evadne,
Eumelus, -I, [Gr.], m., Eumenides, -urn, [Gr.

f.
a Trojan herald, son of Dolon. a Trojan.

Eu/uerfSes],
-es, [Gr. EvaSi/r;], f., the wife of Capaneus (one of the seven against Thebes), who burned herself on the funeral-pile of her hus-
band.
well-wishers, the Furies (so called to propitiate them, or to avoid the omen of their name).
plur.,
Eumenius, another reading for Euneus, /En. xi. 666. Eunaeus, -I, [Gr. Etfjôy], m., a
evado, -vasi, -vasum, -vadere, [ex-vado], 3. v. n. and a., go out, pass out, come out: ex obscura silva. Esp., get away, get away
from, escape
:
casus urbes flam; ;
mam;
hostes.
With
ace. (cog-
Euoe
Trojan. [Gr. Evot],
nate), pass
inter).,
over, pass
Evo'e ! (a
viam; spatium.
through : Less exactly
Vocabulary.
(cf.
97
effero),
go up, mount up,

;
as-
eviscero, no
if
Evander
cend: ad superas auras gradus. evalesco, -lui, no sup., -lescere, [ex-valesco], 3. v. n. incept., get one's strength, grow strong. Less _ exactly, be able, have the power.
perf., -atum, -are, [as f eviscero- (ex-viscus) orfevisceri-], I. v. a., disembowel.
evoco, -avi, -atum,- -are,

voco],
I. v. a.,
:
[ex-
summon
call forth, call out,
animas Oreo (conjure
(-drus), -dri, [Or. Eftw/fyos], m., the king of Pallanteum,

re-
_/)
see more approved spelling euoe. evolo, -avi, -atum, -are, [ex-
Evoe,
on the Tiber, who hospitably
_ ceived Êneas.
Evandrlus,
-a,
-um, [fEvandro-
(reduced)+ ius], adj., ofEvander. Less exactly, of Pallas (Evan-
volo], I. v. n., fly forth, fly out, Less exactly, spring fly away. out or forth.
_ der's son).
Evandrus,
see
evolvo, -volvi, -volutum, -vol-
Evander.
sup., -nescere, 3. v. n. incep., van-
evanesco, -run, no
[ex-vanesco],
3. v. a., rollout, roll forth, unroll. With reflexive, or in pass., roll, roll d<non.
vere, [ex-volvo],
Of a scroll, unroll, ish away, vanish. hence, narrate, set forth. evans, -antis ; see euans. Evas, see Euanthes. evomo, -mui, -mltum, -mere, eveho, -vexi, -vectum, -vehere, [ex-vomo], 3. v. a., vomit forth, cast up : fumum. [ex-veho], 3. v. a., carry out, bear Also (cf. effero), bear ex (ec-, -e), [cf. <?/c, <?|], prep, (with away. Of space, out of (cf. ab, abl.) up, bear aloft. evenio, -veni, -ventum, -venire, away from), from : ex arbore lecta mala ; patria ex Ithaca [ex-venio], 4. v. n., come out. Of time, from, after, since, (of) Fig., turn out, happen. ever since : ex imbri. eventus, -us, [ex-fventus (cf. adYig.,from, of: ex me disce; ex ira resiventus), as if feven- (cf. evenio) dunt corda. + tus], m., a result, an occurPartitively (cf. ab, More generally, de, and part, gen.), out of, from, rence, an issue. Of of: nihil ex tanta urbe. fate, fortune, lot. material, from, of, made of: pugeverbero, -avi, -atum, -are, [exnam ex auro faciam; pharetra verbero^ I. v. a., beat, flap. ex auro. Of cause, from, out of, eversor, -oris, [ex-versor, as if on account of. Of place where fevert- (cf. everto) + tor], m., an overthrower, a destroyer. (cf. ab), off, at, in, on : ex parte. Also (cf. de), according to, in eversus, -a, -um, p.p. of everto. accordance with : ex more ; ex everto, -verti, -versum, -verordine (in order). In adverbial tere, [ex-verto], 3. v. a., turn ex longo collecta expressions upside down, overturn, overthro-M, ruin : nemora (prostrate) aeIn compo(in a long time). sition (besides its literal meanings), quora ventis ( upturn); eversum saeculum (debauched). fully, entirely, very much (cf. evinco, edisco, exoro, edurus) . evlctus, -a, -um, p.p. of evinco. evinclo, -vinxi, -vinctum, -vln- exact us, -a, -um, p.p. of exlgo. cire, [ex-vincio], 4. v. a., bind exacuo, -cui, -cutum, -cuere,
.
'
up, bind around. [ex-acuo], 3. v. a., sharpen. evinco, -vici, -victum, -vlncere, exaestuo, -avi, -atum, -are, [ex-
[ex-vinco], overcome.
3.
v.
a.,
vanquish,
aestuo],
i. v. n.,
boil up, foam up.
evlnctus,
-a,
-um, p.p. of evlnclo.
Fig., toil, glow, ira.
turn
mena
98
i.examen,
a swarm.
2.
Vocabularv.
-inis,
[ex-agmen],
n.,
examen, -Inis, [as if fexag- (cf. animo (by forget fulness). exigo) + men], n., the tongue of a balance. excido, -cidi, -cisum, -cidere, exanguis, see exsanguis. f_ex-caedo], 3. v. a., cut out, cut Less cut down, hew out. oxiiniiiiiitus, -a, -um, p.p. of exojf, aniino. exactly, raze, lay waste (cf. excxanintis, -e (-us, -a, -um), scindo) . [ex-fanima- (weakened), decl. as excindo, see exscindo. adj.], adj., (out of breath), lifeless, excio (-cieo), -ivi (-ii), -citum dead. Also, breathless (with fear), and-citum,-cire,[ex-cio (cieo)], summon. Less half dead with fear, terrified. 4. v. a., call
nefas (fall). Esp., slip away, escape: pastoribus ignis (get away from unnoticed} ; dolores
exam mo,
animo
-avi, -a turn, are, [fex-
exactly,
(cf.
exanimis, -us)],
i.
undis molem (cause an uproar).

Fig., arouse, stir, excite
:
forth, call forth,
produce
in
v. a., kill, frighten, terrify.
bello
exardesco,
-arsi,
-arsum, -arde3. v. n. inFig., of persons
reges
(rouse
to
war)
pulsu
scere, [ex-ardesco],
cep., blaze up.
and feelings, blaze forth, burst be inflamed: ignis forth, be fired, animo ; dolor ; AUecto in iras.
exaudio,
-divi
(-ii),
-ditum,
-dire, [ex-audio], 4. v. a., hear (distinctly or from afar) : voces.
tremit excita tellus (of the Earth half personified). excipio, -cepi, -ceptum, -cipere, [ex-capio], 3. v. a., take out, take up, take from or after : clipeum sorti. Esp., take next, succeed'(to something), follow, receive next :
pedum
With implied
favor,
hear
and heed,
Romulus gentem
(meets you).
quis te casus
As a hunting term
listen to, regard.
exauditus, -a, -um, p.p. of exaudio. excedS, -cessl, -cessum, -cedere,

[ex-cedo],
out,
3. v. n.
(transferred to war), catch, cut off, overtake, engage with : caprum ;
Phalarim
in
latus
(cut down) (assail) ;
Sucronem incautum
(later a.),
go
depart, withdraw : regione viarum (leave) ; palma (give
(catch unawares); equitem collatis signis (meet in con/lict) ; ipsas angusti fig. in same sense
:
up) pestes (disappear) excellens, -entis, [p. of excello as adj.], p., eminent, noble : cyg.
terminus aevi (overtake)

tus
moof,
futures
(catch
hint
learn).
:
Of
persons,
receive,
num.
excelsus, -a, -um, [ex-celsus, excello], adj., high, lofty.
cf.
exceptS, -avi,
capto], i. v. in, snuff up.
-at
a.,
um,
-are, [ex-
catch (up); take

p.p.
exceptus,
cipio^
-a,
-um,
of
ex-
mangreet, welcome, treat (in any reduces gaza agresti (enner) tertain); plausu pavidos; clamore socii (hail, of Turnus, as he caeli incame unexpectedly) dulgentia terras (Heaven treat Of conversawith indulgence).
;
excerno, -crevi, -cretum, -cernere, [ex-cerno],

3. v.
a.,
(sift
out), separate, keep apart. excidium, see exscidium.
tion, take up the word, answer, reply : sic regia Juno. excisus, -a, -um, p.p. of excido. excito, -avi, -atum, -are, [ex-
cito],
excite,
I. v. a.,
call out, call forth.
excido, -cidi, no
[ex-cado],
off,
sup.,
3. v. n.,
:
-cidere, fall out, fall

;
Fig., arouse,
awaken, stimulate,
iras (call forth).
alarm
fall
down
vox per
Palinurus puppi ; auras (descend) ore
In different sense of primitive,

raise, build, erect.
Vocabulary.
cxcltus, a, -11 in, p.p. of excieo. excitus, -a, -urn, p.p. of excio.
99
-Stum, -are, [exand n., cry out. exedo, -edi, -esum, -edere, [exLess exedo], 3. v. a., eat out. exclude, -rliisi, -clasum, -cla-avi,
exclamo,
clamo],
With change of point of view: navis excussa magistro (robbed of ). execror, see exsecror.
i. v. a.
dere, [ex-claudo],
out, hinder.
i
3. v. a.,
shut
actly,
hollow out, dig out, scoop

Fig., destroy.
p.p.
out,
,
wear away.
-a,
exclusus, -a, ti n p.p. of exclude. cxcolo, -colui, <u It inn, -colere,

[ex-colo],
3. v. a., cultivate,
exesus,
hollow.
-urn,
-i,
as
adj.,
im-
exemplum,
cf.
[?,
prove (by
tillage).
Fig., culti-
(femo-, reduced,
lum,
ex-femlum cf. tem-
vate, ameliorate, civilize,
improve :
vitam per artes (adorn and improve}

.
plum), cximo], n., a sample, a specimen. More generally, tin example, a pattern, a model.
-Ivi (-11), -itum, -Ire, [exquere, [ex-coquo], 3. v. a., (re- exeo, eo], irr. v. n. and a., go out, come move by cooking), boil away, roast forth, come, go : victima saeptis away: per ignem vitium (burn servitio (be freed) amnis (arise, With intensive force of away) Also (cf. ex), overflow, empty). ex, cook thoroughly: terram (melarise, rise, mount: sterilis stirlow in the sun) pibus ab imis {spring, of suckexcretus, -a, -uni, p.p. of excerno, arbos ad caelum. Act., ers) (by some assigned to excresco) with ace., escape from, escape, excubiae, -arum, [ex-fcubia (cf. avoid: vim viribus; tela corconcubia)], f. plur., (a lying out at night), a watch, guards : vigipore. see exsequlae. lum (post, outpost). Fig., of a exequlae,
;
.
excoquo, -coxi, -coctum,
-co-
exempt us,
-a, -urn, p.p. of
eximo.
exequor, see exsequor. fire, sentinel, watchftre. excubo, -bui, -bitum, -bare, [ex- exerceo, -cul, -citum, -cere, [excubo],
I.
v.
n.,
keep watch, keep

.
arceo],
2. v. a.,
(confine or con-
guard (cf. excubiae) excudo, -cudi, -cnsum,

[ex-cudo],
-cfidere,
trol}, keep busy, busy, drive (to labor), exercise : femina famulas
3. v. a., strike out.
Of
the
effect,
forge
spirantia
fashion,
cf.
aera.
Less make, build.
exactly,
Diana chores (lead the exercentur agris (reflex., equos ; labor apes labor) Of (agricolam) cura salicti.
penso
;
dance)
exexcursus, -us, [ex-cursus, curro], m., an excursion, an expedition.
things, employ, drive,
age
excussus, -a, -u in, p.p. of excutlo. excutlo, -cussi, -cussum, -cushake drive off, off, dislodge, dash from, drive out : toros (/oss, of the lion's neck
tere, [ex-quatio], dash off, shake out,
3. v. a.,
: humum (till); turbo quern pueri exercent (ply with blows) flumina exercita cursu (hurried on tlieir course) membra (train).
;
;
work, man-
and mane) excussus Aconteus excussus {thrown headlong) curru {thrown from) excutior Bomno (rouse myself) Teucros vallo excussi manibus radii her hands); foedus ( fell from (break); rudentes (shake out).
;
persons, worry, drive, pursue, vex, harass, torment : stirpem odiis; exercite fatis; exercent te irae ; exercita curis Venus. With employments as objects,
Of
pursue, practise, occupy one's self with, ply : palaestras ; imperia (hold sway); balatum (utter);
pacem
et
nymenaeos
.
(live in)
ferrum Cyclopes; iras (vent); vices {perform fans)
IOO
Vocabulary.
(y/em,
take, AT ius, cf.
exercitus, -a, -um, p.p. of exerceo exercitus, -us, [ex + arcitus, as if fexerci + tus (cf. exerceo)], m.,
Concretely, an training). Less exactly, a band, a flock : Phorci (of sea-monsters)
eximo)J,
taken out), exceptional, extraordinary, select, remarkable,

adj., (to be
(a
special : laus.
army.
eximo, -emi, -emptum, -imere,

[ex-emo, take\, 3. v. a., take away, remove: labem (efface). Fig., destroy : nulla dies vos (obliterate
corvorum. exertus, see exsertus. exesus, -a, -inn, p.p. of exedo.

r\ halo, -avi, -iiluni, -are, [ex-
your memory)
(satisfied).
fames ex-
empta
halo], I. v. a., breathe out, exhale. exin [ex-im (unc. case-form of is, cf. interim), cf. dein, exhaurio, -hausi, -haustum, dehinc], adv., = exinde, which see. haurire, [ex-haurio], 4. v. a., drain out, drain, waste, wear out, exinde [exin + de, cf. inde], adv., exhaust. Fig., of trials and the (from thence, cf. hinc), then, after
like,
cula
undergo, suffer : bella satis poenarum. ;

-a,
peri-
that, afterwards.
(cf.
In a narration
ex-
inde), then, next.
ha ii si us,
-u in, p.p. as adj.,
drained, exhausted, worn out. Neut. plur., trials, sufferings. exhaustus, -a, -um, p.p. of ex-
exitialis, -e, [fexitio- (reduced) alis], adj., destructive, fatal, deadly,
ruinous.
-I (-11),
exitium,
haurio. ^ exhorresco,
+ ium),
Less
bane.
chief,
cf.
[ex-fitium (fito exeo], n., death.

ruin, destruction, weaker, peril, mis-
-horrul, no sup., -horrescere, [ex-horresco], i. v. n. incep., shudder at, dread.
exactly,
Still
misery.
exhortatus, -a, -um, p.p. of ex- exitus, -as, [ex-itus, cf. exeo], m., a going out, a departure, an egress, hortor. an exit. exhortor, -tatus, -tarl, [ex-horEsp., death, decease, end
tor], I. v. dep., encourage, spur on, incite, urge.
(of
life).
Generally, issue (cf.

result.
(
exigo, -egi, -actum, -igere, [exago],

3. v.
a.,
exeo), event, exodi, -odisse

v. a.,
osus), [ex-odi],
drive out, drive,
thrust ;
exoptatus, -a, -um, p.p. of exopto. end, fulfil: aevum; exactis mensibus annos. With different exopto, -avi, -atum, -are, [exopto], I. v. a., long for, desire meaning of ago (cf. 2. examen), exactus, -a, (earnestly). weigh, fonder. -um, p.p. as adj., discovered, found exordior, -orsus, -ordiri, [ex(completely), finish,
;
ensem aS) P ass
exegit oaecos rabies ; Also (cf. per costas.
-um,
detest. ex osus, -a, p.p. in act. sense, hating, ab-
abhor,
horring.
out.
Neut.
pi.,
discoveries (things
ordior],
take.
4. v.
found out).
exorsus,
dep., begin, under-a, -um, p.p. in
exiguus, -a, -um, [ex-faguus, as pass, sense, begun, undertaken. if fexig + uus, (cf. exigo)], adj., Neut., an enterprise, an undertaking, a beginning, prehide, preweighed, exact, (cf. exigo), scanty, amble. small, narrow, slight, little : nox vires (feeble) exigui exordium, -i (-ii), [ex-ordium, cf. (short) numero (few, scanty) ceres exordior], n., a beginning, an
; ; ;
(thin cakes). exilio, see exsilio. exilium, see exsilium.
(principle of things'), germ. exorior, -ortus, -oriri, [ex-orior],

first
3.
element,
eximius,
-a,
-um,
[ex-femius
and
4. v. dep., arise, rise.
Vocabulary.
exoro, -avi, -atum, -are, [ex- ex pertus,
oro], i. v. a., implore (earnestly or successfully), beseech. cxors, see exsors. exorsus, -a, -um, p.p. of exordlor. exortus, -a, -um, p.p. of exorlor. exosus, p.p. of exodi.
-a,
101
-um,
p.p.
of
ex-
perior.
expecto, see exspecto. expedio, -Ivi (-ii), -itum, -Ire, [fexped- (as if expedi-) ] 4. v. a. and n., disentangle (cf. impedio),
,
expiro, see exspiro. expleo, -plevi, -pletum, -plero, [ex-pleo], 2. v. a., /// up, fill: oras floribus. Of time and number, Jill out, complete : quinque orbes curau numerum impe;
rio triginta orbes.

petite, fill,
Of
the apsatisfy
:
satiate, glut,
ingluviem ranis; expletus da-
get ready, prepare, get out, bring

forth, one's
extricate.
Pass.,
make
:
mae
pibus (gorged);
ultricis
;
animum mentem
;
flamsan-
way (through
{array).
difficulties)
guine poenas (fill the full measure

of punishment, &c.). expletus, -a, -um, p.p. of expleo. explico, -avi(-ui), -atum (-itum),
-are, [ex-plico], i. v. a., unfold, deploy : cohortes; frondes (put Also (cf. exforth, unclose). pedio), unfold, describe, express.
Also, bring to an end, accomplish. Fig., unfold, describe, explain, set forth. expello, -puli, pulsum, -pellere,
1
manus
[ex-pello], 3. v. a., drive out, drive aivay, dislodge, beat back, banish : expulsa seges (uproot-
expendo, -pendi, -pensum, -pen3. v. a.,
of crime), suffer the penalty of, suffer (as a penalty). experientia, -ae, [fexperientFrom the reia], f., experience.
explorator, -oris,[texplora-(stem of explore) + tor], m., a scout. dere, [ex-pendo], weigh explore, -avi, -atum, -are, [exout, weigh. Fig., weigh, ponder : ploro (cry aloud ?) ], I .v. a., search omneacasus. Esp.(cf. pendo), out, explore, reconnoitre : urbem of pay (ace. penalty), pay for (ace. lupus insidias (mediportas
;
ed);
somnum
(banish).
tate) .
Less exactly, observe, try :

Poetically
Fig.,
:
ventos.
robora fu-
mus
(test).
sider, meditate :
ponder, conquid optes.

3.
knowledge, sagacity. experior, -pertus, -periri, [excf. comperio, -parioj, tperior,

sult, skill,
exp5no, -posui, -positum, -ponere,

[ex-pono],
v. a.,
put
4. v. dep., try,
of: laborem
attempt, (essay);
make trial saxa Cy-
clopea ; procos priores ; quid virtus possit; avertere sensus. Also, experience, find (by experience), come to
;
forth, put out, expose : expositis scalis. Esp. out of a ship, unload, disembark, land, unlade :
pontibua socios ; viroa in undis (plunge, of an accidental break-
forth, convey, bring ing tried it) ; baud ita me (not ex- exposco, -poposci, no sup., -possuch have you found me) cere, [ex-posco], 3. v. a., beg pertus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., Also earnestly. skilled, experienced, skilful. in pass, sense, fried, proved : ex- expositus, -a, -um, p.p. of expono. pertos belli iuvenes. expcrs, -ertis, [ex-pars, decl. as expostus, -a, -um, contr. p.p. of expono. adj.], adj., without a share, free front (in good and bad sense), expromo,-prompsi,-promptum, destitute. -promere, [ex-promo], 3. v. a.,
.
ing up of a ship). -avi, -atum, -are, [exexporto, tenses, know: experto credite porto], I. v. a., carry out, bear (one who knows) expertua (havout.
know;
in
past
IO2
Vocabulary.
stretch
out,
bring forth (out of the storehouse). Fig., speak out, utter : voces. expugnd, -avi, at um. -are, [ex-
thrust
out
(cf.
iiu
sero).
exsertus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
exsero.
pugno],
sack
:
i. v.
a.,
take by storm,
p.p.
Spartam
-a,
(ravage).
of
exsiliO (exil-), -ivi (-11), -sultum, -sillre, [ex-salio], 4. v. n., spring
expulsus,
pello.
-inn,
ex-
exsllium
forth, leap forth. (exil-),
-i (-ii),
[fexsul
exquiro,
search,
-quisivi,
out,
-quisitum,
3. v. a.,
+ ium,
solvo]
,
cf.
exsilio],
n., exile.
-quirere, [ex-quaero],
out (with pains)
.
exsolvo, -solvi, -solntum, [ex3. v. a.,
seek out, seek,

:
choose
unbind.
Fig.,
Less exactly,
set free, release :
se (of a serpentj
pray
aras.
earnestly for
pacem per
-e,
untivine)
With
different
meaning of exsomnis,
ened)],
watchful.
-e,
adj.,
primitive, investigate, inquire into.
[ex-som.no- (weaksleepless, wakeful,
exsanguis (exan-),
[ex-san-
guis], adj., bloodless, lifeless. Less exactly, pallid with fear. exsaturabilis, -e, [ex-saturabilis,
[ex-sors, decl. as without lot (cf. expers), without a share in, deprived Also, out of the lot (i.e. order cf. exsaturo], adj., satiable, to be of. of lots), out of course, out of order. satiated. exsaturo, -avi, -atom, -are, [ex- exspectatns, -a, -uin, p.p. of exspecto. saturo], I. v. a., satiate (fully), exspecto (exp-), -avi, -Stum, glut. exscidium (exc-), -I (-11), [ex-are, [ex-specto], i. v. a. and n., look out for, await, expect. Fig., scindoj, n., overthrow, destruction. Less exscindo (exc-), -scidi, -scishope for, long for, expect. Neut., -ii in, exactly, need, require. -scindere, [ex-scindo],
exsors,
adj.],
-rtis,
adj.,
3. v. a., cut down, tear down, overthrow, destroy, raze to the ground. exseco, -secui, -sectum, -secare, [ex-seco], i. v. a., cut out. exsecror (exec-), -atus, -ari, [pass, (mid.) of ex-sacro], i. v.
exspectatus, -a, linger, delay. -um, p.p. as adj., expected, longexpectate looked-for : Neut., expectation:
Hector. ante ex-
spectatum. exspiro (exp-), -avi, -atum, -are,

[ex-spiro], I. v. a., breathe forth, breathe out. Esp. of the last breath or soul, expire, die, breathe out (the life).
dep., curse.
exsectus,
-a, -n in, p.p. of
exseco.
exsequiae (exe-), -arum, [exfsequia (fsequo+ia), cf. exsequor], f. \>\\x., funeral rites. exsequor(exe-),-secutus, -sequi,
[ex-sequor],
(cf.
3.
v.
exstinctus (ext-), exstinguo.

<
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
o, -nxi, -nctum, -nguere, [ex-stinguo, punch out (?), cf. low instigo, etc.], 3. v. a., put out (a execute. Fig., Also, follow out (in defire), quench, extinguish. mellis destroy, kill, slay, abolish : extail), recount, dilate on: stinctus pudor (lost). dona; pompas (celebrate"). exsero (exe-), -serul, -sertum, exsto, no perf., no sup., -stare, v. a., (dis-serere, [ex-sero], 3. [ex-sto], i. v. n., stand out, proexsertus, ject, appear, overtop. join ?), thrust out. -a, -uni, p.p. as adj., bared, bare, exstructus (ext-), -a, -um, p.p. of exstruo. projecting: mamma. exserto, no perf., no sup., -are, exstruo (ext-), -struxi, -structum, -struere,[ex-struo],3.v.a., [fexserto- (cf. exsero)], i. v. a.,
dep.,
follow
x s t n tr
i
1 1
out
Fig., folexsequiae). out (commands), perform,
Vocabulary.
Buildup, pile up, heap up, arrange. Poetically, of a person, raise up : tapetibus altis exstructus.
v. a., stretch out,
103
spread out, extend:
extenditur antro (is stretched at length) vires (put forth). Fig.,

continue, prolong, lengthen : fafactis ; cursus. extentus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., long, wide, extended, extensive. extentus, -a, -um,p.p. of extendo.
exstructus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. as
Neut., perh. a platform or mound (on
adj., high, raised, elevated.
mam
which a general appeared before his men,see v.29o,cf.suggestuni). cxsudo (exu-), -avi, -atum, -are, externus, -a, -um, [fextro- (in exterus, extra) + nus], adj., ex[ex-sudo], I. v. n., sweat out, ooze
ouf, exude.
ternal,
-ulis, [ex-^/sal, as
from
abroad.
cxsul (exul),
stem
(cf.
earlier
association of ideas], comm. gen., an exile, a fugitive. exsulo (exul-), -avi, -atum, -are,
praesul), from some meaning of the root or lost exterreo, -terrui, -territum, -terrere,
fright,
country, foreign, alien. an alien, a foreigner.
Esp. of Masc.,
[ex-terreo], 2. v. a., afalarm, frighten, amaze, confound : aestu exterritus ser-
[texsul (as if exsulo-)], be anjcxile, live in exile.
i. v. n.,
exsulto
-fire,
(exul-), -avi, -atum, [ex-sulto], i. v. n., leap up, bound, prance : corda (throb). Less exactly, burst forth, boil up.
Fig.,
pens {driven wild). exterritus, -a, -um, p.p. of exterreo. fexterus, -a, -um, [ex + terus, comp. of ex], adj., external.
Esp., foreign, from abroad. Comp. exterior. Superl. extremus [fextero + mus, or extra +
umph.
adj.,
bound, exult, rejoice, triexsultans, -ant is, p. as
exultant, proud, triumphant.
exsuperabilis (exup-), -e, [exsuperabilis, as if fexsupera + bills, cf. exsupero], adj., surmountable.
rams], farthest, uttermost, outmost, most extreme : tellus remote,

finis (the (farthest parts of) extrema in morte very end) Of (in the extremity of death). time, last, final : anno (end of the year) Of degree, uttermost, extreme, lowest, meanest: fata (final destiny, implying a forlorn Neut. plur., extremities, hope).
; ;
.
exsupero, -avi, -atum, are, [exsupero], i. v. n. and a., tower above, overtop, rise up, mount up.
Fig.,
excel,
overcome, prevail
:
;
against, gain the mastery
moras
conevery obstacle) silium. Also, pass over, pass by, pass beyond : iugum; solum.
(conquer
last measures, dangers, sufferings :
extrema secutus
.
(take extreme
exsurgo (exur-), -surrexi, -surrectum, -surgere, [ex-surgo],

3. v.
measures, seek the last resort*) ; Neut. sing, and pelagi (perils)
plur., as adv., the last time.
n.,
rise
up
escendo). exta, o ni in,

ex)],
liver, &c.,
?,
ex +
evado, extimesco, -timui, no sup., -timescere, [ex-timesco], 3. v. n. and a. incept., fear greatly, dread, tus(superl. of
(cf.
be in alarm, be alarmed. extinct us, see exstinctus. extemplo [ex-templo (abl. of tern- extollo, no perf., no sup., -tollere, plum, pla ce of observation, cf. sur [ex-tollo], 3. v. a., raise up, raise. le champ}, an augural word], adv., Fig., extol, laud, praise (cf. premere, depreciate). forthwith, at once, on the spot, imextorqueo, -torsi, -tortum, [exmediately. cxtendo, -tendi, -teusum (-tentorqueo], 2. v. a., wrench away, wrest from. turn), -tendere, [ex-tendo], 3.
n. plur., entrails
(the heart,
observed for auspices).
IO4
Vocabulary.
With alas; faciem; mentem. change of point of view, strip off, free from : lacertos {bare) ; exuta unum pedem {with one foot
bare)
.
extorris, -is, [ex-terra (weakened), decl. as adj.], comm., an

exile.
extra
[case form, prob. abl. of fex-
terus], adv. 'and prep., outside,

without, beyond. cxtuli, etc., see effero.
exuro,
extundo, -tudi, -tusum, -tundere, [ex-tundo],

ser}
. 1
3. v. a.,
strike
-Gssi, -Qstum, -nrere, [ex-uroj, 3. v. a., burn up, consume, burn away: scelus {purge Less exactly, scorch, dry away}
.
out, beat out, emboss (cf. repousFig., invent, contrive.

, -avi, -atum, -are, [exubero], i. v. n., over/low, abound. see exsul. cxul, exulto, see exsulto. exuo, -ui, -ut inn, -uere, [?, cf.
exubero
parch : exustus ager. exustus, -a, -um, p.p. of exuro.

up,
c.\
n t us, -a,
-um,
p.p. of
[ ?,
f.
exuo.
spoih,
exuviae, -arum, cf. reduviae],
akin to exuo,
plur., clothes (stripped off), booty.

relics.
Less
induo],
take off : cestus.
3. v. a.,
put
off,
strip
off,
;
ensem umero
Fig.,
{take}
put
off,
put away :
Also, a skin (stripped off), a skin, slough (of a snake).

exactly, remains,
F.
faba, -ae, [?, perh. remotely akin to fagus], f., a bean (of no particular,
sere [akin to facio, of unc. form], 3. v. a. and n. intens., do (eagerly),
perhaps several, species).

-is, [?], m.,
Fabaris,
a river flow-
ing into the Tiber
(now Far faro).
perform, execute, hasten to do. fades, -ei, [ffaco (reduced, cf. beneficus) + ies], f., make, form,
shape, fashion.
Fabius,
-I,
(-ii),
[ffaba (reduced)
+ ius,
prop, adj.], m., a
Roman
pearance, aspect,
cies)
;
Less exactly, apkind (cf. speConcretely,
gentile name borne by a long line of distinguished citizens. Esp., Q. Fabius Alaximus, conqueror of Hannibal. Plural, the various worthies of that name.
hostilis.
form, person : faciem circumdata nimbo. Also (cf. Esp., face.
forma), beauty
Also,
insignia facie.
a shape, an apparition,
fabricator, -toris, [ffabrica (stem of fabricor) + tor], m., a frame r, a contriver. fabricatus, -a, -um, p.p. of fabricor.
spectre.
facilis, -e, [ffaco- (cf. beneficus) lis], adj., easy (both actively and passively), ready, handy, active :
tornus
Fabricius, -i, (-Ii), [ffabricofabricor) + ius, prop, adj.],
(cf.
m.,
oculis {glancing eyes, Of mental qualiquick glances). ties, good- nature d, ready, willing :
;
a Roman gentile name. Esp., C. Fabricius Luscinus, the conqueror
nymphae
facilis te
napaeas
{kindly}
sequetur
{willingly}.
fabricor, (ffabro
t .
r
of Pyrrhus. -atus, -Sri, [ffabrico + cus, cf. fabrica)], i.
Also,
pliable,
easily
easily wrought, flexible, moved : fiscina ;

.
Also as pass., dep., fashion. be framed, be fashioned. fabrilis, -e, [ffabro- (as if fabri-) + lis], adj., of an artisan, mechanical :^ opera {of the forge)
.
animi iuvenum {impressionable} Of things, passively, easy (to do in any manner) cursus; victus; trames ; labor ; descensus iactura Averni; sepulchri {easfortuna (prosperous) ily borne}
:
facesso, -cessi, -cessitum, -ces-
exitus ; visu facilis
{of gentle
Vocabulary.
aspecf)
;
105
ilyfound}
etc.,
quarentibus herba {easfuga (ready} pecori

; ;
adj.,
armed with
scythes.
Less
hooked,
exactly,
scythe-shaped,
-a,
terra (favorable, nymphae, Xeut., as adv., easabove). with ease. ily, readily, factum, facere, feci, facio, akin to -y/dha], 3. v. a., Jo [ v'fac (abs. or with defining obj.), make,
cf.
curved.
Falernus,
(Falls
-um,
[unc. stem
cause,
execute,
facerem
id
perform : quid (what could I do ?)

;
Faliscus, Falerius) + nus], adj., of Falernus (prop, in territory Italy, famous for wine), Falernian. Faliscus, -a, -um, [Falis (?) (cf. Falernus) + cus], adj., Fa?, cf.
facere possis (accomplish} quid non faciebat Amyntas ? ; laetas et faciet (will do it)
;
;
liscan (of Falini, a city of Etruria). Plur., the people, Faliscam :
Aequi
segetes
(compose}
(produce)
;
;
carmina
;
Falisci (the Aeaui Falisci, or Falisci of the plains (?).
ex auro pugnam fallacia, -ae, [ffallac + ia], f., vota (o/er) iudicium deceit, a trick, an artifice. iussa ; ira telum (sup- fallax, -acis, [^/fall (as if root of (give} factura umbram (afford} fallo) -f ax, cf. edax], adj., deply}
(cane)
;
;
facia silentia (secure, enforce}. With double ace., or equivalent
make : te parentem; uno ore Latinos unam utramque Troiam facta potens proWith clause, cause, see to missi.
construction,
; ;
ceitful, treacherous, false, deceptive, disappointing. fallk, see fallo.
falio, -fefelli, -falsum, -fallere, (for sphal), akin to [^/fal

(T<paAA.co
?],
3.
v.
a.
(rarely abs.
.'
it,
take care
facito sis
;
memor
ut incipias (grant}
me
cernere
(force} ; hand faxo putent (/ As sacrificial -war rant they, &c.).
without obj.), (trip up), deceive, beguile, cheat, delude, ensnare feras visco te Phoebi cortina ;
;
si
nunquam
;
fallit
imago;
falle
word, sacrifice (with abl.), offer (with ace.): vii\&& (offer a heifer} facimus (abs. sacrifice) factus honos (perform) Phrases: fac, suppose; facio certum (certiorem), inform; facio vela, make sail ; facio pedem, tack (see pes) . factus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., made, -wrought, formed. Neut.,
;
possit amorem ; nu men (swear by and break the oath}; AeyiiraiZ (break a pledge). Less exactly, disappoint : spem
dolo
si fallere
primus amor me morte virum(^

;
missed
In pass., be deceived, by). be mistaken, mistake : nisi fallor.

Also, miss, fail: longe fallente sagitta (miss the mark}. With cog. ace., assume, counter-
a deed, an
exploit,
factum,
-I,
an act, a fact. [n. of p.p. of facio],
feit.
see facio.
unknown,
hid
t'als us,
factus, -a, -uni, p.p. of facio. facultas, -tatis, [ffacili (reduced,

cf.
Esp., escape notice of, be be hid : me fallit (be from, be unknown to)
.
simultas, simul)
-I,
tas],
f.,
as adj., false, treacherous, deceptive, groundless, deceitful,

delusive,
counterfeit, imaginary, unreal : sol (mock). faginus, -a, -um, [ffago + nus], falsus, -a, -um, p.p. of fallo. falx, falcis [perh. akin to flecto], adj., beechen, of beech. a scythe, f., a hooked knife, a sickle, fagus, -I (-us), [borrowed, cf. Or. a bill-hook, a pruning-knife. 0Tj>ds], f., a beech, a beech tree. fun a, -ae, [y^* (cf. for) + ma], falarica, see phalarica. falcatus, -a, -um, [tfalc + atus, f., report, tidings, fame, tradition : as if falca + tus, cf. auratus], inanis (belief). Esp. (in a good
Fad us,
facility, opportunity, occasion.
io6
Vocabulary.
disdain, disdain, scorn. (Prob. derived from turning up the nose, cf.
sense), fame, reputation, glory. Less commonly, ill repute (cf. fa-
moans), infamy. fastigium). fames, -is, [?, cf. faba], f., hunger, fastidium, -I (-ii), [akin to fastus,
Fig., hunfamine, starvation. Perger, greed: auri {(hirst). sonified, Famine : male suada.
cf.
disdain.
fastidio], n., disgust, loathing, Less exactly, nausea,

-i
famula,
-ae,
-I,
[f.
of
famulus],
(cf.
cf.
..
a qualm. fastigium,
(-ii),
ffastlgo-
(cf.
maid-servant.
famulus,
[famo-
Oscan,
faania, house)
lus,
-lis], m.,
a house-servant, attendant, manservant. Less exactly, an attendant (on a deified person). fa in us, -a, -um ; see for.
I
fastigo) + ium], n., the top (of any thing), a summit, a roof, a peak, battlements (of a wall), gable Less exactly, slope (of a roof). or depth (of a ditch). Fig., a summa point (of a narrative)
:
sequar'(touch the principal'points).

fastus, -tus, [unc. root
far, farris, [?, cf. faba], n., grain (prob. a coarse species), spelt'(?). Less exactly, meal (of the coarser
kind, used as an offering, mixed
+ tus,
cf.
fastidium and fastigium],
m.,
with
salt)
pium.
[far, through an intermediate stem], f., provender (mixed), a mash. fas, indecl., [-y/fa + as (=us), cf.
farrago,
-inis,
pride, arrogance. fatalis, -e, [ffato (reduced) + alls], adj., (belonging to fate}, fated, (fraught with fate), destined, appointed. destructive.
fatal, ruinous,
fatum],
(divine)
(command}, right, law : fas omne abrumn.,
pit (violate all right} ; fas immortale (privilege of divinity}. With sum (expressed or implied),
fateor, fassus, fateri, [lost stem, perh. akin to fatiscor, ffatis, fatigo], 2. v. dep., confess, own, acknowledge, admit: dicto parere (submit). fat Minis, -a, -um, [ffato-dicus]
,
allowed,
permitted, just,
adj., soothsaying,
prophetic.
lawful, fitting,
rig/it.
fasces, see fascis. fascino, -avl, -atum, -are, [tfescino- (stem of fascinum, ffasci + num, n. of nus), cf. fascia, fascis ; the connection of ideas is lost,
but prob. through binding'],
bewitch.
I. v. a.,
fatifer, -era, -erum, [ffato-fei' (y/fer + us).], adj., (fate-bringing), fatal, deadly.
fatigo, -avl, -atum, -are, [ffatigo- (ffati-agus,

cf.
prodigus),
a.,
castigo], weary : equos.
cf.
i.
v.
tire
out,
Less exactly, of acts tending to weariness, worry,
fascis,
fascia, fascibundle (tied up), Less exactly, a burden. pack. Esp., plur., the fasces (the bundle of rods with an axe, the emblem
-is,
[?,
cf.
ply, vex, harass,
num],
m., a
iuvencum hasta
(worry in
(incite to
pursue : terga ; equos sole

;
the
heat}
;
Martem
war} diem noctemsilvas que remigio (disturb}
of authority of a Roman magisFig., magistracy, militrate). tary power : populi (ensigns of power conferred by the people, popular honors). faselus, see phaselus.
metu terras \vex) ; (scour) ; socios (chide) ; cervos cursu (pursue in chase}; os (ply, see N., vi. 79); fluctus (of a ship,
beat).
fastidio, -ivl,-itum,-ire, [ffastidi(adj. akin to fastus, pride), cf.

fast uliiuii
J,
fatisco, no perf., no sup., -ere, [?], 3. v. n., yawn, gape, crack. fatum, -i, [n. p.p. of for], n., an
oracle,
4. v. n.
and
a.,
feel
a response, decree (of
fate),
Vocabulary.
fate,
107
{ivith
destiny.
Esp.,
decth
(as
que
face
fat MS, -a, -um, p.p. of for. fauces, see faux.
Jated).
vim
;
sword and brand}
ffaux, ffaucis, [?], (only sing, and plur.), the throat, the vox faucibus haesit. : jaws
f.
abl.
Iêss exactly, a narrcnv pass, a a river (probdefile, the channel of ably with a kind of personification)
.
flames) funereae, plur. (the funeral-torch, from its use at funerals; also fig., as a symbol of death) mater armata facibus (of Clytemnestra in the guise of a Fury) Less exactly, of a shooting-star, a trail
; .
ferre (assail with faces et saxa volant ;
(of
fire).
Faunus,
-i,
[-y/fav (in
faveo)
faxo, see facto.
nus], m., a sylvan deity, patron of febris, -Is, [akin to ferveo], f., a shepherds, identified with Pan. He fever, fever. was supposed to be an Italian, son fee undo (foe-), -avi, -at urn, of Picus and grandson of Saturn. -are, [ffecundo-], i. v. a, fertiLess exactly, in plur., fauns, lize. deities partly identified with the fecundus, (foe-), -a, -um, [ffe Greek satyrs, but with less animal (stem or root of ffeo) + cundus], characteristics than they. adj., productive, frttitful, fertile, faveo, favi, fautum, favere, Fig., fertile, ingenious prolific. to akin but pectus. Actively, fertilizing : [Y/fav, perh. -v/fa, a cf. imbres. noun-stem, prob. through fa villa], 2. v. n., be fa-vorable, fel, fellis, [akin to Gr. x<*A *] n Less exactly, of bitter favor, be propitious : terra frugall. mentis (be good for); adsis faveneni (bitter essence}. things veus {kindly aid}. As religious Fig., anger (supposed to be connected with a state of the bile, expression with (or without) ore, " cf. melancholy "), fury, bitter refrain from ill-omened expreshatred. sions, keep religious silence : celebrate faventes (attend with pious felix, -icts, [akin to feo, fecunlips and celebrate}; favete ore dus], adj., fruitful, productive, omnes. rich, prolific : limns ; sylvae ; favens, -entis, p. as Less oliva; Massica Baccho. adj., propitious (see preceding). ~P\\ir., favorers, partisans: claexactly, auspicious, favorable : mor faventum. auspicia ; sis felix ; Zephyri favilla, -ae, [akin to faveo], f., Pass(favoring) ; dies ; hostia.
-
glowing
ashes,
embers,
cinders,
ively, blest,
sparks. favor, -orls,
v/fav (cf. faveo) + or], m.., favor, partiality. favus, -i, [?], m., a honey-comb
[
(successful) ; animae vite felices ; morte tua.
arma
or
happy, fortunate, lucky:

;
vi-
femina (alsofoemlna), [ffe

root
(stem
(usually in plur.); favos relin{leave their cells); favorum cratis (the net-work of the
mina, cf. alumnus, columna], f., a wo-
of ^feo)
quunt
man.
mare.
Of
animals, a female, a
Less exactly, honey : femineus, (foe-), -a, -um, [ffecomb} favos dilue Baccho. mina (reduced) + ens], adj., of a fax, facts, [ Y/fac as stem, remotely woman, female,feminine, womanakin to -y/ia and v/fau], f., a ly : manus; nubes feminea tegat torch, a brand, a fire-brand : in(like a woman, as a cowardly cide (of the wood for torches) ; means of defence).
.
inspicat (of wood to serve as femur, -orls,(-lnl8) [?], n., the thigh. matches or torches) face ferro- fenestra, -ae, [?], f., a window
;
io8
(opening for
light).
Vocabulary.
Less exactly,
se
sic
talem Dido (appear such);

oculos (such are the eyes) se mole (rear enormous
;
an aperture, a breach (in a wall). fenilia, (foe-), -ium, [ffeno- (reduced)
+ ills,
magna
bulk)
;
plu. of adj.],
n.,
hay-loft.
head).
caput iuvencus (hold its With idea of elevation,
feralls, -e, [?], adj., funereal: Less exactly, mourncupressi. ful, dismal, ill-omened : carmen.
bear, raise, rear, lift : caelo capita alta (of the Cyclops) ; subli-
mem ad
!
sidera Aenean.
Fig.,
ferax, -acis,
adj.,
-^fer+ax,
cf.
edax],
productive, fruitful.
fere,
[?], adv., almost, nearly, about. generally, for the most part, usually. feretrum, -1, [ffere- (stem of fero, or noun-stem akin) trum, but perh. borrowed, cf. Gr. <f>epeTpov~],
laud: factis ad aethera Troiam; insigni laude Teucros carmine facta. Also,
raise,
extol,
;
cf.
tollo, raise (a cry).

2.
(as in Eng.), bear, endure, tolerate, suffer, sii(> mil to, brook, put up -with : labo
Of endurance
rem; frena
n.,
bier.
forina, see ferinus. ferinus, -a, -um, [ffero- ^reduced) + inus], adj., of beasts, of a beast ferina (sc. caro), f., (wild).
(of a horse); non tulit (could not brook). 3. With idea of motion, bear, carry, convey, bring : cineres fo-
ras; stabulis
num ad
;
ignem
(set);
ma;
game, venison, &c.

ferio, no perf., no sup., ferire, [?], 4. v. a., strike, beat, lash : terrain
volnus (put to, place on) seges feratur (transplant) equo ferri (ride) equis auriga
;
;
pede equus {paw); velum procella

effect,
;
.(drive); fertur equis (drag). Less exactly, throw, aim : tela
ora saxo.
Esp. of the
saxum
wound,
;
.
pierce, kill :
:
venam
(cut,
plagam.
;
Fig.,
:
bear,
bring, carry, render, afford prac-
(open)
retinaculo
:
ferro
aethera clamor. Fig. sever) Phrase ferio foedus, make a treaty (prob. from killing a victim).
ferltas,
-tatis,
-I,
[tfero
+ tas],
f.,
luildness, fierceness.
mia digna (bestow) auxilium Priamo fama salutcm sonitum venti ad litora vox fertur ad aures; carmina per orbem (spread); vim tela (offer); letum sidera gloria laudem caelo dextra (set) viam vento
;
;
ferment um,
veo)-f
men turn], n., yeast, lecven.

ytla
rATJjUi],
[^/ferv (in fer-
ferS, tuli, latum, ferre, [-^/fer, cf. Gr. 0cpo), Eng. bear, perf. -^/tol
(in tollo), p.p. with vôl), cf.
(collateral
irr.
fidem vetusfacilem (grant) tas omnia sub auras (disclose) sitim morbosque (bring, cause, cf. 4). Esp. of religious offer; ;
;
ings
and
;
acts, bear, offer,

:
render,
v.
a.
perform, utter
and
1.
n.,
bear.
Simply, bear, carry, support, wear : vix illam famuli (of a
inferias also of words, messages, &c.

;
sacra ; absenti lunoni preces. Esp.

:
re-
weighty cuirass) flammas (torches); vestes; parmamhastamque;

;
sponsaregi; iussa; haecAscanio fama victorem Pallanta (report that) ; quae signa (show,
of prophetic doves)
; ; ;
esseda collo (of a horse). Fig. nostrae secum omina mortis; incertum depatre(r/az;) ; fenus anc spem tui (cherish) adversum pectus in hostem (wear a itout heart). Esp. of the body and its parts, hold, turn, carry :
:
casum por-
tenta (forbode) quae ferimus (what we propose) quidve ferat is From the (what his purpose).
last
use,
absolutely,
report,
say,
tell :
ita senes
;
crasse
ferebatur sa; ferunt (they say) fer;
Vocabulary.
tor
(it
is
109
;
said}
Amyci
(boas/, claim).
se de gente Also of
:
;
death}
winds)
;
destiny, ordain, order, assign
sic
fata ; quid fortuna populi sus apibus.

4.
ca-
secum maria (of the venti gaudia ; biems culmum ; pedum Antigenes {get) praemia ferunt {receive}
;
;
talentum ferre (have)
aetas
:
Of natural growth,
;
bear, gen:
;
erate, produce, yield, give birth to
me
mala quercus monstra pontus

Troia.
Fig.
:
(but
cf.
3),
;
cause, give, afford
taeda lumen
scabiem glacies.
Less exactly, of any enforced motion, drive, bear on, turn, lead, urge on : flamina classem ; ferte rates (of rowers) ferimur procella illam impetus (send ) caede ferri (be carried away) quos dolor in hostem (incite) in bella urbes (rouse} feror incenaa,fu.riia(fo driven madly on) veri vana feror (be led oii) ; fatis incerta (be urged on} ; metum
5.
; ; ; ; ; ; ;
(obliterates) Esp. pio et fero, pillage and plunder. Less common uses, prob. conn, with 3, suggest, prompt : ita corde voluntas. Orig. as a mercantile term, account, deem, hold : feretur fama levis ; horrendum. Of continuance, prolong, perpetuate : vivus per ora feretur {immortalize) ludum in lucem ; fama nomen per annos. fe.
omnia
ra-
rens, -entis, p. as ventus. (cf. 5)

:
adj.,
favorable
Feronia,
-ae,
[?],
-f.,
a goddess
honored with a grove and fountain near Terracina.
ferox, -ocis, [stem akin

in
to
ferus,
ad moenia {spread alarm} turbo fertur (whirl oii) prona aqua fertur {float down) iter (speed a course) gressum (hold, turn) via fert signa ad speluncam (point); hue ora et il; ;
; ; ;
cus (re(cf. aegrotus) duced, cf. edax, felix)], adj.,

6
luc {turn,
(in hope) the steps)
.
cf.
caelo animum 3) pedem domum (turn ferratus,

;
wild, fierce, savage, spirited (of a horse), angry (of a snake). Also, in an indifferent or good sense, warlike, courageous, exultant, proud.
-a,
-um,
(cf.
[fferro-
(re-
So
{spur-bound} ; capistra (spiked muzzles) ; orbes {ironbound meet; forward; obvius(obviam), wheels) obvia arma {meet thefoe) Esp. ferreus, -a, -um, [fferro (reduced) with reflexive, or in pass, with mid+ eus], adj., of iron, iron : seges dle sense, be borne on, be driven, (of spears) gens {the iron age) vox (brazen voice) progenies proceed, rush, go, advance : me extra izcia. (come forth); furiata (of the iron age). Fig., ironmente ferebar; sese obvia ocuhearted, inexorable: iura (harsh). lis {offer, show) sese halitus Poetically, somnus (iron, with solus ego in Pallanta no awakening) imber (iron (rise)
signa, charge, join
battle,
manum, join (cf " bear a hand ") ; pedem, ply the foot'(in the dance) ;
.
in special phrases
duced)
adj.,
atus
auratus)],
iron-shod, iron-bound, ironed:
calx
move
{assail)
se
saltu (leap, ; quo se ferret; ferimur (wander,

;
ad auras (soar) spring) quo feror
hail).
ferrugineus, -a, -um, [fferrugin feus], adj., (rusty), dark blue,

dusky. (Apparently a dark gray or purple, though named from the color of iron rust) hyacinthi ;
:
examples under 5). 6. Of motion from a place, bear away, carry off (both in bad and
cf. first
good sense)
stinctum
unda
off,
te
mersum;
;
cymba
ferrugo,
\
(of Charon's boat).

-inls, [stem akin to fer-
te fata {take
destroy)
ex-
Daphnim
{remove by
rum +
unc. term.,
cf.
callgo],
f.,
no
Vocabulary.
iron rust. Also (cf. ferruno- (reduced, cf. Porsenna) + gineus), a dark purple, dark inus], adj., of Fescennia (a town of Etruria), Fescennine. gray ?, dark blue 1, a murky hue ferru- fessus, -a, -um, [?, akin to fatls], (of the sun in an eclipse) gine clarus Ibera (the color of adj., weary, tired, worn out, spent, burnished iron, purple ?). exhausted. naves Poetically
: :
ferrum,
or
[?], n., iron, steel. Less exactly, as in English, of tools

-I,
(as
if
personified)
.
res (shattered
fortunes)
a sword, a festino, -avi, -at um, -are, [ffesploughshare, an arrow, a knife, tino-], I. v. n., make haste, hasten, an axe, the steel (as in English), With cog. ace. fugam; iussa.
weapons of
iron,
the iron (of a spear or arrow) cedite ferro (the sword} ; ferrum
:
lacessere; absistere ferro (abstain
in haste, speedy. festus, -a, -um,[p.p. of unc. root], (lost p.p. of adj., festal, festive, sacred, holy: frons; dies (festival}. fero)+lis (cf. fero)], &&}., ferIV t iii-a tile, fruitful, productive:- seges (foe-), -ae, [ffetu (with iuvencis; Ausonia. lengthened u, cf. Portunus) + ra (f. of rus)], f., breeding, bearferula, -ae, [?], f., fennel. ferus, -a, -um, [?], adj., wild (unConcretely, offspring, ining. tamed, undomesticated), uncultivated: capri; fructus; monies. fetus (foe-), -tus, [Vê O n ffeo) + tus], m., bearing, breeding. Fig., wild, rude, savage, fierce, cruel. Also, in a good sense (cf. Concretely, offspring, brood, litter, Less exactly, fruit, crop, saevus), fierce, warlike, impetuyoung.
from war}
amor
festinus, -a, -um, [ffesti-, in confestlm (with lengthened i, cf. Portunus) + nus], adj., hasty,
ferri
(love of arms). fertilis, -e, [fferto-
ous.
beast,
Masc. and
fern.,
wild
produce.
game
(deer, &c.),
horse.
fetus (foe-),
-a,
-um,
[p.p.
of
ferveo, -bui, no sup., -vere, (also -ere, as if fervo), [ffervo- (cf. fervidus)], 2. v. n., be hot : ferventes rotae (heated}, boil,
seethe (as waves,
.
ffeo], as adj., pregnant, breeding, delivered: vaccae (after calving}; lupa (with young).
Fig.,
teeming ;
armis
(big).
Fern.,
&c.)
aequor
pregnant sheep or
goats,
yeaning
animals (just delivered). omhia vento nimbisque (seethe and eddy) Fig., be alive (of f ibra, -ae, [ ?, perh. akin to filum],
busy action), be in a turmoil:
f.,
a fibre, a filament.
of the
liver,
Esp., in
Marte Leucatem
;
moil of war) (in seething flame} opus (be all opere semita (teem with fibula, -ae, [Vfig + kula (f. of alive) busy work) ; hostem caede (be on bulus), but cf. filum (?)], f., a buckle, a clasp, a brooch. fire). fervidus, -a, -um, [ffervo- (cf. fictor, -orls, [ v/fig (in fingo) + ferveo) + dus], adj., hot, glowing, tor], m., a fashioner, a contriver, a deviser: fandi (trickster in P'ig., glowing, furious, seething.
; ;
(in the turlitora flammis
parts (of the Less exactly, liver), the liver. the entrails, the inwards.
plur.,
ardent, fiery
ira.
fervo, see ferveo. fervor, -orls, [-^/ferv (cf. ferveo)], m., heat. Fig., fury.
Plur.,
speech) . (ictus, -a,

lie lei is,
-um,
-e,
[fide
p.p. of fingo. lis], adj.
Fescenniiius,
summer, summer heats. -a, -um, [fFescen-
trusty. faithful, things, trusty, trustworthy. Fidena, -ae, (also plur.), [?],
persons,
Of Of
f.,
Vocabulary.
town of Latium,
of
five
Ill
miles north
.
Rome (now
Castel Giubileo}
fIdeas,
es],
p. of fido. fides, -el, [ -y/fid (akin to irddw)

f.,
sub pectore taedas (plant) fixum animo (a deep-set purOf the process, pierce, pose}
;
.
transfix, shoot (with spear or ar-
faith, good faith, loyalty, faithfulness, honor, honesty : fide
row),
hit,
bring down,
kill :
;
ve-
rubus viscera
dine malum.
p.p.
(stick on)
arun-
Also, credibility, trustworthiness, truth : manifesta ; nusquam tuta. Less exactly, the sign of faith, a
;
expertus ; intemerata ; fides cineri promissa.
si
qua
as
adj.,
f ixus, -a, -um, firm, resolute, un-
moved.
figura, -ae, [ffigu- (Vfig + u, u lengthened as in Porttmus) -f ra (f. of rus), cf. fingo], f., form,
Concretely, a shape, an figure. apparition, a phantom. filia, -ae, [f. of ill ins], f., a daughter. filius, -i (-11), [?, pern, akin to ffeo], m., a son.
filix, -icis, [?],{., fern.
pledge,
;
a promise, promised word : en dextra fidesque ; accipe daTransfidem servare. que

assurance,
fides.
ferred, confidence, trust, reliance,

belief,
hopes
fides
pelago; prisca fides facto; nee
vana
Faith.
Personified,
<r^fS?i],
Good
f.,
fides, -is, [?, cf. Gr. string (of the lyre) .

lyre.
In
plur.,
a a
filnin,
n.,
akin to fibra], Esp., the thread of the Parcae (of life or fate).
-i,
[?, perh.
a thread.
-i
fido,
fisus,
fidere,
[Vfid,
cf.
limns,
filth,
(-um,
-i),
[?],
m.
(n.),
fides, fidus], 3. v. n., trust, confide in, have confidence: terrae (of landing) ; committere pugnam (venture} f idens, -entis, p. as adj., trustful, confident, bold.
.
ordure, mud, dung.
fiducia, -ae, [ffiduco (reduced, caducus) + ia (cf. fido)],
cf.
f.,
findo, fidi, fissum, findere, [?], 3. v. a., split, cleave : finditur via cuneis (a way is cloven} arva (crack, of the heat). Fig., divide, separate : se via in ambas
;
confidence, courage, trust, reliance, presumption : generis (confidence in lineage} ; quae (on what his reliance} ; quae sit rebus (what reliance is to be placed} ; rerum
partes. fing5, finxi,

[y/fig,
3. v. a.,
cf.
lid inn,
fingere,
Oiyyavu, Eng. dough~\, fashion (orig. of clay),
form,
bees)
;
mould,
shape:
tecta (of
(confidence in}.
fidus, -a, -inn, [\/fid

fido)
(cf.
:
fides,
;
+ us],
adj., faithful, trusty.
Of things, trustworthy litora; responsa.
static
" lick into she-wolf, cf. shape of the bear) vitem (train) ; crinem (arrange, by stroking). Fig., train, subdu; : corda (of the Sibyl) Transferred to men;
.
corpora lingua (of the "
f igo, fixi, fixum, figere, [ ^/&g, perh. akin to <r</>i'yya>], 3. v. a.,

fasten, fix (esp. by piercing),
num. -ire, plantas (set} arma finio, -ivi (-li), thalamo (hang up} leges (hang [ffini-], 4. v. a., limit, bound, put an end to, end. Less up tablets, make laws} exactly and fig., fix, attach, fasten, finis, -ls,[ ?], comm., an end, a limit, a bound. Esp. in plur., borders, plant, set firmly : fixos tenebat oculos ; in virgine voltus (fix} Poetically, of region, country. the starting-point of a race, barvestigia (plant}; oscula (imriers ; and of the end, the goal. print) ; dicta animis (let sink finitimus, -a, -um, [ffini + timus, deeply}; fixa dolore (transfixed)
up
:
humo
hang
frame, contrive, devise, invent, fancy, imagine ; feign, pref ictus, tend. p.p. false (pectus).
tal action,
112
cf.
Vocabulary.
maritimus, inttmus],
adj.,
flamen,
blast,
-inis,
[ffla
+ men],
( c f-
n.,
bordering upon, neighboring. Masc., a neighbor (esp. in plur.). fid, see facio.
a gale, a
-ae,
f.,
breeze.
<M<='7"")
flamma,
firmatus,
-a, -um ; see flrmo. linnn. -avi, -atuin, -are, [tnrmo-], I. v. a., make strong,
strengthen, fortify
viies(fas/er)
Poetiajlame, afire. cally, a fiery brand, a flaming torch, a blazing pyre, a burning altar, a blaze (in the heaven), fire (of vengeance), fire or fiaine (of
+ ma],
[V^g
vestigia (steady)
(as adj.,
firmata aetas
Fig., con-
age). Jinn, ratify, reassure.
mature
flashing eyes,) fire (of Jove, the Fig. (cf. ardeo, flalightning) gro), fire (of love, or passion),
.
lirmiis,
love, passion, desire, heat, fury. -um, [V^1 (form of + mus], adj., steady, flammans, p. of flammo. duflammatus, -a, -um, p.p. of flamfirm, solid, strong, lasting:
-a,
DHAR, hold)
rissima vina
(best keeping*). Fig., stout, strong, abiding, resolute : pectus; foedus(0<u/, valid).
mo.
1 1
Hu
fiut'iis,
-a,
-um,
[tflamma-
(reduced) + eus],
adj., ficr) ',fia sh-
fiscella,
cf.
-ae,
[ffisculo- (reduced,
flscus)
+ lus
(ad dim)],
f.,
flamm _
ma-J,
ing Jumina.
-avi, -atum, -are, [tflami. v. a.
basket.
and
n.,
set
on
fire.
fiscina, -ae, [ffisco- (stem of flscus) + na (f. of -nus)], f., a basket.

fissilis, -e,[ffiss6
able, split. fissus, -a,
on
Fig., inflame, fire. fire, be ablaze.
Neut., be
flammans,
blazing:
-a,
+ lis],adj., cleavesee
f.,
-antis, p. as
adj., fiery,
lumina.
;
flammatus,
-um,
-um
Undo.
a pipe.
p.p.,
inflamed, infuriated.
fistula, -ae, [?],
exactly, the pipe (of several reeds
joined), a shepherd's-pipe.
Less flatus, -tBs, f -y/fia (in flo) + tus], m., (a blowing), a breath, a blast : equorum (snorting). Fig., from
f ixus, -a, -urn, p.p. of figo.
flabrum,
-I,
bruin], n., a flagellum, -i, [fflagro- (reduced, flaveo, no perf., no sup., -ere, cf. ager) + lum (n. of lus)], n., [fflavo-], 2. v. n., be yellow. a -whip, a scourge, a lash. Less flavens, -entis, p. as adj., yelIO-M, golden, auburn : prima laexactly, a thong (cf. amentum) . nugine (blooming'). Poetically, a switch, a shoot (of a vine) flavesco, no perf., no sup., -escere,
.
(in flo) [-^/fla blast, a breeze.
the " breath of scorn," pride, arrogance, scorn. flavens, -entis, p. of flaveo.
flagito, -avi, -a turn, -are, [fflagito-(p.p. of fflago, cf. flagrum,
3. v. n.,
[fflave- (stem of flaveo) + sco], grow yello~M, whiten.
flagro)],
I.
v. a., (insist hotly),
Flavinius
demand.
flagrans, p. of flagro. flagro, -avi, -a turn, -are, [fflagro, stem of flagrum ( v/flag + flavus, -a, -um, [?], adj., yellow, golden, golden-haired, yellowish rum, n. of rus)], I. v. n., burn, gray, pale green : oliva. blaze, glow, sparkle, shine. Fig. be be active, flecto, flexi, flexum, flectere, (cf. ferveo), glow, vehement. flagrans, -antis, p. [unc. root + to], 3. v. a., bend, Less exas adj., blazing, shining, bright, turn, plait: crates.
:
-a, -um, [fFlavino(reduced) +ius], adj., Flavinian a or (of region of Etruria, city otherwise unknown) arva.
ardent, glo~Mtng, raging: genas (burning, with blushes); voltus
actly,
turn, guide :
(drive*)
;
viam
velis
(beaming).
iuvencos habenas.
iuga habenia
reflexive
With
(some-
Vocabulary.
times without,
incline.
cf.
verto), turn,
influence,
;
Fig.,
bend,
Fig., ebb and flow, waver, fluctuate : aestu curarum (be tossed by,
persuade: precando fata (turn); flectitur violentia (is appeased} ilium purpura regum (move, afflexus, -a, -um, p.p. as fect). adj., curved, twining, flexible, bent.
fleo,
changing the point of view) aere tellus (gleams with waves of shining bronze) ; ira intus (seethe) ;
;
amor irarum aestu
(alternate
flevi,
fletum, Here, [perh.
akin to lino , 2. v. n. and a., Less exactly, weep, shed tears. With ace. (cf. mourn, lament.
with a tide). fluctus, -us, [\/flu (g) (cf- conflugcs) + tus], m., a wave, a tide. Less exactly, the sea, water.
Fig. (as in Eng.),
sion, &c.),
doleo), weep for, mourn, lament,

bewail:
a
-I,
tide,
Anchisen;
me
a wave (of pasa flood: irarum.

(cf.
disce-
(Incus, -entis, p. of fluo.
dere (my departure).

M n i. p.p. of fleo. fletus, -tus, (tfle- (as root)
-a,
fluentum,
He tus,
+ tus,
original form, cf. argentum)],n.,rt stream, a river.
+ um
[ffluentits
fluo)
(or in
cf. fleo], m., a weeping, a wail, fluidus, -a, -um, [ffluo- (cf. cira flood of tea rs. cumfluus) + dus], adj., flowing,
flexilis, -e, [fflexo

ible,
+ lis], adj., flexll
liquid.
bending. flexus, -a, -um, p.p. of flecto. flexus, -us, [-^160 + tus], m., a
winding, bending.
u Ho, -avi, -atum, -are, [ffluito(stem of supposed or real p.p. of fluo, cf. agito)], i.v. n.,floiv. Less exactly, float, drift.
[v/ nu (lengthened, perh. with stem for root, cf. fluito) men], n., a river, a stream, water (of a river) Less exactly, of the river-god, of tears (flood), of sweat, of blood. no, ll u \ i, Hn \ urn, (luere, y'flu'T (flu with parasitic g, cf. fruor)], run, ebb: auro 3. v. n., flow,
-inis,
cf.
+ tus], m., a dashing, clashing of weapons. florens, p. of floreo. floreo, -rul, no sup., -rere, [fflos
11
let us, -tus, [-y/flig
flumen,
mi men,
blossom, be (for floseo)], in bloom. Fig., flourish, be in be Also, prime, prosperous.

2. v. n.,
1 1
the accessory notion of vigor or brilliancy) Itala terra viris (be strong in) ; studiis oti (be busy with). Poetically, shine, be bright: aere cater vae (glitter); limina sertis (bloom). florens, -entis, p. as adj.,
:
abound (with
(flow with golden sand).

ferred, of the source,
;
Trans-
flow with, vites drip, run with : ora tabo B a echo (stream with). Less
exactly, of things not fluid, flow,
blooming, flourishing, blossoming. floreus, -a, -um, [fflos + eus], adj., flowery, blooming. ; florus, -a, -u floreus, read for 1 lav us. ^n. xii. 605. ilos, floris, [ ^/flo + as, cf. Gr. $\v<a,
float,
stream, glide,
(flock);
pour:
vestis
olli
ad
regia
ad
Eng. bloom~\, m., a

som.
floiuer, Fig., the bloom, the
blos-
Poetically, fall loosely, pedes. flufall lifeless, droop, fail. ens, -entis, p. as adj., flo-<ving, loose, unrestrained, luxuriant: vites ; coma (dishevelled)
.
prime,
:
the flower (choicest part or time) primaevo flore (in the first bloom
of youth)
flos
virum.
Poeticf.
fluxus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., loose, failing : res (feeble poûe r) fluvialis, -e, [tfluvio- (reduced) -ialis], adj., of a river.
.
cally, the do-ivn
(of early youth,

-:i
lluviiis,
preceding example). Hurt mi, -avi, a til in,

tu-],
I. v. n., toss,
re, [ffluc-
-i (-ii), [ffluo- (cf. fluldus)-)- ius], m., a river, a stream. Less exactly, water (for irriga-
ebb
andflow.
tion).
114
Vocabidary.
-a, -urn; see fern-, the proper spelling. foenile, see fen-. foetura, see fet-. foetus, -tus; see fet-. foetus, -a, -um ; see fet-. folium, -i (-11), [cf. Gr. ^vAAoc], n., a leaf(oi a tree or of paper) , foliage.
fluxus, -a, -um, p.p. of fluo. focus, -I, [perh. akin to foveo], m., a hearth, a fireplace, a chimney, a brazier (small hearth for Fig., the hearth (as an fire).
foemincus,
emblem
of home), the fireside, the

Poetically,
household hearth.
pyre, a funeral pile, an altar (the brazier often being set on a tripod and used as an altar. See A. & G.
Virg., Fig. 90).
follis, -is, [?], m., a bag. of bellows, bellows.
a pair
fodio,
fodi,
fossum,
fodere,
3. v. a.,
[ -y/fod, of unc.
connection],
-itis, [perh. akin to foveo, unc. form], m., dry fuel. f ons, fontis, [unc. root + tis (re-
fomes,
dig, prick, pierce
mos
humum.
:
calcaribus arAlso (as in
duced)], m., a spring, a fountain. Less exactly, water, pure water

:
Eng.), of the result, dig (make by cubilia talpae ; sub digging) terra larem.
Avernus
{lake}
irriguus
(streani) .
ffor, fat us, fari,

<t>rifii~],
foecundo, see fee-. foecundus, see fee-. foedatus, -a, -um, p.p. of foedo. foede [abl. of foedus], adv., foully,
horribly, cruelly.
I.
v.
[y/fa, akin to dep., speak, say, tell,
fandus, relate, foretell, predict. -a, -um, ger. p., to be spoken.

Neut, right (opp. to nefandum). fando, ger., by report : fandi mollia doctissima (in speech) fatu ( pleasing to say) .See fatum foras [ace. plur. of ffora-, akin to
;
Also
(cf.
foe-
dus), basely, shamefully. foedo, -avl, -atum, -are, [ffoedo-],

I. v. a., hideotts, befoul, disfigure, lacerate, spoil: unguibus
make
foris], adv., (to the doors), out of

doors, forth, out.
ora
pectora pugnis ; latebras
ferro (desecrate, prob. with reference to the sanctity of the object attacked); ferro volucres (cut in pieces) Fig., pollute, defile.
.
forceps, -cipis, [ffor- (stem akin to fornax) + ceps ( ^/cap as stem, cf. princeps)], m. and f., tongs,
pincers.
foedus,
filthy.
-a,
qualities, foul, horrible, dreadful, base, vile . foe-
-um, Of moral
[?],
adj., foul,
fore, see
forem,
foris,
see
-is,
sum. sum.
[-v/f
-f-
r
is],
(akin
f.,
to
Ovpa,
d&ss,\m&(miserable coward}
tem-
Eng. door)
Plur., doors,
a door.
pestas; minister-la. foedus, -eris, [-v/n<l
(in
fides,
Of nastrengthened) + us], n. tions or kings, a treaty, a compact, Less exan alliance, a truce. actly, of individuals, a bargain,
a door (double), the Less exactly, folds (of a door). entrance, opening, door (of a hive,
&c.).
forma,
in
-ae,
[vôr
(If.,
firmus?)
+ ma],
E. DHAR, form, fig;
an agreement, a
contract, a pledge (mutual), a compact (esp. of marAlso, a bond (ordained riage). by a superior) , a condition, terms :
; ;
ure, shape, appearance : aratri rerum. Esp., fine form (cf. fades), beauty : forma insignis. Concretely, a form, figure, vision, Fig., species, form, apparition. tyranni (conditions imposed by) certo foedere (by fixed laws} kind, nature: scelerum. aequo foedere amantes (on equal formica, -ae, [unc. stem in i -f ca
terms')
.
(f.
of cus)],
f.,
foemina,
spelling.
see
fern-,
the
proper
formidatus, mido.
-a,
an ant. -um, p.p.
of for-
Vocabulary.
form! do,
stem,
cf.
-dinis, [tformido- (unc. fonnido, perh. akin to

?)
tion,
perh.
sis
(sivls) ?],
adv.,
formus
(cf.
cupido)],
f.,
fear (generally
violent),
dread,
alarm : nigra (awful terror, gloom) ; formidine capti {seized with a panic) Concretely, an
.
perhaps, possibly, it may be. forte, see fors. fortis, -e, [for forctis, ^forc (joot akin to yfor in forma) + tis]
,
alarm
(a line
frighten ror.
game).
of feathers to Personified, Ter-
sturdy, hardy, vigorOf mental qualious, stalwart. ties, valiant, brave, steadfast, unadj., strong,
daunted: Achates (a standing

thet,
epi;
weakened almost
to
worthy}
formido,
mido-
-avi, -at urn, -are, [tfor-
cj. cupes, cupido, and v fonnido], I. v. a., dread. formo, -avi, -atuni, -are, [fforma-] I v. a., form, fashion, build:
,
.
things, in pectus. both senses above, stout, sturdy, brave, valiant : facta ; rami ;
corda;
Of
humeri
sturdy)
.
fortia
[lost
(cf.
surgunt (hardy,
stem ffortu(cf.
classem.
Less exactly, of living

(old,
fortuna, -ae,
fors)
beings, train.
+ na
f.,
Vacuna, Por-
formosus
formonsus),
-a,
tunus)],
fortune, c/iance, haz-
-urn, [fforma- (reduced) +osus], adj., beautiful, lovely (usually of human beings). Poetically, of
things:
annas; pedum; pecus

-acis, [fforno- (reduced),
(handsome).
fornax,
akin to formus, + ax], f., a furnace (for melting metal), a forge.

Poetically (cf.
iniiiri), of the
siqua super fortuna laborum est (necessity in good sense, Esp. of toil). good fortune, success, opportunity, chance : si modo sequatur fortuna fuit (glory) populi (insortitus fortunam ocuterest)
ard, destiny, fate:
; ; ;
lis;
quae dabatur (chance of

;
Aetna and ca-
success)
supposed workshop
[akin to fornax], Less exactly, of a
(fortune
quaecumque and hope}.

ill
fidesque
In
bad
of Vulcan in /Etna.
sense, fortune, fate,
fornix,
-icis,
me victam
labori
fort
luck mea docere dolere.
m., an arch. rock.
Half personified, fortune : aspirat fidem novavit. ; Fully

for-
fors, ffortis, (abl. forte), [ ^/fer + tia (reduced)], f., chance, hazard, Nom. (sc. est or sit, fortune.
there is a chance), equal to an adv., Abl. perhaps, may be, possibly. forte, by chance, as it happened : ne forte {lest one should happen to) ; si forte (if by any chance} quae forte paratae (happened to forte fuit (there chanced be, c.) to be) forte sua (by pure chance, with perhaps a reminiscence of the
;
:
personified, Fortune. ii a; it us, -a, -um, p.p. of
tono. fortuno, -avi, -atuin, -are, [ffortuna-], I. v. a., make fortunate, bless. fortunat us, -a, -um, p.p.
adj., fortunate, blest, favored (by fortune), happy. Foruli, -oriiiii, [prob. dim. of forus], m. plur., a Sabine town
as
of Samnium.
forum,
n.,
etymological meaning, cf. fero). forsan [fors an, a chance whether, cf. fors and forsitan], adv., perhaps, it may be. forsitan [fors sit an, it may be a chance whether, cf. fors], adv., perhaps, possibly, mayhap. fortasse [ ?, forte in unc. combina-
-i, [akin to forus, foris], (an open passage ?), a market-
place.
Esp., the
Forum
(orig.
market-place at Rome, place of assembly for the people, and of all Fig., an assempublic business).
bly (of the people), the people (as
forus,
a political body). -i, [akin to
forum,
foris }>
Vocabulary.
a gangway (in a ship, not apparently from one deck to another, as with us, but open spaces in the ship not occupied by the rowers,
m.,
fragor, -oris,
breaking.
ing,
[-v/frag+ or], m., a Of a sound like break-
clapping of hands), a cracking, a (of a beehive). report. fossa, -ae, [ -y/fod + ta, f. of p.p. of fragosus, -a, -um, [ffrago- (rewith omitted fodio, perh. duced, cf. navifragus) + osus], noun], f., a ditch (for defence or farming), adj., crashing (cf. fragor), roar.
foroa (hold, forum) laxat " " ?) ; implesse standing-room flammis (decks') Poetically, cells
cf.
:
an uproar, a mourning (fr.

breast, cf.
a crash, a dashing, a rattling, din, a sound of

the beating of the
plango), applause (by
a dyke, a trench. fossor, -oris, [yibd

ditcher.
ing, noisy.
+ tor],
m., a
fovea, -ae,
fotus, -a, -inn, p.p. of foveo. [akin to foveo(?),

perh. orig. a cellar to keep things from cold, cf. the treatment of potatoes],
f.,
fragrans, p. of fragro. fragro, -avi, no sup., -are, [ffragro- (unc. root+rus), cf. fra-
gum)],
I.
v.
n.,
smell
s-weet.
fragrant, sweet smelling. a pit. fragmn, -I, [unc. root (cf. fragro) foveo, f ovi, fotum,fo vere, [ffovo+ um], n., a strawberry. (akin to favus, favilla)], 2. v. a., frango, fregi, fractum, frankeep -warm, brood: progeniem. gere, [\/^rai S] 3- v< a -> break, Transferred (perh. derived from break up, break off, shatter, crush, brooding of fowls), embrace, fonEsp. of ships, pulverize, crunch. colla (supdle, caress, nurse : wreck. Fig., break down, crush, wear out, baffle. port} germanam amplexa sinu ; fractus, -a, hiemem inter se (spend in dal-um, p.p. as adj., broken, shatFig., cherish, foster, proliance} tered, shivered, crushed : cacumote : Romanos bella hoc regmina vires opes ; unda (breaknum gentibus esse (cherish tlie res ; voces. ing) famam. frater, -tris, [cf. typdrrip, clanspurpose, helping it on) love : humum Also, cling to, man, Eng. brother, -^fra (akin to castra (cf. "hug the fire"). fer?) + ter (cf. pater), m., a As medical term, foment (cf. fobrother.
;
.
fragrans, -antis,
p. as adj.,
mentum),
ly),
;
bathe, treat (medical:
fraternus,
ora apply (anything to) fovens circum ; volnus (rinse}

-11111,
lympha.
fractus, -a,
p.p. of
frango.
the better
-a, -um, [ffrater- (not syncopated) + nus], adj., of a brother, a brothers, fraternal. Less exactly, of a mate : fraterna morte (of a bullock)
.
fraenum,
spelling.
see
frenum,
fraudo,
prive
of.
-avi,
I.
-at
v.
a.,
um,
to
fraeni, see
frenum.
[ffragodelicate.
(cf.
[ffraud-],
-are, defraud, de-
fraeno, see freno.

fragilis, -e,
fraus, f raudis, [akin
frustum,
navifra(cf.
frustra],
f.,
loss,
:
discomfiture,
fragus)
+ lis],
adj., brittle,
gile, frail,
Also
quia deus in mischief, damage fraudem egit (ruin). Also,

deceit,
fragor), crackling (of a sound

like breaking). fragmen, -inis,
n.,
wiles,
a stratagem, decep-
v/frag+ men],
[ -y/fra'g
a fragment, a broken piece.

-I,
fragmentum,
tarn],
+ men-
n., afragment,
a broken piece.
treachery, wickedclienti; caeli sereni ; fraudi accomoda vallis (ambush} ; loci et noctis (treacherous advantage}.
tion,
trick,
ness
innexa
Vocabulary.
.
117
tu (constant) fraxineus,-a, -um,[tfraxin6- (reFig., abounding in, crowded with, full of: her bis duced) + ens], adj., ashen, of ash. fraxinus, -I, [?], f., an ash (cf. campus. ornus, the mountain-ash). frequento, -avi, -at um, -are, fremitus, -us, [ffremi- (stem of [ffrequent-], i. v. a., crowd, peofremo)+tus],m.,fl roaring,a roar, ple, inhabit. a murmur. Of many similar nois- fretum, -i, [?], n., a strait. Less es, a buzzing, a neighing, the noise exactly, the sea, a river.
of battle ; shouting (of applause). fretus, -a,
-um,
[ -y/for (cf.
forma,
fremo,
-ul,
-it
um,
-ere, [-y/frem
cry,
(cf. j3peô)], 3. v. n.
mur, roar,
shout,
and a., murhowl (of
p.p.], adj., (supported by), relying on, trusting to, means in, by confiding of.
firmus)
+ tus,
winds), neigh (of horses) ; arma (cry for} ; Euoe Bacche, fremens. Transferred, of the place where noise is produced, resound,
re-echo
:
frico,
fricui, fricatum (frictum), fricare, [?], \.\.&.,rub:
arbore
costas
(rub
the
sides
against a tree).
ululatu
;
undis (murmur)
Esp.,
murmur
tecta ; ripae via plausu.
assent or approval.
frigens, -entis, p. of frigeo. frigeo, frixi, no sup., frigere, [ffrigo- (cf. frigidus)], 2. v. n.,
be cold, be chilled: vires.
(howl with rage), rage, rave, be wild, exult. freineas,

Fig.,
fricold,
gens,
-entis,
p.
as adj.,
-entis, p. as adj., fierce, wild, spirited (of a horse), neighing. fremor, -oris, [frem -f or (cf. fremo)], m., a murmur, a roar.
stiff, lifeless.
frendo, no pert, fresum (fressum), frendere, [?], 3. v. ri., gnash the teeth. f renal us, -a, -um, p.p. of freno. freno,-avi, -atum,-are,[ffreno-],
restrain, bridle. Poeti(as in English). cally, of water, check, stay : cursus aquarum. frenatus, -a,
I
.
frigidus, -a, -um, [ffrigo- (cf. frigeo) + dus], adj., cold, chill, cool, icy. Esp. of death, fixed in death, in the chill of death: ille
frigidus (that lifeless body). Less exactly, growing chill (dying) benumbed, inactive, slow: dextera. frigus, -oris, [ -^/frig + us, cf. frigeo], n., cold, chill, frost, winter, In plur., withcoolness, cool shade. out distinction of meaning, frosts,
,
v. a., curb,
fig.
Also
cold blasts.
formed from ffreno- frondator, -toris, [ffrond + ator, as if like auratus), bridled, furnished ffrpnda- (stem of supposed with bridles. ffrondo) + tor, cf. viator], m., a vine-dresser, a leaf-gatherer. fre mi in (frae-), -I, (pi. also -1, -orum), n. and m., a bridle, a frondens, -entis, p. of frondeo. bit, reins : frenis immissis (at frondeo, no perf., no sup., frondere, [ffrond- (as if frondo-)], Fig. full speed, cf. habenae) . 2. v. n., put frenum accipere (submit to the forth leaves, be in ea frena rein, of a nation) leaf: silvae (be in full foliage) furenti concutit (with such a frondens, -entis, p. as adj., leafy, green,springing, luxuriant : powerful bit does he curb, &c.).
-um,
p.p. (or
frequens, -entis,
verb,
cf.
hospitia (leafy retreats, hospita[orig. p. of lost ble shade). farcio, <f>pa.aff<a\, adj., crowded, in great numbers, plenty frondesco, frondui, no sup., frondescere, [ffronde- (stem of of, plenteous, very many, very
much, numerous : socii telis (<i shower of). Of time, frequent,

;
repeated, constant, incessant
cul-
frondeo) + sco], 3. v. n., forth leaves, leave out: virga tallo (spring).
//
me-
n8
adj., leafy.
Vocabulary.
cf.
frondeus, -a, -um, [ffrond + eus],

frondosus,
osus],
-a,
fruor],
f.,
(orig.
food}, fruit
-um,
[ffrond
adj., leafy.
frons,
[?], f., a leaf, leaves (collectively), foliage. PL, leaves, foliage (often including the
frondls,
(usually of the earth, cf. fructus), grain. Esp., meal (ground coarse for sacrificing) salsae. Also, a cake (baked) medicatae (of the
: :
branches), garland. frons, frontis, [cf. Gr.
6<t>pvs,
Eng.
brow~\ , f., the forehead, the brow, the face. Esp. as showing the
cake given to Cerberus). f ucatus, -a, -um, p.p. of fuco. Fucinus, -I, [fi. fuco- (cf. fucus, lichen} + nus], m., a lake among the Apennines (now Lago di Celano}. -avi, -at u m, -arc, [fi. fuco-], I. v. a., paint, dye, color. fucus, -I, [?], m., a lichen (of a red color, used for a cosmetic and
Also, 7>ee-glue. dye) fucus,-!, [Gr. <pvicos~], m., a drone.
.
feelings:
;
spem fronte serenat fuco,

1.
(smoothes his brow with feigned baud laeta fronte (with hope} no cheerful countenance} Transferred (as in Eng.), face, side: sub adversa fronte. Less ex.
2.
actly, the horns, the
head, the prow

(m
fuga, -ae, [^fag

Eng. bow}
( c ^f.,
^r
74
(of a ship)
a],
fructus, -us,
tus], m., (perh. orig. eating), the enjoying (of anything) Con.
[Vfru
fruor)
escape.
Esp.
flight, an of slaves, running
away.
course.
cretely, (food}, fruit (more esp. in later Eng. sense, cf. fruges,
grain}. fruges, see frux. fr u men tu m, -I,
fugatus, fugax, -acis, [as if fug + ax, prob. ffuga + cus (reduced)], adj.,y7yswift,
Also, a running, speed, a Personified, Exile. -a, -um, p.p. of fugo.
[vfru (g) ( c fruor and fructus) + mentum],
f-
n., grain. Plur., ears of grain. fruor, fructus (fruitus), frui, [-y/frug (cf. frux)], 3. v. dep., (orig. eat?), consume (with notion of cheer and comfort) parto Fig., enjoy : luce agricolae. sermone.
: ;
ing (inclined or able to flee),//^'/, Less exactly, Jlyrapid. ing (in act of flight), injlight. fugio, fugi, fugitum, fugcre,
[
\/fug,
cf.
Gr.
v. a. <t>e6yta'], 3.
and
n.,
fly, escape, depart, Esp. in battle, flee, fly.
recede.
Less ex-
frustra [case-form
(abl.?) of ffrustro- (cf. frustro)], adv., in vain, to no purpose, uselessly, vainly. frust rat us, -a, -um, p.p. of frus-
of mere motion, fly, speed, rush. Esp., escape, fail (one). Fig., pass away, speed on. Act., flee from, fly from, escape, fly, avoid, refuse.
actly,
fugo, -avi, -atum, -are, [ffuga-], I v. a., put to flight, drive away,
.
tror.
drive.
Fig., chase, disperse, dis-
frustror, -atus, -ari, [ffrustro(with loss ? or obstacle ?, cf f raus) ] ,

.
P*t
fulcio,
port,
-a,
fulsi,
sustain,
fultum, fulcirc,
prop
zip,
I.
v.
dep.,
disappoint,
(slight}
;
deceive
[?, -y/fulc], 4. v. a.,
meos vocatus
hiantes
secure.
supf ultus,
clamor (fail}. frustum, -I, [-y/frud
-um,
p.p.,
supported, lying,
(in
fraus)
resting, secured.
turn (n. p.p. of lost verb, cutoff"}}~\, n., a piece, a bit, a morsel. frutex, -itis, [?], m., a shrub, a
bush.
fulcrum,
-I,
[-y/fulc-f
crum],
n.,
ffrux, frugis, fruge, and
plur.,
(strengthened), as stem,
a support, a prop, a post, a pillar. Esp., a post, a leg (of a couch). fulgeo, fulsi, no sup., fulgero (-ere as fr. fulgo), [akin to Gr. <(>\fyta, yiulg, cf. v/flag (another
Vocabulary.
form of same root)], 2. v. n., gleam, flash, shine, blaze, glare.
alis], adj.,
119
of a rope.
Neut., a
fulgens, -entis, p. as
adj., bright,
(made on a cord). funda, -ae, [akin to f undo, perh.

torch
gleaming, glittering. fulgo, see fulgeo. fulgor, -oris, [ v/fulg (cf. fulgeo) + or], m., a blaze, a flash, a glitter. Less exactly, brightness,
splendor.
Gr. aq>fv$6vri~\, f., a sling. From the shape, a net (thrown by the
hand).
fundamen,
-inis,
of i. fundo) dation.
+ men],
[ffunda- (stem n., a foun-
fulgur, -uris,
[-y/fulg, prob. ffuln.,
fundamentum, -I,
of
i.
go+rus
bird).
(reduced)],
f.,
a thun-
fundo)
+ mentum],
[ffunda- (stem n., a
derbolt, lightning.
foundation.
fulica, -ae, [?],
coot (a sea-
fundator,
I.
-oris, [ffunda- (stem of

.
fuligo, -inis, cf. caligo],
f.,
[?, unc. soot.
stem
go,
n.,
fulmen,
-inis, [-^/fulg-f
men],
a thunderbolt (conceived by the ancients as a missile weapon), lightning, a flash of lightning.

Poetically, of persons, thtinderbolt (destroying agency in war).
fundo) + tor], m., a founder. fundatus, -a, -um, p.p. of i fundo. funditus [ffundo + tus, cf. divinitus], adv., from the bottom (cf. fundus), from the foundation,
utterly, entirely.
fundo,
do-],
build,
-avi,
-atum, -are, [ffun(set
i. v. a.,
secure,
ful in inr-iis,
-a,
-um, [ffulmin +
.
Also, fast. establish: legibus

.
make
on the bottom), found,
urbem
eus],
1
adj., like lightning, flashing :

i.
(institute)
uI
Mnestheus (cf. fulmen) mi IK -avi, at um, -are,
fundo,
fudi,
cf.
[ffulmin-], I. v. n., lighten, flash. Poetically (cf. fulmen), flash and
[ -y/fud,
Gr.
fusum, fundere, x 6 "]' 3- v a

-
pour, pour out, shed: vina; lacrimas. Of things more or less

like liquids, pour, shed, pour forth:
thunder : armis Aeneas. fultus, -a, -um, p.p. of fulcio. fulvus, -a, -um, [?], adj., tawny, yellow, dark, yellow-haired, orange, golden, auburn-haired.
lumen loquelas flores (lavish) munuscula (yield) tela equus armatos {send forth); vitam
; ; ;
;
cum
or
sanguine.
With
reflexive,
fumeus,
-a,
-um, [ffuma-
(re.
duced) + BUB], adj., smoky. f inn id us, -a, -um, [ffomd + dus Less exactly, steamadj., smoky.
ing.
pass., spread, extend, be spread, be shed, be scattered, scatter, press around, pour in, pour out,
in
rush, flow.
to flight.
Also esp., rout, put

Poetically,
.
fumifer, -era, -erum, [ffumo

fer
( -y/fer
+ us)], adj., smoke-pro-atum, -are,[tfumo-],
bring forth waste. From (of a woman) the effect of pouring, throw to (he
'
ducing, smoky.
fumo,
I.
-avi,
n.,
ground, lay IO~M, prostrate, slay. fusus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., scattered, spread, dishevelled (of
smoke. Less exactly, steam, reek : sulphure {emit a sulphurous vapor); pulvere campi finnans, (be in a cloud ofdust) -antis, p. as adj., smoking, smoky, steaming, reeking. f umus, -i, [ ^/fu (cf. Gr. Ovia) + mus
v.
.
the
hair),
hanging
-i,
loosely
(of the
beard).
fundus,
est
foundation
[?], m., the bottom, the : imo fundo {the low-
depths');
fundo vertere
Also, perh.
(cf.
funditus).
fOnerous,
(cf. Gr". Qufi6s)~\ t
m., smoke, steam,
haze.
mercantile or political of ideas, a farm, an estate.

-a,
by a connection
(for
funalis,
-e,
Lffuni-
(reduced)
-f
-um, [ffuner-
I2O
funes)
nereal,
Vocabulary.
I. v. a., drive mad, madden, + eus], adj., of death, fuinfuriate. furiatus, -a, -um, p.p. funeral: faces (cf. fax, frons {dark, in sign as adj., frenzied, frantic, infuiluimim) of mourning). riated. funestus, -a, -um, [ffunes- (cf. furo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [-^/fur, of unc. kindred], 3. v. n., rage, rave, funus) + tus, cf. funereus], adj., be crazed: turba; equus ictu of death, deadly, fatal. furor em {spend rage*). fungor, functus, fungi, [y/fung, Fig., of unc. kindred], 3. v. dep., perrage, seethe, do anything wildly aestus form, discharge. (according to context) ad auras {rise wildly); vis fungus, -I, [Gr. ff<$>6yyos~], m., a mushroom. Also, an excrescence furens, -entis, aquae ; febris.
; ;
:
(in a candle).
funis,
-is, [?],
funus,
$6vos
der,
m., a rope, a cord. -eris, [?, perh. root akin to

(cf. (poivos)
as adj., distracted, passionstricken, inspired, raging, furious,

p.
+ us],
n.,
mur- furor,
raving. at us,
-ari, [ffur-],
I.
v.
killing, Also, death.
slaughter, havoc. Concretely, a corpse,
dep., steal, get by stealth. steal : fessos oculos labori.
Fig.,
a funeral, funeral rites, a funeral pile, a funeral train. fuo, see sum. fur, fiiris, [v/fur (strengthened) as stem, cf. tytap], comm., a thief. furatus, -a, -um, p.p. of furor. furca, -ae, [?, poss. fur + ca (f. of cus], f., a fork-shaped pole, a "crotch" a prop (for vines). (Elsewhere a "V-shaped yoke, used for the punishment of slaves, which may be the orig. meaning.) furens, p. of furo. furia, -ae, [Vûr ( c f- furo)+ia (f. of ius), perh. through an intermediate stem], f., usually plur., rage, madness, fury, frenzy, wrath: iustae; furiis agitatus amor; furiis incensa (accensas) Less exactly, of the winds, fury. Personified, a Fury (goddesses of Also of the divine vengeance).
.
furor, -oris, [^/fur + or], m., fury, madness, rage, raving. Esp. of love, frenzy, fury, passion,
craze. Concretely (cf. amor), passion (an object of), an act of madness. Personified, Rage.
furtim [ffur + tim,

tis in ace.],
cretly, stealthily.
as
if
v/fur
adv., by stealth, se-
fnrtivus, -a, -nm, [ffurti- (cf. furtim) + vus, perh. immediateLess ly fr. ffiir], adj., stealthy. exactly, secret, hidden : quern fur-
tivum edidit {secretly). furtum, -i, [ffur- (as root)
+ turn
(n. of tus)], n., theft, stealth. Less exactly, and fig., deceit,
stealth, craft,
concealment, a trick, a stratagem, an artifice : belli Poetically, clandes{ambush). tine love : furto fervidus instat
adj.,
Harpies.
sonified),
Poetically
(half
per-
{unseen slaughter). fuse us, -a, -um, [?],

dark.
1.
dusky,
remorse: scelerum.
[ffuria + lis], adj., of Less exactly, madden2.
fu rial is, a fury.
-e,
fusus, fusus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of fiindo.
-I, [ ?,
perh.
same as
I.
fu-
ing, exciting to frenzy. furiatus, -a, -um, p.p. of
sus], m., a spindle.
furio.
furibundus, -a, -um, [ffuri- (stem of furo) -fbundus], adj., mad,

furious, frenzied. furio, -avi, -atum, -are,[tfuria-],
futilis (futt-), -e, [ffuto- (cf. futio), -^/fud in fundo], adj., {leaky}, brittle: glacies. Fig.,
weak, foolish.
f uturus, -a,
-um,
f.p.
of
sum.
Vocabulary.
121
G.
He was reckGabii, -orum, [?], m. plur., a patron of Virgil. town of Latium, once populous oned a poet by his friends. and important, but early destroyed, Gangarldae, -arum (-um, the between Rome and Praetieste, shorter form), [Gr. ra-yrapt'Sai] m. plur., a people of India, on the famous for the worship of Juno. Gabinus, -a, -urn, [fGabio- (or Ganges. simpler form) + inus], adj., of Ganges, -is, [Gr. Tcfyyrjs], m., the famous river of India. Gabii : cinctus (the Gabine costume, a peculiar arrangement of Ganymedes, -is (-i), [Gr. Favw/iifj,
the toga used in some rites. The right end of the toga, instead of being thrown over the left shoul-
m., a beautiful youth, son of carried away by an eagle to be the cupbearer of Jove.
STJS],
Laomedon,
der as usual, was brought round

the body and thrown forward over the right so as to hang in front).
-i, [prob. Gallic], n., a javelin (long and heavy, used by the Gauls). Gaetulus, -a, -tun, [?], adj., Gatulian, of the Gcetuli (a nation of
Garamantes, -um,
Garamantis,
TIS],
[Gr.
Tapa.fj.av-
Tfs], in. plur., a nation in the interior of Africa.
gaesum,
-idis, [Gr.
adj.,
of the
YapapavGaramantes,
hence, Libyan.
Garganus,
Adriatic
-I, [?], m., a mountainrange in Apulia projecting into the
Africa,
plur.,
now Morocco).
Masc.
of
the Gatuli (the people
(now including Monte Gargano and some other peaks).

Also, as adj., of Garganus, Gar-
the nation). rican.

I.
Less exactly, Af-I,
ganian.
[?],
Galaesus (Gale-),
m.
A river
;
Gargara, -orum,
n. plur.,
of Calabria, famous for

2.
its
sheep
An
Italian.
.
[Gr. rdpyapa], a part of Mt. Ida with a town near by of the same name.
-a,
Galatea,
I.
[Gr. raAareia], f sea-nymph, beloved by Poly-ae,

2.
:
phemus galbaneus,
;
garrulus, garrio)
-um, [fgarroadj.,
(cf.
lus],
chattering,
rustic
maid.
noisy, cawing.
-a,
(reduced)
-urn, [fgalbanoeus], adj., of galba-
gaudeo, gavisus, gaudere,
mim.
galbanum,
galbanum
the East).
n -1, [Gr. x aA#'"?] (a resinous gum from
tgavido- (fgavi + dus), cf. gaudiuin with gaudimonium],
[prob.
2. v. n., feel joy, be delighted, rejoice (internally, cf. laetor), deAlso, light in, take pleasure in.
galea, -ae, [?, prob. borrowed], f., a helmet (of leather), a helmet. galerus, -i, [akin to galea], m., a cap (of skin with the hair on).
feel proud of, boast.
Less exactly
delight
and
poetically, of things,
in (love),
Galesus, see Galaesus. galla, -ae, [prob. f. of Gallus],
abound in (cf. laetus]. gaudens, -entis, p. as adj.,
delighted, well pleased.

f.,
an oak gall. Gallus, -a, -um,
gaudium,
[a Gallic word ?], Masc. and adj., of Gaul, Gallic. fern, as subst., a Gaul (man or Plur., the Gauls. woman).
-i,
-1 (-H), [tgavidd- (reduced) + ium (n. of ius), cf. gaudeo], n., joy, delight, pleasure. PersoniConcretely, a delight.
fied
mala (Criminal Delights).

7aCa ]
f->
gaza,
Gallus,
gallus, a cock}, in., a Roman family name. Esp. of Grla, -ae, [Gr. rAo], f., a city of C. Cornelius Callus, a friend and Sicily, on the south coast, by a
[?,
-ae, [Gr. riches, wealth.
treasure,
122
river of the
Vocabulary.
same name (now TerFrom this city came
stem fgeneratisee
(cf. certatim), genero], adv., by
:
ra Nuova).
genus,
its
several tyrants of Sicily.
kinds, by races
cultus disce (of
gclidus, -a, -urn, [fgelu- [weakened) + dus], adj., icy, cold, cool, Less exactly, chill, chilled, chilly.
kind). generator, -oris, [fgenera- (cf. genero) + tor], m., a breeder.
each after
clammy, shivering : tremor; sudor.
Gelonus,
adj.,
-a,
generatus, -a, -um, p.p. of genero. genero, -avi, -atum, -are, [tgenes- (of genus)], i. v. a., beget, -um, [Gr. iVXcwos],
become thefather of. Less exactly, Geloni (a people of Masc., collectively, the produce, breed, raise. Gelonian generosus, -a, -um, [fgenes- (cf. (for the nation). Plur., the Geloni (the nation). genus) + osus], adj., (full of Gelous, -a, -inn, [Gr. reA&jos], adj., race), well born, nobly born, of a noble stock, of fine blood (of aniof Gela, Geloan. gelii, -us, [?], n., ice, icy coldness, Fig., noble, famous : memals). tallis insula (rich). cold, frost. Fig., the chill of a chill old death, genesta (genist-), -ae, [?], f., (of age). broom (a small fragrant shrub geincllus, -I, [tgemino- (reduced) with bright yellow flowers), Spartwins. + lusj, in., tium iunceum. geminatus, -a, -um, p.p. of ge-
of the
Scythia).
inino.
gemino,
-avi, -atuin, -are, [tgeI. v. a.,
genetrix (geni-), -icis, [tgene(ofgigno) as root-f trix], f., a

mother.
repeat, redouble. mino-], geminus, -a, -um, [?], adj., twinLess exactly, double, born, twin. a pair of, both, two, similar, coras Plur., subst., responding. brothers, twins.
genlalis, -e, [tgenio+ alis], adj., (of the Genius, or relating to his worship), cheerful, festival (as the rites were of a jovial nature), devoted to joy : tori; hiems.
gemitus,
gemo)
-us, [tgemi- (stem of as root tus] m., a groaning, a groan, a roar, a hollow roar,
genista, see genesta. genital is, -e, [fgenito- (reduced) -f alis], adj., of reproduction, re-
a sigh, wailing, lamentation : exproductive. tremi (its last groan, of a dying genitor, -oris, [fgeni- (of gigno) as root -f tor], m., a father, a sire. leonum. bull) gemma, -ae, [?, perh. -y/gen + genitrix, see genetrix. ma], f., a bud, an eye (of a plant). genitus, -a, -um, p.p. of gigno. From similarity, a gem, a jewel, genius, -i (-ii), [ ], m., a tutea stone (precious). From the lary divinity, a special divinity, a genius (a semi-divine personage material, a precious goblet or cup.
;
gemo, gemui, gemitum, gemere,

[perh. akin to Gr. ye/jua], 3. v. n., groan, sigh, wail, creak, mourn (of the plaintive song of the dove)
:
gens, gentis,
-f tis
attached to a person or place). en ( of gigno) [
repleti amnes.
genae, -arum
to
(rarely sing.), [akin
ytw, Eng. chin), f., cheeks. gener, generi, [?, cf. ya/j.&pds'], in., a son-in-law. Less exactly, a
suitor.
(reduced)], f., an offspring, a race, a nation, a tribe, a breed Plur., all nations (of animals). Poetically, age: (of the world). aurea, etc. toGr. genu, -us, [akin y6vv~\, n.,the knee : genua trahens (limbs)
.
Vg
proposed son-in-law, a daughter's genus, -eris, [\/g en
g^g no )
generatim
[ace. of supposed or real
us], n., race, descent, family, Of animals, breed, lineage, birth.
Vocabulary.
tribe,
123
kind.
Concretely, offspring,
Less exactly, a kind, a progeny. sort, a species.
adj., of the Geta or Goths : deserta (the modern Bessarabia, and Moldavia).
Georgica,
-oriini, [Gr. ytwpyiKa],
n. plur., the
Georgics of Virgil.
Getujus, etc. see Gaetulus. gigrio, genui, genitum, glgnere,

;
Germania,
duced)
-ae,
f-
[fGermano-
(re-
+ ia]>
[^gen
redupl.,
cf.
yiyvo/jMt],
ly of the whole
Germany (looseregion now in-
germanus, germen],
a
sister.
cluded under that name). -a, -uin, [?, akin to adj., akin, of the same stock. Masc., a brother. Fern.,
-in is,
bring forth, bear, be a genitus, -a, father or mother. -um, p.p. as adj., sprung, de3. v. a., beget,
scended, son
of.
gilvus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dun or chestnut : equus. glacialis, -e, [fglacie + lis], adj.,
icy, cold,
germen,
shoot.
[?], n.,
a bud, a
frozen, frosty.
gerere, gero, gessi, gestum, [y'ges (with r for a)], 3. v. a., Also, bear, carry, wield, wear.
poetically, of abstract ideas
:
bella
;
letumque
(of a Fury)
;
vocem
et corpus
pacem tempora um- glarea,

; ;
glaoies, -ei, [?], f., ice, frost, cold. gladius, -I (-ii), [?], m., a sword. glaeba, see gleba. glitns, glandis, [?], f., an acorn, a nut. Collectively, in sing., acorns. From the shape, a ball.
-ae, [?],
f.,
gravel.
brata quercu; pharetram; te- glaucus,-a,-um,[Gr.7A.awok],adj., volnera la ; os habitumque blue, bluish gray, bluish green, sea animum '(show) nogreen : glauca cruentia fronde (display) salicta ; salices ulva ; arundo ; men decus (possess); curam Also (cf. fero),&.w, lumen (of the equus (gray ?) (exercise). amictus (of sea-deity Proteus) produce : India lucos platani a river-god, and of a naiad). malos. Fig., of any action (esp. of war), cany on, wage, manage : <i la uc us, -I, [Gr. FA.ai;K<fc], m. I. A son of Sisyphus and father bellum ; talia ( perform such exof Bellerophon, torn in pieces by laeti rebus bene gestis ploits) his own horses ; 2. A fisherman (exultant at success, and often of Anthedon, in Ikeotia, who was with res). Geryon, -onls (abl. Geryone or changed into a sea-deity ; 3. The father of Deiphobe, the priestess Geryonc), [Gr. Typvuv], m., a of Apollo at Cumae, known as the famous monster of Spain whose Cumoean Sibyl 4. A grandson of oxen were carried off by Hercules. Bellerophon, leader of the Lvcians gcstamen, -inis, [fgesta-f men], in the Trojan war. n., a thing borne, arms, an ornagleba, -ae, [?], f., a clod, a lump ment, insignia. Less exactly, soil, land. gestio, -ivi (-li), -itum, -ire, of earth. [tgesta-( -v/ges + ti, cf. 2. ges- gliscu, no perf., no sup., gliscere, [?], 3. v. n., increase, grow. tus)], 4. v. n., exult with joy, show a passionate desire. globus, -i, [ ?, but akin to glomus], m., a ball, a sphere : flammarum ; ;r.esto, -avi, -alum, -are, [tges; ; ; ; ;
;
to-],
I.
v. a.,
bear, carry,
wear
Lunae
(orb).
Less exactly, a
:
band, a crowd, a cloud (of d>vst) pectora (possess). militum. gestus, -a, -um, p.p. of gero. Getae, -arum, [Gr. rVa], m. plur., glomcratus, -a, -um, p.p. of glomero. the Getes (Dacians), a Thracian tribe on the Danube. glomero, -avi, -Stum, -are, [tglomes- (r for s), cf. glomus], Getlcus, -a, -um, [Gr. rTHc<Js],
124
.
Vocabulary.
gracilis,
cf.
\ v. a., roll into a ball, roll up, In gather, collect, mass, roll on. pass., or with reflexive, gather, assemble. Poetically gressus (of a horse, bring together his feet, in a making caracole) ; saxa sub
:
-e, [?], adj., slender.

[
gradior, gressus, gradl,
^/grad,
gradus],
3. v.
dep., walk, go,

(cf.
Gradivus,
move, proceed, advance. -I, [tgradi-
gra-
dior and aggredirl)

(the slrider),
+ vus],m., +
us],
m.,
to;
auras {throw forth

.
balls
of melted
name
of Mars.
lava) gloria, -ae, [supposed to be fr. fclovus- (-^/clu + us) + ia], f., Less exglory, fame, renown.
actly,
gradus,
a
step
:
-us,
[-^grad
;
conferre
(i.e.
move
gether, of bullocks)
continere
ambition, vainglory, pride. Concretely (as in Eng.), the
glory, the pride:
Procas Troiaglutus)
revocare; celerare {pace). Also (as in Eng.), a step (of a funeral pile), a round (of a ladder). Graecia, -ae, [fGraeco- (reduced) +
ia
nae gentis.
glaten,
-f
-inis, [fgluto- (of
Graiugena,
nus (reduced)], n., glue. Less exactly, gum, resin.
of ius, prop, adj.)], f., Greece. -ae, [fGraio gena a Grecian born, -> ( v/S en + a )]> a Greek.
(f.
unfit us, -a, -um, p.p. of (g)nascor. Graius, -a, -um, [Gr. trv>atos],adj., Greek (originally only the name gnascor, see nascor. of a tribe, but used by the Latins Gnosius(Gnoss-),-a, -uin,[fGnoso- (reduced) + ius, or perh. boras the general name). Masc., a rowed directly, cf. IVcooWs] adj., Greek. Plur., the Greeks. of Gnosus (the city of Minos, in gramen, -inis, [akin to germen],
,
Crete), Gnosian. Cretan.
Less exactly,
Topydi],
f.,
n.,
grass,
an
herb.
Less exactly,
a grassy plain.
a
Gorgo,
-onis,
[Gr.
gramineus,
eus],
adj.,
-a,
-um, [fgramin
Gorgon (one of three
mythical
grassy.
,
of Libya, having some reto the Furies). Esp., Medusa, the chief of these sisters, slain by Perseus. Her head with serpent hair was placed in the shield or aegis of Jove and Pallas. Plur., the three sisters, Gorgons. Also, the head in the shield of Jove or Pallas.
women
grandaevus,
grandis,
huge.
-e,
semblance
-a, -um, [fgrandiaevo- (decl. as adj .)] adj ., aged, old.
[?], adj., large, great,
grando,
-dinis, [akin to
x Aa Ca L
f.,_hail. grates (abl.
-ibus), [stem graticf.
(Vgra +
thanks
:
ti),
gratus],
;
f.,
Gorgoneus,
-a,
+
in
-um, [fGorgon
eus],
nena
of the Gorgons : ve(so called from the serpents

adj.,
Medusa's hair).
-ae, [Gr. Toprvvri],
-a,
f.,
Gortyna,
debt ofgratitude) gratia, -ae, [fgrato- (reduced) + ia], f., regard, pleasure in, fonda ness for. Also, gratitude, thank.
(make ( pay a
dicere (render) referre a return); persolvere
city of Crete.
fulness.
Gortynius,
-um, [fGortyna- gratus,

tes)
ing,
y<i>pvr6s~],
-a,
-um,
(reduced) + ius], adj., of Gortyna.
y'gra
(cf.
gra-
+ tus,
Less exactly, Cretan. gorytus (cory-), -I, [Gr.

m., a quiver.
p.p.], adj., dear, pleasAlso, acceptable, beloved.
grator,
pleased, thankful, grateful. -at us, -ari, [fgrato-],
I. v. dep., congratulate. Gracchus, -!,[?], m., a Roman famgravatus, -a, -um, p.p. of gravo. ily name in the Sempronian gens.
Esp., the two great reformers, Tiberius and Caius (Lat. Gatus).
graveolens(also separate), see oleo. gravesco, no perf., no sup.,-escere,
Vocabulary.
[tgrave3. v. n.
(cf.
125
gravedo)
-f
BCD],
weighed
incept., be burdened, be do-Mii : nemus fetu (bend

-f
a way, course: efferre (proceed forth) ; comprimere (stay one's steps) ; ante ferre ( go on
before)
;
under the weight, &c.). gravidus, -a, -uni, [fgravi

adj.,
canes comitantur
recipere (retrace)
(feet).
;
(foot-
dus],
steps)
glo-
Also, full, laden, plentiful, prolific, heavy (of crops),
heavy.
merare
luxuriant: ager (in full fruit)

uHbet(distend<d)
;
aristae.
Esp.,
pregnant,
big,
:
am
Also, poetically bellis urbem. ;

-e, [root
impregnated. imperils Itali-
(rarely f.), (of domestic animals), a herd, a flock, a litter (of pigs). grus, gruis, [ ?, perh. akin to Gr. 7papos], f., a crane,
grex, gregis, [?], m.
Grynaeus,
adj.,
-a, -urn, [Gr. rpui/oTor],
gravis,
akin to &apvs + u (with added i, cf. brevis)], adj., heavy, firm, solid. Esp. (cf. gravidus), //-<?f7/aw/. Fig., bur-
densome, grievous, noxious, noisome, heavy (of sleep, of sound), hard, toilsome, burdened (with gubernaculum (-clum), -i, [tguberna- (in guberno) -f culum], years), sickly, severe (of wounds), serious, violent : exitus (cruel} ; n., a tiller, a helm. nuntius (unwelcome) ; ira (in gubernator, -oris, [fguberna + cruel wrath). Of persons, of tor], m., a helmsman, pilot. weight (opposed to levis), fierce : gurges, -itis, [ ?, prob. akin to gula, victor ; Osiris. Neut. as subst., gurgulio, and glutioj, m., a vorin plur., serious events, results, &c. tex, a whirlpool, an abyss, a gulf: Neut. as adv., ill, noisome: alternus (Jlux and reflux, of a Less exactly, a wave, grave olens. whirlpool}. a tide, waters, a stream, the sea, Graviscae, -arum, [ ?], f. pi., a town of Etruria, famous for its bad air. the ocean, a flood. graviter [fgravi+ ter], adv., heav- gusto, -avi, -arum, -are, [fgustoily (lit. and fig., cf. gravis), vio(p.p. of -v/S us c ^- gustus)], i.
lently,
of Grynia (a town in yolis where Apollo was worshipped), Gryniean. gryps, gryphis, [Gr. ypfy'], m., a griffin (a monster with a lion's body and a bird's head and wings).
deeply,
loudly:
pendens
.
v. a., taste.
(fiercely) ; spirans (heavy-scented, also poison-breathing) grave, -avi, -a turn, -are, [tgravi-
gutta, -ae,
similarity,
[?],
f.,
spot,
a drop. a blotch.
From
to exPoetical-
(as
if
gravo-)],
I.
v.
a.,
weigh
guttur, -uris, [?, perh. akin Less gutta], n., the throat.
actly, the
ly
:
down, make heavy. Fig., trouble, Pass, as dep., annoy, burden.

be reluctant, refuse.
mouth, jaws.
ovantes gutture corvi (croak[Gr. Twopos], f., an Egean (now Calairo). [Gr. FI/TJJ], m. i. A com: ;
ing throat).
gravor, see gravo.
Gyaros (-us), -1,

island of the
gremium,
[?], n., the lap, (he bosom, the breast : in vestris pono gremiis (lay at one's feet) ;
-i (-li),
Gyas,
-ae,
panion of /Eneas
2.
Latin.
fotus gremio.
try,
Fig. (of a coun-
Gyges,
&c.), bosom, lap, embrace : telluris ; coniugis (lap of earth, of Jupiter as spouse of the earth) ; caeruleus (of the Nile). gressus, -a, -urn, p.p. of gradlor.
[Gr. rwy;s], m., a companion of /Eneas. Gylippus, -1, [Gr. rJAnnroj], m.,
-is,
an Arcadian.
g-yrus, -i, [Gr. yvpos], m., a circular course, a ring, a circle, a circuit.
gressus, -us, [ ^ grad + tus] m., a step, a pace, a gait (or bearing).
,
Less exactly, a
coil,
a fold
(of a serpent).
126
Vocabulary.
H.
habena,
beo)
-ae, [habe- (stem of
(f.
ha- hactenus
dare
+ na
of nus)],
f.,
a rein,
:
a tkong, a
lash,
a bridle
(immittere, effundere) habenas (give loose rein, lit. and fig.) immissis (datis, laxis) habenis (at full speed, without restraint)
:
(often separated), [hac -terms], adv., hitherto, to this point, thus far. Less exactly, of time (as in English), to this day.
-a,
Hadriacus (Adr-),
the Adriatic Sea).
-um,
its
[Gr.
'ASpia/c^s], adj., of Hadria (a
town
to
on the Po, which gave
name
pressis (adductis) habenis (with close rein) ; convertere (course} Fig., reins, control: rerum.
.
Less exactly,
haedus
habe ns, see habeo. habeo, habui, habitum, habere,

[?, thabona)], 2. v.
(cf.
a.,
habilis,
habe-
hold, have, possess, keep, occupy, inhabit, wear: arces ;
Haemon (Ae-), -onis, [Gr. AT/uco^],

Haemonides,
of the Adriatic : undae. (hoe-, -e, ae-), -I, [?], m., a kid. Plur., the Kids (two stars in Auriga, the rising of which was attended by storms).
hostes muros; redimicula ; pecus (tend, raise}. Fig., in same

senses.
Esp. of marriage, possess,

;
have.
Also of the place where one is te pontus (cover} turba Balkan}. vos saltus haereo, haesi, haesuni, haerere, hunc (surround} [fhaeso- (unc. root)], 2. v. n., (detain}; me thalamus (be in, Of a stick, cleave, adhere, cling, stick changing point of view) Of passions council, &c., hold. fast, hang, hold fast, be fastened,
:
m., a Rutulian. -ae, [Gr. patronymic of Hsemon], m., a Rutulian. Haemus, -i, [Gr. Alto's], m., a range of mountains in Thrace (now Great
and the like, possess, inspire : omnes ardor. Also, hold, consider,
regard : domos suspectas; nullo
discrimine (treat} .Peculiar uses: habeiidi, of having, of wealth ; habenti, a possessor, the rich;
hang
to,
be caught, take root (of
. Less exactly, and fig., be fastened (of words, &c.), stick, stand motionless, be rooted to the
plants)
spot,
remain, remain fixed, stand
fast, hesitate, pause, linger,
hang
hoc habet,
he
is
smitten.
habilis, -e, [fhabo- (cf. lis], adj., handy, convenient,

active
:
habeo) +
Jit,
arcus ; vigor ; suited, circumligat hastae natam (light- haeres, see better spelling heres.
ly, deftly}.
upon (of the gaze, or of pursuit): hie terminus (be fixed ) victoria Graium (be delayed}; aspectu conterritus.
;
i. A son of Agamemnon habitatus, -a, -um, p.p. of habito. o-os], m. who came to Italy ; 2. A Rutulian. habito, -avi, at HIM. -are, [fhasee alcyon. bito-], I. v. a. and n., occupy, in- halcyon,
:
Halaesus (-esus),
-i,
[Gr. "AAai-
habit, dwell in, dwell, live.
Halesus,
liiilit
see
Halaesus.
habitus, -a, -um, p.p. of habeo. habitus, -5s, [fhabi (weaker stem
of
habeo)
:
tus],
condition,
garb.
Fig., of
plight. things, position,
m., bearing, Also, dress,
us, -us, [fhali- (weaker stem of halo) tus], m., breath, an exhalation, a vapor.
Halius, -1 (-ii), [?], m., a Trojan. halo, -avi, -atum, -are, [ ?] , I v. n .,

.
nature
locorum.
exhale, be fragrant.
hac
[prob. abl. of hie (cf. eft)], way : hac iter est. that Often repeated, this way Less exactly, here , there. way.
adv., this
.
Halys,-yos,[Gr.'AAt;j],m.,aTrojan. Hamadryas, -ados, [Gr. 'A/ioSpuds~\,

f.,
Hamadryad (a. nymph

tree), a
of a particular
nymph.
Vocabulary.
127
Ha in mon,
ha m us,
-on is, m., an
African
>
divinity identified with Jupiter.
ing, &c.) ; latus gladio (drain, as a vessel) ; sol orbem (pass, as

if
-I, [cf. Gr. x aAt(k' > perh. borrowed], m., a hook, a link
devour); ensis inimicua (of
(hook-like, of which chain mail was made). harena, sec arena.
persons, drink their blood). ha n sf us, -us, [-y/haus (as root) tus, cf. haurio], in., a draught,
Harpalyce,
f.,
-es, [Gr. 'ApTroAu/fTj],

-I,
a mouthful : aetherius (a draught of celestial air, of inspired instinct

in bees).
a female warrior of Thrace.

[Gr. 'ApTra\i>Kos'],
Harpalycus,
m., a Trojan.
hebeo, no
perf.,
no
sup.,
hebere,
Harpyia,
-ae, [Gr. "AOTTUIO.'], f., (mostly plur.), a Harpy (doubtless orig. a personified whirlwind), a monster with the body of a bird
and a human face and voice. hurundo, etc.; see arundo. haruspex (ar-), -Icis, [stem
to
[fhebo- (cf. hebes)], 2. v. n., be dull: sanguis (be chilled). hebeto, -avi,-atum, -are,[fhebet(of hebes)], I. v. a., blunt, dull. Fig., dull, dim, impair. Hebrus (Ebr-), -I, [Gr. "Epos], m. i. A river of Thrace, now
:
akin
Maritza;
2.
hira, hillae + spex (-y/spec as stem)], m., a soothsayer (by incf.
A Trojan.
Hecate,
es, [Gr. 'EKOTTJ],
f.,
a mys-
terious godJess particularly asso-
spection of entrails, a diviner.
auspex),
ciated with the lower world.
Her
hasta, -ae, [prob. akin to Gr. x av Sdvw, grasp\, f., a spear-shaft, a spear, a wand (sometimes without a head, hasta pura) pampine.i
:
nature and attributes were very variable, and she was especially identified as a three-formed goddess with the moon (in heaven),
Diana (on earth), and Proserpine

(in the
(the thyrsus).
hastili', -is,
ills,
[fhasta- (reduced)
or fhasti- (akin to lis, prop. n. of adj.], n., a spearshaft, a spear, a shoot, a sapling, a
pole.
+ Hector, -oris, the eldest son hasta) +
world below).
[Gr. "E/crtup],
m.,
of Priam and the most famous warrior of the Tro-
jans, finally slain
haud (hau, haut),

ticular
by Achilles and dragged around the walls of Troy.
[?], neg. adv.,

etc.,
(commonly negativing some parword,

cf.
Hectoreus, -a, -um,[Gr.'EcT(fy>eos],

adj.,
of Hector.
Less exactly, of
f.,
iion,
general
no means; negative), not, by haud mora (there is no delay) ; haud secius (no less)', haud quaquam (by no means); haud
Troy, Trojan. Hecuba, -ae, [Gr. 'EKCTJ], wife of Priam.
the
hedera
quicquam
(nothing, not at all).

see
haudquaquam,
haud.
(ed-), -ae, [?], f., ivy (of apparently two species, Hedera helix, and another called alba). hei, see ei.
haurio, hausi, haustum, hau- hcla (eia), [Gr. fo], interj. (of surrire, [^/haus, but prob. from a prise, admiration, or encouragenoun-stem in i], 4. v. a., drink, ment), ho ! what ho ! come on !
drain,
exhaust.
in, take in,
Less
drink
ceive :
draw
;
exactly, in, re-
cornel on! Helena, -ae, [Gr.
'EAor?],
f.,
Helen,
caelum (inhale) lucem the famous daughter of Jupiter and Leda, carried off by Paris. pecudee vocem auribus ; haec animo oculis monumenta (feast Hele'nor, oris, [Gr. 'EAcVap], m.,
; ;
the eyes upon). Poetically: corda pavor (absorb, possess) ; supplicia
a Trojan.
Helenus,
-I,
[Gr. *EAcpo$], m., a
scopulis (suffer death by drown-
son of Priam.
128
Vocabulary.
Helicon, -onis, [Gr. 'EAIK^C], m., herilis, see erilis. the famous mountain in Boeotia, Herilus, see Krulus, the abode of the Muses and favorspelling.
ite
the approved
[?],
haunt of Apollo.
spell-
Icrniiti ins,
-I
(-ii),
m.,
helleborus (elleborus, the

ing in vogue),
Trojan warrior.
-I, [Gr. i\\f@opos or ÂA-], m., hellebore (cf. veratrum, The root the proper Latin word) of the plant was a specific for in.
Hermione,
the
-es, [Gr. 'Epfutvii'],
f.,
daughter of Menelaus Helen, the wife of Orestes.

-i,
and
a
Hermus,
[Gr. "E^nos],
m.,
sanity.
river in Lydia,
famous
for
its
en sands and the fertility Hellespontiacus, -a, -urn, [borrowed from Greek], adj., of the surrounding country. now DardaHernicus, -a, -um, [fherno- (said Hellespont, the strait, to mean rock) + cus], adj., of tlit and nelles, between Asia Europe, Hernici (nom. plur. of same word), running into theÊgean Sea. On a people of Latium, said to be of its shore in Asia was Lampsacus, Sabine origin. whence came the worship of Priapus).
[Gr. "EAcopos], m. and n., a city on the east coast of Sicily. slow river of the wide, same name flowed over the flat land in the vicinity. Helymus, see Klymus.
-I,
goldof the
Helorus (-um),
heros, -ois (-oos), [Gr. a demigod, a hero.

ing),
-I,
3}p<s], m.,
herus (erus, more approved

Hesione,
spell-
[?], m., a master, a lord. -es, [Gr. 'Haiovri], f., a
daughter of Laomedon, sister of Priam, and wife of Telamon.
lierbu, -ae,
tively
and
[?], f. (both collecin plural), an herb,
Hesperia, see Hesperius. Hesperis, -idis, [Gr. iavepis,

of 6<rjrpos],
f.
adj.
grass, herbage, a weed, a plant, dried grass (hay), -vegetation, a Uade (of grass or growing crops),
adj.,
(Western),
Plur.,
Hesperian,
Italian.
the
sward: mollis; veneni

;
viridis
tenera; immemor (pasture}; herbae (grazing) olens ; maiores (stalk and leaves); Sardoa
(perh. crowfoot).
Hesperides, daughters of Hesperus, keepers of a garden of golden apples in the far West.
Hesperius,
-a, -um, [Gr. 'EoWpios, adj. of "Eirirepos], adj., (Western). Fern. (sc. terra), the West-
Herbesus,
herbosus,
-I, [ ?],
m., a Rutulian.
(re-
-a,
-um, [fherba-
duced) + osus], adj., grassy, rich in vegetation : flumen.
ern land, Italy (as viewed from Hence, ItalGreece), Hesperia. ian, Hesperian.
Hesperus,
star.
Hercules,
[Gr. 'H/KWCATJJ, through a shorter form], m., the famous demigod, renowned for his
-is,
Lat. -I, [Gr. "Eo-Trtpos Vesper\, m., evening, the evening
strength and services to mankind, represented with a club and lion's skin. The poplar was sacred to him. Herculeus, -a, -um, [imitated fr.
;
hesternus, -a, -um, [fhesi- (see heri) + ternus (cf. externus,

~
yesterday's
Lar (newly adopted).
eheu, heus], interj. (of 'HpcfoAeios], adj., grief orpain),a/5/ ah! oh! ah me! of Hercules : umbra (of the poplar) corona heus [cf. heu], interj. (of calling),
[?, cf.
heu
ho ! hallo ! ho there ! hiatus, -us, [fhia- (of hio) + tus], m., a gaping, an opening, a yawnles); amictus (the lion's skin). heres, -edis, [akin to herus ?], m. ing mouth, a mouth : oris (jaws). (or f.), an heir. hibernus, -a, -um, [fliiem- (stem
(of poplar)
;
sacrum
Tarentum
(Herculean, founded by Hercu-
Vocabulary.
of
129
(cf.
hiomps, contracted) -f ernus caverna)], adj., of winter,

Neut.
logical relations (cf. hence, since),
hence.
wintry, winter's, stormy.

plur., winters.
hinnitus, -us, [fhinni- (of hinnio) + tus], m., a neighing.
hio, -avi, -atum, -are, [fhio- (cf. -a, -um, adj., Spanish. hiulcus, hisco)], I. v. n., gape, hibiscus, -i, [Gr. iftivKosj, m., the marsh- mallow, a mallow twig or hians, -antis, p., openyawn. ing the mouth, gaping, open, opentu'igs, a switch (of mallow). mouthed, eager : immane (openhie, haec, hoc, [pron. -y/ho + i + ce, cf. ecce, cetera], dem. pron. ing his enormous jaws, of a lion). (as subst. or adj., of something Hippocoon, -ontos, [Gr. 'lirtroKotav, near in time, place, or thought, cf. -OVTIS] m., a companion of tineas.
Hlberus,
Of ille), this, he, she, it, such. indefinite persons, this man, one.
Often repeated, or correlative with another pron., this that, he . he, one, another, the former, the latter. Also, the following, as In abl. with comparafollows. Phrases tive, so uch, the more.
. . .
Hippodame,
f.,
-es, [Gr.
'IiriroSa/uT?],
Hippodamia, daughter of tEno-
maus,
race.
won by Pelops in a Her story was a

for epic poetry.
chariotfavorite
theme
Hippolyte, -es, [Gr. '\inro\\n-r\\, fan Amazon, wife of Theseus. She fought against the Amazons on
,
the side of Athens. hoc erat quod ? etc., was it for this that? ; hoc habet, he is smit- Hippolytus, -i, [Gr. 'ITI-ITD'AUTOS] m., the son of Theseus and Hipten, he is hit, he is sped (a gladiatorial
word).
c e], Also, of time
hie [fhi (locative of fho)

adv., here, there.
polyte, killed through the wiles of Phaedra, his step-mother, but after-
wards restored to
life
by Diana.
or circumstance, here, hereupon. Hicetaonius, -i, [fHicetaon +.ius, prop, adj.], m., son of Hicetaon. hiemps, hiemis, [unc. root (found
in x"">")
ptpios,
hippomanes
(not declined in Lat-
+ mus
(reduced,
cf.
x f '-
Himalaya), with
parasitic
in), [Gr. lirTrofj.avts~\ , n., an excretion of the mare used as a philter. Hippotades, -ae, [Gr. 'liriroTaoris~], m., son of Hippotas. Hircanus, -a, -um ; see Hyrca-
f., winter, storm, tempest. Personified, the Storm. Hiera (laera), -ae, [Gr. 'lepa], f., a priestess of Jove on Mt. Ida, mother of Pandarus and Bitias.
p],
hilaro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fhilaro-],
Himella,
hi nc.
cheer, enliven. [?], f., a river Italy flowing into the Tiber.
i. v. a.,
-ae,
in
nus. hircus, -i, [?], m., a he-goat. hirsutus, -a, -um, [fhirsu- (stem akin to hirtus) + tus (cf. cornutus)], adj., bristly, prickly, rough : vepres ; frondes ; crista equina (bristling, of a hero in a crested helmet); supercilium
(bushy)
.
[him (case-form of fho, cf. hirtus, -a, -um, [unc. root (cf. interim) + ce (cf. hie)], adv., horreo) + tus, p.p. of lost verb], adj., rough, hairy, shaggy, bristly ; from here, hence, from there, from this (cf. uncle), from these. Of capellae (coarse-haired}. time, then, thereupon, next, here- hirundo, -inls, [?], f., a swallow. Also (cf. a parte dex- Ilisbp, -onis, [?], m., a Rutulian. upon.
hisco, no perf., no sup., hiscere, [^/hi (perhaps fhi-) + sco, cf. hio, hiulcus], 3. v. n., gape, open pron. hinc atque hinc (illinc), on this side on that, here the mouth. Of hispidus, -a, -um, [akin to hirtus, there, on every side, around,
Often, tera), here, on this side. repeated or opposed to another
: . . .
130
Vocabulary.
hirsutus, ?], adj., shaggy, hairy: frons {bushy).

Iiiulcus, -a, -urn, [ ?, fhiiilo- (fhio + lus) + cus], &&}., gaping, cracking, furrowed (of land cracked by the sun).
hordeum,
ley.
-I,
(also plur.), n., bar-
Plur.,
grains (of barley)

-a,
horrendus,
-um,
ger.
p.
of
hoc, abLj see hie. hoc, adv.; see hue.
horreo. horrens, -entis, p. of horreo. horreo (horrui, assigned to horresco), no sup., horrere, [fhorro(-^hors),
cf.
horrificus],
2. v. n.
hodie [fho- (stem)
or
ho
(abl.) of
pron. -y/ho (cf. hie) -die (abl. of Weakened, dies) ], adv., to-day. with negatives, nmu, surely : nan-
and a., stand erect, bristle, be rozigh : colla colubris; regia culmo; carduus.
of fear
From the tingling sensation

(cf.
"hair standing on end."
quam hodie effugies (emphasizing

the negative).
The same
holus (ol-),
homo,
cf.
-iiiis,
-eris, [ ?], n., -vegetables. [-^/hom (I.-E. GHAM,
root in Sk. expresses the similar tingling of intense pleasure), shudder, shudder at, dread. horrens, -entis, p. as adj.,
bristling,
Sk.
guma, Eng. groom)

to
rough, prickly, shaggy.
m., a man (or woman), a mortal, human kind, the human race.
(cf.
gero), akin
humus],
human form, Jmman, mortal : malis hominem (Jiuman

Often, the
-a, -um, ger. p. as adj., horrible, dreadful, awful bad or good sense), frightful, (in dread. Neut. as adv., dreadfully.
horrendus,
Neut.
plur., horrors, prodigies.
woes)
vox hominum sonat.

-es,
f.,
horresco, horrui, no
a
sup.,
hor-
Homole,
[Gr. 'O/uÂjjJ, mountain of Thessaly.
honestus, -a, -um, [fhonos- (n. of honor?) + tus, cf. arbustus, funestus], adj., beautiful (cf. honor), noble, fine.
rescere, [fhorre- (stem of horreo) + sco], 3. v. n. and a., bristle : seges hastis. Also (cf. horreo),
shiver, tremble, shtidder,
dread:
campi
;
(of the grain waving in the

;
honor
(-6s), -oris, [unc. root or (-os)], m., beauty, grace, digOf moral qualities, glory, nity. Of beauty dignity, fame, honor. conferred, adornment, decoration.
wind) visu morsus mensarum (shudder at). horreum, -i, [?], n., a granary, a storehouse, a barn. horribilis, -e,[fhorr6-(cf. horreo)
+ bilis],
dreadful.
adj., horrible, frightful,
glory conferred, honor, honors (marks of honor), respect, re-
Of
gard, reward, recompense, tribute, meed ofpraise. Esp. of religious honor, worship, sacrifice, an offer-
horridus, -a, -um, [fhorrS- (cf. horreo) + dus], adj., rough, shaggy, bristling: bruma gelu ; grando (icy, cf. last example) hastilibus myrtus. Also, perh. from ing, honors, reverence, praise, fesdomestic animals, rough (in bad tive rites. Technically, honors (of
; ,
the people) an office, a magistracy. honoro, -a vl, -Stum, -are, [honor],

I
.
condition, cf. nitidus, sleek), disordered, unseemly, uncouth, tinkept, ill-kempt : alter (of a queenbee, opposed to clarus) ; macies
;
v. a.,
honor, respect, observe with
Jionor. bora, -ae, [Gr. woo, season], f., an hour. Less exactly, time, mo;
.
horridior rusco (of (hideous) a man). Transferred, and fig., crastina hour : suprema ment, dreadful, dread, horrid, frightful, Phrase in horas, (the morrow) awful. hour to hour. Personified, horrifico, -avi, -a turn, -are, [ fhorfrom
:
the
Hours (attendants of the Sun, Moon, &c.).
rifico
(stem of horrificus)],
I.
v.a., terrify, affright.
Vocabulary.
horrificus,
(cf.
-a,
-um,
[fhorro-
horreo)+ficus (yfac+us)],
human sacrifice (?), cf. Mn. x. 519], -a, -um, [fhorro- (cf. f., a victim (for sacrifice). horrificus) + sonus], adj., dread hostilis, -e, [fhosti- (lengthened, sounding, of awful sound. cf. civilis) -f lis], adj., horror, -oris, [ -y/horr (cf. horreo) of an Also, a (the) enemy, the enemy s, hostile : -for], m., a bristling.
horrisonus,
j
adj., terrible, frightful,
host Ja, -ae, [prob. fhosti- (stem of host is, reduced) + ia (f. of ius), going back to the time of
shudder, dread, horror.

:
Poeti-
fades
hostis,
(to disturb
tis,
armorum (dread sound). cally hortator, -oris, [fhorta- (in hortor) -f tor], m., suggester.
sacrifice*).
-is, [ ?,
poss. fhos- (cf.

orig.
hos-
pes)
an encourager, a
Ilortiims, -a, -um, [Horta- (reduced) + inus], adj., of Horla (a town of Etruria on the Tiber and
Nar,
stranger, Also, an enemy (of stranger. the country, cf. inimicus, one's
a guest, then then foe~\, comm., a
own private enemy), a

enemy.
foe,
the
now Orfa).
dep., exhort, encourage, ad-
hue
hortor, -atus, -arl, [fhorito- (stem of lost p.p. of obs. fhorior)],

I. v.
(old hoc), [dat. adv. ho-ce, cf. illo], adv., hither, here (of motion), into this, into that, &c., thither, there (cf. hie), this -way : inclu-
vise, urge,
address (with words of as a leader). Poetically, of animals, urge, urge
dunt (in
(here,
encouragement
on
this) ; asperge sapores this place) ; hue atque
illuc (this
way and that).

-a,
on, entice.
Im maims,
-um, [fhumo-
(re-
hortus,
TOJ],
cohors, Gr. x^pm., (an enclosure*), a garden,

-1, [?, cf.
duced) + anus, cf. homo], adj., of man, human, mortal, of mortals.
an orchard.
hospes,
-itis,
eat) -petis
= potis, ct.ir6ais (-y/pa
[fhos-
(I.
E. GHAS,
humecto, see umecto, the now in vogue.
spelling
+ tis)],
ferred,
Trans- humens, see umeo. comm., a host. a guest, a stranger. As humeo, see umeo.
an address, stranger, friend. humerus, see umerus. Also, a friend (hereditary or fam- humesco, see umesco.
ily,
in the peculiar relation of an-
li ii
in
ii-,
see u MI MII-.
-e,
tiquity, like
Gr.
-1
tvos.
h u mil is,
[fhospit
[fhumo
fig.),
lis], adj.,
.'
hospitium,
ium],
n.,
(-11),
low
(lit.
and
mean, humble
;
entertainment, hospitality, alliance, amity, friendship. Plur., hospitalities. Concretely, Also (cf. hospes retreat, shelter. and ^fv(a), friendship (family or
hereditary)
(cf.
Italia (low-lying*) ; casae (shallow, cf. altus, deep) ;

(dispirited*).
fossa
pavor
humo,
m6-],
-iivi, -atiim, I. v. a., bury,
-are, [tliuinter : solain
servitium, a
quum
with).
Concretely, a friend slave*) : anti(long in friendly relations

.
men humandi (of burial*). humor, see umor, the spelling

vogue.
humus,
-a,
-I,
fhospitus, and neut.

tion
fr.
-um, (only
(cf.
in fem.
us,
cf.
xM a O
[yhom
f->
(cf. homo) + ê ground, the
plur.), [irregular forma-
earth, the soil: exercebis ; rastros
hospes
if fr.
sospes, sosadj.,
pita), as
ble,
hospitus],
strange, foreign.
Also, hospita-
patietur; te condet humi; me tollere humo; cadavera tegere humo. humi, on the ground:
friendly:
unda plaustris
(passable*).
humi nascentia fraga ; procumbit humi boa.
132
hyacinthus, -I, a hyacinth (so
Vocabulary.
[Gr. vdxivOos'], m.,
Centaur
Atalanta.
who
offered violence to
called), an uncerflower variously identified tain (cornflower, iris, rocket, martagon
Hylas,
who accompanied Hercules

Argonautic
-ae, [Gr."TA.as], m., a youth in the
lily).
Hyades, -um,
[Gr. 'TaSes], f. plur., the Hyades, a group of seven stars in the head of Taurus (the Bull), the setting of which was attended by storms.
-I,
(i.e.
expedition, and was carried away by the nymphs of a fountain. Hylax, -ac is, [Gr. "TAo|], m., the name of a dog. Ilyllns, -I, [Gr. "TAAos], m., a
hyalus,
color
[Gr. va\t>{\, m., glass green).

see
Trojan.
Hymenaeus
a
ferred,
-I,
[Gr. uêVojos], m.,
hybernus, Hybla, -ae,

mountain
bees.
hibernus.
[Gr.
"TflAr/],
f.,
Hymen, the marriage god.

for
its
Trans.
in Sicily
famous
marriage, wedlock, nuptial rites, a wedding, a nuptial son6 Also in plur. in same senses.
:
Hyblaeus,
adj.,
I.
-a,
-um,
[Gr. "ffi\cuos~],
of Hybla, Hyblaan.
-is, [Gr. 'TSCMTTTTJS],
Hypanis,
m.
:
Hydaspes,
river of India.
Less exits
Also, of animals, mating. -is, [Gr. "Tirom], m. river of Scythia (now Boug), I. a roaring and rocky river saxo-
actly, for the
people in
vicinity
sum sonans;
Hebrus) Hyperboreus,
.
2.
Trojan
(cf.
regem observant
ure
is
(the
same
;
admissible in Eng.)
(cf.
fig2.
hydra,
far Northern, Northernmost. The The plur. is the name of the peohydra, a water-snake killed by Herple of those regions, as usual. It had seven heads, which Hyrcanus, -a, -um, [Gr. Tp;ca;/os], cules. adj., of the Hyrcani (a nation on multiplied as fast as they were cut off ; 2. Another water-serpent (or the Caspian Sea, comprehended
-ae, [Gr. %<*],
f.:
I.
tf
Trojan nis).
Hebrus and Hypa-
-a, -urn, [Gr. "Tirep&6peos], adj., {beyond the North),
the ghost of the same?) in the infernal regions, acting (like monsters generally) as a minister of divine vengeance.
under the general

Parthians, with
whom
idea the
of
the
the
Romans
were long
at war).
Plur.,
hydrus,
-I, [Gr. v5pos~],m., a -waterimsnake, a snake (in general) manis (the dragon of Cadmus). see the better hiemps, hyems,
:
Hyrcani (the nation itself). Hyrtacides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic],

m., son ofHyrtacus (Nisus or Hip-
pocoon).
Hyrtacus,
-I,
[borrowed
fr.
Greek],
spelling.
Hylaeus,
-I,
[Gr. "rAeuos], m., a
m., the father of Nisus. Perhaps another, the father of Hippocoon.
I (vowel).
-I, [Gr. "latexes'], m., a of Bacchus. Also, wine. see Hiera. laera, lapetus, -1, [Gr. "lairerJs], m., one of the Titans, father of Prometheus
lacchus,
name
lapydes (a race around the head of the Adriatic) Timavus. PL, the race itself, the lapydes.
:
lapyx,
-ygis,
[Gr.
'luirv],
adj.,
and
Atlas.
lapis, -idis, [borrowed fr. Greek], m., the physician of yneas. lapys, -ydis, f Gr. 'iSirey], m., of the
lapygian, of lapygia (a name of Less exactly, Apulian. Apulia). Masc., lapyx, the north-westerly wind (blowing from lapygia into Greece).
Vocabulary.
larbas, -ae, [?], m., a king of the Gaetulians in Libya, son of Jupiter Ammon, and a suitor of Dido. I as ides -ae, [Gr. patronymic of lasiusj, m., descendant of lasius.
lasius, -i (-ii), [Gr. 'Idcnos], m., the brother of Dardanus, son of
133
Masc., Id&us, Priam's herald and charioteer also other Trojans.

;
He became Jupiter and Electra. a special favorite of Ceres (Demeter).
Among
other myths he
is
said to have married a daughter of Teucer, and so to have been one of the founders of the Trojan race.
did ins, -a, -um, [Gr. 'iScJAiof], adj., of Idalium, Idalian. Fern., Idalia, a town and grove of CyNeut., Idalium, another prus. form of the same name. Both forms are properly adj., but the adj. is used as if from the nouns. i. A Idas, -ae, [Gr. "I5os], m. 2. A Thracian. Trojan idcirco [id (n. ace. of is) circo
I
:
(dat. or abl. of
circus,
cf.
circa,
iaspis, -idis, [Gr. laairii\, L, jasper (a precious stone) . Iber (Iberus), see Hiberus. ibi [pron. ^/i (cf. is) + bi (loc.
suffix, cf.
circum)], adv., for that reason, With therefore, for this purpose.
negatives, for all that, for on that account. idem, eade~n, idem, [is +
that,
-bus and tibi)],

:
adv.,
dem
(here (less demonstrative than 11lic, cf. Is) respexit, ibi omnis effusus labor (in that look}. Of time, then, thereupon : ibi me-
(pron. -y/da, inacc.?,cf.
quidam,
mento.
Ibidem [ibi-dem,
cf.
idem],
adv.,
in the same place, on the same Of time, at the same time. spot. Icarus, -I, [Gr. "I/capos], the son of
Daedalus,
fed", Id, hit.
who
fell
accompanying
3. v. z..,strike,
adj. pron., the same, the Often equivalent very, the like. to a mere connective, also, likewise, as well. ideo [id (n. ace. of is) eo, strictly, and that for this reason or purPose^, adv., for this reason, thereWith negfore, on this account. atives (cf. idcirco), ykr all that.
dum)],
his father's flight.
Idmon,
make.
ictum,icere,
-onis, [Gr. Rutulian.

-ei
l5/Koi>],
m., a
Of a
ictus, -us, [ -y/ic + tus] m., a stroke, a blow : certus {aim} ; quo ictu furit equus (wound} ; cuspidis
,
treaty, ratify,
Idomeneus,
(wound}; totus (force}; ventos lacessit ictibus (thrusts}.

Collectively, ictu.
(ace. -ea), [Gr. a hero of the Troleader of the Cretans. jan war, Idumaeus, -a, -um. [Gr. 'iSv/wwos], adj., of Idume (Edorn}, a region of Syria, famous for its palms,
'iSo/ievevs], m.,
throwing: cursu et
, :
.
IdumcEan.
lens, run is, p. of eo. igitur [perh. unc. stem + tus (cf. diviiiitus)], adv., in that case.
t
Ida, -ae, [Gr. "I5a] f. I A mountain in the middle of Crete, the seat of a famous worship of Jupiter. Here Jupiter was supposed to have been nursed in secret ; 2. The mountain of Ph'rygia, near Troy, famous for many divine incidents,
Weakened
as conj.,
accordingly,
Also in questions and therefore. the like (implying that what follows
is the logical consequence of what precedes or has been im-
and
Cybele
especially for the worship of The name of the ; 3.
mother of Nisus. Idacus, -a, -urn, [Gr. 'iSalos], adj., ignarus, -a, -um, [in-gnarus (^/gna + rus)], adj., not kn<noof Ida (the mountain in Crete), Idaan. ing, ignorant, unacquainted -with, of Ida (cf. 2. Ida), Idtcan. Less exactly, Trojan. unaware, unsuspecting, in igno-
plied), then : mene igitur fugis (do you then, &c. ? as your action seems to indicate).
134
ranee, taken by surprise,
in pass,
Vocabulary.
Rare ignosco, -novi, -notum, -noscere, [in-(g)nosco, formed perh. in imitation of
3. v. n.,
sense,
.
unknown
igna-
rtun
habet ora Mimanta (in

[abl.
cognosce,
-a,
investigate^,
obscurity)
pardon, forgive.
ignopar-
ignave
of ignavus], adv., : carpere slolhfully, negligently herbas (heedless of plucking). ignavia, -ae, [fignavo- (reduced)
scendus,
donable.
-um,
ger. p.,
ignotus,
adj.,
+ ia],
-a, -um, [in-(g)notus], unknown, obscure, strange,
f.,
slothfulness,
cowardice:
unobserved.
animi {cowardly spirit). ilex, -icis, [?], f., an oak (of a parignavus, -a, -um, [in-gnavus ticular species, the holm-oak), a (y'gna + vus)], adj., idle, slothholm-oak. ful, without spirit, cowardly. ilia, -ium, [perh. akin to <?t\<a, roll Poetically: hiems ignava colono (cf. efAeos)], n. plur. (sing, rare),
(an
idle time, &c.).
Also,
idle,
unproductive,
unfruitful :
ne-
mora. ignesco, no
the groin, the flanks, the side (between the ribs and hips) rum:
perf., no sup., -escere, [figne- (of supposed or lost verb figneo) + sco], 3. v. n. incept.,
pere (burst the and the like).

Ilia, -ae, [fllo
sides,
with envy
a
ia],
f.,
name
for
Rhea
lus
take fire.
Fig., be fired, be in-
Silvia (the
mother of Romu[Gr.
*IAia/c<fe],
and Remus).
-a,
flamed.
Iliac us,
igneus,
-a,
-um,
-um,
[figni- (reduced)
adj., fiery, blazing, burning. Fig., fiery, ardent, burning, like fire (swift), like a flash. ignipotens,-entis,[tigni-potens], m., Lord of fire, a name of Vulcan. ignis, -is, [I. E. ^/AG (of unc. mean-
+ eus],
of Ilium (another name for Troy), Trojan. Ilias, -adis, [Gr. 'lAios], f. adj., a
adj.,
Trojan woman.
ilicet [i (imper. of eo) licet, go, you may~\, adv., (orig. formula of dismissal for an assembled people,
it is over, you may deparf). Transferred, immediately, forthat once. with, ilignus, -a, -um, [filic- (of ilex) + nus], adj., of holm-oak, oaken. Ilione, -es, [Gr. '\\i6vri], f., the oldest daughter of Priam, married to Polymestor, king of Thrace. Ilioneus, -ei (ace. -ea), [Gr. 'IAo-
ing)
nis], m., fire, flame, heat,

:
brand, flash
rapidus
Luna
colligit ignes {light, conceiving the heavenly bodies as blazing);
Cyllenius (the planet Mercury) rutilus (redness); aeterni (the Fig., of the passions, passtars) sion, love, fury, wrath, frenzy. Concretely (as in English), flame (object of love).
; .
ignobilis,
less,
[in-(g)nobilis], adj., ignoble, inglorious, obscure, worth-e,
unhonored.
-ae, [fignomini- (reia], f., offame, ignominy, disgrace,
cf.
vfvs~\, m., an aged Trojan, companion of tineas. Ilium, i (-ii), [Gr."lAioc], prop. n. of adj., see Ilius], n., a name of
ignominia,
duced,
cognominis) +
Troy, city of
Ilius, -a,
Ilu$.
want
-um, [cf. "lAjov], adj. (of wh. Ilium is neut., but it is treated
as adj. from
shame.
Ilium), Ilian, Trojan.
ignoro, -avi, -atuin, -are, [fignaro-], I. v. a., not know, be unaware of, be ignorant of. Poetisemina cally, of transplanting matrem (become unacquainted
:
illabor, see inlabor.
illacrimo, see inlacrimo. illaetabilis, see inlaetabilis. illaudatus, see inlaudatus.

ille (ollus), ilia, illud, [unc. pron.
with).
stem + lua
(cf.
ullus)], dem. pron.
Vocabulary.
(conceived as more remote than Without noun, hie), that, these. he, she, that, it. Contrary to Eng.
usage, of what follows, this, these, these things. Often repeated or opposed to another pron.,//i<? other,
that one, that, the former (cf. hie). Of a conspicuous person or object (as
that.
if
'35
the island off the coast of Etruria, famous for its rich iron-mines. imago, -inis, [fima- (stem of
tim.5, simple verb,
tor,
cf.
dietito, dicto)
whence imi+ go (cf.
pointed at), the great,
In comparisons (to
make
it
vorago)], f., a representation, an imitation, a copy : genitoris (a resemblance} formae (empty form) Lunae (reflection) Aeneae (appearance, in a compari;
the comparison more vivid, as if were actually in sight), some, a.
son). Concretely, a statue, a lani ; representation (in art)

:
In imitation of Homeric 876, redundant, merely continuing the ex illo, subject of discourse.
from
lllic
(cf.
that time.
(loc.
illecebrae,-aruin; seelnlecebrae.
[illi
adv.
fr.
ille)
-ce
phana shade, an apparition, a form : magna mei (I, a renowned Of shade) pallentis Adrasti. the mind, a picture, a conception, an image, an idea : confusa re;
maris
tom,
rerum.
Esp., a
hie)], adv., there, in that place, with them (cf. hie, hinc), on this. hie illic, here in that. there, in this place illido, see inlido.
.
rum pietatis ; pugnae ; maior Martis (wore vivid picture); plurima mortis (form). Fig.,
;
echo.
Imaon,
and
adj.,
-onis, m., a Rutulian.

-e,
illinc [illim (case-form of ille, cf. interim) -ce (cf. hie)], adv.,
thence,
imbellis,
[in-bello- (reduced,
decl. as adj., cf.
exanimis)],
from
there.
Also
(cf.
unwarlike, peaceful, effemi-
nate : telum (ineffective); Indi. hinc), on that side, that side: hinc atque illinc (on this side and that} imber, -bris, [-^/imb-t- rus (weak.
illisus, see inlisus.
illotus, see inlotus. illuc [illo (dat. adv. fr. ille, cf. eo) -ce (cf. hie)], adv., thither, that
ened), akin to u/j.Qpos, Sk. abhras~\, m., rain (violent and sudden, cf.
way : hue illuc volvens oculos hue caput atque illuc pependit
;
pluvia), rain-storm, storm, raincloud : frigidus; hibernus; caeruleus aestivus effusus imbribus verberat humum ater
; ; ;
(on illucesco, see inlucesco. illudo, see inludo. illustris, see inlustris. illusus, see inlusus. illuvies, see inluvies.
Illyricus, -a, -um, [flllyri- (stem of Illyris) + cus], adj., of Illyria, (or Illyris, an indefinite region east of the Adriatic, to the north of Greece proper) aequor (the
:
this side
and that).
extremus brumae.
Also, as a genial agency, showers, rain : largus; amicus; laetus; fecundi. Less exactly, water (of the sea): inimicus. Poetically, as in Eng. ferreus (hail, of weapons).
:
Imbrasides,
fr.
-ae, [Gr. patronymic Imbrasus], m., son of Imbrasus. Imbrasus, -I, [?], m., a Lycian, father of Glaucus and Lades.
imbrex, -ids, [fimbri + cus

duced)],
roofs).
f.
(re-
Adriatic). T Ilus, -i, [Gr. Uos], m.: I. The mythical founder of Ilium, grandson of Darfather of Priam ; 2.
(or m.), a tile (hollow,

Collectively,
in
sing.,
of the Italian form, for covering

tiles, tiling.
danus, and great-uncle ot No. I ; name of lulus ; 4. A Rutulian. Ilva, -ae, [prob. borrowed], f., Elba,
3.
imbrifer, -era, -erum, [fimbrifer

(-y/fer
+ us)],
adj.,
bringing
rain, rainy.
136
imbuo,
Vocabulary.
-bui, -butum, -buere, akin to imber, fr. tim-
immergo,
-mersi,
-mersum,
v.
:
[?, perh.
ber- ( -ydmb + u, cf. acuo, cf. also Sk. ambhas, water}~\, 3. v. a., soak, wet (either used of the liquid or Less exactly, with the liquid).
stain
fice)
;
-mergere, [in-mergo], 3. plunge, drown, overwhelm ponto ; unda virum.
a.,
me
[in-
immeritus
(in-),
-a,
-um,
agnus aram (by sacrisanguis arma sanguine

;
bellum. imitabilis,
iinitor)
ble}.
meritus], adj., undeserving. Esp., undeserving of evil, unoffending : Priami gens. im mi 1100 (in-), no perf., no sup.,
-ere, [in-mineo], 2. v. n., overLess exactly hang, project over. and fig., threaten, menace, be close
-e,
[fimita- (stem of
:
bills], adj., imitable
non imitabile fulmen
{inimita-
at
hand: globus
(of the
enemy)
imitatus, -a, -um, p.p. of iinitor . iinitor, -atus, -ari, [fimito- (stem of iniit us, p.p. of fimo, cf. imago, aemulus)], i. v. dep., imitate,
hostis muris.
immisceo
counterfeit, represent, copy
(in-), -miscui, -mis* tuin (-mixtum), -miscere, [inmisceo], 2. v. a., mix in, mingle : maculae igni. Less exactly and
fig.
:
Pana canendo (rival) Satyros; imitata vox sonitus tubarum

(resembling, ringing like} immanis (in-), -e, [in- stem akin to in anus, perh. man us itself], adj., (either savage or monstrous, both which meanings are common
.
admonet immiscetque
(mingles prayers
;
prehis
ces
with
warning) manus manibus(wzgle fist with

ers)
;
;
fist, poetically
of box-
and run
into
each other), huge,

:
monstrous, enormous
membra
immixti Danais (mingled crabro se imparibus arwith) mis (join in unequal combat) se armis (plunge} nocte (nubi)
;
se (vanish, be
lost}.
dorsum; antrum; armenta (of immissus (in-), -a, -um, p.p. of immitto. Fig., monstrous, inmonsters). human, -wild, fierce, savage, cruel: iinmitis (in-), -e, [in-mitis], adj., Neut. nefas cruel, ruthless, ferocious : nidi gens fluvius.
; ;
as adv., enormously, wildly : immane sonat (roars wildly} ; spirans (fiercely, in wrath). immaturus (in-), -a, -um, [in-
(poetically of birds that feed
on
immitto
maturus],
ture.
adj.,
unripe, imma-
immedicabilis
cabilis],
Fig., premature, untimely. (in-), -e, [in-mediadj.,
incurable
-oris,
telum
Immemor
mor],
(because poisoned).
(in-),
[in-meheedless,
adj.,
unmindful, forgetful,
thoughtless,
(in-), -misi, -missum, -mittere, [in-mitto], 3. v. a., let send in, let in, send to : go in, apros fontibus; socios portis vadis ratem (drive, (admit} immittuntur plantae (set force} in, graft in) Alpes apertas (bringdown, of Hannibal bringing the Gauls against Rome). Esp.
; ; ;
regardless,
in p.p.
lumen immissum
;
unheeding.
memory
Poetically, /ree from (of the souls of the dead
ing in}
caelo
hostes
immissae ferae
. .
(shin(bursting in} silvis et sidera

;
drinking the waters of Lethe).
immensus
mensus],
(in-),
adj.,
-a,
-um,
[in-
unmeasured, immeasurable, immense, huge, unbounded, enormous, boundless, vast.

Fig.,
to notion of let loose} Less exactly loose).

;
(let loose, see next division, sent abroad} superis Allec(sent down, with accessory
;
ignes
(let
tremendous, prodigious
amples above),
(cf. last exlet loose, let fiy, lei
clamor; agmen; aquarum.
go;
hastile;
immissa barba;
Vocabulary.
(flowing).
pass.,
'37
[in-murmuro],
in.
i.
throw
.
tus (flow)
;
With reflexive, or in one's self, rush : aesEsp. of driving, let

spur on : habenas ; also fanes ; velis
:
-are,
v.
n^
[in-
murmur
impacatus
pacatus],
(in-),
-a,
-um,
loose, let go,
adj., unpacified,
uncon-
iuga rudentes; palmes immissus(wchecked). curas.

iiitiiiixtiis
so
impar
(of
quered. (in-), -paris, [in-par], adj.,
Fig., inspire, inflict
unequal, uneven, ill-matched, odd
number)
puer congressus
;
(in-),
p.p.
of
im-
misceo.
immo
[abl. of (in-mus, superl. of in)], adv., (in the lowest degree} , more or less contradicting
Imus
Achilli (on unequal terms) fata (as between two combatants). i in past us (in-), -a, -um, [in-pastus], adj., unfed, hungry.
impatiens
tiens],
(in-), -entis,
[in-pa-
what precedes, often to assert something stronger, no, nay, nay rather,
adj.,
impatient: vulneris
-a,
(frenzied by).
nay but. immobilis

adj.,
fig.)
impavidus
(in-), -e, [in-mobilis],
(in-),
-um,
[in-
immovable, unmoved (lit. and
immolo
:Âusonia (unshaken).
(in-), -avi, -atuin, -are,
[fimmolo- (in-mola, decl. as adj.), from sprinkling the meal on the head of the victim], i. v. a.,
immolate, sacrifice,
exactly, kill (cf.
offer.
pavidus], adj., unterrified, undaunted, without fear. impedio (in-), -ivi (-ii), -itum, -ire, [fimped- (cf. expedio, compes) as if fimpedi-], 4. v. a., entangle, entwine: loricam hasta Less exactly, hinder, (pin fast).
Fig., hinder, impede, hamper. prevent, delay : mora ignaros. impell5 (in-), -puli, -pulsum, -pellere, [in-pello], 3. v. a., strike upon, strike, lash : luctus aures ; marmor remis. Also, of the re-
Less
slay.
macto),
immortalis
lis], adj.,
(in-), -e, [in-mortaimmortal, undying, eter(in-),

-a,
nal : fas (of immortality).

in n il us
i
-urn,
adj.,
[in-
mo
unmoved, undisturbed, immovable, unshaken, secure, fixed: unda Also, fig. in same (tranquil}. senses mens ; fata lamina (fixed) ; immotum sederet ani-
motus,
p.p. of
moveo],
over, overthrow, overEsp., urge on, urge, drive, force on : puppim ; impulsa sagitta; impulsus furiis Cassansult,
push
turn.
drae; impulsus vomer (driving the plough) undas Zephyri.

;
(immovably fixed).
(in-), -ivf (-ii),
immugio
ire,
[in-mugio],
4. v. n.,
-itum, roar
within, bellow within. Fig., resound within : regia luctu.
immulgeo
(in-), no perf., no sup., -mulgere, [in-mulgeo], 2. v. a., milk into : ubera labris.
(in-), -a,
adj.,
above), shake: animum labanarma (excite tem. Poetically war, as Jjy the clash of weapons). impendeo (in-), no perf., no sup., -pendere, [in-pendeo], 2. v. n., overhang. Fig., threaten, im:
urge, impel, induce, force, compel ; also (see second division

Fig.,
imimindus
mundus],
-urn, [inunclean, foul,
pend: jrentus.
impendo
sto-M,
filthy: cinis (unsightly). immunis (in-), -e,[in-munis, without a share, cf. coinmunls], adj., free from, secure from : belli.
(in-), -pendi, -peusuin, -pendere, [in-pendo], 3. v. a., exFig., expend, devote, be:
pend on.
apply
impensus,
-a,
laborem -um,
curam.
p.p. as adj.,
Also (contributing nothing),

inert.
idle,
spent, expended. penses, cost.
Neut. plur., ex-
jiiuiiuriiiuru (in-), -avi, -atuin,
impense
[abl. of
impensus],
adv..
138
expensively.
estly, seriously,
Vocabulary.
Less exactly, earnvehemently.
mercy and justice)
Mars Furor
;
:
Fama.
piety)
;
Poetically
fata (of im-
impensus, -a, -um, p.p. of impendo. imperditus (in-), -a, -um, [inperditus], adj., undestroyed : corpora Graiis (not slaughtered').
Tartara (impious, the
abode of the impious). Masc., impious wretch. implacabilis (in-), -e, [in-placabilis], adj., inexorable,
able, implacable.
i
unappeas-
imperfectus
perfectus],
(in-), -a,
adj.,
-um, [m-
unaccomplished,
in pi a cat
tiable.
us (in-), -a, -um, [inadj.,
unfinished. imperito (in-), avi, -atum, -are, [as if fimperito- (stem of supposed p.p. of impero)], i. v. n.,
placatus],
inexorable, insa-
impleo
command,
be lord of : pecori (of
imperiu m
ranging,
a bull).
(in-), -plevi, -pletum, -plere, [in-fpleo, cf. compleo], 2. v. z..,fill in, fill up, fill : mulctralia vaccae ; implentur fos-
(in-),
cf.
[fimpero-, ar-
sae
+ ium
n.,
(n.
opiparus (reduced) of -ius), cf. impero],
(seize
sinus (swell) manum pinu with full hand). Less ex;
actly, of sounds, Sac., fill with, in-
requisition (prob. orig. meaning), command, control, authority, sway, rule. Concretely, a command, an order, an empire, a
spire
:
;
nemus
querelis ;
;
animum
nuntius
veris
Rutulos animis
power.
(fill the ears of} ; sinum sanguis (overflow). Fig., satisfy, satiate: implentur Bacchi
Turnum
impero
(in-), -avi,
(cf. I. v. a.
[fimperocf. paro],
rem genitoris. imperium), but and n., demand implico (in-), -plicavi
re, [in-plico],
-atum, -are,
veteris (drink their Jill)
amo-
(-plicui),
(of a requisition, prob. the original command (esp. of meaning). military authority), rule, order; tolli corpus ; arvis.
-plicatum (-plicitum), -plicai. v. a., entwine, interweave, enfold, entangle : co(grasp) ; se dextrae (clasp) ; pedes (of an eagle seizteming a serpent, grasp with*) pora ramo (encircle*) ; ossibus
mam laeva
imperterritus
Jied,
(in-),
-a,
-um,
[in-perterritus],
adj.,
unterri-
undaunted, undismayed. impetus (in-), -us, [in-fpetus (-^/pet+us, cf. petulcus, perpetuus)], m., an inpinging, a violent rush, an impetus, an impulse, force, violence (of attack),
ignem
(kindle)
falling horse,
equitem (of a pin down) natam

;
;
telo (bind*) totas acies (mingle in confusion). Fig., entangle, involve : vos fortuna bello.
vehemence,
impexus
pexus],
(in-),
adj.,
momentum. -a, -um,
imploro
[in[in.
(in-), -avi, [in-ploro], i. v. a.

(cf.
uncombed, unkempt.
upon
-atum, -are, and n., call explore), beseech, im[in-fpluma

adj.)], adj.,
impiger
piger],
(in-), -gra,
adj.,
-grum,
active,
energetic:
loth*)
hausit pateram (nothing
plore, beg for. implmnis (in-), -e, (weakened, decl. as
impingo
(in-), -pegi, -pactum, -pingere, [in-pango], 3. v. a., dash against : agmina muris
impeded.
impono
(in-), -posui, -positum, -ponere, [in-pono], 3. v. a., place
m pi us
(force to). (in-), -a, -um, [in-pius], adj., impious, sacrilegious, godless. Less exactly, accursed (of anything without divine qualities of
upon, place, lay, tion), serve up.
pour
(of a liba:
Fig., impose, lay
upon,
pacis morem (ordain) dominum patriae.
fix,
;
put,
enjoin
finem
;
pugnae
Vocabulary,
importunus
portunus,
(in-), -a,
cf.
(doubtless a sea-term,
Less exactly, without -um, [inimpunity. Portunus], adj., danger, safely, without harm. cf. opporimus, -a, -um, superl. of inferus.
tunus), untimely, unsuitable, inconvenient. Also, troublesome,
in
Of moral qualities, dangeroiis. Transferred cruel, unreasonable. to augury, ill-boding, ill-omened. impositus, -a, -um, p.p. of impono.
imprecor
precor],
(in-) -atus,
i.
-ari,
[in-
pray (for something against some one). imprimo, -pressi, -pressum, -ere,
dep.,
v.
pron. y'AN.cf. Gr. ava, iv] t With abl., in, within, on, In all Eng. senses. upon, among. Special phrases: in manibus, close at hand, near : in verbo, at the word ; in primis (imprimis), among the first, especially. Often, in the matter of, in case of, in regard to: in hoste; in
prep.
[I. E.
Daphnide
(for); in
hoste Pria-
[in-premo], 3. v. a., impress. impressus, p.p., chased (of ornament).
imprimis,
see in.
improbus
(in-), -a, um, [in-probus], z&}.,wicked, bad,villainous, malicious, mischievous, Jierce, cruel, shameless, ravenous, un-
principled:
goddess*)
;
fortuna (malicious
mons
mo. With ace., into, upon, among, to, towards, against, at, for : nos in sceptra reponis (restore to power, &c.) in solidum finditur via; adspirant aurae in noctem (blow on into, &c.); intecommittere(tt/<?w); quietum in Teucros animum (towards*); compositi in turmas; cura in
;
(destructive*)
;
rabies ventris (ravening) labor (" rascal" as if the enemy of man) Rarely in a good sense, cunning, shrewd.
.
vitulos traducitur (to*) se condit in undas (in*); in agros

;
(over}.
;
Esp.
of
;
distribution,
among: in naves spargere in volgum in versum distulit ulAlso of purpose, ten(in). dency, &c., for : usum in castrorum ; audere in praelia ; in
improperatus
(in-), -a, -um, [inproperatus], adj., lingering. improvidus (in-), -a, -um, [in-
mos
providus], adj., unforesee i ng : pectora turbat (startled*).
lamina
in
medium
common advantage,
(for
the
improvisus
(in-), -a,
-um,
[in-
provisus], adj., unforeseen, uneximprovise, abl., pected, sudden.
but also, into the middle*). Often, on account of different English conception, in, on : considere in ignes ; in
on a sudden, unexpectedly.
numerum
ure*)
;
imprudens
(in-), -entis, [in-prudens], adj., not anticipating, sur-
prised,incautious, ignorant: frons
(in time, to the measin puppim ferit. ; Special phrases : in plumam (in the manner of, so as to make) ;
in
spem
laborum (unused to*} evaserat hostes (without knowing if)

;
.
impubes
impulsus
impulsus
cf.
(in-),
-is
(also
-eris),
adj.,
[in-pubes, decl. as
beardless, youthful. (in-), -a,
adj.],
-um,
p.p. of
in obliquum (transversely); in dies (from day to day) ; in vicem, invicem (in turn) in octo pedes (tip to*) ; in noctem (towards). Of apparel, &c., in, with : ignota in veste.
;
impcllo.
(in-), -as, [in-pulsas, impello], m., a shock.
inaccessus,
-a, -um, [in-accessus], adj., (unapproached*), inac-a,
cessible (cf.
impunis
-e, (in-), [in-tpoena (weakened, decl. as adj., cf. exadj.,
Inachius,
unpunished. impune, neut. ace. as adv., with
anlmis)],
duced) + Inachian. Less exactly, ofArgos^ Argive, Grecian.
acceptus, acceptable*) -um, [flnacnd- (reius], adj., of Inachus,

.
140
Vocabulary.
Inachus, -i, [Gr. "Ivaxos"], m., son incensus, -a, -urn, p.p. of incendo. of Oceanus and Tethys, the mythic inceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of incipio. founder of Argos, and father of lo. incertus, -a, -um, [in-certus], inamabilis, -e, [in-amabilis],adj., adj., uncertain, doubtful, waverinanis,
unlovely, hateful. -e, [?], adj., empty, void, substanceless : rotae (unloaded} ; Fig., regna (of the shades).
ing, unsteady, irregular, vague.
empty, idle, meaningless:
useless,
piirposeless,
incesso, -Ivi, 3. v. a., assault, attack. incessus, -us, [in-fcessus], m., a walk, a gait, an advance. incesto, -avi, -atum, -are, [fin.cesto-],
I. v. a., defile,
tempus
(mere);
polhite.
verba
adj.,
(cottnterfeit).
inchoo, see incoho, the more ap-
inaratus,
-a, -um, proved spelling. [in-aratus], incido, -cidl, -casum, -cidere, unploughed, unfilled. inardesco, -arsi, no sup., -ardes[in-cado], 3. v. n., fall upon, cere, [in-ardesco], 3. v. n. incept., happen upon, meet: animo dens take fire. Less exactly, blaze, (enter) incido, -cidi, -cisuim, -cidere, glow, redden. inarime, -es, [Gr. e<V 'A.pi/j.ois, the [in-caedo], 3. v. a., cut into, cut hack. Of the effect, cut off, cut, place where Typhoeus was sup.
posed to lie], f., an island in the Tuscan Sea, also called Ênaria
(make by cutting) amores arboribus

Fig., cut
off,
So
(cut
also
on).
:
(now
inausus,
Ischia). -a, -um, [in-ausus], adj.,
sever, decide, settle
lites.
incinctus,-a,-um, p.p. of incingo. undared, unattempted. incaiidesco, -candui, no sup., incingo, -cinxi, -cinctum, -cingere, [in-cingo], 3. v. a., gird -candescere, [in-candesco], 3. v. ii. incept., glow. (upon one's self or another). From the fashion of ancient garincanesco, -canui, no sup., -caments, clothe. nescere, [in-canesco], 3. v. n. incipio, -cepi, -ceptum, -cipere, incept., whiten, become gray.
-um, [in-canus], adj., covered with gray, gray, hoary. cassus. see incassum,
incautus,
adj.,
in can us, -a,
[in-capio], undertake.
3. v. a.
and inceptus,
n., begin,
-a,
-um,
-a,
-um, [in-cautus],
incautious, careless, off one's guard, in one's ignorance.
incedo, -cessi, -cessum, -cedere, [in-cedo], 3. v. n., move on, proceed,
move, advance.
-I
p.p. as adj., begun, inceptive, incipient, partially accomplished, atNeut., an undertaking, tempted. an attempt, a purpose (partially Also (as in Engaccomplished) lish), begin (to speak, &c.). incito, -avi, -atum, -are, [fin.
incendium,
(-ii),
[in-fcan-
cito-],
tate,
I.
v. a., set
in motion, agi-
Fig., arouse, exurge on. cf. candiflcus) cite, spur on. ium], n., burnincitus, -a, -um, [p.p. of fincieo, ing, a Ji're, fire, a conflagration. in-citus], adj., (set in motion}, incendo, -cendi, -censum, -cenrapid, swift, active. dere, [in-cando, cf. accendo], 3. v. a., set on fire, kindle, burn : inclementia, -ae, [-(inclement + aras votis (light) ia], f., cruelty, rigor, harshness. squamam Also, of things, cruel fate, harsh fulgor (light up). iuceiisus, condition, bitterness : mortis. -a, -um, p.p., burning, on fire, Jlred. Fig., fire, excite, set on inclinatus, -a,-um,p.p.ofinclino. caelum clamor inclino, -avi, -atum, -are, [infire, torment:
dium, or fincendo- (in-cando-,
(fill}.
clino],
I.
v.
a.
and
n.,
bend
Vocabulary.
(towards),
incline.
141
cocta rubores (Gr. ace., dyed with, Esp., bend inclinatus, -a, &c.). -uni, p.p. as adj., bent dow nwards, increbresco (-besco), -brul, no falling, fa iling : domus sup., -brescere, [in-crebresco], 3. v. n., thicken, increase, grow includo, -clusi, -clusum, -cludelouder (cf. creber) nomen (be re, [in-claudo], 3. v. a., shut up, shut in, enclose, surround : vitam sprea'd abroad}. inelusus, incredibilis, -e, [in-credibilis], sanguine (choke}.
downwards.
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., shut up, in confinement, enclosed, confined : in flumine cervus (caught). inclusus, -a, -um, p.p. of includo.
adj., incredible.
incrementum,
(cf.
-i,
[as
if
fincren.,
incresco)
+ mentum],
increase.
offspring.
Less exactly, progeny,
inclutus (incly-),
-a,
-um, [fclu-
tus, p.p. of clueo, with in], adj.,
increpito, -avi, -atum, -are, [increpito],

(cf.
I.
famous, renowned, famed. inclytus, -a, -um ; see inclutus. incoctus, -a, -um, p.p. of incoquo.
v.
a.,
(rattle~),
chide
increpo), rebuke, taunt, find fault with, challenge.
-a, -um, [in-cogni- increpo,-avi(-ui),-atum(-itum), unknown, uncertain. -are, [in-crepo], i. v. a. and n., sound: mails incohS (inchoo), -avi, -atum, clatter, rattle, Of a (gnash) sonitum (blare). -are, .[?], I. v. a., begin, under-
incognitas,
tus], adj.,
take^;
aras
(bziild).
incolo, -colui, no sup., -colere,

[in-colo], 3.v.&.,divellin, inhabit.
incoluinis, -e, [?], adj., harmed, uninjured.
safe,
un-
continued cry, chide, rebuke, taunt, upbraid. incresco, -crevi, -cretum, -crescere, [in-cresco], 3. v. n., grow
incomitatus,
tatus], adj., panied.
in, grow up. Fig., arise, swell. -um, [in-comi- incubo,-avi(-ui),-atum(-itum), -are, [in-cubo], i. v. n., lie down unattended, unaccom-a,
incommodus,
modus],
pleasant.
adj.,
-a,
-um, [in-com-
inconvenient, unNeut., an inconven-
upon, lie upon. Fig., fall upon (of a storm), brood upon, strike (of winds, &.C.), burst, bend one's energies, strive, exert one's self.
Esp., lie upon (to watch), guard (in secret), hoard. incultus, -a, -um, [in-cultus], adj., uncultivated, unfilled, wild.
Fig. (cf. colo),
ience, a trouble,
a misfortune.
incompositus,
-a,
-um, [in-com-
positus], adj., not arranged, irregular, rude.
incomptus,
polished.
-a,
-um, [in-comp-
unkempt, un-
tus], adj., unadorned, rude, un-
cared for.
Neut. plur., wild re-
gions, deserts.
inconcessus,
sus], adj.,
-um, [in-conces- incumbo, -cubui, -cubitum, unallowed, forbidden, -cumbere, [in-fcumbo], 3. v. n.,
-a,
lie
unlawful.
upon, lean 'upon, lean over

to
inconditus,
-a,
-um, [in-condiarranged, rude,
tus], adj., not unpolished.
laurus arae (overhang). brood upon, settle on, bend

oars, &c.), strive, threaten,
Fig.,
(of
at.
aim
:
inconsultus,
-a,
-um, [in-con-
sultus], adj., unadvised, without advice.
In proverbial expressions fato urgenti, lend one' s weight to, urge

1
on, hasten.
incoquo,
-coxi, -coctum, -co- incurro, -curri (-cucurri), -cursum, -currere,[in-curro] 3-v.n., querc, [in-coquo], 3. v. a., boil rush on, rush in, rush. From the process, in, cook in. dye, color: vellera Tyrios in- lucursus, -us, [in-cursus, cf. in,
142
curro], m., a rush, an
inroad.
Vocabulary.
attack,
an
of authoritative
utterance, order,
:
appoint, enjoin
[initer
I. v. a.,
incurvO, -avf, -atum, -are,

curvo],
primis iuvenum {command to make); chores
incurvus,
tibia Bacchi (summon). bend. -um, [in-curvus], indictus, -a, -um, [in-dictus], adj., unsaid, unsung (cf. dico) adj., bent, crooked. nee te abibis nostris carminibus incus, -udis, [in-^cud (as stem)], {., an anvil. (unhonored"). incuso, -avf, -atum, -are, [in- indigena, -ae, [indu-fgena (cf. fcauso, cf. causor], I. v. n., acGraiugena)], m. or f. (used as
-a,
:
cuse, blame,
i
find fault with.
adj.),
no usus,
nciit
i<>,
-um, p.p. of incudo country (unused), hammered out, wrought. indigeo,

-a,
native born, native, of the (opp. to foreign).

-iguf,
no
sup.,
-igere,
-cussi, -cussum,-cutere, [in-quatio], 3. v. a., strike into. Fig., dash, lend, inspire.
[indigo- J,
quire.
2. v. n.,
need, want, re-
indago,
-inis, [findago- (induagus, cf. prodigus) -H o], f., closingin (of game). Hence, toils, nets.
is, cf.
indiges, -etis, [indu-fges (-v/g a shorter form of VS en + ^ s re '

>
inde [im (case of

(cf.
hinc) -de
there,
dehinc)],
this,
adv.,
from
duced)], m., native. Esp., a native god or hero raised to the rank of a local divinity, home-born. indignatus, -a, -um, p.p. of in-
from
that place, thence. Less exactly, then, next, after-
from
wards.
Phrases
teneris, even from infancy ; inde ut, immediately when.
iam inde a iam
dignor. indignor, -atus, -ari, [indigno-], I. v. dep., deem unworthy, be indignant

at, be
at,
disdain, scorn, chafe
indebitus,
adj.,
-a, -um, [in-debitus], not due, unpromised.
indecor (indecoris),
-oris,
[in-
indignant, be angry. indignus, -a, -um, [in-dignus], unworthy, adj., undeserving, shameful, unbecoming, undeserved,
decus, decl. as adj.], adj., without honor, inglorious, unhonored : indecores non erimus regno (no
disgrace).
unjust: digna atque indigna relatu (just and unjust taunts'); digna indigna pati (both just and undeserved woes).
indefessus,
-a, -um, [in-defessus], adj., unwearied, untiring, unfailing.
indigus, -a, -um, [indu-tegus ? (cf. egeo), but cf. also prodigus], adj., in need, needing: nostrae
[in-discretus], adj., undistinguishable (cf.
indeprehensus (-prensus), -a, opis (requiring). -um, [in-deprehensus], adj., un- indiscretus, -a, -um,
undiscovered, observed, ceived, undiscoverable.
unper-
acceptus,
indocilis,
acceptable).
India, -ae,
of adj. fr. Indus], f., the country beyond the Indus, embracing loosely much more than the modern region of that name.
[f.
[in-docilis], adj., unteachable, untamed, untamable.

-a,
-e,
indoctus,
adj.,
-um, [in-doctus],
unlearned, igno-
untaught,
rant, unskilled. Indicium, -I (-II), [findic- (index) -j- ium], n.,an information, indoles, -is, [indu-foles
a disclosure, a charge, testimony. Less exactly, a sign, indication,
fr.
(lost stem olesco)], f., character (inborn), native worth, nature,

-y/ol, cf.
a mark (to give information).
spirit (as natural disposition).
indico, -dixi, -dictum, -dicere,

[in-dico], 3. v. a., declare, known, publish, proclaim.
indomitus,
adj.,
make
Esp.
-a, -um, [in-domitus], untamed, untrained, unbroLess exken, wild, savage, rude.
Vocabulary.
actly,
untamable, indomitable.
Ineluctabilis,
i
Fig., fierce, untamed, invincible. indorniio, -IvI, -Itum, -Ire, [in-
-e, adj., inevitable.
[in-eluctabilis],
MI-HI p<
dormio],
inclu
4. v. n., sleep on.
us (-emtus), -a, -um, [inemptus], adj., unbought, of no
cost: dapes. [in-do (case-form of pron. inermis, -e (-us, -a, -um), [in^/da)], old form of in in comp. farmo- (weakened and decl. as indubito, -avi, -atum, -arc, [in-
dubito], viribus.
i. v. n.,
doubt, distrust:
adj.)], adj.,
ineo, -Ivi
irr. v.
(-ii),
inducu,
-diixi, -ductuni, -ducere,
a.
unarmed, defenceless. -itum, -ire, [in-eo], and n., go in, come in,
Less enter, enter upon, go into. [in-duco], 3. v. a., lead on, lead, bring in : fluvium (let in) ; onus exactly and fig., enter upon, fall Aurora. Less exactly, draw on, into, take up, take part in : prodraw over : caestus manibus. scenia ludi (come upon) So by change of point of view: iners, -ertis, [in-ars, decl. as adj.], inducitur artus tunica, clothes adj., {without skill), helpless, inhis frame with &c. ; fontes umactive, idle, sluggish, cowardly, voces bra, cover with. Fig., induce : spiritless : oculi (heavy) inductus pretio (bribe). (useless) corpora (lifeless, dead) umor (stagnant). inductus, -a, -urn, p.p. of induco. indulge ntia, -ae, [findulgent + inexcitus, -a, -um, [in-excitus], ia], f., favor, indulgence. adj., unmoved, undisturbed.
.
indulged,
inexhaustus, -a, -um, [in-exnoun-stem, perh. akin haustus], adj., unexhausted, inexhaustible. tovolgus, cf. first example], a.v.n., Also, inexorabilis, -e, [in-exorabilis], give room to : ordinibus. with unc. connection of ideas, adj ., inexorable : fatum.
-ulsi, -ultuni, -ulgere,
fr.
[?, prob.
favor, be complaisant, indulge, be inexpertus, -a, -um, [in-expertus], adj., untried, unaltempted. indulgent. Esp., indulge in, give inexpletus, -a, -um, [in-expleway^ to : vino ; choreis. n< lux, -ui, -n tu in, -uere, tus], adj., unsatisfied, insatiable. [?, cf. Neut. as adv., insatiably : lacriexuo], 3. v. a., put on, assume, mans (not to be sated with weeptake on. With change of point of view, clothe (one's self or aning). other), deck with, adorn : quos ex inexsaturabilis, -e, [m-exsatufacie hominum in voltus ferarabilis], adj., insatiate. rum (change from &c., clothing in inextricabilis, -e, [in-extricabi&c.); se nux in florem (clothe lis], adj., inextricable. Esp. in pass., infabricatus, -a, -um, [in-fabriitself in bloom). put on, clothe one's self with : loricatus] adj ., unwrought, unformed.
,
cam; indutus exuvias
(clad in);
infandus,
adj.,
-a,
-um, [in-fandus],
vestes indutae (on the body). induresco, -duriii, no sup., durescere, [in-duresco], 3. v. n.
\ncvpt.,gr<rwhard,harden, congeal.
Less exactly, unspeakable. horrible, dreadful, accursed. Neut., in apposition with the senhorror! As adv., hortence,
ribly.
iiit'fins,
Indus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'IvSJs], adj., Plur., the Inof India, Indian.
dians, people of India. Indus trio, -ae, [findustri-(
-anils, [in-fans. p. of for],
adj., speechless.
?,
As
subst.,
an
in-
+unc.stem) + ia,
cf.
indu industrius],
of induo.
fant, a child. n r. ii si n-, -a,

adj.,
-um, [in-faustus],
diligence, industry.
ill-omened, ill-fated:
omen
iiidutus, -a, -inn, p.p.
(evil, ill-boding).
144
Vocabulary.
destructive, fatal:
Infectus, -a, -um, p.p. of inficio. Infectus, -a, -um, [in-factus], adj., not made, not done, undone, aurum incomplete, unfinished : (unwrought); foedus (invalid}.
volnus (deadly thrust). inficio, -feci, -fectum, -ficere, [in-facio], irr. v. a., (work in ?),
dye, stain. taint, infect,
Also,
infccundus
fecundus],
ful.
(foe-), -a,
-um,
[in-
mix, poison, inimpregnate.
adj., sterile,
unfruit-
Infelix, -Ids, [in-felix], adj., tinfruitful (cf. felix), sterile. Also, unlucky, unfortunate, ill-omened,
wretched, ill-fated :
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., stained, impregnated. Also, povenenis Allecto, overetically
fectus,
flowing; scelus, ingrown, of the

earthly taint of crime.
-a, -um, [in-fidns], adj., faithless, treacherous.
equus infelix infidus,

his
studiorum (disappointed in
favorite pursuit).
infigo, -fixi,
-fixum, -figere,
Inf ensus, -a, -um, [p.p. of finfendo, cf. defendo], adj., (dashed
against ?), hostile, deadly, dangerous, inimical. Esp. of weapons, levelled, at charge : tela ; spicula
[in-figo], 3. v. a., fix in, fasten in : cornua (interlock).
infindo,
-fidi,
-fissum, -findere,
vertunt
(level).
Of the [in-findo], 3. v. a., cleave. effect, cleave (make by cleaving). infit [in-fit, of no], defective v. n.,
begin.
Inferiae, -arum, [finfero- (reduced) -f ia (prob. a noun omitf.
Esp.
(cf.
incipio), begin
to speak, &c.
ted, victimae?)], plur., a sacri- infixus, -a, -um, p.p. of infigo. fice (to the gods below in honor inflammatus, -a, -um, p.p. of intl a m mo. of the dead) , funeral rites. infernus, -a, -um, [finfero- (re- inflammo, -avi, -atum, -are, [induced) + nus], adj., of the lower flammo], I. v. a., set on fire. world, of the gods below, of Hades. ig.,_fire, excite, inflame.
Infero, intuli, inlatum, inferre, inflatus, -a, -um, p.p. of inflo. [in-fero], irr. v. a., bring in, bring inflo, -avi, -atum, -are, [in-flo], I. v. a., blow into, to, bear on, bring, introduce : belfill (with wind),
lum
(make, of
offensive
;
deoa (introduce} gressus (turn); rates (urge on).
war) ; acies (lead) ignes (hurl); Esp. of offer;
calamos (play) ; classica (sound); ebur (blow). Less exactly, puff up, swell.
swell (of sails)
:
ings, offer, sacrifice : honores. With reflexive or in pass., rush,
advance, proceed. infer us, -a, -um, [unc. stem+rus], adj., (inferior, infimus, iiiius low, below, beneath. Comp., inferior, less: inferiora secutus (a lower destiny) numero (weaker inflictus, -a, -um, p.p. of infligo. Hi xi, -flictum, -fligere, in numbers). Superl., lowest, infligo, [in-fligo], 3. v. a., dash upon, deepest, nethermost, the bottom of, dash against. the depths of, innermost : ad pedes (even to the very feet) manes (the influo, -fluxi, -fluxum, -fluere, lowest depths') Phrases ab imo, [in-fluo], 3. v. n., fiow in, fioT.o ex imo, from the bottom, utterly, into, empty (of rivers) infodio, -fodi, -fossum, -fodere, from the foundations. infcstus, -a, -um, [p.p. of fin[in-fodio], 3. v. a., dig in, plant. cf. fendo, infensus], adj., hostile, Esp., bury.
.
Inflecto, -flexi, -flexum, -flectere, [in-flecto], 3. v. a., bend. InFig., move, affect, touch. flexus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., curved, crooked, bent. infletus, -a, -um, [in-fletus], adj., unwept, unmourned. Inflexus, -a, -um, p.p. of inflecto.
Vocabulary.
infoecundus, see infecundus. ingeminatus, -a, -um, p.p. of ingemino. informatus, -a, -um, p.p. of informo. ingemiuo, -avi, -atum, -are, [ininforinis, -e, [in-forma (weakened gemino], i. v. a. and n., redouble, and clecl. as adj.)], adj., shapeless. repeat, renew: vulnera lateri vox inAlso (cf. forma), unsightly, (strike thick and fast) geminata (echoed); ingeminans misshapen, hideous, horrid : letum Creusam vocavi (with repeated (shameful, by hanging).
;
informo, -avi, -atum, -are,

formo],
fashion.
I.
[in-
v.
a.,
shape, form,
Without obj., redouble, incries) crease, be repeated: ignes (flash re.
peatedly)
Troes hastis (redouble

;
infra [prob. abl. of finfero-, cf. supra], adv., below, beneath :
their showers of spears) Austri (freshen); plausu (redouble).
mare quod alluit infra (of the ingemo, -gemui, no sup., -genieTuscan Sea). re, [in-gemo], 3. v. n. and a. (cf. infractus, -a, -urn, p.p. of indoleo), groan, sigh, mourn, lament, moan. Also, of animals, fringo. roar, low, bellow. infracno, see Iiifreno. infraemis, see infrenia. ingenium, -i (-ii), [in-fgenium iiifremS, -fremui, no sup., -fre(y'gen + ium, cf. genius), cf. mere, [in-fremo], 3. v. n., growl, ingeno], n., nature, intelligence.
roar.
inf rendeo, no perf., no sup., -f rendere, [in-frendeo], 2. v. n., gnash (the teeth). infrenis, -e, (-us, -a, -um), [inffreno- (decl. as adj.)], unbridled : Numidae (with unbridled horses^, perhaps in a double sense. infrenoj -are, I. v. a., harness.
Less exactly, of things, nature, character : arvorum.
ingens, -entis, [in-gens, decl. as adj., out of its kind~], adj., enor~ mo us, huge, vast, immense, great :
argentum
rura
;
fumus.
(a vast amount of) ; Less exactly, of
intangible
severe,
lous,
objects, great, deep, intense, mighty, marvel;
infringo,-fregi, -fractum,-frlngere, [in-frango], 3. v. a., break

break, crush, shiver. Fig., crush, shatter, break down, vanoff,
loud: pectus (mighty heart) (dense) gemitus ; ruina nox pluvia (heavy) (mighty) (thick); ex.iiM&(great,important) ;
umbra
quish. p.p. as
infractus,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
broken,
manus
as
in
(stout)
volnus.
of
Also,
shattered,
English,
men, great,
crushed, overborne.
infula, -ae, [perh. akin to Gr. <f>aAOJ], f., a fillet (a head-band of wool used in sacred rites). infundo, -fudi, -fasum, -fun-
mighty, famous, illustrious : genus a proa vis ; animis corpore ar-
dere, [in-fundo],
on,
3.
v.
:
a.,
mis_Herminius. ingero, -gessi, -gestum, -gerere, [in-gero], 3. v. a., heap up, hurl. pour inglorius, -a, -um, [in-fgloria
(decl. as adj.)], adj., without honor, inglorious, unhonored. ingluvies, -ei, [in-fgluvies (
pour
out,
pour down
;
latices
Vgl u ding its light); populus (crowdf ies, cf. glutio, gula)], f., the ed) nix mfusa (fallen) ; mens infusa per artus (permeating, gullet, the crop, the maw. infusua gremio (ly- ingratus, -a, -um, [in-gratus], diffused) adj., utipleasing, disagreeable, uning languidly, of Vulcan). Also, ungrateful, uninfusco, -avi, -atum, -are, [ingrateful.
;
;
(administer}
sol infusus (shed-
fusco],
i. v. a.,
darken, stain.
p.p. of
heeding, thankless:
infusus,
-a,
-um,
inf undo.
ing no return)
146
Vocabulary.
ingravo, -avi, -Stum, -are, [in- inimicus, -a, -um, [in-amicus], adj., unfriendly, hostile, of an engravo], I. v. a., weigh down.
Fig., aggravate. emy, of the foe, as an enemy. ingredior, -gressus, -gredi, [in- iniquus (-os), -a, -um, [in-aequus], adj., unequal, uneven : gradior], 3. v. dep., walk, proceed, silvae (rough). Also (cf. aego, enter, land (from a vessel) altius (step higher, of a horse) quus), unfair, unjust, hostile,
: .
Fig., enter upon, begin, undertake, enter on a way, proceed, go on. ingressus, -a, -uin, p.p. of ingre-
dior.
ingressus, -as, [in-gressus, cf. ingredior], m., an entrance, a be- iniuria, -ae, [in-fius + ia, cf. inginning, a rise. iurius], f., injustice, wrong, outingruo, -ui, no sup., -uere, [?], rage : longa (tale of wrong) rush make v. sceleris nostri (guilt). n., 3. upon, assail, an inroad upon. Less exactly iniussus, -a, -um, [in-iussus], adj., and fig., come on, fall upon, assail unbidden, unforced. one, burst forth : umbra vitibus iniustus, -a, -um, [in-iustus],adj., annorum horror {break over} unjust, unfair, unreasonable. in labor (ill-), -lapsus, -labi, [inimber. (roll on) inguen, -inis, [?], n., the groin. labor], 3. v. dep., glide in, move
; ; ;
unfavorable, unfortunate : sol (opsors {unhappy); fata pressive) spatia (insufficient). (ttnlucky) iniectus, -a, -um, p.p. of inicio. iniicio, see inicio.
; ;
Plur. in same sense. inhaereo, -haesi, -haesum, -hae-
in.
Fig., of
:
inspire
a divinity, enter, Jill, nostris animis.
rere, [in-haereo],
2. v. n.,
cling to.
inlacrimo
inhibeo, habeo],
i
-ui,
2. v.
-ituni,
a.,
[inhold in, check,

i
-ere,
(ill-), -avi, -atuin, -are, [in-lacrimo], i. v. n., weep. Poetically, of statues, weep, dis(ill-),
-e,
restrain, stay. nil in, -avi, -at um, -are, [in-hio],

I.
til tears.
nl act :ib His
[in-laeta-
v.
n.,
gape
at,
stand open-
mouthed (with sudden emotion).

Also, from the expression of the
face, gaze open-mouthed,
bilis], adj., joyless, mournful. in la IK la (us (ill-), -a, -um, [inlaudatus], adj., detested (cf. imiii it is ;,
pry
into,
execrated.
(illec-),
gaze
at.
inlecebrae
-a,
-arum,
[fin-
inhonestus,
tus],
able.
adj.,
-um, {in-honesdishonor-
inglorious,
inhorreo, -ui, no
horreo], 2. v. rough, roughen
:
sup., -ere, [inbristle,
n.,
:
grow
messis campis So also, irr. (wave trembling). as causative aper armos, bristle
up.
iniicio) + bra], f., enticements, allurements, charms. inlido, -lisi, -lisum, -lidere, [inlaedo], 3. v. a., dash in (to someAlso, dash thing), dash upon. in (to itself, crush). inligatus (ill-), -a, -um, p.p. of
lece(cf.
inligo.
inligo
(ill-),
-avi,
-atum,
bind on,
-are,
tie
inhospitus, -a, -um, [in-hospitus, see hospitus], adj., inhospitable,

dangerous.
iiihiiiiiat us,
[in-ligo],
fetter.
i. v. a.,
up.
Less exactly, entangle, hamper,

-a,
-a,
-um, [in-huma- inlisus,
-um,
p.p. of inlido.
inlotus (ill-)> * -u [in-lotus], inicio -iectum, -ieci, adj., unwashed, not cleansed. (inii-), -icere, [in-iacio], 3. v. a., throw inlucesco (ill-), -luxi, no sup., With re-IBcescere, [in-lucesco] 3. v. n. upon, cast upon, hurl. flexive, throw one's self, rush. incept., dawn, break (of day)
tus],
adj.,
,
.
unburied.
Vocabulary.
Inludo
(ill-), -lusi,
147
cf.
dere, [in-ludo],
3. v. n.
-lusum, -la- inopinus, -a, -um, [in-fopinus, and a., opinor], adj., unexpected.
Also, at, make sport of. destroy (as if in sport), waste, injure. Also, //ay upon, sport with :
mock
mops,
adj.,
-opis, [in-ops, decl. as adj.],
without resources, helpless, poor, destitute : senecta ; inops
vestes \\\M&a.e(ivroughtwith sportive designs')

.
animi
J
(bereft of sense, frenzied}
res {scanty fortune).

-c,
inlustris
(ill-),
[in-flustro-
( weakened
luo + ies)], f., dirt, filth. came a divinity), son of Ino. ( Vl u i inm-, see irnm-. inquam (,-io), [?], v. def., say. innascor, -natus, -nasci, [in- inremeabilis (irr-), -e, [in-remenascor], 3. v. dep., grow in, be abilis], adj., irretraceable. born in. innatus, -a, -uin, p.p., inreparabilis (irr-), -e, [in-re>
famous, inlusus, -a, -urn, inluvies (ill-),
and decl. as adj.)], adj., noble, illustrious.

p.p. of inludo. -ei, [in-fluvies
nous, -a, -um, [Gr. "\v<aoi\, adj., of Ino (the daughter of Cadmus and wife of Athamas of Thebes. Flying from her husband, she threw herself into the sea and be-
inborn, innate.
parabilis], adj., irrecoverable, ir-
innato, -avi, -atum, -are, [inreparable. nato], i. v. n. and a., swim on, inrideo (irr-), -risi, -risum, -ridere, [in-rideo], 2. v. a., laugh float on. at, scorn, ridicule. inrisus, -a, innatus, -a, -11111, p.p. of innascor. -um, p.p., mocked, scorned, ininnecto, -nexui, -nexum, -necsulted, with ridicule. tere, [in-necto], 3. v. a., entwine, bind, enwrap. Fig., weave, en- inrigo (irr-), -avi, -atum, -are, [in-rigo], I v. a., drop upon, pour twine, devise, invent, ^plan : fraus. With change down upon, shed. inncxus, -a, -um, p.p. of innecto. of point of view, bedew with, moisin ii it or, -nisus ^-nixus), -niti, Also fig. in ten, bathe, water. [in.-ni.tor], 3. v. dep., lean -upon,
.
rest on, be supported by. inn x us, -a, -um, p.p. of innitor. MM. -navi, -natum, -nare, [inii
both senses.
inriguus
rignus],
ii.
(irr-),
adj.,
-a, -um, [finmoistening, water-
no],
i.
v. n.
and
a.,
swim in
or
into, float,
swim,
-a,
sai/.
innocuus,
um,
[in-nocuus],
-um, p.p. of inrito. inrlto (irr-), -avi, -atum, -are,

[fin-rito(cf.
ing. nl at us, -a,
adj., harmless, innocent, unoffending : litus {that will do no harm).
dogs)],
cense.
i. v. a.,
inrfo, snarl, of excite, anger, in-
Also, actively, unharmed.
innoxius,
adj.,
-a,
-um, [in-noxius], inritus

adj.,
harmless, innocent.
(irr-), -a, -um, [in-ratus], Less invalid, annulled,

:
innumerus, -a, -um, [in-numerus, decl. as adj.], adj., without number, numberless,
exactly, useless, ineffective, idle, in
vain, empty
.
sceleris vestigia
unnumbered.
-a, f-um, [in-nuptus], unmarried (of a woman), As subst., a maid. maiden. inoffensus, -a, -um, [in-offensus],
finnuptus,
adj.,
(harjnless} inrord (irr-), -Svi,
-atom,
-fire,
[in-roro], I. v. shed moisture.

(of light)
:
bedew, sprinkle, Less exactly, flood terras sole.

a.,
adj.,
unbroken, unimpeded, unhin-
inrumpo
and
n.,
dered.
-ruptum, -rumpere, [in-rumpo], 3. v. a.

(irr-), -rupi,
inolesco, -levi, -litum, -lescere,

[in-olesco, cf. adulesco], 3-v. n., grow in {into), become implanted.
break in, burst in, break
through, force. inruo (irr-), -rui, no sup., -ru-
148
ere, [in-ruo], 3. v. n. and in, rusk on, fall down.
i
Vocabulary.
a.,
rush insertus, -a, -um, p.p. of insero. insideo, -sedi, -sessum, -sidere,
[in-sedeo],
on, sit
settle,
us; 1 1 iii at
is, -a, -um, (separate, inque salutatus), [in-salutaintus], adj., not saluted : hanc salutatam relinquo (without sayi
2. v. n.
and
a., sit
up-
down
occupy.
on.
Esp., settle on, Also, lie in wait
(cf.
insidiae), plot.
(In perf.
ing farewell}. insania, -ae, [finsano- (reduced) + ia], f., madness, insanity, frenzy, rage : scelerata belli.
(-ii), -itum, [fininsani-)], 4. v. n., be insane, rave, play the fool. insanus, -a, -uin, [in-sanus],adj., unsound (Q{ mind), mad, wild, inLess exactsane, frantic, crazy. Fig., wild, violent, ly, inspired.
tenses undistinguishable from in-
sido.)
iiisaiiio, -Ivi
sano- (as
if
insidiae, -arum, [finsid- (or insido- reduced) + ia (cf. dcscs, desidia)], f. plur., an ambush, an ambuscade, a lying in wait. Less exactly, treachery, a stratagem, wiles, a trick, secret mischief.
Personified, Craft, Treachery. Poetically, secret flight (of Nisus
mad, crazy, insane : cupido

tus
;
nuc.
and Euryalus through the enemy's camp)

.
(turbulent) inscius, -a, -urn, [in-fscius, cf. nesclus], adj., unconscious, ignorant, untaught, unaware, bewil;
amor
forum
insidiatus,
eidior.
-a,
-urn, p.p. of in-
insidior, -atus, -ari, [finsidia-], I. v. dep., lie in wait : ovili lu-
dered (not understanding) baud inscius (with full knowledge}.

:
pus^ prowl around}. insido, -sedi, -sessum, -sidere,

[in-sido],
3. v. a.
-scrips!, -scriptum, -scribere, [in-scribo], 3. v. a., mark write upon, inscribe, (of the tracing of a spear) pulvis hasta. inscriptus, -a, -um, p.p. of inscribo.
inscribe,
and
n., settle
on,
sit on, alight
upon.
(-ii),
a.,
insignio, -ivi
deck.
[finsigni-], 4. v.
-itum, -ire, mark,adorn,
insector, -at us, -ari, [in-sector, cf. insequor], I. v. dep., pursue. Fig., harass, worry, persecute, pursue : rastris terrain {ply}. insequor, -secutus, -sequi, [insequor], 3. v. a. and n., follow up, pursue : ilium Pyrrhus ; cominus arva (in a strong poetical
Fig., pursue, follow ttp, harass, be close upon : quid te ca-
insignis, -e, [fin-signo- (weakened, decl. as adj.)], adj., marked, conspicuous, adorned, splendid,
decked, brilliant. Fig., conspicuous, famous, renowned, glorious, noble, remarkable, distinguished,
extraordinary.
plur.
as
subst.,
Neut. sing, and insigne (insigensign, trappings,

,
nia), a device, an ornament, a

decoration,
insignia.
figure) .
an
Neut., follow, come next, ensue. With inf., continue, proceed. insero, -rui, -rtum, -rere, [insus.
insincerus,-a,-um, f in-sincerus] adj., impure, corrupt, tainted, putrid.
sero],
3. v. a.,
put
in, insert.
insero,
-serere, implant, plant, graft (both of the insere pistock and the graft) ros ;_arbutus ex fetu nucis.
[in-sero],
3. v. a.,
-sevi,
-situm,
liisinuu, -avi, -atuin, -are, [insinuo], i. v. a. and n., work in With (by winding or bending).
set out, engraft,
way
reflexive (or without), work one's in, steal in. Fig. : pavor
inserto, -avi, -atuin, -are, [inserto, cf. insero], i. v. a., put in, thrust in, insert.
per pectora (steal over}. insisto, -stiti, no sup., -sisterc,

[in-sisto],
3. v.
upon,
set foot
a. and n., stand upon, tread, enter
Vocabulary.
upon, begin. Actively, plant, set : vestigia. insitus, -a, -um, p.p. of insero. insolitus, -a, -um, [in-solitua],
adj., unwonted, unaccustomed to. Also, unusual, strange, unwonted : phocae fugiunt (against
149
mi
(repeat, requite); instaurati ani(courage restored}.
their wont)
insomnis, -e, [in-faomno- (weakened and decl. as adj.)], adj.,

sleepless, unsleeping. insuinniiiiii, -I (-ii), [finsomni?
insterno,-stravi, -stratum,-sternere, [in-sterno], 3. v. a., spread over : pontes (throw out) With change of point of view, cover, spread : instratum cubile instrati ostro {strewn with} alipedes (housed). instigo, -avi, -atum, -are, [infstigo, cf. instinguo, Gr. <rr/],
.
I.
v.
(reduced)
vision.
a.,
ium],
n.,
a dream, a
goad
on.
Fig.,
stimu-
insono, -sonui, no
[in-sono], I. sound, roar :
ilia
v.
-sonare, sound, reflagello (crack} ;

sup.,
n.,
encourage, incite, urge on. instituu, -tui, -t fit um, -tuere, [in-statuo], 3. v. a., set up, build, Less exactly, establish, foiuid. ordain, introduce a custom, teach
late,
with
demissa per auras (come a dang}; verbera (cog.
crack the lash}. (prepare). -sontis, [in-sons], adj., insto, -stiti, -statum, -stare, [ininnocent, unoffending, guiltless. sto], I. v. n. and a., stand on, insperatus, -a, -um, [in-sperastand over. Less exactly (of tus], adj., unhoped for, unlocked military action), press on, pursue, rthreaten : iugis assail, attack, x inspicio, -spexi, -spectum, -spi(threaten, make a demonstration). Also in other connections, be cere, [in-spicio], 3. v. a., look in upon, overlook, spy out. busy, urge on, be troublesome, inspico, -avi, -atum, -are, [inthreaten, impend, be urgent, be at hand, be ready, press on, ply, be fspicp], I. v. a., sharpen, point. inspiro, -avi, -atum, -are, [ineager, strive, be bent on : currum spire], I. v. a., breathe in, breathe (cog. ace., busily prepare) ; aristia (be devoted to) ; operi ; tumulupon. Fig., inspire, infuse : ignem (enkindle), tus (be imminent) ; aquae {overinspoliatus, -a, -um, [in-spoliahang, of a figurehead). instratus, -a, -um, p.p. of Intus], adj., undespoiled, unspoiled. sterno. instabilis, -e, [in-stabilis], adj., unsteady, unstable. Fig., Jickle, instrepo, -ui, -itum, -ere, [inwavering, vacillating. atrepo], 3. v. n., rattle, creak. instar [akin to in-sto], n. indecl., instructus, -a, -um, p.p. of inan image, a likeness, a resemstruo. blance. In appos., as adj., like, instruo,-struxi,-8tructum,-stru
ace., rattle blows,
(a custom) : vestigia nuda (have by long established custom) ; dapes
insons,
ere, [in-struo], 3. v. a., (pile up equal: mentis equus (huge as}; agminis Clausus (the equal). on), pile up: mensas (spread}. Less exactly, arrange, draw instauratus, -a, -um, p.p. of Instauro. up, array, prepare, set in order, With change of point instauro, -avi, -atum, -arc, [infurnish. of view, provide tstauro (fstauro-, cf. Gr. <r-rav(with^), furnish, arm : ar mis socios ; instructus p6s), cf. restanro], l.v. a., (set Eois adversis (in array with); up), renew, repeat, begin anew, instructus dolia (armed with). rally: acies ; diem donis (refeat another day); talia Oraia insuetus, -a, -um, [in-suetus],
150
adj.,
Vocabulary.
unaccustomed to, unused, not intempestus, -a, -um, [in-ftempestus (cf. honestus), cf. temPassively, unaccustomed, unusual, unwonted, unfamiliar. pestivus], adj., untimely, unseasonable : nox (a technical exp., Neut. plur. as adv., in unthe dead of night). wonted wise, unusually, beyond Also, nox one's wont. (with reference to the orig. meanwont.
insula, -ae, [in-stem akin to sal],

f.,
ing, gloomy, unpropitious)

(cf.
an
island.
temperies),
Also unwholesome,
.
iiisulto, -avi, -atuin, -are, [insalto, cf. insllio], I. v. a. and n., bound upon, leap upon, dance on, prance (on) solo; floribus haedi ; aequore sonipes. Fig., ex:
unhealthy.
intemptatus (inten-),
-a,
-um,
[in-temptatus], adj., untried. intendo, -tendi, -tentum (-ten-
sum),
ult
into,
irr.
over,
insult.
Also,
bound
[in-tendo], 3. v. a., stretch upon, stretch to, stretch, strain :

(bend, from stretching the
; ;
rush into.
arcum
string)
in sum,
infill, inesse, [in-sum], v. n., be in, be on, be there.
insuo, -sui,
suo],
over,
sut inn, -suere, [in-
vela (spread) sagittam arcum above) vincula (strain) ; vela Zephyri (swell )
(aim,
cf.
.
3. v. a.,
sew
in, stitch in.
in super
[in-super], adv., above, over all. Less exactly, moreover, besides, in addition to.
With change of point of view, stretch ivith, hang with, cover with: bracchia tergo bracchia velis
;
locum sertis.
Poetically
insuperabilis,-e,[in-superabilis], adj., unconquerable, invincible. insurgo, -surrexi, -surrectum, -surgere, [in-surgo], 3. v. n., Less exactly, rise, rise upon.
arise
:
corn\i(strain with); vis (strain the strings with notes).
vocem numeros ner:
intentus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., strained, stretched. Fig., on the stretch, strained, straining, intent,
tiger.
campis tenebrae
(over-
spread).
intentatus,
tatus.
-a,
-um
see
intemp-
insutus, -a, -um, p.p. of insuo. intact us, -a, -um, [in-tactus], ununtouched, unhurt, adj.,
intento, -avi, -atum, -are, [fintento- (but cf. tento)], i. v. a.,

stretch out :
harmed : seges (without

ing)
;
touch-
angues (hold
threat-
(unvisited, an untried theme). Esp. of domestic animals, unbroken, ignorant of the yoke. Also of women, mai-
silvas
eningly, brandish).
Fig., threat-
den, chaste, pure. Integer, -gra, -grum, [in-ftagro(\/tag + rus), cf. intactus], adj., (untouched}, unbroken, entire,
en, menace. intentus, -a, -um, p.p. of intendo. intepeo, -tepui, no sup., -tepere, [in-tepeo], 2.v. n., become warm,
be
warmed : mucro
(taste blood).
whole.
Fig., fresh, vigorous,
ab integro, as unimpaired. adv., anew, afresh. integro, -avi, -atum, -are, [tintegro-], I. v. a., renew (cf. ab integro), repeat, begin anew.
intemeratus,
-a, -um, [in-temeratus], adj., unpolluted, untaintvinum (unchaste : ed, pure, mixed"). Fig., inviolate, pure:
inter [in + ter (reduced from -tero, cf. subter, interior), comp. of in], prep, and adv. Prep., between, among, amid, in among, into the midst of. Sometimes from a difconception in Latin, in, : inter valles (of the two sides); arva inter opima. inter manus, in the Esp. With gehands, in the power. rund, while : inter bibendum. With reflexive (as reciprocal), with each other, on, from, by, to, &c., in
through, on
:
ferent
Camilla (# maid).
Vocabulary.
all
reciprocal relations
;
.
(with each other}

ternately'}
inter vos inter sese {al:
interlnceo, -luxi, no sup., -lucere,

[inter-luceo], 2.v. n., shine through. Less exactly, show light through. interluo, no perf., no sup., -lucre, [inter-luo], 3. v. a.., flow between, wash (of rivers)
.
Adv. in composition, between, off, away, among, together, cf. intercipio, intercludo, intereo, intermisceo, internecto.
intercipio, -cepi, -ceptum, -ci- intermisceo, -miscui, -mixtum pere, [inter-capio], 3. v. a., in(mistum), -miscere, [intermisceo], 2. v. a., mix in, intertercept. ^ intercludo, -clusi, -clusum, -clumingle. dere, [inter-cludo], 3. v. a., shut internecto, no perf., no sup., -necoff,
cut
off,
detain.
interdum[inter-dum,cf.interim],
adv., sometimes.
tere, [inter-necto] , 3. v. a., bind together, bind up, knot up.
interea [inter-ea (prob. abl. of is, cf. supra)], adv., meanwhile, meantime. Less exactly, in these
circumstances, at that time.
interpres, -etis, [?], comm., an agent, a messenger, an interpreter

: divum harum (a prophef) curarum {author, of Juno as agent
;
intereo, -Ivf
(-ii),
-itum,
-Ire,
[inter-eo], irr. v. n., perish, die, be slain, fall (in battle).
in the marriage relation). interritus, -a, -um, [in-territus], adj., undaunted, unterrifled, fearless, undismayed, without fear (of
interfatus, -a, -um, for.
p.p. of
inter-
danger).
interficio, -feel, -fectum, -flcere, [inter-facio, cf. intereo], 3. v. a.,

kill.
interrumpo, -rupl, -ruptum, -rumpere, [inter-rumpo], 3.v.a.,

break
out).
off,
discontinue : ignes (die

-a,
Less exactly, destroy, kill
(of harvests), lay waste.
interruptus,
-um,
p.p. of in-
interior, -fatus, -farl,[inter-for],

I. v.
terrumpo.
interstrepo, no perf., no sup., -strepere, [inter-strepo], 3. v. a., make a noise among, drown (of anser (cackle among, noise) drowning the notes of others).
:
dep., interrupt.
interfundo, -fudl, -fusum, -funbetween.
dere, [inter-fundo], 3. v. &.,pour Pass., flow between. With change of point of view,
overflow, suffuse, stain, fleck.
intersum,
-fui,
no
sup.,
interfusus, -a, -um, p.p. of inter-
[inter-sum],
irr. v. n.,
-esse, be engaged
fundo.
i
1
in, join, share.

. 1
1
1 1
1 1
",
-i-
1 1 1
1
>
n , -inaere,
intertexo, -texul, -textum, -texere, [inter -texo], weave.

3. v. a.,
[inter-emo,/a&?(cf. interficio)],
3. v. a., kill, slay, strike
inter-
down.
interior, -ius, [fintero- (reduced, cf. inter) +ior], comp. adj., inner, inside: domus (the interior of, Neut. as adv., more deeply. &c.).
Superl.,
intertextus, tertexo.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
in,
intervallum, -i, [inter-vallum]
n.,
intimus,
cf.
-a,
-um,
[in
+ timus,
farthest.
(space between pales or stakes of the rampart), distance (between), internal.
finitimus], inmost,
interltus, -us, [inter-itus, cf. tereo], m., death. interlego, -legi, -lectum, -legere, (also separated), [interlego], 3. v. a., cull here and there, pluck here and there.
intexo, -texui, -textum, -texere, in[in-texo], 3. v. a., weave in, interweave,
entwine,
interlace.
With change of point of view, surround, entwine (with something) vitibus ulmos. Of the effect, weave, weave in: in textum opua;
:
152
intexti
art).
Vocabulary.
Britanm
(in a
work of inutilis,
less,
-e,
[in-utilisj, adj.,
use-
unavailing, impotent.
Less
-a, -urn, p.p. of intexo. exactly, injurious. Inuus, -i, [akin to ineo], m., a god intimus, see interior. identified with Pan as guardian of intono,-ui,-atum, -are,[in-tono], cattle. Castrum Inui, a town I. v. n., thunder. of Latium. intonsus, -a, -um, [in-tonsus], Less ex- invado, -vasi, -vasum, -vadere, adj., unshorn, unshaven. [in-vado], 3. v. n. and a., go into, actly, of mountains, unshorn, rough. intorqueo, -torsi, -tortum, -torgo against, proceed, go on, begin.
intextus,
2. v. a., turn, Also, brandish, hurl. intortus, -a, -uni, p.p. of in-
quere,[in-torqueo],
Also, attack, invade, storm, rush

into,
roll.
rush in, force
thalamum
upon, un-
torqueo.
iiitra [fintero- (syncopated), prob. abl. case, cf. infra], prep., within (of position or motion), inside.
(violate). dertake.
Fig., enter
invalidus,
adj.,
less.
-a, -um, [in-validus], infirm, feeble, -weak, power-
intractabilis, -e, [in-tractabilis], invectus, -a, -um, p.p. of inveho. adj., unmanageable, fierce, -violent. inveho, -vexi, -vectum, -vehere, intractatus, -a, -um, [in-tracta[in-veho], 3. v. a., bear on, bear tus], adj., untried (by others read Pass., ride, sail, be against.
intemptatus).
iiitremo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [intremo], 3. v. n., tremble, quake,
quiver.
borne^
Intro, -avi, -at urn, -are, [fintero(syncopated), cf. intra], I. v. a., enter : ripas (sail within)
.
invenio, -veni, -ventum, -venire, [in-venio], 4. v. a., come upon, hit upon, find (esp. by accident, cf. reperio, find by search), discover, find (learn). inventus, -a, -um, p.p.Neut., a discovery,
Fig.,
enter,
penetrate,
pervade:
an
invention.
inventor, -oris, [in-fventor, cf. introgredior, -gressus, -gredi, invenio], m., a finder, a discov[intro-gradior], 3. v. dep., enter, erer, a deviser, a contriver. come in. inventrix, -icis, [in-fventrix, cf. inventor and invenio], f., a introgressus, -a, -um, p.p. of Introgredior. finder, an inventor (female), a intubus (-um), -I, [Gr. 6ruj8oc], discoverer, an originator. m., f., n., endive, succory. inventus, -a, -um, p.p. of invenio. iiifuli, see infero. invergo, no perf., no sup., -verintus [in + tus, cf. divinitus], gere, [in-vergo], 3. v. a., turn
adv., -within (cf. a dextra parte), inside, in doors, in the house.
adj.,
calor medullas.
infybus, see intubus.

inultus, -a, -um, [in-ultus], unavenged.
Less exactly, downward, empty. pour down upon (a sacrificial word), pour (by inversion of a vessel).
inverto, -verti, -versum, -vertere, [in-verto], 3. v. a., upturn, overturn. Esp. with the plough, turn in furrows. Less exactly,
inumbro,
umbro],
canopy.
-avi,
I
.
v. a.,
at inn, -are, [inovershadow, shade,
inundo,
undo],
-avi, -atiuii, -are, [inI.
change
caelum nox {change

.
tht
v. n.
and
a.,
overfto~M,
aspect of)
Less exactly, swarm. invictus, -a, -um, [in-victus], flow. inuro, -ussi, -ustum, -urere, [inadj., unconquered, unconquerable, invinciblt. uro], 3. v. a., burn in, brand.
Vocabulary.
Invideo, -vidi, -visum, -videre, [in-video], 2. v. n. and a., {look askance a/), envy, be jealous of, grudge, deny (as if from jealousy). in visus, -a, -um, pp. as adj.,
Passhateful, hostile, troublesome. ively, an object of haired, hated,
detested,
153
lollas, -ae, [Gr. 'IÂAas], m. : i. shepherd 2. Trojan. lonius, -a, -um, [flon -f ius], adj., Ionian (of Ion), (of the sea so fluctus ; mare. called) Neut., the Ionian Sea.
;
lopas, -ae, [?], m., a Carthaginian

bard.
odious
haiul
invisus
.
caelestibus (not unfriended by} invidia, -ae, [finvido- (reduced)

-f ia],
f.,
envy,
hatred,
malice,
grudging, jealousy :
invigilo, -avi,
quae est ?
[in-
Ip lii us, -i, [Gr. *I(J>ITOS~], m., a Trojan. ipse, -a, -um, -ius, [is-pse (cf. -pte, perh. = potis)], pron. inI
(why grudge?).^ -atum, -are,
tens.,
self,
other
Without very, even. pronoun or noun, himself,
vigilo], I. v. n., be awake, be diligent, be attentive to. inviolabilis, -e, [in-violabilis], adj., inviolable, sacred ii v iso, -visi, -visum, -visere, [inviso], 3. v. a., look upon, view.
.
i
In special phrases : yourself, &c. ipsi venient, of themselves, voluntarily ; ipse, the chief, the leader (as opposed to the men) ; ipsi, the men (as opposed to the ships).
ira, -ae, [?],
f.,
anger, wrath, rage,
Also, visit, go to see (cf. vlso). invisus, -a, -um, p.p. of invideo.
fury ; angry impulse.
Also plur.
invisus, -a, -um, [in- visas J,

unseen.
adj.,
invito,
I. v.
-avi,
a.,
-atum, -are, [?], invite, allure, persuade.

:
Esp., entertain
Aenean
.
solio
Personified, Passion (of wrath). irascor, iratus, irasci, [fira- (of lost firo) + sco], i. v. dep., be Less exangry, become enrageJ. actly, vent one's rage, angrily attack. iratus, -a, -um, p.p. as
adj., angry, enraged, furious. iratus, -a, -um, p.p. of Irascor. Iris, -idls (also -Is), f., the messenger of the gods (espec. of Juno), the personified rainbow.
(seat hospitably) invitus, -a, -um, [?], adj., unwilling, with reluctance, reluctant, Often equal against one's will.
acerno
to an adverb. invius, -a, -um, [in-fvia (decl. as

adj.)], adj., pathless, inaccessible,
irremeabilis, see inremeabilis.

irr-,
of access, age), dangerous.

difficult
difficult
(of pass[in-
compounds of In, see more approved spelling.
inr-, the
is,
invoco, -avi, -atum, -are,

voco],
i.
v. a., call
upon, worship,
ea, id, el us, [pron. ij\\, pron. dem., he, she, it, they, this, that, these, those, such, a (with a correlative), so great.
adore, invoke.
involve, -volvi, -volutum, -vol- Ismara, -oruiii, [cf. Ismanis], n a town in Thrace near Mt. Ismarus. vere, [in-volvo], 3. v. a., roll upon, roll over, roll in, roll along. Ismarlus, -a, -um, [flsmaro + With change of point of view, ins], adj., ofMt. Ssmarus. (Others read Imarius.) enwrap, involve, surround, cover, shut in, engulf. Often of fire, Ismanis, -i, [Gr. "lo-juapos], m. : I. A mountain of Thrace ; 2. A water, and the like. 16 [Gr. <w], interj., ho ! (a cry of wild Lydian in the Trojan ranks. excitement, either of joy or grief). isto, ista, 1st nd, istius, [is-tus Io, -as, [Gr. 'Iw], f., daughter of (pron. -^ ta, cf. 1 um, tam, tanInachus, beloved by Jupiter, and tus)], pron. dem., thai (esp. referring in some way to the person changed by Juno, from jealousy,
into a cow.
addressed),
he,
she,
they,
these,
154
those.
Vocabulary.
Esp. of one's opponent or Italus, -a, -um, [prob. Gr. 'lra\ds, one againstwhom one hasagrudge, bull, cf. vitulus], Italian.
such as you, that,

sort
those, such, that
of
Ister, -rl, [Gr. "la-rpos"], (Hister, the spelling now in vogue], m., Less exactly, of the the Danube. nations around it. istic [isti-ce, cf. hie], adv., there (where you are, or the like, cf.
iste).
[pron. y'i + tern (pron. ^/i&, cf. ita)], adv., likewise, also, as well. iter, itineris, [unc. formation of
item
\/i], n., a way, a course, a journey, a passage. iterum [neut. of fitero- (pron. -y/i
+ terus, cf. alter)],
adv.,
a second
istlnc [istim-ce,
cf.
hinc],
adv.,
time, again, repeatedly, once more. Ithacus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'I0ctKrj], adj. (used as adj. of Ithaca, which is
there (where you are, cf. iste), -where you are. ita [pron. ^/i-ta (unc. case of pron.
from
properly its fern.), Ithacan, of Ithaca (the home of Ulysses in the Ionian Sea). Fern., the island
itself,
Y/ta, cf. tarn, etc.)], adv., so, in that way, just so, thus, such a : ita . ut {just as} ; baud ita me experti (not like that}. In asseverations (cf. the form of oath in English), so (and only so as
. .
Ithaca.
Ityraeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 'Iri/paio], adj., of Itur&a (a region of Syria, famous for its bowmen).
Itys, -yos, [Gr. "\TVS\, m., a Trojan. lulus, -I, [Gr. "loiAos], m., a name of Ascanius, son of /Eneas.
Ixioii, -onis, [Gr. 'I|iW], m.,a king of the Lapithse, who was bound to a wheel in the world below as a punishment for his crimes.
-a,
'
what I say Italia, -ae,

ia,
f.
is
true).
(reduced) -f of -ius], f., Italy. Less exactly, the people (as in Eng.).
[fltalo-
Italis, -idis, [Gr. patronymic

Italus],
f.
from
adj.,
an Italian (wom- Ixionius,

adj.,
-um, [flxion +
ius],
an), of Italy.
of Ixion.
I (consonant).
iaceo,
iacui,
iacitum, iacere,
(to
and
fro)
bidentes (ply)
(stir).
[prob. adj. stem akin to iacio], 2. v. n., lie, lie down. Esp., lie Also, lie, be situdead, lie low. ated. Also, lie (remain} Fig., lie prostrate, succumb,-be exhaustbe overcome. iacens, -ntis, ed, p. as adj., prostrate, low-lying,
.
iactata tellus
Fig., toss,
out,
:
;
drive, pursue. emit, send forth, utter,

;
.
Also, throw
pour forth
fallow. Iacio, ieci, iactum, iacere, [ -îac (of unc. kindred)], 3. v. a., throw, cast, hurl, fling. Esp. of foundations, &c., lay, throw, throw up :
voces ; odorem iurgia (bandy} volnera (inflict} Also, revolve : With reflexive, pectore curas. boast, plume one's self, glory, vaunt one's self, show one's pride, pride erne's self. Phrase prae se iacto,
:
boast, assert boastfully,
vaunt.
iactans,
-iiiitis, p.
as adj., boast-
ful, arrogant.
iactura, -ae, [fiactu- (lengthened, cf. flgura) + ra (f. of -rus)], f., sowing found, a throwing away. and the like, cast, sow, scatter: Fig., loss. flores ; iacto semine. iactus, -a, -um, p.p. of iacio. iactus, -us, [-y/iac + tus], m.. a iactatus, -a, -um, p.p. of iacto. iacto, -avi, -a turn, -are, [fiacto-], throwing, a throw, a cast, a leap, a spring, a shot (of an arrow) I. v. a., throw, cast, hurl, scatter, strew. Also, toss, agitate, throw iaculatus, -a, -um, p.p. of iaculor.
sense,
.
muros.
Fig., in similar Of rest : spem.
Vocabulary.
iaculor,
I. v.
155
to
situs,
-ari,
[fiaculo-],
iubar, -arts, [akin

rays of
light,
iuba], n^
Less dep., hurl a javelin. exactly, throw, cast, fling, dart. iaculum, -i, [fiaco- ( ^/iac -f us,
cf.
Less brightness. exactly, the dawn, the morning. iubeo, iussi, iussum, iubere,
[?, ius habeo, cf. veto], 2. v. a., bid (in all shades of meaning), iusorder, command, ordain. sus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., bidden,
dart,
iaceo, iacio)], n., a javelin, a missile weapon.

[?], adv., nviv (implying a con-
iam
at
tinuance,
last,
cf. nunc, an immediate now), already, now (as soon as),
now
at length,
from
this
ordered, presented, Neut., a command,
directed.
an
order, a
time on, presently.

pres.
Often with
mandate.
iGcundus, -a, -um, [perh. akin to Phrases: nee iam, and iuvo], adj., pleasant, agreeable, now no more ; iam inde, immegrateful. even then iam ; index, -icis, [fius-dex (v/dic as turn, diately ; iam dudum, long ago, long since, stem)], comm., a judge, an arbitrator : iudice te (with you to at once ; iam pridem, long since ; iam iam, at every moment, even decide) In indicium, -I (-ii), [fiudic + ium]. now; iam nunc, even now. moren., a decision, a judgment. logical sense, now, again, over. With comparatives, still, iugalis, -e, [fiugo- (reduced) 4 As subst., even, now. alia], adj., of the yoke. ia nulii'l n in. see iam. horses. Fig., of the marriage iampnclem, see iam. bond, conjugal, of marriage.
imperf., begin to (do any-
and
thing).
nuptial. [flano+culum], n., Rome). iugerum, -i, [akin to iugum], n., an acre (loosely properly a little ianitor, -oris [lano (cf. ianua) more than one-half an acre). + tor (cf. viator)], m., a doorkeeper, guardian (of an entrance). iugo, -avi, -iitum, -are, [fiugS-], i. unite (in marriage). ianua, -ae, [akin to lanus], f., a v._a., Less exactly, iugulu, -avi, -atuin, -are, [fiugudoor, an entrance. an avenue, a means of access, a Less 16], i. v. a., cut the throat.
-i,
laniculum,
the Janicitline (the hill at
way. lanus, -i, [akin and Diana],

vinity,
exactly, kill, slay, slaughter, sacrito dies, Jupiter, m., an Italian difice.
represented with two faces, presiding over doorways and beginnings of things. iecur, iecoris (iecinoris), [two stems from unc. root, cf. iter], n.,
the liver.
infill u in, -i, [Hugo Ium], n., the collar bone (forming a kind of Less exactly, the throat, yoke). the neck.
iugum, -i,
ieiunium,
duced)
-1
(-ii),
n.,
[fieiuno- (re-
a fast, fasting. the effect, leanness. iHii n us, -a, -um, [unc. root redupl. Less ex+ nus], adj., fasting. actly and fig., barren, scanty,
From
+ ium],
[ -y/iug + um ] n a yoke, a team, a pair of horses. From similarity, a ridge, a thwart. Esp., the yoke (under which conquered soldiers were sent, and also used generally to signify conquest)
-
lulius, -a,
+ ius], the gens at

belonged).
-um, [fluid- (reduced) adj., Julian (the name of
Rome
to
meagre. lovts, see lupiter.
Esp.,
which Caesar Julian (of
iuba, -ae,
of hair)
.
[ ?], f., the
mane.
Trans-
Masc., lulius, Julius Caesar). the name of Caius Caesar, and his
in net lira, -ae,
ferred, the crest (of
a helmet, made
adopted son Augustus. [fiunctu- (length-
56
Vocabulary.
ened)
ing.
ra],
f.,
a joint, a fasten-
iunctus, -a, -urn, p.p. of iungo. iuncus, -i, [?], m., a rush, a bulrush.
iussum, -i ; see iubeo. iussus, -a, -um, p.p. of iubeo. iussus, -us, [root of iubeo + tus], m., a command, a mandate. i ust it in, -ae, [fiusto + tia (as if
fiustito
iungo,
in
MM,
in net inn,
iungere,
+ ia,
cf.
amicitia)],
f.,
[\/iug], 3. v. a., join, unite, fasten, yoke, harness, attach. Esp. Of treaof the hand, clasp, join.
join, unite, make, celebrate. Of the Of marriage, unite. effect, make (by joining) : pontes
ties,
justice, right, uprightness. sonified, Justice.
Percf.
iustus, -a, -um,
[fius
+ tus,
robustus],
right, regular.
adj.,
just,
fitting,
(throw out). iuniperus, -I, [?],

luiio,
-oiiis,
f.,
the juniper.
for
Of persons, just, Less exactly, fair, proupright. Abl. iusto, portional, equal. with comparatives, than is right,
than
is
[prob.
lovino,
just.
akin to lupiter], f., the queen of luturna, -ae, [?], f., the sister of Turnus. the gods, wife of Jupiter, patroness of the Greeks against the Trojans, iuvenca, -ae, [f. of iuvencus], f., a heifer. identified with Astarte, the deity of the Phoenicians. Less exactly, iuvencus, -i, [fiuven- (earlier form of fiuveni) + cus], m., a bullock, of Proserpine, queen. a steer, a bull. lunonius, -a, -urn, [flunon+ius], in vein Us (-alls), -e, [fiuveniadj., of Juno.
-fr-
luppiter (lupi-), lovis, [flovi(perh. nom. lovis) -pater, akin

Zeus], m., Jupiter, Jove, the divinity of the Romans, identified also with the Greek Zeus, being originally the same divinity,
to
ills
(-alis)J, adj., of youth, of

-e,
youth, youthful.
iuvenis,
the
[?,
stem
orig.
without
supreme
i, cf.
gen. plur.
iuvenum and
iuvencus],
later with somewhat different attributes. Also, as a personification of the atmosphere, the sky, the air, the weather, the rain. Less exactly of Pluto, the king of the lower world.
though
&&}., young, youthful. subst, a young man (in the prime of life, up to forty-five years) Also, of animals, young cat-
As
tle.
iuventa, -ae, [fiuven + ta

-
(f.
of
iurgium,
agus,
strife,
cf.
-i,
(-ii),
[fiurgo- (ius-f
prodigus) reduced,
abuse, a
tus?)], f., youth. fit is ; t as, t at is, iuventus, [tiuven + tus (or -tas), cf. Consenectus], f., youth.
cretely,
iuxn], n., quarrelling, a quarrel,
as
in
upbraiding, reproof, revilaltercation,
young men.
(of
cattle.)
Eng., the youth, Also, the young
ing,
com-
plaint. iuro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fins- (or fiuro, cf. periurus)], i. v. n. and
a.,
iuvo, iuvi, iutum, iuvare, [prob. akin to iuvenis, iocus, and iucundus], i. v. a. and n., help, aid,
assist, profit, avail, be of use. Also, please, give pleasure, delight. Often impers. with an inf., it delights, one is pleased, one rejoices, one is glad.
swear, swear by.
ius, iuris, [ -y/iu (simpler form akin us ] n -> r *htt justice, to V* u )
law
(unwritten, cf. lex, statute} Concretely, a right, a privilege, a claim. Also, a tie (of right that one holds over another), a claim, a right. Abl. iure, as adv., with
.
iuxtu [case-form of fiuxtoof fiugo-,

cf.
(superl.
Gr. -IO-TOS)],
by,
adv.
and
next
prep.,
to,
near
near,
closely,
justice, justly, deservedly, rightly.
next, by one's side.
Vocabulary.
L.
157
laboro, -avi, -at inn, -are, [flalabans, -ant is; see labo. labefacio, -fecf,-factum,-facere, bor-], I. v. a. and n., elaborate, work out, work, labor, take pains. [flabe- (unc. form, cf. labes) falaboratus, -a, -um, p.p., cio], 3. Y. a., make to totter. wrought, worked, wrought out. Esp., crumble (of the soil, by diglaborans, -antis, p. as subst., ging) Fig., -weaken, cause to one struggling. waver. labefactus, -a, -urn, Less p.p. as adj., shaken, agitated, over- 1. labrum, -I, [?], n., a lip. come, shattered, crumbled. exactly, an edge. labefactus, -a, -uin, p.p. of labe- 2. labrum, -i, [?], n., a vat, a tub, a vessel, a vase. facio. labellum, -I, [flabro- (cf. ager) labrusca, -ae (-um, -I), [?], f. and f lum], n., a lip (dim. of affecn., a wild vine. labyrinth us, -i, [Gr. Ka&vpivQos] tion). m., a labyrinth. labes, -Is, [ ^/lab (cf. labor) -f es], Esp., the labyrinth at Crete. f., a fall, a slide, a giving away : primamali (Jirst stroke of misfor- lac, lactis, [perh. akin to yd\a], n.,
. ,
tune)
milk.
labes,
[?, perh. same word as preceding], f., a taint, a spot, a

-Is,
Less exactly, milky juice. Phrase pressum lac, cheese.

:
stain, a plague spot. Labici, -orum, [?], m.
Lacacnus, -a, -um, [Gr. AOKCUJ'OS], Lacedamonian, Laconian. adj.,

Esp. in Helen.
fern., the
plur.,
name
town
Spartan dame,
of a people of Latium, of the
of Labicum. labo, -avi, -a turn, -are, [-y/lab (prob. through noun-stem)], i. v.n., totter, stagger. Fig., waver, vacillate.
Liacedaemon, -onis, [Gr. A(uce8aip.(av~\, f., Lacedamon, or Sparta. Lacedaemonius, -a, -um, [Gr.
Acuc8aj/x<f PJOS] , adj ., Spartan, Lace-
labitns, -antis,
p., totter-
damonian.
lacer, -era, -erum,
cf.
ing, wavering, vacillating, yield-
[ylac (dac?,
torn,
disfig-
_ing.
labor, lapsus, labi, [-y/lab, labo, labes], 3. v. dep., slide,

cf.
lacrima) + rus], adj., mangled, maimed, bruised,

ured.
glide, fall, slip, float, descend, sink, swoop (of birds), penetrate. Fig., glide on, glide away, slip away, pass away, fall, fail, de-
lacero, -avi, -atum, -are, [flacero-],

I.
v.
a., tear,
rend, tear in
pieces, mangle.
labens, -entls, p. as adj. with participial meanings; also, slippery : oleum. labor, -oris, [^/lab-for (OB)],
cline.
lacerta, -ae (-us, -I), [?], f. and m., a lizard. lacertus, -i, [?], m., the forearm, the arm. Less exactly, a claw, a
leg (of
any creature).
m.,
labor, exertion, strength. Also, less exactly, sorrow, pangs, trial, trouble, misfortune. Also,
toil,
lacessitus,-a, -um, p.p. of lacesso. lacesso, -si v i, -sltum, -sere, [ y/lac (in laclo?) + esso (prob. through
effect, fatigue, training; Esp. of travail, fruit of toil. Also, task, pangs, throes, labor. Of the sun and care, business.
of the
also,
noun-stem)],
lenge,
3. v. a.,
provoke, chalrouse, en-
irritate, excite,
assail,
courage,
Also (perh. in original

attack,
meaning),
invade,
icti:
Personistruggle, eclipse. fied, Toil. labdratus, -a, -urn, p.p. of laboro.
moon,
beat, strike,
smite: ventos
bua
manibus pectora (pat)
laceasita sole aera.
Poetically:
58
Vocabulary.
{stir
bellum
boxers).
pugnam
up} ; ferrum {bare} ; {provoke, by sparring, of
adj.,
of Laertes
(the
father
of
Ulysses).
Lac-inius, -a, -um, [Gr. Aeucfpioi/], adj., of Lacinium (a promontory of Southern Italy, on which was a temple of Juno, a land-mark for The name of the promsailors).
the neut. of the adj. lacrima, -ae, [perh. stem akin to Gr. oaKpv + (f. of mus)], f., a nartear, weeping. Poetically cissi, nectar (of flowers).
laesus, -a, -um, p.p. of laedo. laetatus, -a, -um, p.p. of laetor. laetitia, -ae, [flaeto 4- tia, cf.
amicitia],
i.,joy, gladness, cheer-
fulness, enjoyment. laetor, -at us, -ari,

v. dep., rejoice, be
ontory
is
ma
lacrimabilis,
-e,
[flacrima:
(cf.
lacrimo)
[flaeto-], i. glad, sport. laetus, -a, -um, [prob. for hlaetus, akin to Eng. /W],adj. f glad, joyous, cheerful, merry, joyful, happy, delighting in, proud of, exultant with. Also of things (as in Eng.)
:
bilis], adj., tearful,
mournful, melancholy gemitus.
bellum
spes ; carmina ; saecula {happy}
tempora {bright}
ti
columba
; ;
lae-
lacrimo, -avi, -Stum, -are, [tlacrima-], I. v. n. and a., weep, shed tears, mourn, -weep for, lament. lacrimosus, -a, -um, [flacrima(reduced) + osus], adj., tearful, Less exactly, plaintmournful. ive : voces.
auxilio {cheered by} fortuna {smiling, propitious} res {fortuAlso (perh. in orig. meannate}.
luxuriant,
ing), of productiveness, rich, fertile, productive, prolific,
lacteo, no
perf.,
no
sup.,
-ere,
v. n.,
rich in, abounding in. copious ; So of animals, fat, sleek, in good Also (cf. Eng. condition, fine. glad}, pleasing, grateful, agree-
[flact- (as if lacto)], 2. suck. Also, be in milk :
menta.
lacteus, -a, -um, [flact
adj.,
milky, rich in milk.
ably : aestas ; imber. laevo, see levo. laevus, -a, -um, [?, akin to Acucis], Also, adj., left, on the left hand. eus], from inferior readiness of the left Less
fru-
exactly, milk white. lacuar, see laquear. lacuna, -ae, [flacu- (lengthened) -f na, cf. Fortuna], f., a pond, a pool, a cavity, a hollow. lacus, -us, [perh. akin to Gr. \OLKKOS], m., a lake, a pond, a pool, a reservoir. Less exactly, a river, a stream. Also, a pool (in a
hand, foolish,
silly,
awkward.
From
science of auspices, ominous,
But also boding, unpropitiotts. (fr. the Roman usage), fortunate, Fern. (sc. manus), propitious.
Neut. sing, and hand. hand, places on the Neut. as adv., on the left. left. lageos, -1, [Gr. \dycios], f., a vine (of a special kind), lageos.
the
left
plur., the left
stream).
Lades,
-is, [?],
Ladon,
Trojan.
m., a Trojan. -onis, [Gr. AaSou/], m., a
Lagus,
-i,
[Gr. Actyos], m., a Latin.

.
lambo, Iambi, lambitum, lambere, [ -v/lab, cf labrum], 3-v.a.,

Less exactly, of fire and the like, play around, lick. lameiitabilis, -e, [tlamenta- (cf. ] a n K' nt u m) + bilis], adj., lamenlick.
laedo,
laesi,
.
laesum, laedere,
[?], 3. v. a., strike, dash (cf. comAlso, hurt, pain, mar, pounds) Less exactly, wound, damage.
injure, trouble, hurt,offfnd, thwart,
table, pitiable.
break (of a treaty), violate. laeiia, -ae,[Gr. xAoiVa], f., (a, coarse outer garment), a cloak, a mantle.
Ljaertius, -a,
lamentum,
tain],
n.,
-i,
[unc. root
+ mencry,
a shriek, a groan, a a lamentation, a wailing.
-um,
[Gr.
lamina,
-ae,
[unc.
root
+ mina
Vocabulary.
a plate (of (cf. columna)], f., metal), a blade. lampas, -ad is, [Gr. Ao/uircij], f., a for light, a lamp, a torch (both light and as a weapon of war), a Poetically, of burning brand. the celestial bodies.
159
Laocoon,
-ontls, [Gr. Aoo^wc], m., a priest of Apollo, killed by two serpents on the day of the destruction of Troy for his supposed sacrilege in violating the wooden horse.
-ae, [Gr. Aao5a/xja], wife of Protesilaus, who killed herself for love of him.
f.,
La o( lamia,
Lamus,
rior
-i,
[Gr. Aa/uos], m., a war-
of Turnus.
Lamyrus,
-i, [Gr. Ao/uup^s], m., a warrior of Turnus.
Laomedontiades,
-ae, [Gr. patro-
hum,
-ae,
[?],
f.,
wool, fleece.
Less exactly
cotton,
(cf.
down.
"cotton wool"), Also fig., of the

A.J-yx 7?])
f.,
nymic of Laomedon], m., son (descendant) of Laomedon. Plur., the Trojans (descendants of him
as founder of the race).
clouds.
lance; i, -ae, [prob. Gr. a lance, a spear.
Laomedontius, -a, -um, [fLaomedont + ins], adj., of Laomedon, descended from Laomedon. Less
exactly, Trojan. -a, -um,
adj.,
laneus,
-a,
-um, [flana- (reduced)

adj.,
eus],
woollen, woolly, of lapidosus,
wool.
osus],
langueo, -ui, no sup., -uere, exactly, stony: corna. [ylang, through adj. stem, cf. languidus], 2. v. n., grow faint, laplllus, -1, [flapid + lus], m., a small stone, gravel, a pebble. languens, -eiilanguish, fail.
tis, p., tired, feeble,
stony, gritty. hard as stone,
[flapid -f Less
fading, lan;
guid : pelagus (subsiding) hyacynthus (drooping). languesco, -langui, no sup., -escere, [flangue- (cf. langueo) +
sco], 3.
v. n.,
lapis, -idis, [?], m., a stone, stone, a rock : Parius (marble} Less exactly, a statue: Parii lapides (marbles of Paras') Esp. : incusus (of a millstone).
. .
languish,faint, droop.
Lapithae, -arum,
languidus, -a, (cf. langueo)
-um, [flanguo-
[Gr. Aain'flai], m., a tribe of Thessaly, famous for
-f dus], adj., lanTransferred, reguid, fainting. laxed, inactive, restful : quies. la niat us, -a, -um, p.p. of laiiio.
their battle with the Centaurs.
lappa, -ae, [?], f., a bur. lapse, -avi, -at um, -are, [flapso-],
I. v. a., slip.
lanlclum (-itium), -1 (-li), na + cium, prob. through

(of adj.), wool. laniger, -era,
[flaintern.
mediate stem, perh. landed-],
lapsus, -a, -um, p.p. of labor. lapsus, -us, [^/lab-f tus], m., a falling, a fall, a slip, a gliding motion, a swoop (of birds), course
(of
stars)
. :
-erum,
[flana-
rotarum
(also
(rolling
(weakened) -ger (v/ges+us, cf. wheels') gero)], adj., wool-bearing, fleecy, laquear (-are),
lacuar),
-ar is, [flacu+are (n. of aris)], tufted (with wool). lanlo, -avf, at um, -are, [flame-], n., (a lakelike place), a hollow (in i. v. a., tear, rend, a ceiling made by the crossing of mangle, mutilate, disfigure (by tearing). beams), a ceiling: tecti (fretted tlanu- (akin to lanugo, -inis, ceiling) lana) + go], f., woolliness, down. u< n rus, -i, [perh. flacti-(- eus], lanx, lands, [perh. akin to irA.ct], m., (pitfall ?), a springe, a trap, a noose, a gin, a snare. f., a dish (flat and broad), a platter, a charger. Plur., pans (of a Lar, Ijaris, [?, orig. las], m., a household god, a tutelary divinity, balance), scales.
.
[
i6o
Vocabulary.
hiding-places, apt for concealment,
Usually in the plur., the special protectors of the household, the spirits of deceased ancestors, or
cavernous.
some
ally
deified persons, represented as youths in a short tunic, gener-
lateo, -ul, no sup., -ere, [y/lat, akin to Gr. \av6aine], 2. v. n. and

a., lie concealed, be hidden, skulk, hide, be covered, be unseen, lurk, hide one's self, take {find) shelter. Fig., be hidden, be unknown, be
pouring a libation, and worshipped with flowers, fruit, wine,

incense,
and
fine grain or cakes.
Less exactly, hearth (as in Eng. for home), home, house, habitation. largior, -itus, -Iri, [flargo- (as if
largi-)], 4. v. dep., bestow freely, freely accord (a boon). largus, -a, -urn, [perh. akin to longus, Gr. 5oAtx^y ]> a dj-, wide,
unknown
unknown.
to,
lie
hid.
latens,
-entis, p. as adj., hidden, secret,

[?], m., a fluid, a Esp., water or wine. Latinus, -a, -um, [flatu- (or -o), akin to irXarvs (reduced) inus,
latex, -icis,
liquid.
spacious: largior aether {freer,

less confined,
cf.
Latium],
adj.,
of Lalium (the
as
opposed
to
earthy
fletus
atmosphere).
Less
the ex-
actly, copious, plenteous,
abundant:
{flood of tears) ; aanguis (a stream of blood}; fetus {profandi (a ready flow). lific} ; copia Also, of persons, rich, lavish, generous. Larides, -ae, [?], m., a Rutulian. Larina, -ae, [?], f., a companion of Camilla.
between the Tiber, the Apennines, and the sea), Latin. As subst., masc. sing., Latinus Masc. or (king of the region). fern, plur., the Latins (men or
plain
women).
Latium,
cf.
akin to wXarus,
[flatu- (or o), (n. of ius), the plain of Italy Latinus], n., south of the Tiber.
(-ii),
-I
+ ium
Larissaeus,
[Gr. Aapro-cuos], adj., of Larissa (a town of the Thessaly, supposed abode of

-a, -urn,
Latona, -ae, [Gr. Ayrd + na, cf. Diana, Neptun us] f the mother
,
.,
of Apollo and Diana.

Lilt on ins, -a,
-um, [fLatona-
(re-
Achilles), Larissaan. Larius, -I (-ii), [?], m., a lake of Cisalpine Gaul, Lake Co/no.
duced) + ins], adj., of Latona, son {daughter) of Latona, LaIonian (connected with Latona).
As subst., fern., daughter of &&}., frisky, Latona (Diana). frolicsome, sportive, wanton : calatrator, -oris, [flatra- (of latro) pellae; puella. In appos. lassus, -a, -um, [prob. p.p. (unc. tor], m., a barker. as adj., the barking : Anubis (with root + tus)], adj., weary, worn, a dog's head). Of things: res tired, fatigued. {broken fortune) ; collum {droop- latratus, -5s, [flatra- (of latro) + tus], m., a barking, a yelping, ing, of a poppy) a cry (of hounds). Latagus, -I, [Gr.], m., a Trojan. late [abl. of latus], adv., broadly, latro, -avi, -a turn, -are, [?], I. v. n. (and a..),' bark, yelp, roar. widely, far and wide, afar, in all directions, far and near: disce- latro, -onis, m., a robber, a hunter. dere late {leave a wide passage) latus, -a, -5m, p.p. of fero.
lasclvus, -a, -uin, [?],
latus, -a, -um, [for stlatus, akin to sterno], adj., {spread out), broad, wide : agri ; umeri ; lancea in same sense. Plur. Abroad-pointed) of ambush. latebrosus, -a, -um, [flatebra- latus, -erls, [akin to Gr. ir\arvs, cf. Latium], n., (orig. width), the (reduced) + osus], adj., full of
latlbra, -ae, [flate- (of lateo)

bra],
f.,
lurkingplace, covert, cavern, retreat, place

hiding-place,
Vocabulary.
side, the
161
flank.
Less exactly (as
in Eng.), the side (of anything).
laxatus, -a, -um, p.p. of laxo. laxo, -avi, -at um, -are, [flaxo-],
i. v. a., loosen, relax, unbind, open : rudentes (let go) ; foros laxata est via voci (set (dear) ; free) ; arva sinus (open her bosom,
laudo, -avi, -atum, -are, [flaud-J, I. v. a.., praise, commend, approve,

speak Will
of,
extol.
Luurens,
rentian. rentians.
-entis,
[perh.
akin
to
laurus], adj., ofLaurentum, LauMasc.

plur., the
Lau-
Laurent inn,
-i, [longer form of Laureiis, cf. argentum], n., a town of Latium, occupied by Turnus as the chief seat of the war
with tineas.
laureus, -a, -um, [flaiiro- (reduced) + ens], adj., of laurel. Fern., laurea, the laurel tree, tke
laurel.
of the earth as spouse of Jove). Fig., relax, relieve, refresh : somno curas ; membra quiete. laxus, -a, -um, [p.p. perh. y'lag (cf. \ayydw) + tus], adj., loose, slack, wide (as not drawn tight), unstrung: casses (Jine spun, thin, as if not tightly woven, the fineness of the thread producing the same
effect).
leaena,
lioness.
-ae,
[Gr.
\4aiva],
f.,
laurus, -us and

the bay.
-i, [ ?], f.,
the laurel,
lebes, -etis, [Gr. \<FT?S], m., a kettle,
Also, a laurel crown, laurel (used to decorate the victor

f.,
a caldron.
lector, -oris, [-y/leg

reader.
+ tor],
m., a
any contest). laus, laudls, [?],

as given
in
praise (both
and enjoyed), glory, fame,
lectus, -a, -um, p.p. of lego. lectus, -i, [?], m., a bed, a couch.
renown, credit. Concretely, virtue (as deserving praise), merit, a noble action. La us us, -I, [?], m., the son of Mezentius.
Leda, -ae,
Ledaeus,
adj.,
[Gr. ATJSTJ], f., the mother of Helen and Castor and Pollux.
-a,
-um,
[Gr. ArjSaloj],
of Leda, descendant of Leda
(child or grandchild).
lautus, -a, -um, p.p. of lavo. legatus, -i, [p.p. of lego], m., an La viola, see Lavinius. embassador, a messenger, an envoy. Lavinius, -a, -um, [fLavino- (re- leglfer, -era, -erum, [fleg- (as if duced) -fills], adj., of Lavinium legi-) + fer (yfe (the town built by tineas in Lalawgiving, lawgiver. tium and named in honor of Lavinia leglo, -onls, [ v/leg + io> as if his wife), Lavinian. Fern., La(weakened) -f o], f., (a levy, cf. vinia, daughter of King Latinus, lego), a legion (the regular unit married to yEneas. of force of the Roman army). Neut., LaviLess exactly, a company, a band, nium, the town itself.
an army. Lavinus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of Lavinium, Lavinian. Many edi- lego, legi, lectum, legere, [\/l e g cf. Gr. Af'7&>], 3. v. a., gather, coltojs read only Lavinius. lavo, lavavi (lavi), lavatum lect, pick, pluck, pick up, choose, Less lavare laelect, select : vela (take in). (lautum, ht mi to luo andGr. vere), [akin exactly, review, contemplate, pick Aowu], I. and 3. v. a., wash, bathe, wash hence read, and coast out, scan ;
i
off.
Also, wet, moisten, bedew,
bathe, soak.
costly,
lautus,
-a,
-um,
along, skim, pass over, pass by, trace. Esp. (cf. sacrllegus),
steal : socios (deceive). lectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., chosen, gath-
p.p. as adj., clean, elegant, rich,
lavandl, magnificent. gerund, of bathing (one's self, absolutely).
ered, choice, picked, nent.
select,
emi-
162
legamen,
Vocabulary.
thaean.
-Inls, [flegu- (akin to flego ?) + men], n., pulse, beans. Leleges, -um, [Gr. Ae'A.e7es], m. pi., a tribe or stock occupying the coasts of Greece and Asia Minor
somnus
letlfer,
Less exactly, soporific

(lethargic).
-era,
-erum,
[fleto-fer
(v/fer
fatal.
+ us)], adj., mortal, deadly,

i,
before the historic inhabitants of those countries.
letum>
tus),
[ -^/le
or
fle+ turn
n., death.
(n. of
cf.
deleo],
Less
lembus,
a
boat.
-I,
[Gr. Ae/ijSos], m., a
skiff,
exactly, destruction, ruin.
Lemnius,
adj.,
Leucaspis, Is, [Gr. Aeu/catr], m., a Trojan. -a, -um, [Gr. A^" 10 *]. Lemnos island (the upon Leucate, -*s (-es, -ae), [Gr. Aeuof
fell
which Vulcan Lemnian. As

.
from heaven),
subst.,
theLemnian
god (Vulcan) Lenaeus, -a, -um,

adj.,
/car?)], f.,a promontory at the south extremity of Leucadia, off the western coast of Acarnania.
[Gr. A^valcs], (of the wine-press'), of (to) Bacchus, Lenaan. Masc., Len<zus, a name of Bacchus.
-Ivi
(-Ii),
levamen,
-Inls, [fleva- (of
+ men], n., means

comfort, relief.
levo) of relief, solace,
levatus,
cf.
-a,
-um,
p.p. polished.
li-ni'p.
-itum,
-Ire,
levis, -e, [fleg-j-
(with added
i),
[fleni-], 4. v. a., mitigate, relieve, assuage, soothe, moderate. lenis, -e, [?], adj., moderate, gentle. lens, lentis, [?], f., a lentil (a kind of pulse).
\ax"s].
little
adj., light, slight, swift,
agile, rapid.
Fig., slight, trivial,
weight, unimportant. Also, gentle, mild. vis (cf. Gr. levis, -e, [unc. root
of
lentesco, no perf.,nosup.,-escere, [flente- (stem of lost lenteo) +

sco],
3. v. n., stick,
Ae?os)], adj., smooth, polished.
levo, -avi, -arum, -are, [flevi- (as

if
adhere.
levo-)],
raise.
I. v. a.,
lighten, lift up,

fig.,
lento, -avi, -atuiii, -are, [flento-],

I. v. a.,
lift,
Less exactly and
bend.
lentus, -a,
lenis],
-um,
adj.,
[perh. akin to tenacious, adhesive,
With lighten, relieve, alleviate. change of point of view, relieve of,

assist, free, rescue,
disburden
ter-
sticky, viscid, clinging, tough,
mal-
ras invisum
its
numen
(relieve of
leable, ductile, flexible, pliant, bendAlso sluging, twining, lithe.
presence)
gish, slow, tranquil, idle, at ease. leo, -onls, [akin to Gr. AeW], m., a
lion.
lepus, -oris, [?], m., a hare.
Lorn a,
-ae, [Gr. AeppTj],
f.,
a lake
and marsh near Argos, where Hercules slew the famous hydra.
lex, legis, [prob. -^/leg (of lego) as stem, cf. legunt iura magistratusque], f., a law (written, cf. lus, prescriptive right), a statute, a decree, an ordinance. Less exactly, a term, a condition, term* of peace, a bond, an institution : leges et foedera (conditions of a
treaty);
Lernaeus,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. Aepvouos],
leges
(rights).
of Lerna, Lernaan.
Lesbos,
-I, [Gr. A*V)3os], f., island in the ^gean famous for its wine.
an
libamen, -Inis, [fliba- (cf. libo) + men], n., a libation, a first sacan offering. rifice, libatus, -a, -um, p.p. of libo.
libens, see libeo. libeo (lub-), libul (libitum est), libitum, libere, [ ^1i\> (lub), cf. English love}, 2. v. n., be pleasing,
Esp. impers., it pleases, please. is one's pleasure. libens, -entis,
le tails,
-e,
[fleto-
(reduced)
-f
alls], adj., deadly, mortal, fatal, of death.
Lethaeus,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. Ajjflcuos],
of Lethe (the river of forgetfulness in the world below), Le-
Vocabulary.
p. as adj., willing; ready, with a free will, gladly. liber, -bri, [?], m., bark. 1. liber, -era, -erum, [prob. -y/lub (through stem) +rus], adj., free, unrestrained, in one's power, untamed.
163
ter (n. of terus, reduced)], adv., freely, with freedom. liceo, licui (licitum est), lici-
turn, licere, [V^ c (akin to linquo?) through adj. stem, cf. reliquus and Eng. "leave "], 2. v. n.,
be
allozued,
it is
be permitted.
Esp.
-eri, [?], m., an Italian divinity identified with Bacchus. libere [abl. of liber], adv., freely, generously, of one's own accord.
2.
Liber,
impers.,
ted, it is
allowed,
is
it is
permitit is
possible,
granted, it one may.
lawful, licet,
al-
though
(cf.
Eng. "may"}, though.
libertas, -atis, [flibero- (reduced) + tas], f., liberty, freedom, permission. libet, see libeo. Libethris, -idis,
f.
[Gr.
Aej#7j0pis],
of Libethra (a fountain in Macedonia, a favorite haunt of the

adj.,
Muses)
libo,
licitus, -a, -um, p.p., conceded, lawful, permitted, allowable. Lie has, -ae, [Gr. Ai'x<w], rn., a Latin. licitus, -a, -um, p.p. of liceo. lie in in, -i (-ii), [cf. bllix], n., a leash (a string attached to each thread of the warp to draw it back
-avi,
-atum,
-are,
[flibo-
and
forth,
making what
is
called
(cf.Aoij3ii,libum,andalsoAei/3<;i>)],
I. v. a.,
"the harness").
pour (a libation), make a Licymnia, As the libation was the Ligea, -ae, beginning of drinking, drink, quaff. nymph.
libation.
a thread. -ae, [?], f., a slave.

[Gr. Aiytia],
f.,
a wood-
Also, sip, taste

kiss).
:
oscula (gently
Liger, f-eris, [?], m., a Rutulian.

-i, [?], n., wood, timber. Less exactly, a trunk (of a tree) [fasten. ajtock, a stump. ligo, -avi, -atum, -are, I v. a., bind, Ligur (-us), -uris, [?], adj., Ligurian. PL, Sing., a Ligurian. the Ligurians (a people of Cisalmodern about Genoa pine Gaul, and the neighborhood).
, .
With change of point of lignum,

.
view pateris altaria (sprinkle Less exactly, with a libation)

offer, sacrifice.
libra,
-ae,
[?],
f.,
a balance.
Esp., Libra (the constellation).
libro, -avi, -atum, -are, [flibra-],

I. v. a., balance, swing, brandish ; cast, throw, Jling.
poise.
Also, hence, hurl,
ligustrum,
( cf-
-i,
[?], n., privet.
libum,
-i,
[Vlib
-a,
libo >
Aei/8o>)], n.,
a cake (of a peculiar

sacrifice).
9r
Iiliuiii, -i (-ii),
lily.
[Gr. \tlpiov~\,
n.,
kind used in
Lilybaeus,
oj/], adj.,
.
-a,
-um,
[Gr. AjA5y3atcoast
Liburnus,
-um,
[?], adj., of the

Illyria,
of Lilybceum (a promonthe
Liburni (a nation of
Liburnian.
Plur.,
on
tory
on
southern
of
the eastern side of the Adriatic),

the
Sicily) .
(the people themselves). Libya, -ae, [Gr. AJÎ/TJ], f., a region of Africa.
Liburni limbus, -i, [poss. akin to libo, from the resemblance to drops?], m., a
Libycus,
duced)
Libya.
-f
-a,
-um, [fLibya-
(re-
limen, -inis, and limes)

piece
"}),
fringe, a border. [unc. root (in

-f-
limus
men],
n., (the cross-
Libyan, of adj., Less exactly, African.

cus],
lintel,
a threshold.
Libystis, -idis, [Gr. Aiflwm'j], f. Less exadj., Libyan, of Libya. actly, African. licSnter [flicent- (p. of liceo) +
generally, a house, a palace, a temple, a chamber, a home, a habLess exactly, itation, an abode.
More
an entrance, a passage-way, a door,

a gate.
Fig.,
the
border
(of a
164
country),
the
Vocabulary.
no sup., liquere, starting-post (of a liqueo, liqui, [fliqao-], 2. v. n.,flow, be clear, be beginning, threshold : in limine {close at hand). limpid. liquens, -entis,p.,<r/zr, liquid, limpid. limes, -itis, [prob. akin to limus and limen], m., a cross-path, a liquescS, licui, no sup., liquescere, [flique- (cf. liqueo, fr. boundary (in form of a path), a limit. Less exactly, a path, a fliquus, cf. liquidus) + sco], be Fig., by-way, a passage, a road. 3. v. n., begin to melt, soften, a track (of a meteor, &c.), a path : smelted. limitem agit ferro {hews a path) liquidus, -a, -um, [fliquo- (^/li
race),
the
.
llmosus,
duced)
-a,
-um, [flimo-
(re-
+ osus], adj., muddy, miry,
swampy. limus, -i, [y'li
+ mus],
+ CMS, cf. liqueo, liqucfacio) + das], adj., liquid, flowing, clear, Less exactly, pure, pure, limpid.
clear, serene : nox (liquid, as in Eng.)
;
;
m.,
mud,
;
;
nubes
iter
slime, clay, soil. limus, -i, [?], m.,
voces ; aes-
a girdle (of thread, worn by priests). llneus, -a, -um, adj., offlax. n g ( c ^- Gr. Ae 'X w ) lingua, -ae, [
+ a],
V^
f.,
.
a tongue (of
men and
tas odor ; nox electrum. liquor, no perf., -i, [fliqao- (cf. liquidus) as verb-stem], 3. v. n., dissolve, flow, liquefy, flow with,
be bathed.
animals)
Fig., language, tongue,
note, voice.
liquor, -oris, [fliquo- (cf. liquidus, reduced) as root + or], m.,

fluid, water, moisture,
lino, levi, lltum, linere, [V^]' daub. 3. v. a., besmear, anoint,

Lessêxactly, spatter, spot.
humor
(of
linquo, liqui, llctum, linquere,

[ y'lic (-qu), cf. Gr. Aenrco], 3-v.a., leave, abandon, forsake, quit: ani-
the body). Liris, -is, [?], the river dividing Latium and Campania (now Sari-
gliano).
lis, litis, [for stlis
cf.
(unc. root
+ tis,}
mas
(lose);
habenas
(let
.
go);
Fig.,
Eng.
slrife\,i., strife,
a dispute,
alitibus
feris
(expose)
f.,
a contest, rivalry.
cease, leave off, desist from.
litatus, -a,
linter, -trls, [?], a canoe.
a
,
boat,
skiff,
-um, p.p. of Hto. lito, -avi, -a tu in, -are, [?], i.v. a.

and
ity
n.,
sacrifice (with
favorable
llnteum,
-i,
[flino- (through stem
omens), appease an offended divin(by sacrifice).

Act., offer successfully,
in -to)], n., canvas, a sail. liiiuni, -i, [perh. Gr. \(vov~\, n., Less exactly, a thread, a flax. line, a net, linen, linen cloth. Linus, -i, [Gr. AiVos], m., a famous musician, instructor of Orpheus
perform
acceptably.
litoreus
(litt-), -a,
-um,
[flitor
and Hercules. Ldpare, -es, [Gr. Anropij], f., Lipara, one of the ôlian islands (now
Lipari) liquefaciS, -f eci, -factum, face.
eus], adj., of the shore, of the beach. littus, etc.; see litus, etc. litus, -a, -um, p.p. of lino. litus (litt-), -oris, [unc. root+us], n., the shore, a beach, the strand, the coast, a bank (of a river)
.
lituus,
at
-I,
the
[?], m., a staff (curved end, used in augury).
re, [case-form of fliquo- (or stem,

cf.
From the shape, a trumpet, a
horn.
liquidus) -facio],
3. v. a., melt,
dissolve, liquefy.
Esp., putrefy.
p.p. of
liquefactus, -a, -um,

faclo.
lique-
liveo, no perf., no sup., -ere, [flivo2. v. n., be blue or (cf. lividus)], lead color. livens, -entis, p. as and blue, lead-coladj., blue, black
ored.
liquens, -entis, liquens, -entls,
p. of p. of
liqueo. liquor.
lividus, -a, -um, [flivo-
(cf. li-
Vocabulary.
veo)
165
floque
+ dua], adj., dark blue, livid,
as
if
+ la
(f.
dusky, leaden (lead-colored). loco, -avi, -at u in, -are, [floco-], I v. a., place, put, set, set up, build, fix, station, settle, dispose : in partem caeli (give a share in, give a
.
of -Ins)],
f.,
words (in plur.). loquor, locutus, loqui, [^/loqu,

speech, discourse,
of unc. kindred],
(in
3. v. dep.,
speak
any form of utterance).
place in).
lorica, -ae, [floro- (reduced, or a kindred stem in i) + ica (f. of

icus)], f., (perh. orig. a cuirass of leather straps), a coat of mail, a cuirass.
Locri,
plur.,
-orum,
[Gr.
a race of Greece
\6icpoi], m. who settled
in Southern Italy. locus, -i, [orig. stlocus, remotely lor u in, -I, [?], n., a thong, a strap, a akin to Y/sta], m. (also n. in plur.), rein, a bridle. a place, space, room, a region, a lotus (-os), -I, [Gr. \<ar6s], f i. Name of a fruit-tree ; 2. Name site, a situation, a position, a spot of a kind of water-lily. (of ground), a tract. Fig., constate. dition, situation, Esp.: lubricus, -a, -um, [?, stem akin to
.
loco cedere (give way, deloco movere (dislodge) cline) hie tibi Fortunaeque locus
;
;
;
dare way)
locum
(give
way,
make
luo
cus], adj., slippery, slimy.

plur.
-I,
Fig., deceitful, tricky, false.
Neut.
lubrica,
slippery
ground.
locutus, lolium,
(chance, opportunity). -a, -um, p.p. of
Lucagus,
loquor.
-i (-ii), [?], n., darnel, cockle, tares (or some similar weed
luceo, luxi, no sup., lucerc, [fined- (cf. noctiluca)], 2. v. n., Less exshine, gleam, be bright.
actly, be resplendent, be splendid.
infesting grain).
longaevus, -a, -um, [flongo-aevo(declined as adj.)], adj., of great age, aged, in one's old age. longe [abl. of longus], adv., afar, far off, at a distance, far away.
Also,
Fig-,
appear,
show
itself.
p. as adj., bright, splendid, brilliant.
lucens, -entis,
lucesco, no
from afar, from a distance. Of degree, by far, far. Of
time, long, at great length.
perf., no sup., -escere, [fluce- (of luceo) + sco], 3. v. n., clear up, shine out, shine. LiQcetius, -1 (-ii), [akin to luceo], m., a Rutulian.
longinquus, -a, -um, [stem akin lucidus, -a, -um, [fined- (cf. luto longus + cus, cf. propinceo) + dus], adj., bright, shining, brilliant, glittering, radiant. quus], adj., distant, remote, far Of time, ancient, long-con- Lucifer, -era, -erum, [flue- (as if off. tinued. Neut., a distant land, a luci) -fer(^fer+us)], adj., lightdistant region.
bringing.
to
Masc. as
star.
subst.,
the
longus, -a, -um, [akin and Gr. So\tx6s~], adj.,

cious,
largus
morning
long, spawide, extensive, extended, extending, prolonged, distant. Of time, long, continued, long-conNeut. as adv., tinued, lingering.
lucifiigus, -a,
far, long, a long time.
-um, [flue- (as if luci) -fugus ( -v/fug-f- us)], adj., light-shunning, avoiding the light. Liu- in a, -ae, [flue + inua (as if tluci + na, f. of nus)], f., a name of Diana, applied also to Juno, as
protectress of child-bearing women. Also, bearing (as Ceres, grain),
loquax,
floqua
-acis, [ -v/loQ 11
-f
+ ax
as
if
(reduced)], adj., talkative, loquacious, garrulous. Less exactly, noisy, chattering,

croaking.
cus
breeding.
Lucrinus,
adj.,
-a,
-um, [Gr.
Masc.
Aogptrof],
loquela
(-ella), -ae,
[yloqu +ela,
tht
lacus), Lucrine Lake (the north-west

(sc.
Lucrine.
66
Vocabulary.
stem)
adj.,
end of the Gulf of Pozzuoli, anciently cut off by a dam and made
a kind of inland sea). luctamen, -inis, [flucta- (stem of
bris
(cf.
ludibrium)],
Less exactly, mournful. ominously (boding grief ).
luctor)
1
men],
toil.
n.,
struggling,
lumbus, -I, [?], m., the loin. lumen, -inis, [ ^/luc + men],
light,
n.,
wrestling,
net if if us, -a, -um,[fluctu- (weakened) -ficus (-^/fac + us)], adj., grief-bringing, bringer ofgrief luctor, -atus, -ari, [lost nounstem], i. v. dep., struggle, wrestle,
.
a glare. Esp., the light of Transferred, A\so,alamp. life. the eye. Phrases lumina du:
cum, bright stars ; caeli spirabile lumen, light and air.

I
strive.
1
net us, -us, [ -^lug+tus, cf. lugeo], m., grief, sorrow, mourning, distress ; -wailing, mournful complaint.
Personified, Grief.
-I,
na (f. of nus)], -ae, [-y/luc the moon, Permoonlight. sonified, Luna, Diana. Also, a
1
1;
i,
f.,
lunation, a moon.
lunatus,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
[p.p. of
luno],
half-moon shaped, crescent-
lucus,
[prob. -^luc (cf. luceo)

1.
shaped.
+ us (orig. opposed to thick, dark woods)], m., a sacred grove. Less exactly, a wood, a thicket.
ludibrium,
duced,
cf.
-I (-ii),
luo, -ui,-uitum(-utum), -uere, [akin to lavo], 3. v. a., -wash.

luo, -ui, -uitum (-utum), -uere, [cf. \vw, solvo], 3. v. a., pay, pay Also, undergo. for.
t
Fig.,
wash
out, atone for, expiate.
[fludibri- (re-
2.
lugubris, Mulciber)
Concretely (of things), the sport (as, of the winds). ludicer, -era, -crum, [as if (pern,
+ ium], n., sport.
lupa, -ae,[f. of lupus], i.,a she-wolf, u pa us, -a, -um, [flupa + tus, cf. really) fludico- (reduced) + rus, auratus], adj., set with wolfs cf. volucris, sepulcrum], adj., Neut. plur. (sc. frena), a teeth. curb bit, a curb. sportive, in sport, trifling : praemia (of sportive games) Iiupercal, -alls, [fLuperco- (re1 udo, lusi, 1 usiiiii, ludere, [ x lud, duced) + alls], n. of adj., Luperunc. kindred], 3. v. a. and n.,play, calis, a grotto sacred to Lupercus. sport, frolic, do in sport : carmina Liupercus, -i, [flupo-arcus (cf. colon! versiarceo)], m., usually plur., priests (sing in sport} ons ; in sicco fulicae ; iubae per of Pan, the Luperci. colla ; Aeneas parvulus in aula ; lupin us (-um), -i, [?], m., a lucalamo. Also, mock, deceive, depine (a kind of pulse).
1 .
cheat, trick : vana spem lupus,-!, [ ?, cf. Gr. A.VKOS], m.,a wolf. amantem. lustralis, -e, [flustroj (reduced) + alls, cf. also lustro], adj., exIndus, -I, [yûd-fus], m., sport,
lude,
piatory. Esp., a play, a game, a pastime. play (on the stage), a festival lustro, -avi, set festiPlur., games (a tro-], I. v. game.
val), sports. lues, -Is, [?], f., a plague, a pestiAlso, a pest, a lence, a blight.
at
a.,
um,
-are, [fluslustra-
purify (by
for expiation.
bane.
lugeo, luxl, luctum, lugere,

cf.
[?,
From the process of lustration, traverse, pass over, pass around, encircle, rove over,
Also, expass through, sail over. amine, search, reconnoitre, track,
trace, observe, survey, review. Of the sun, &c., encompass, encircle,
tion), sprinkle (with holy water). Pass., purify one's self, sacrifice
Gr. \vyp6s, 6\o\vfa~],
2. v. n.
:
and a., mourn, lament. Esp. Lugentes Campi, the Fields of Mourning. lugubris, -e, [fluge- (or kindred
illuminate.
Vocabulary.
lust rum,
-1,
167
-ae, [?], f., a Phrygian See Llcymnia.
dj],
f.,
[stem from -flu, wash,

n.
:
purification. From the periodic purification at Rome, a lustre (period of five
+ trum],
I.
Lycimnia,
slave.
Lycisca, -ae, [Gr. \VKIO
the
name
Lycius,
of a dog.
-a,
Less exactly (in plur.), years). years, time ; 2. Prob. a different word, a bog, a den, a forest.
-um,
[Gr. Au/cios],
adj.,
Fern., Lycia, Lycian, of Lycia. a division of Asia Minor famous, for

its
luteolus, -a, -um, [fluted + lus],

adj., yellowish, yellow.
bowmen, and
in
alliance
lutcus, -a, -um, [fluto- (reduced) +eus], adj., saffron-colored, yellow. lutum, -I, [?], n.,welJ (a yellow plant used in dyeing). lux, lucis, [^/luc (increased) as
f., light, splendor, daylight, sunlight, dawn, morning, .daythe Also, a day ; break, day. light (solace, light of life, life ; Also, the upper light, the
with Troy. Plur., the Lycians (the people). Lycorias, -adis, [Gr. Au/ccoptos],f., a sea-nymph. Lycoris, -idis, [Gr. Au/co>pij], f., a girl loved by Cornelius Gallus.
stem],
Lyctius, -a, -um, [Gr. AUKTIOJ], adj., of Lyctos (a city of Crete),

Lyctian.
Less exactly, Cretan.

-I,
Lycurgus,
[Gr. Au/coOpyoj], m.,
stay).
upper world.
luxuria (-ies), -ae (-el), [tluxuro or i (fluxu + rus or ris], f., rankness, luxuriance (of growth) luxurio, -avi, -atum, -are,[fluxuria-], I. v. n., frisk, wanton,
.
a Thracian king who persecuted the worshippers of Bacchus. I. A Jjycus, -I, [Gr. Awco'j], m.
:
river of Colchis
2.
companion
of yEneas.
Lydius,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. Aufrjos], adj.,
Also, be rank, luxuriprance. ate, swell, be full. luxus, -us, [poss. akin to Gr. \o6s] , m., luxury, debauchery, dalliance,
Fern., Lydia, Lydian, of Lydia. the country. Less exactly (from supposed kindred), Tuscan, Etru-
rian.
Lydus,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. ACSos],
adj.,
wantonness.
As>o,splendor,pomp,
Lyaeus, Lyaeus,
magnificence. -i, [Gr. Auouos], m., a of Bacchus.

-a,
last], adj.,
name
of Lydia (a province of Asia MiPL, the Lydians. nor), Lydian. ly niphu, -ae, [ ?, but cf. limpidus], f., (perhaps confounded with Gr.
-um, [same word as vvptyri), water. lymphatus, -a, -um, p.p. of lymof Bacchus.
-a, -um, [Gr. Awceuos], Lyccean, of Mt. Lycceus (in Arcadia, a favorite resort of Pan) Masc., Lycaus (the mountain). Lycadn, -on is, [Gr. AUKCIWV], m., a
Lycaeus,
adj.,
pho.^
lympho,
ideas
is
I. v. a.,
-avi,
-atum,
cf.
-are,
of
[flympha-, but the connection

not clear,
-el,
P.
Gr. yu/^pjj],
distract, craze,
madden.
tl
Cretan worker in metals.
Lynceus,
Eri-
Gr Awv
}y],
m^
Lycaonius,
[Gr. Au/ca&vios], adj., son of Lycaon (or else

-a,
:
-um,
Lycaoniari}, of Lycaonia
cetes. ly chnus,
-i,
[Gr. \vxvos~], m.,

At//a'5as], m.,
a a
lamp. Lye Idas, -ae, [Gr. shepherd.
Trojan. lynx, -ncis, [Gr. Xi^yf], comm., a lynx. Lyrneslus (-esalus), -a, -um, [Gr. \vprl\aios~\, adj., of Lyrnesus, Lyrnesian.
Liyrnesus (-essus), -i, [Gr. AupTroas. rt)a&s~\, f., a town of
i68
Vocabulary.
M.
macer, -era, -crum descere, [fmade- (of madeo) -f The roots MAC, MAG, cf. maceo. SCO], 3. v. n., become moist, moisten. and MAGH are exceedingly con- madid us, -a, -um, [fmado- (cf.
dus], adj., moist, wet, dripping, soaking. Maeander, -dri, [Gr. MafaySpos], m., a river of Lydia famous for its Fig., a winding border. windings. meagre. Machaon, -onis, [Gr. Maxacuv], Maecenas, -ae,[an Etruscan word], m., a famous surgeon and warrior m., C. Cilnius Miecenas, the great of the Trojan war. patron of Virgil and Horace, and the friend of Augustus. iiiiicliiiia, -ae, [Gr. /uijx*'")]? f-> a Maenalius, -a, -um, [Gr. Mcuyacrane, an engine, a derrick.
fused,
and have probably been confounded with each other in
madeo) +
developed forms; see magnus, macto], adj., lean, thin,

their
macies,
-fies],
-el,
f.,
[y'm.ac
(cf.
macer)
Aios], adj.,
leanness, emaciation, a
ofM(znalus,M(Enalian. Less exactly, Arcadian.

-I
pinched appearance.
Maenalus,
and
n.,
(-a,
-orum),
],
m.
mart af us, -a, -urn, p.p. of macto. macte [abl. of mactus (whence
macto)],
(only with esto expr. or supplied), increased, advanced : macte nova virtute, puer (a blessing on &c., success
adv.
.
a mountain of Arcadia.
Ala con, -onls, [Gr. McuW], m., a

Rutulian.
Maeonides, -ae, [Gr. Maioi/^s], m., of Maonia (a part of Lydia), a Maonian. Less exactly (cf. attend} Lydius), an Etrurian. macto, -avi,-atum, -are,[tmacto- Maeonius, -a, -um, [Gr. McuoVios], Mizonian. Less exactly, adj., (ytaag + tus, cf. magnus), but Fern. (cf. Gr. Maiovia), Lydian. perh. confused with ^/MAG and M<eonia, Lydia. -y/MAGH, cf. macer, macellum], 1 v. a., (magnify*) Transferred Maeotius, -a, -um, [Gr. MOICOTIOJ],
.
.
(of the victim sacrificed,
cf.
ma-
cellum),
sacrifice,
offer.
Less
of the McEotce (a people of Scythia), Mceotian.

adj.,
macula,
exactly, slay, kill, slaughter. -ae, [lost stem fmaco -f la], f., a spot, a stain.
maereo, no
[y/mis
stem], ment.
perf.,
no
sup.,
-ere,
(cf. miser) through adj. 2. v. n., be sad, mourn, la-
maculo,
cula-],
sully.
-avi,
-Stum, -are, [fmaspot, stain, defile,
I. v. a.,
maestus, -a, -um, [root of maereo and miser + tus, p.p.], adj., sad,
mournful, sorrowful, anxious. Also, gloomy, stern (cf. tristis) . Also, sorrowful (causing sorrow). Maevius, -I (-ii), [?], m., a poetaster, an enemy of Virgil. magalia,-ium,[aPhcenicianword],
maculosus,
(reduced)
-a,
-uin, [fmaculaosus], adj., spotted,

-fa-
marked with spots. madefacio, -fed, -xactum,

cere, [fmade(cf.
madeo, ma[fmadobe
dldus)],
3. v. a.,
wet, soak, stain
(of blood).
n. plur., huts.
madeo,
2. v.
-ul,
n.,
no
sup., -ere,
-wet,
mage
see
adj.,
(reduced form of magis),

[Gr. /xayi/fJs],
(cf.
(cf.madidus), ^/mad,
be
cf. /uaSaco],
flow, drip,
magis. magicus, -a, -um,

magic.
(-e), [
soaked.
adj.,
madeits, -entis,
soaked,
wet,
p. as drenched, be-
magis
v/mag
magnus)
smeared.
madesco, mudui, no
sup.,
ma-
+ ius (syncopated), a
comparative
neut.], adv., more, rather.
Vocabulary.
maglster,
us)
-tri,
169
(for -terns, cf. Gr. -Tfpos)], m., a chief, a leader, an overseer, a herdsman, a master,
[magis
(for
magi-
nus)
tas],
f.,
dignity,
honor,
ter
grandeur.
a keeper, a captain, a steersman, a pilot. Esp., a master, a

teacher.
maior, maiores; magnus. mala, -ae, [ ? for maxilla, cf. ala],

see
f.,
the cheek-bone, the
jaw.
Less
exactly, the cheek.
male
magistra, -ae,
f.,
[f. of magister], a mistress. Of things, as adj., of a master, masterly : ars. magistra tus, -us, [fmagistra- (as if of magistro, fr. maglster) + .tus], m., office, a magistracy. Concretely, a magistrate.
magnanimus,
ed.
-a, -inn, [fmagnoanimus, declined as adj.], adj., great-souled, generous, noble-mind-
Malea
at
male defendet (insufficiently) male erratur (it is not very safe to male fidus (ûntrustwander) worthy); male sanus (distracted) male pinguis (too solid).
; ; ;
[abl. of malus], adv., bidly, ill, not very, not well, not much : male temperat (little spares);
(-Aeta)],
(-ea), -ae, [Gr. MoAe'a f., a dangerous headland the south-eastern extremity of
-a,
spirited.
ers,
high-spirited, bees Poetically, of duces magnanimi (spirited lead:
Of
animals,
Peloponnesus.
malesuadus,
dus
to
(cf.
ill.
-um, [male-suaadj.,
suadeo)],
tempting
preserving the figure). magnus, -a, -urn, [y'mag macte and Gr. jteyos) + nus
(cf. (cf.
malifer, -era, -erum, [fmalo-fer ( v/fer + us )]> a dj., apple-bearing.

-a,
plenus)], comp.
+ ior], superl. maxinius [-y/mag + timus, cf. finitimus], adj., (increased), great (in almost
all
maior [^/mag malignus,

nns],
-um, [fmalo-tgeill-disposed,
adj.,
spiteful,
:
Eng.
senses), large, spacious, vast, huge, Less exact mighty, high, lofty. and fig. uses, of degree and the
like, great, loud,
malicious, envious. Fig. (from idea of grudging?) colles (stubborn, of soil); aditus (narrow);
lux (scanty).
malo, malui,
[mage-volo],
no
sup.,
powerful, mighty,
irr. v. a.,
malic, wish more,
fearful, rich, immense, intense, ardent, distinguished, serious, important, portentous, long, powermagno, at a ful, weighty, dire. magnum, as adv., great price.
greatly, loudly
:
choose rather, choose, prefer, rather, wish rather.
would
inaluni,
apple
;
-I,
[Gr.
/ufjAof],
n.,
an
a quince, a citron.
malus,
-a,
-um,
[?, akin to /teXoj],

r
magnum
fluens
.
Nilus (mighty river). maior, older, more ancient, ancestors (pi.) maiora, n.plur.as subst., nobler deeds, more important matters, worse sufferings. inaxiimis,
Masc., Maximus, of several Roman families, esp. Q. Fabius Maximus, a hero of the second Punic war. Magus, -I, [?], m., a Rutulian.
oldest, eldest.
comp. peior [?], superl. pesslmus [cf. pessum],adj.,^<7a , evil. Of moral qualities, evil, wicked,
vicious, dad, spiteful : lingua (refalx ferring to enchantment) ; (transferred from the owner).
name
Of things, dad, injurious, troublesome, pernicious, fatal, noxious, Masc., a wicked perpoisonous. son. Plur., the wicked. Neut.,
an
evil,
disaster,
Mala,
-ae, [Gr. Mala],
f.
I.
The
a misfortune,
mother of Mercury, daughter of Atlas ; 2. The same person as one of the Pleiades.
mischief, a pest, a plague, a poison, venom, adversity, misery, hardship, disaster.

I
.
mains,
-I,
[prob.
same word as
males tas, -atis, [ tmaius (see mag-
mSlum],
m., a mast.
170
2.
Vocabulary.
-I,
mains,
[cf. I.
mains],
f.,
an
apple-tree.
mamma,
-ae, [?], f., the breast, a breast, the dugs (of an animal).
-
of crime, as opposed to circumstanFig., clear, plain, evidence) evident, obvious, made plain, cleartial
.
ly visible.
mandatus, -a,-um,p.p.of mando. manlplus (-pulus), -I, [tmanumando, -a vi, -a turn, -are, fmanu ( weakened) -plus (akin to pleo)],
[
and do, but through adj. stem, fmando- ?], I. v. a., entrust, comLess exmand, order, enjoin. actly, consign, commit : foliis car-
m., a handful. Esp., a handful Hence, a company of straw. (with a handful of straw tor a standard), a troop, a band.
mina
liordea
humo mandatum, -i,

corpora;
sulcis ; terrae solita (inter).

p.p. neut.,
Manlius,
gentile
a comorder,
mand, an
an
injunction, instruction.
3. v. a.,
an
[?], m., a Roman Esp., M. Manlius Capitolinus, who saved the Capitol Jrom the Gauls.
-I (-ii),
name.
maiio, -avi,
cf.
atuin, -are,
i. v. n.,
[?, but
mando, mandi, mansum, mandere, [?],

the dust").
madeo],
flow, run,
chew,
mansuesco,-suevf, -suetum,-suescere, [fmanu- (reduced) sumane [prob. loc. of fmani (-^/ma esco, become wonted to the hand~\, Less ex+ ni, cf. maturus, Matuta)], 3. v. n., become tame. As adv., in the morning, early. actly, be subdued (by cultivation), be improved. subst, the morning, the dawn. Fig., soften, become maneo, mansi, mansum, magentle, become mild. nere, [ytaian (cf. Gr. /*Voi), mantele (-He), -is, [fmanto- (or
pecus (devour);
("
bite
humum
champ ;
drip.
through
adj.
stem
?,
perh. akin to
memini, mensj,
abide,
2. v. a.
and
n.,
other form in t, akin to manus) + lis, n. of adj.], n., a towel, a
remain, continue, linger, await, remain unchanged. Also, abide by, stand by. Act., await, wait for.
napkin.
Manto,
Mart6], f., an nymph, supposed to have founded Mantua.

-us, [Gr.
Italian
manes, -ium,
good~\,
its
[ ?, cf. obs.
manus, Mantua,
(spir-
m. plur., the gods belovt
of the departed), the blessed dead. Hence, the lower world, the regions below. Also, the spirits of the departed, a ghost, a shade, a spirit. Esp. quisque suos patimur manes, destiny in the world below (considered as a state of each departed spirit).
:
-ae, [?], f., a city of Gallia Transpadana, near Virgil's birthplace. manus, -us, [?], f., a hand. Also fig. in many senses, as in English, might, force, violence, force of arms, deeds of might, valor, bearart, skill, effort, ing in arms. labor. Corresponding to English arms: inter manus (in one's
manica,
-ae,
[fmanu- (weakened)
f.,
grasp)
+ ca (f. of cus)],
down
manifesto
a sleeve (comPlur.,
effugit imago (grasp) pacem orare manu (call for peace

;
;
to the hands). ing manacles, chains.
[abl. of manifest us], adv., clearly, manifestly, obviously, plainly.
with uplifted hands) Also (cf. tnaniplus), a band, a company, a troop. Phrases manus committere Teucris, join battle &c. manus ferre, enter on a work,
. :
manifestus, -a, -um, [fmanu( weakened) -festus (p.p. of fendo)], adj., (struck or seized with the hand, hence caught in the act,
also, raise the hands (in boxing)
conierre
manum
(manus), join
battle; impono extremam manum, the last hand, the jinisning-
Vocabulary.
touch ; manna dare, surrender ; in manibus, in one's possession, in one's power, at hand ; inter manus, in one's grasp ; medica
manner,
n.,
marble.
-orls, [unc. root redupl.], Fig., the sea.
iiiariiiorcus, -a,
-um, [fmarmor
manus, the healing hand (skill) larga manus, a generous hand

;
{generosity')
manus
artificum,
handiwork. mapalia, -ium, [said to be Phoenician], n. plur., huts, cottages.
eus], adj., of marble. Fig., smooth, marble (of the sea, also of a man's neck). Marpesius (-essius), -a, -um, [Gr. Mapirf]o-o-tos], adj., of Marpesus (a mountain of 1'aros), MarLess exactly, Parian. pesian.
'
Marcellus, -i, [fmarculo- (fmar- Marruvins (-bius), -a, -um, [?], co-, hammer, -\- lus) + lus, second adj., of Marruvium (a city of Ladim. of Marcus], m.,a family name tium, capital of the Marcian terriin the Claudian gens. Neut., Martory), Marruvian. Esp., M.
Claudius Marcellus, who conquered
the Gauls, Germans,
ruviwn (the city itself). Mars, Martis, [prob. contracted fr. ans, slew Viridomarus, the German Mavors], m., the Latin god of war. king, with his own hand, gaining Fig., war, battle, conflict,
and
Insubri-
the technical spolia opima, and took Milan. He afterwards was successful against Hannibal, and
warfare.
te,
Phrases:
adverse Mar -
captured Syracuse.
cellus,
A\so,M. Mar-
the
nephew of Augustus,
a
sea, the sea, the
unsuccessful conflict ; secundo Marte, success, prosperous issue; aequo Marte, undedecided combat; praesenti Marte,
defeat,
who mare,
died young.
-is, [?], n.,
with threats of immediate war.
waves,
Marsus, Marsi
-a, -um, [?], adj., of the (a Sabellian mountain race

rites),
Mareotis,
ptia],
f.
-idis, [Gr. adj.
from Mo-
of Italy, famed for magic
adj.,
of Mareotis (or
Ma-
Marsian.
Plur., the
Marsi
(the
ius],
rea~), (a lake and city of Egypt famous for excellent wine), Mareotic.
nation itself).
Marl
his, -a,
-um, [fMart +
adj., of Mars, of war, martial, warlike : lupus {sacred to Mars). Marica, -ae, [?], f., an Italian wife and mother of mas, maris, [?], m., a male. Faunus, nymph, of King Latinus. masculus, -a, -um, [fmas+culus], ma n n us, -a, -um, [fmari- (lengthadj., male: tura {coarse, large ened) + nus], adj., of the sea, sea-, grains of). iassa -ae, [ -y/mag + ya, cf. Gr. marine, of the deep : casus ; canes. maritus, -i, [stem akin to mas + f*d(a], f- a fnass ( orig- of dough), a lump. tus], m.,(prob. masculine}, a married man, a husband, a bridegroom, Massicus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of a lord (of women in slavery). Aft. Afassicus (a mountain on the Less exactly, a suitor. borders of Latium and Campania, Of anifamous for its wine), Massic. mals, a mate, a he-goat, a stallion : Masc. (with or without mons), pecori (lord, of the male of a Neut. plur., the mountain itself. flock). the Massic land, the soil of Ml. Marl us, -i (-ii), [prob. fmas-f- ius],
1 1
m., the
family.
name
of a humble
C.
Roman
Massicus.
Also, Massicus,
name
of a king of Clusium. Marius, the conqueror of the Cimbri and Ju- Massylus, -a, -um, [Gr. Ma<r<rugurtha, and opponent of Sulla in Aos], adj., of the Massylii (a nathe civil war. tion of northern Africa), MassyPlur., Marti, men of Marios' stamp. ban. Masc. pi., the nation itself.
Esp.,
172
mater,
-tris,
[
?,
Vocabulary,
y/ma
+ ter
(cf.
pater)], f., a mother, a matron. Less exactly, as an appellative of gods and as a term of respect, mother, venerable dame, lady. Also, a dam, a breeding animal.
Of plants, the parent, the mother.

Also of a country as the parent of her children.
(medically), heal, cure : raedendi medendo (the healing art) aegrescere (by treatment). Media, -ae, [fMedo- (reduced) + ius, prop, adj.], f., a country of Asia south of the Caspian, used loosely for the whole region thereabout. medicatus, -a, -um, p.p. of medi-
usus
materies,
pated)
-ei,
[fmater- (unsyncostuff",
co.
ies], f., Esp., timber.

-a,
material.
medicina, -ae,[tmedico-(reduced)
+
(un-
maternus,
-um, [fmater-
ina, prop. adj. (sc. ars?)], medicine, the art of healing.
f.,
matrona, mater,
mat urns, -a, -um, [fmatuto mane, cf. Matuta) +

:
a woman (married). mitt u ro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fmaturo], i. v. a., hasten. Esp., hasten to prepare.
(akin rus], Also, by some unadj., early. certain connection, ripe, mature, Transferred soles full-grown.
syncopated) nus], adj., {one's) mother, maternal. -ae, [fmatro- (akin to cf. aegrotus) + na, cf. patronus], f., a matron, a dame,
of a
&\s>Q,j-emedy, cure. medico, -avi, -a turn, -are, [ fmedico-], I. v. a., medicate, give (medicinal')
virtue
to,
prepare
'with
drugs, steep (of seeds).
Pass, as
medidep., treat, cure, heal. catus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., prepared (with drugs), scented, medicated.
Medicus,
adj.,
-a,
Median.
cf. /U7j5i/cr)),
[Gr. Mij5c<fo], Fern., (sc. herba, clover, lucerne (intro.
-um,
duced into Greece by the Persians)
medicus, -a, -um, [fmedo- (cf. medeor, remedium) + cus], (at their height). matutinus, -a, -um, [fMatutaadj., healing: manus. (reduced, or stem akin) + inus], meditatus, -a, -um, p.p. of meditor. adj., early, morning: Aeneas meditor, -tutus, -tari, [fmedito(early in the morning'). Maurusius, -a, -um, [Gr. Mavpov(p.p. of medeor?)], i. v. dep.,
fTios], adj., of the Maziri (a race of northern Africa), Moorish. Less exactly, African, of Africa.
practise, experiment, play (on an Also, contrive, ininstrument). vent, intend, purpose, think of,
MSvors,
Mars.
-ortis, [?, cf. Mars], m., Also, war, conflict, fighting, deeds of arms.
-a,
premeditate.
medius,
-a,
modus + ius,
-um, [same
cf.
root as Gr. /ueVos], adj.,
Mavortius,
-um, [fMavort +
Mars, martial, of war, warlike, son of Mars, sacred to Mars.

ius], adj., of
me,
see magnus. see ego. meatus, -us, [fmea- (of meo) + tus], m., a movement, a revolution : caeli (courses of the heav-
max iiuus,
middle, the middle of, the midst of. central, between, mid, midway between, in the centre, in the midst, in the middle, the thickest of, the depth of, the height of, the extreme in the thickest of, in the centre, of, just between, right among : est via
enly bodies)
media nobis (we are half way vallum (the inside of) there) medio de cortice (from the smooth
; ;
medeor,
[fmedo-
-erf,
(
(only pres. stem), y'm.ed + us, cf. medi2. v. dep.,
bark, opposed to regular knots)

;
cus, remedium)],
treat
medio in conspectu (right in one's sight) medios cursus tor-
Vocabulary.
qnet nox (midway in her course) ;
173
-ae, [?J, m., a river
medium mare
Mella (Mela),
Brescia.
(depths of the sea) ; mediusdies(//4<f South'); medium se offert (a mediator) in medio ictu (just at the stroke) ; medium
; :
of Cisalpine Gaul flowing through
membrum,
-i,
per femur (straight through}. in medio, in the memini, -isse, (only perf. stem in Neut., as subst. sense of present), [-y/men, cf. middle; in medium, for the common advantage. mens,reminiscor], v. a., remem-
member, the frame, form, the person.
[?], n., a limb, a. the body, the
Medon,
-ontis, [Gr. Me'Swi/], m., a
ber, recollect, recall, call to
mind
Trojan warrior or ally of theTrojans. medulla, -ae, [akin to medius, cf.

Gr. diminutives in -uAAoi/],
f.,
the
marrow of the
bones, the
marrow,
(mention}. Less With exactly, think of, care for. inf., remember to, not forget, take With negatives, forget, care to.
quorum poetae
the inmost frame.
neglect.
Medus,
-a,
-um,
Median, of
[Gr. M$j5oi], adj., the Medes. Less ex-
Memmius,
man
Masc. plur., the actly, Persian. Medes, the Persians. Megaera, -ae, [Gr. Mfyaipa], f.,
Mem
to
-i (-ii), [?], m., a Rogentile name. no M, -on is, [Gr. yif/j.vwv'], m., son of Aurora and king of the
Ethiopians.
one of the Furies.
His arms were fabled have been made by Vulcan at
Megarus,
-a, -um, [Gr. Mtyapos, or kindred form], adj., of Megara (a city of Sicily, also^called Hybla),
'
memor,
Megarian. mel, mellis,

mead'],
n.,
[cf.
Gr: u(\t, English

.
honey : pabula melli (for making honey)

see
Mela,
Mella.
Melampus, -odls, [Gr. MeAîrous],

m., a famous physician and seer, who was fabled to understand the songs of birds.
the request of Aurora. -oris, [prob. y'sMAR (re duplicated) as stem], adj., remembering, mindful, with a good memory, thoughtful, careful, provident, caringfor : memor esto {remember) ; ira (unrelenting, that cannotforget) ; a.evum(unforgetfifl) dum memor ipse mei (so long as I retain a remembrance of my;
self};
ipsae redeunt in tecta

;
(without fail)
(carefully)
;
memor es
Meliboeus,
-i,
[Gr. MeA.f/foios], m.,
apud memores
a shepherd.
Meliboeus,
[Gr. MeAi/3o/oj], adj., of Melibcea (a town of Thessaly, whence came Philocte-a,
-um,
gratia (memory ful hearts). With negatives, heedless, unmindful, careless, without
thought
of.
referte stat remains in grate-
tes),
Melibaan. (the town itself).
Fern.,
Melib&a memorabllis,
able, glorious.
-e,
[fmemora
adj.,
(of
memoro) + bills],
memoratus,
^
memor-
Melicerta
/ct'prijs],
(-es), -ae, [Gr. MeAm., the son of Ino and
-a,
-um,
p.p. of inc.
Being drowned with his mother, he was changed into a Athamas.

sea-god. mellor, see
<pt;AAoi/],
memoro, -avi, -a turn, -are, [fmemor- (as if memoro-)], i. v. a., call to mind, tell, say, narrate,
relate,
call.
bonus. mellsphyllum, -i,

n.,
[Gr.
/AtoW(?),
speak
of,
tell of,
mention,
-a,
balm (?), mint
memorandus,
-um,
an aromatic herb, a
for bees.
favorite flower
ger. p. as adj.,
Lat. apiastrum.
Melite, -es, [Gr.
AITTJ],
f..
a sea-
nymph.
memorable, famous, memodeserving of mention. ratus, -a, -um, p.p, as adj., renowned, much talked of.
174
Vocabulary.
Menalcas, -ae, [?], m., a shepherd. price for: magno mercentur Atridae {pay a great price for). mcnclax, -acis, [stem akin to menda, mendum + ax (cf. audax), Mercurius, -I (-ii), [stem in -ro or -ri from fmerc- (reduced) + ius] cf. also mentior, which has how,
ever a different stem formation], adj., false, lying, untruthful, deceitful.
Menelaus,
-i, [Gr. MeveAaos], m., the husband of Helen of Greece, and brother of Agamemnon.
Menestheus (Mnes-),
[Gr.
MeveiTflfus],
metis, mentis, [-^/men (cf. memini) + tis (reduced)], f., the
-el (-eos), m., a Trojan, companion of Êneas. Menoetes, -ae, [Gr. MepofrTjs], m., a Trojan, companion of yEneas.
m., Mercury, the god of gain among the Romans. On account of some similar attributes he was identified with the Greek Hermes, and as such regarded as the son of Jupiter and Maia, grandson of Atlas, messenger of the gods, and conductor of souls to the infernal world, in which last capacity he carried the rod twined with serpents, or caduceus, identical with the herald's staff.
mind
meres, -ul,-itum, -ere,
[?], 2.v.a.,
(cf.
animus,
the soul and

intellect,
earn, win, gain, deserve, deserve

Pass, as dep., wW/(or iir),merit. same sense. meritus, -a, -um,
p.p. as
adj., act.,
intellect
together), the
intelligence, the memory, the senses, sense, reflection (as an act,
the
well-deserving,
perh. the orig. meaning), thought.
Less exactly, an idea, Often a purpose, a resolution. not differing from animus, heart,
soul, feelings, desire.
a mind,
but also, illPass., dedeserving, offending. served, well won, due, as one deuseful, faithful,
serves, just. merit, desert,
Neut., a service, a
sheaf. tnensa, -ae, [fern, of p.p. of metior, merges, -itis, sc. tabula?], f., a table. Less inergo, mersi,mersum, merger e, exact \y,food, banquet, feast. [^/merg, cf. mergus], 3. v. a., tnensis, -is, [akin to Gr. ^v, Eng. plunge, drown, overwhelm, swallow Also fig. me mails. moon, month], m.,a month : caeli up. (the phases of the moon). mergus, -i, [-^/merg + us], m., a menstruus, -a, -um, [fmensi- (of sea-bird, gulf( ?) cormorant^ ?)
:
a favor. [?], f., a
unc. termination)], adj., monthly. mentior, -itus, -iri, [prob. fmenti(through idea of imagination)], 4. v. a. and n., lie, pretend falsely : lanacolores (assume false colors') ; mentita tela (counterfeit, lying). mentitus, -a,-um, p.p. of mentior.
merito
rightly.
[abl.
of meritus],
adv.,
deservedly, as one deserves, justly,
meritus, -a, -um, and mereor.
p.p. of
mereo
Meropes,
Trojan.
-ae, [Gr. Mep&n?], m., a
men turn,
-i,
[v m en,
in
mineo + merops,
chin.
tuni (n. of tus)],
n., the
mephitis,
-is,
[?], i.,foul air,
an
-opis, [Gr. /xepo\J/], f., "a bee-eater" some kind of bird that attacks bees.
merso, -avi, -atum, -are, [fmermercatus, -a, -um, p.p. of mercor. so-], i. v. a., plunge, drown, overmerces, -edis, [fmerce- (as if of whelm, wash, dip. fmerceo, cf. merx, mercena- mersus, -a, -um, p.p. of mergo. rius) + dus (reduced)], f., pay, morns, -a, -um, [?], adj., pure, With change Neut. unmixed, unadulterated. wages, hire, reward. of point of view, cost, price, loss. (sc. vinum), unmixed wine, pure wine. mercor, -at us, -Sri, [fmerc-], I. v. dep., buy, purchase, pay a merx, mere is, [perh. root of mereo
exhalation.
Vocabulary.
175
+ CUB (reduced)],
wares.
f.,
merchandise,
metuo, metul, metOtum, metu-
ere, [fmetu-], 3. v. a. and n., word, fear, dread, be alarmed, be afraid be in fear, be concerned for. fmesso- (akin to medius) -apus of; metuens, -entis, p. as adj., (apia akin to aqua)], m., a king of Messapia (the country forming fearful, dreading, apprehensive, the heel of the boot of Italy, beconcerned for tween the Adriatic and the Gulf of metus, -us, [?], m., fear, dread, alarm, terror, consternation ; Otranto). messis, -is, [^/met (in meto) + awe, reverence. Personified, Fear. Less exactly, meus, -a, -um, [pron. -y/ma + iua], tis], f., a harvest. a crop, standing grain, a gatherposs. adj., my, mine, my own. Of time, Masc. sing, and plur., my son ing (of other products).
Messapus,
-I,
[a
foreign
messor,
harvest, harvest-time. -oris, [^/met (in meto) tor], m., a reaper, a harvester.
subject,
(friend, follower, countryman, kindred, &c.). Neut., my
messus,
-a, -urn, p.p. of

cf.
met
[pron. -y/ma,
meto. Mezentius, -I (-ii), [?], Etruscan king, famous for me], insep.
elty,
{fortune, destiny, resources, &c.). m., an

his cru-
intens. particle
self,
used with pronouns,
whose subjects revolted and

/
own.
-ae, [akin to
metior], f., a mi co, -avi, -at u in, -are, [?], i. v. n., goal, a limit, a boundary, the end : quiver, dart, move (rapmedia {middle point). Also, flash, idly to and fro) Metabus, -1, [?], m., a Volscian, sparkle, gleam.
joined Êneas.
meta,
father of Camilla.
>Ii<-uii, -onis,
[Gr. M//CCOC], m., a
metallum,
a mine.
Ovfj.vaios'],
-I,
[Gr. /teTaAAoi/], n., Less exactly, metal, ore.

-a,
adj.,
shepherd.
migro,
I. v. n.,
-avi,
Methymnaeus,
city
-um, [Gr. MTJof Melhymna (a

its
move
-atiim, -are, [?], (in a body), migrate,
depart.
of Lesbos famous for
wine),
to
Methymnian. metior, mensus, metiri, [akin
miles, -itis, [fmile- (as root, cf. mille) + tus or tis (reduced)], comm., a soldier. Collectively,
modus
through noun-stem], 4. v. soldiery, soldiers, troops. dep., measure. Hesperiam iacens Milesius, -a, -um, [Gr. MiAînoj], Less exactadj., of Miletus (a city of Asia Mi(of a warrior slain). nor famous for its wool), Milesian. ly, traverse, pass over.
Metiscus,
-i,
[?], m., the charioteer
of Turnus. Metius, see
militia, -ae, [fmilit + ia], itary service, warfare.
f.,
mil-
Mettus. iniliuni, -i (-ii), [?], n., millet. meto, messui, messum, metere, mille, plur. milia, -lum, [petrified
[^/met, prob. akin to Gr. d/uaoi, Eng. mow], 3. v. a., mow, reap, cut. Less exactly, gather, sip (of
bees)
.
formation from ^/va\, cf. miles], a thousand (either definitely, or indefinitely as a large number).
Fig., of slaughter,
mow Mimas,
Trojan.
in ina<>,
f.
-ant is, [Gr. Mf/tas], m., a
down.
metor,
I. v.
-atus,
-firi,
[fmeta-J,
-arum, j\/min,cf.mln<M>],
menaces, threatenPoetically (perh. in
:
dep., measure, lay out, survey. Mettus (-tius), -i, [?], m., an Al-
plur., threats,
ing
perils.
ban name. Esp., Mettus Fuffetius, an Alban dictator who on account of treachery was drawn
asunder by horses.
orig.
meaning)
minae murorum,
threatening walls ; tollentem minas, raising his angry head, of a

serpent.
176
minax, -acts, [fmina-
Vocabulary.
(cf. adj., threaten:
minor) Minotaurus,
+ cus
ing,
(reduced)],
his
menacing, ill-boding
arma
minacis (of
emy).
threalening en-
-I, [Gr. Mivdravpos'], m., the Minotaur, a monster, half man, half bull, killed by Theseus. minus, see parvus.
iniiiiitatiiii [as
-I (-ii),
if
ace. of
tmirmta-
[?], m., the Mincio, a river of Cisalpine Gaul, near Mantua, a branch of the Po. Minerva, -ae, [?, pern, akin to mens], f., the Roman goddess of
Mincius,
(cf.
minutus) +
bit
tis], adv., piece-
meal,
ually.
by
-e,
bit,
by degrees, grad-
mirabilis,
[fmira- (of miror)
wisdom,
partially
identified
with
adj., wonderful, marvellous, admirable.
+ bills],
igy, a wonder. miratus, -a, -um, p.p. of miror. Also (cf. Ceres, grain}, miror, -atus, -ari, [fmiro-], i. v.a. olive. and n., wonder, marvel. Act., spinning, -weaving. marvel at, wonder at, admire, sec minime [abl. of minimus], adv.,
She the Greek Pallas Athene. was reckoned as the daughter of Jupiter, the patroness of all arts and sciences, especially the household arts, and the inventress of the
miraculum,
-i,
[fmira- (miror)
+ culum, as if fmiraco- (mira + cus) + Ium], n., a marvel, a prod-
leasL
with surprise, gaze at with admi[?], m., a river of

cf.
Minio, -onis,
Etruria.
ration.
mirus,
at-
-a,
-um, [y'SMi
+ rus,
cf.
minister, -tri, [tminus+ ter, magister], m., a servant, an

tendant.
fj.fi5d.ia~],
Esp., an attendant In apposition (as adj.), priest. aiding, abetting: Calchante ministro (by the aid of).
marvellous, wondrous, surprising, extraordinary.

adj., strange,
misceo, miscui, mi.xtiim (misturn), miscere, [fmisco (cf. promiscuus), akin to Gr. /tiVyo)]
,
minis! crium, + ium], n., a
-i (-ii),
[fministro
service,
an
office.
miiiistra, -ae, [f. of minister], f., an attendant (female). ministro, -avi, -atum, -are, [tmiserve.
nistro-], i. v. a. and n., attend, Also, serve, supply, afford.

-ari,
mingle, mix, confuse, confound, unite, blend: operi metum; maria caelo; inter nemora (disPassive, or perse) lilia rosa. with reflexive, mingle, unite, be united, bejoined: se corpore(of the soul of the world, permeate, be dif2. v. a.,
;
minitor, -atus,
[tminitoi. v.
(as if p.p. of minor)], threaten, menace.
dep.,
Of any conf usion,jisturl>, fused} confound, embroil, trouble: tellu.
minium,
Minoius,
adj.,
-i (-ii),
[?], n., cinnabar,
iemdHu.vio(ovr'wAe'm); agmina (scatter); se maria (are thrown

into confusion) Of the effect, cause (confusedly), raise: proe.
red lead.
-a,
-um,
-ari,
[Gr. Mtvtatos],
of Minos.
lia
minor, -atus,
nae)], I. v. n. menace,tower (threateningly), bode,

portend, threaten to fall : mortem mini (me with death, changing the
[fmina- (miand a., threaten,
in(raise wild warfare) cendia (spread); inter se volnera (exchange); inania murmura (spread confused and meanacies (form a ingless murmurs)
;
minor, Minos,
construction) see parvus.

.
-ois,
[Gr.
MiVo>s],
m.,
king of Crete, made a judge in the world below.
mixtus, -a, -um, motley line). p.p., mingled, often with change of point of view, mingled with, with mingled, &c. laetitia mixtoque metu (with mingled joy
:
andfear)
mixto pulvere fumus
Vocabulary.
(smoke mingled
-with dust).
Also
cf.
iiavigo],
i. v.
a.,
soften, apfruit
(cf. third division
above)
glomerantur (of bees, ing) ; miscentur (swarm, of bees) Misenus, -I, [Gr. MHTTJI/OS], m.
I.
mixtae pease. swarm- mitis, -e,

.
[ ?], adj.,
mellow (of
or wine),
soft, ripe.
Also, gentle,
calm,
still.
The trumpeter of Êneas; 2. (sc. mitra, -ae, [Gr. fin-pa], f., a cap (of the Phrygian form, with lappets inons), Misenum, the promontory tied under the chin). north of the Bay of Naples (now
mitto, misi, missum, mitterc, Miseno). miser, -era, -erum, [fmise as root [?], 3. v. a., let go (cf. omitto), dismiss, suffer to go, omit, send (\\\ (cf. maereo) + rus (reduced)],
adj.,
wretched, pitiable,
itnfortu-
unhappy, distressed. As subst., a wretch, unhappy Neut., a man, a wretched being. In a kind 'pity, a wretched thing. of apposition, Oh misery! Oh
nate, ill-fated,
any direction), despatch, consign, sendforth, throw, shoot, let in, admit : funera Teucris (spread se in foedera (submit among) sub leges orbem (subject to); to} signa Bootes (give, afford")
; ; ;
pitiable fate !
se
miserabilis,
-e,
[fmisera- (stem of
adj.,
miseror)
bilis],
miser-
Pado
able, pitiable,
unhappy, deplorable,
miseratus,
ror.
wretched, shocking, lamentable. -a, -um, p.p. of mise-
(sent down); sub amnem (admit within); animas in pesub pericula (exricula (risk)
;
(throw one's fulgura (emit) ;
self,
descend}
alnus
missa
misereo,
-ui, -itum, -ere, [tmisero-], 2. v. a. and n., feel pity, take pity on, have compassion on. (with person as object,
pose to) ; certamen (dismiss.) Esp. of funeral offerings : sollemnia, offer ; quos umbris inferias,
sacrifice.
Impersonal
mi \ us, -a, -um, p.p. of misceo. Mnasylus, -I, [Greek], in., a young
t
"it repenteth him"), pity, feel compassion, commiserate : te lapsorum (you pity the fallen).
cf.
satyr.
Mnestheus,
mobilis,
cf.
see
Menestheus.
(in moveo, bilis], adj., free to
-e,
[fmovi-
Pass., as_dep., in same sense. miseresco, no perf., no sup., -ere,
motus) +
move.
Fig., changeable,
varying,
[tmisere- (of misereo) + sco], have compassion on, 3. v. n., pity,

-ari, [fmisero-], dep., pity, have compassion on. take on, pity
I. v.
flexible, pliable.
take pity on.
mobilitas, -tatis, [fmobili-f tas], swiftness, f., freedom of motion,
miseror, -atus,
modo
missilis, -e,
[fmisso
lis],
adj.,
Neut., a missile, a weapon (hurled). missus, -a, -um, p.p. of mitto.

missile, flying.
rapidity of motion. a [abl. of modus], adv., (in measure or minute portion, of time or degree), just now, lately, a litOf degree, only, tle while ago.
merely:
.
modo non
(all but, at'
missus, -us, [v/mit ( mitto) +tus], in., a sending, a command. mist us, -a, -um, p.p. of misceo. dum, tantum, in same sense. mitesco, no perf., no sup.,-escere, modulor, -atus, -ari, [fmoduloset cf. [finite- (as if stem of miteo, (dim. of modus)], I. v. dep., to measure, sing, play. mitis) + sco], 3. v. incept., grow mild, soften, become gentle. modus, -I, [pern, akin to metior, ^/mod (cf. modlus) + us], m., a mitlgo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fmitimeasure, a note (measured inter(tmiti-agus, cf. prodigus ),
1
most) Esp., with hortatory subj. or similar construction, only, proSo also with vided, so long as.
g6-
78
Vocabulary.
tender, mellow, delicate, pliant, flexible : aurum {ductile) ; pecus {tender, young) . Y\g.,gentle, easy, mild : baud mollia iussa {by no
val), a strain, a song (in plur.), a Hence limit, a bound, an end.

also,
prescribed method, manner,

_
.
way, mode, fashion, form, habit,
law (of nature) moenia, -um (-drum), [stemmoeni- (muni-), akin to munus, cf. eommimis, orig. assigned parts
means
ma
easy, cf.
immitis)
;
flam-
Sabaei {pleasing, of love) {effeminate} ; umbra {pleasant) ; collum {submissive, tractable)

; ;
of building country roads], n., only pi., walls,

or tasks,
cf.
the
mode
fortifications. a citadel.
Less exactly, a
the
city,
vina {mellow) baud mollia fatu {no easy things to say) pilenta {easy). molliter [fmolli + ter, (prob. -te;
moereo,
Moeris,
see
-is,
maereo,
proper
spelling.
moerus, see mums. mola, -ae, [-y/mol-f a,

f.,
[?], m., a farm-servant.

cf.
rum, reduced)], adv., softly, gentexcudent alii spirantia ly : mollius aera (gracefully, sofllvJlowing, of the lines in
art).
molo],
in
mollitus,
-a,
-um,
-i,
p.p. of
mollio.
meal (coarse-ground, used

-is,
Molorchus,
sacrifices) .
in olaris,
(adj.,
[fmola
+ ris],
m.,
stone.
of meal, sc. lapis), a millLess exactly, a rock (huge

-is, [?,
[Gr. Mo'\opx<>*] m., the entertainer of Hercules when he killed the Nemean lion luci Molorchi (of the haunt of the lion).
:
as a mill-stone).
Molossus,-a,-um,
adj.,
[Gr.
MoXooWs],
moles,
two stems in -us and -i], f., a mass, bulk, a heap, a weight, a mass of rocks (or other material), size, weight, a massive structure, a massive pile, a huge frame, a burden, massy waves, mass (array of men). Esp., a wall, a dyke, a mole. Fig., trouble,
-Iri, [fmoli- (cf. 4. v. &&^.,pile up, heap,
moneo, monui, monitum, mom-re, [-y/man (cf. memini),

prob. an old causative],
2. v.
a.,
of the Molossi (a nation of Masc. (sc. Crete), Molossian. canis), a Molossian dog, a mastiff.
remind, advise, warn, admonish,

teach, show, suggest, advise, direct
:
labor, toil. molior, -itus,
menstrua luna {forebode) monile, -is, [unc. stem + ilis],

.
n.,
moles)],
a necklace.
lar.
Less exactly, a
col-
build{ff\\h toil or difficulty) , frame, construct : fugam (undertake") ;
terram
insidias {plot, contrive} ; moram talia (undertake) ; la{cause} \)orem{engage in} ; viam {force} ; iter (pursue) ; locum {fortify) ;
;
molitus {turning massiveearth) ; bipennem(W<?A/)
the
;
men uiii,-. monitum, -i, [n.

moii
n.,
i
m on men
11
ii
m.
a warning, command, a precept, an admonition, a prophecy (divine suggestion). -us, [fmoni-
p.p. of advice, a
moneo],
monitus,
stem of
moneo)
a
-f
tus],
(weaker m., a
warning, advice, suggestion, (send); labor em (undertake). counsel, a command, a mandate. mollio, -Ivi, -Itum, -ire, [fmolli-], monitus, -a, -um, p.p. of moneo. Less exactly, im- Monoecus, -i, [Gr. MJj'owcos], m., 4. v. a., soften. a name of Hercules. Also: arx prove, domesticate, mellow (of fruits Monoeci, a town in Liguria (now soothe, by cultivation). Fig., called Monaco), so called from a calm, appease.
mollis, -e, [?, perh. for MARDUIS (cf. tenuis), -y/mar (cf. molo)
legend of Hercules.
iiions,
habenas {handle); morbos
montis, [y'man
+ du
(cf.
lacrima)],
adj., soft,
neo)
(cf.
mi*
a
tia
(reduced)],
m.,
Vocabulary.
mountain, a
hill.
179
sickness,
illness, a disease, a a disorder: caeli (an
Used
poeti-
m.,
cally for other things, as in
monstrator,
-oris,
Eng. [fmonstra-
malady,
Diseases.
epidemic).
Personified,
plur.,
(stem of inonstro) + tor,] m., pointer-out: aratri (discoverer, inventor}. monstratus, -a, -um, p.p. of monstro. _
mordeo, momordi, morsum, mordere, [fmordo- (cf. mordosus, inordicus)],

Fig., clasp (of
2. v. a., bite.
a buckle).
monstro,
-avf,
-Stum,
command.
-are,
[fmonstro-], I. v. a., point out, show. Less exactly, appoint, direct,
moribundus,-a,-um, [as if fmori(of morior) +bundus, prob. fmoribon + dus, cf. rubicundus],
ad j dying, in the agony of death Less exactly, doomed to die, mortal. Morini, -drum, [a Celtic word, akin to mare], m. plur., a people of Gaul, in the extreme west.
. ,
.
impel, teach,
-I, is
monstrum,
trum
cf.
[fmon
(as root)
(the s
of doubtful origin,
n., a prodigy (as from the gods), a marvel, a wonder, a portent, a portentous sight. Less exactly, a hideous creature, a monster, a pest, a fiend, vermin. Also, plur.,
lustrum)],
indication
an
morior,
mortuus (moriturus),
(moriri),
3.
morl
mors],
[y'mor,
cf.
(dreadful magic arts). Poetically, of the sea. montanus, -a, -uin, [fmont- (respells
dep., die, be slain, Less exfall (in battle), perish. actly, wither, die (of plants).
v.
moriens,
-entis, p. as adj., dying,
duced stem of mons -f anus], adj., of the mountain, mountain-.

i
montosus,
-a, -um, [fmont- (reduced stem of mons) + osus], mountainous. Less exactly, adj., on a mountain, high-perched. monument um (moni-), -I, [fmoni- (weaker stem of inoneo) + mentum], n,., a memorial, a souvenir, a monument, a record, a relic, a reminder.
-I,
Masc. as subst., a dying failing. man, the dying. moror, -a (us, -ari, [fmora-], i. v. dep., delay, linger, loiter, lag, be
detained, be delayed, pause, wait, be hindered, be held back, stay,
Act., slay, retard, hold cling to. back, delay, put off, stay for. With negatives, Also, prolong. care for, prize, desire, care. mors, mortis, [-^/mor tis (re-
Mopsus,
[Gr.
M<tyos],
m.,
morior], f., death : mortis honos (honors due to death,

duced),
cf.
shepherd.
burial}.
Plur.,
kinds of death.
mora,
-ac, [prob. akin to memor, y/SMAR + a, hesitation!], f., delay, hesitation, reluctance, objection,
stay, pause, respite. Concretely, a hindrance, an obstacle, a defence : pretium morae (worth the time) ; castigant moras (punish the laggards). Phrases (cf. derivation) rumpere moras, break off delay ; praecipitare moraa, speed without
loitering,
:
annihilation, death (as destruction of matter). Personified, Death (as an object of

exactly,
Less
worship).
inorsus, -5s, [mord- (reduced stem

of
mordeo
bile.
as root)
+ tus],
m.,
Often rendered in Eng. by jaws, teeth, fangs, fluke (of an Less exactly, clasp, anchor). hold (of wood). morl a is, -e, [fmort- (shorter stem
I
delay;
trahere moras, prolong
of
delay. moral us, -a,
alis], adj., liable to death, human, of
mors)
mortal,
man, of
morbus,
-f
-I,
bus
(cf.
-um, p.p. of moror. [^/mor (cf. morior) superbus, turba)],
a mortal man, of mortals. Masc., a mortal. Neut. plur., mortal

affairs, affairs
of men.
i8o
Vocabulary.
mortifer, -era, -erum, [fmortiffer

fatal.
tum), mulcere,
geo],
2.
[akin to
mul(by
(Vfer
us)],
adj.,
deadly,
v.
n., stroke, soften
mortuus, -a, -um, [-^mor+tuus], p.p. of morior. morns, -I, [Gr. pApov], f., a mulberry.
Fig., soothe, stroking), caress. allay, mollify, assuage, calm. aethera cantu, cheer, Poetically
:
delight.
Mulciber,
mos, moris,
form,
a [?], m., a manner, habit, a custom, a usage, a fashion, a rite, an institution : a caeli {the weather} ; supra morem. Plur., character, habits. Also, a law, a precept, a rule, restraint, limit: sine more (without
-bri, [as if tmulci(weaker stem of mulceo) + her (perh. fmulcibo + rus)], m., a name of Vulcan (the softener of
iron).
mulco,
fr.
-avi, -atum, -are, [?, perh. same stem as mulceo], i. v. a.,
beat, bruise,
mangle.
pacis (terms). moto, -avi, -atum, -are, [fmoto-], I v. a., agitate, move, shake, wave.
restraint, wildly);
.
mulctra,
-ae,
[fmulg +
tra],
f.,
milk-pail.
mulctrale,
of -lis)],
-Is,
n.,
[fmulctra
-I
le (n.
if
motus, motus,
of
p.p. of
moveo.
a milk-pail.
(-11),
-f
-us, [fmovi- (weaker stem m., motion, a movement, an impulse, a shock,
mulctrarium,
a milk-pail.
[as
moveo) + tus],
fmulctra- (reduced)
arium],
n.,
commotion: pedum
(activity).
Esp. (for motus terrae), earthFig., commotion, disturbquake. ance, tumult. Esp. (for motus animi), emotion. in motion, [?], move, agitate, shake, stir, brandish, disturb, break up, plough (of the castra, break Esp.: earth).
2. v. a.
mulgeo, mulsi, mulsum (mulctum), mulgere, [-^/mulg, akin

to
milk.
mulceo and Gr. cijueA/yw], 2. v. a., Of the effect, wz7^(obtain

-e,
by milking).
moveO, movi, motum, movere, mullebris,

and
n., set
[fmulier + bris
cf.
(cf.
Mulciber], adj., womanly, a woman's, of a woman. mulier, -eris, [?], f., a woman. in ult ;il us, -a, -um, p.p. of multo. camp, march; signa, advance; multiplex, -icis, [fmulto-plex (cf. duplex)], adj., many fold, manipubem portis, set in motion. With reflexive or in pass., move, fbU. -atum, Also, remove, change, multo (mulcto), -avi, proceed.
-ber, -bruin),
disturb. Fig., stir up, excite, rouse, disturb, set
agitate,
-are, [fmulta- (fine}~},
\.
v.
a.,
.
on
foot,
mox
cause, revolve (in the mind), meditate, intend, begin, disclose (disturb what is quietly concealed) Also arma (prepare for fight) esp., influence, affect, attract, move : motus tumultu (struck by) [?], adv., presently, soon, hereafter, later on.
:
.
visit (with a penalty) fine, punish, multus, -a, -um, [?, cf. mille,
miles],
adj.,
many, many a, much.

and degree, great,
Translated by numerous words

of quantity,
size,
full, numerous, plentiful, copious, thick, loud, a great deal of, heavy,
constant.
Masc.
plur.,
many,
mucro,
-onis, [?], m., the edge, the

v. n., bellow,
point (of a sword, &c.), a sword.
Fern, plur., many, many men. Neut. sing, and many women. plur., much, many things (often
mugio, 4. mugitus,
roar.
-us,
[fmugi- (of mugio)
m., a bellowing, a lowing. mulcatus, -a, -um, p.p. of mulco.
+ tus],
with a defining word to be supmultuin plied from the context) adverest (it is a great thing) ;
:
bially,
ly.
much, greatly,
deeply, loud-
mulceo, mulsi,
mulsum (mulc-
Abl.
multo,
as adv.,
much,
Vocabulary.
a great
deal,
181
far: multo ante mus, muris, [akin

Sk. mush,
steal~\,
(long before). Comparative plus, [fple(cf. pleo) + ius], n., (plures, pi lira, plur.), more, Also, greater, more numerous.
to Gr. uv* and comm., a mouse. Musa, -ae, [Gr. /j.ov<ra], f., a muse. Also (cf. Ceres, grain), a song, a lay, verses.
many,
several,
-a,
more, much.
much. As adv., Superlative, pluri-
Musaeus,
mus,
-um, [fplus + imus],
-I, [Gr. Mowratos], m., a pre-IIomeric Athenian bard and musician.
very much, very many, very large, very great, very many a (cf. multus), in large numbers, very deep,
muscosus,
cluced)
-a,
-um, [fmuscoadj.,
(re
very high, very
thick,
and the
like.
mossy. muscus, -I, [?], m., moss. musso, -avi, -atum, -are, [perh.
OSU8],
mundus,
[translation of Gr. K6<rfjios, lit. well-ordered, clean\, m., the universe, the luorld, the earth.
-I,
akin to
mutus],
i. v. n.,
murmur,
mutter (with
hesitate,
hum
munimen,
nlo)
[fmuni- (of mumen], n., a protection, a

-inis,
(-11),
compressed lips), (of bees), low u<ilh
fear (of
cattle).
defence.
must um, -i,[ ?], n., new -vine, must. mutabilis, -e, [fmuta- (of muto)
muniu,
-Ivi
(cf.
-Itum,
-ire,
[fmuni-
moenia)],
-eris,
n.,
4. v. a.,
mu mis
ened, share
fortify, protect.
mu tat us,
muto,
bills], adj., changeful, changeable, fickle, inconstant, changing.

-a,
(moen-),
[y'min
(cf.
-avi,
-um, p.p. of muto. -atum, -are, [perh.

cf.
moenia, communis),
+
an
us],
strength(distributive
fmuto- (for movito-), and mutuus], I. v.

alter,
moveo,
?), office, duty,
function.
Also, honor, a dignity. a rile, a religious service, a sacrifice, an Less exactly, a gift, a offering. favor, a boon, a prize, a present, a service: haec ipsa ad mime r a (for this purpose)
.
change, transform, exchange, remove vellera luto (change place): (dye,

a.,
change the color)
mutata
flu-
Esp. of traffic. exchange, barter, sell, buy. mutus, -a, -um,[ -^/mu (cf. musso,
mina (reversed).
muttlo) +tus]
adj.,
dumb, speech-
in n [iiisciiluiii, -1,
[fmunus + cu-
less,
mute,
silent.
lum], n., little gift, a modest gift. muralis, -e, [fmuro- (reduced) + alia], adj., of (for) walls: tor-
mentum
(used
Mutusca, -ae, f., mutuus, -a, -um, cf. mortuus],
a Sabine town.
adj.,
[akin to muto, exchanged,
(battering-engine).
reciprocal, mutual, on both sides
mi! rex,
-icis, [?], m., a shell-fish for dyeing purple) . Less
Phrase: per mu(reciprocally). tua, with each other, mutually.
exactly, a jagged rock. purple dye, purple.
Also,
Mycenaeus,
ya<bf],adj.,
-a,
-um,
[Gr.
of Mycene, Mycenaan.
murmur, -uris,
n.,
[unc. root redupl.],
31ycene,
[Gr.
a murmur, a whisper, murmuring, a humming, a muttering

(of thunder)
.
-es (-ae, -Srum; -a, -ae), Mvxrivai, -TJ], f., the city of Less exAgamemnon in Greece.
actly, Greece.
murmuro,
f.,
-iivi,
-iitum,
-are,
murra (myrrha), -ae, myrrh (a gum as a
[tmunnur-],
I. v. n.,
murmur.
[Gr.jtuJpâ],
Mycon, see Mlcon. Myconos (-us), -I,

f.,
[Gr. Mwcovoi],
one of the Cyclades.
Also read
perfume). Murranus, -i, [?], m., a Latin. (moer-),-i, [perh. remotely akin to moenia], m., a wall (less general than moenia).
mums
Mycone, -es. Mygdonldes, -ae,[Gr. patronymic],

myrica,
m., son of Mysrdon. -ae, [Gr. /j.vpix>)], tamarisk (a shrub).
f.,
the
182
Vocabulary.
-um,
[Gr. Mup/uiSJ-
My r mi<Ioiies,
i/er],
myrtus,
f.,
-i
(also, -us), [Gr. yuupror],

tree,
m.
plur.,
a tribe of Thessaly,
a myrtle
n myrtle.
subjects of Achilles. myrrha, see murra, the rect spelling.
exactly, myrtle (leaves),
Less a myrtle
more
cor-
staff.
Collectively, myrtles.
MI/O-IOS], adj.,
myrtetum (mur-),
(reduced)
grove.
-I,
Mysius, -a, -um, [Gr. [tmyrtoof Mysia (a district

a myrtle
(re-
of Asia Mi-
etum],
n.,
nor), Mysian. country)

.
Fern.,
Mysia
(the
myrteus,
duced)
-a,
-um, [tmyrto-
mysticus,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. fj.van>c6i\,
+ eus], adj., of myrtle. myrtum, -I, [Gr. JUNTOS], n.,

myrtle berry.
adj., mystic, mystical.
Mysus,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. Mu<ros~], adj.,
Mysian, of Mysia.
nactus,
ciscor.
-a,
-um,
p.p.
of
nan-
fagus,
tell,
cf.
prodlgus)],
i. v.
a.,
relate, recount.
Nais, -idos, [Gr. Ha.is~\,f.,aNaiad, a water-nymph.
nam
cf.
[pron. \/na, in ace. fern. (?), tarn, quam], conj., (explanatory of a preceding statement), Also with interrogatives for.
(usually
Narycius, -a, -um, [Gr. NO/WKIOS], adj., of Narycium (a city of the Locri on the Euboean Sea, the
birthplace
of Ajax Oileus
also
appended as one word,
same name in Bruttium), Narycian. nascor, natus, nasci, [-v/gna +

another
city of the
but sometimes preceding or separated), making the question emphatic, pray, now, 'why, tell me,
sco], 3.
actly,
v. n.,
be born.
Less ex-
indeed :
quaenam vos fortnna

;
Fig., ceed.
adj.,
spring ttp, arise, grow. begin, spring up, arise, suc-
nascens, -entis,
p.
as
implicuit {pray what ?*) quis est nam Indus in undis (what nam quis sport can there be ?) te iussit (why, who, &c.).
;
new-born, at birth, growing, early: ortus (rising dawii).

Plur. as subst., the
mals).
natus,
-a,
young (of ani-um, p.p. as
namque
conj.,
[nam-que,
cf.
etenim],
(stronger than
surely,
nam), for for mind you, for I say,

fact.
young one (according

text).
subst., son, daughter, offspring, a to the con-
for no doubt, for in

assuredly, Pin sure. nanciscor, nactus
Also,
(nanctus),
3. v. dep., get, : ver (be
nancisci, [-y/nac],
find, light upon, catch
favored with}
iiata (gna-), see nascor. natalis, -e, [fnato- (reduced) + Masc., (sc. alis], adj., of birth. dies), birthday. nato, -avi, -atum, -are, [fnato(p.p. of n)], i.v. n., swim, float.
napaeus,
adj.,
of wood-nymphs.
-a, -um, [Gr. i/avaib?], the dell. Plur. fern., the
Less exactly, be submerged, swim, be flooded. natans, -ant is, p. as

adj.,
swimming,
floating,
:
waving
Nar,
-aris, [?], m., a tributary of the Tiber.

-I,
(of grain).
Neut.
plur., fish.
narcissus,
[Gr.
vapi<iffffos~\,
m.,
to
So also (as in English) (swimming).
lumina
tht narcissus.
nares,
-ium,
[fnasi-,
akin
fnaso-], f, tht nostrils, the nose.
iiatu (only in abl.), [ x/gna+ tusj, m., by birth. Regularly used to define maior and maximus,
narro, -avi, -atum, -are, [for older, eldest. gnarigo(old),tgnarigo-(tgnar6- natura, -ae, [fnatu
ra
(f.
of
Vocabulary.
-rus),
Fig.,
cf.
183
not.
figura],
f.,
birth.
so
long as not, provided
nature, character (innate), disposition, quality : natura loci Also, {position of the ground) the power of growth, nature (natu.
With other
subjunctive,
particles requiring the
ral phenomena). natus (gna-), see nascor. naufragus, see navifragus. nanta, -ae, [prob. borrowed fr.
Gr.
In ut, utinam. composition, cf. neque, nemo,etc. In hortatory forms of speech : ne crede colori. Conj., with subjunctive (orig. the adverb with hortatory forms), that not, that no, With verbs of &c., lest, not to.
vavHjs], (also navita), [perhaps original fr. fnavi-, or worked over
feanng (perh. hortatory

that
lest.
in origin),
bypopular etymology], m. a sailor, a seaman, a mariner, a boatman, a ferry-man.

,
Nautes,
-is, [?], m.,
a Trojan, com-
panion of Tineas.
nauticus,
ened)
-a,
-um,[tnauta- (weak:
+
-e,
cus], adj., of sailors

the sailors)
;
-ne (n') [prob. same word as ne, cf. -ne in sense of nonne], enclitic interrogative, whether (but usually omitted in Eng. in direct Also in double quesquestions). tions in second place, or. Also, = nonne, whether not, is not, do
not, &c.
clamor (of
pinus
(manned by seamen).
naval is,
Neaera,
-ae,
[Gr.
Neoipa],
f.,
rustic maid. [fnav- (earlier form?) + alia], adj., of ships, naval, nau- Nealces, -ae, [Gr.], m., a Trojan. tical : corona (made in form of nebula, -ae, [stem akin to nubes beaks of ships, the honor of a + la], f., a mist, a fog, a cloud. naval engagement). Neut. plur., nee (neque) , [ne (shortened) -que] conj., and not, neither, nor, and (sc. castra), ship-yards, docks;
,
also? (as subst.), ship stores, terials, rigging.
ma-
yet not. not

. . .
With
et,
not
. .
and,
navifragus, -a, -urn, [fnavi-fraso too, then too, as well. gus ( .y/frag + us, cf. frango)], necdum, see nee and dum. adj., wrecking ships, dangerous. necesse (-um, -us, -is), [petrified Pass., shipwrecked. case-form of unc. origin], adj. and navigium, -1 (-11), [fnavigo- (see adv., necessary, fated, required. navigo) reduced + ium], n., a With est, it is necessary, it must boat, a vessel, a ship.
be that, one cannot but. navigo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fnavigo- (fnavi-agus, cf. prodl- neco, -avi, -atum, -are, [fnecgus)], I. v. n., sail, set sail, em(of nex)], i. v. a., kill, put to bark. With cognate ace., sail death. nectar, -arts, [Gr. vtKrap], n., upon, navigate, traverse. mi vis, -Is, [ Y/nu (strengthened) as nectar (the drink of the gods). Less exactly, of other drinks. stem, with added -i, cf. i/aCs], f., a ship, a boat, a vessel, a Jleet (in nee to, nexui, nexum, nectere,
plural).
[ -y/nec, cf.
tie,
and yet, not but. nee non (et), and also, nor less,
.
navita, see nauta.
twine.
Naxus (-os),
-I, [Gr. Nt{oy], f., one of the Cyclades. ne (ni),[unc. case-form, pron. -v/na ]> adv. (only in special forms of
(make
3. v. a., bind, the effect, tie Fig., by tying), twine.
plecto],
Of
With quidem, speech), no, not. With not even, not either.
dum
ne),
With spin out, frame, weave. change of point of view (cf. clrcumdo), encircle, twine with. nexus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
close-twined, clinging.
and
dummodo
(cf.
modo
nefandus,
-a,
-um, [ne
(short-
84
Vocabulary.
(reduced) + ius], adj., of Neptune : Troia (built by Neptune} Neptunus, -I, [fneptu-, akin to Eng. naphtha (a Persian word) +
.
ened) -fandus (see for)], adj., unspeakable (cf. iiifaiulus), horrible, accursed, impious, criminal enses ; (cf. nefas), godless : gens odia (unutterable). Neut. as
;
nus,
cf.
Fortuna, Portunus],
subst., crime, -wrong.
nefas [ne (shortened)

lege,
-fas], n. in-
god of the sea, brother of Also (cf. Ceres, Jove and Pluto.
grain), the sea.
m., the
decl., impiety, -wrong, crime, sacri-
an impious deed : nefas

to tell). omitted), it is
dic-
neque,
see nee.
ta (horrible
With est neque<5,
(often impious (a crime, wrong, &c.). Concretely, an impious creature, a curse, a tale of crime. In a kind of apposition as an exclamation, oh hor-
-quivi J>ii), -quitum, -quire, [ne-queo], 4. v. irr., canbe not, not able, be unable.
nequicquam (-quidquam), see nequiquam, the spelling now in

vogue.
ror
! (cf.
infandum)
v. n.
nequiquam
quam,
(not in
effect,
cf.
(nequic-, nequid-,
nego, -avi, -a turn, -are, [?, perh. ne-aio, in its earlier form, through
noun-stem], no), say
. .
prob. both forms of diff. orig. were once in use), [ne-quiquam (quid
I.
.
not,
and a., (say deny, say that
quisquam)], any manner), in
adv.,
-vain,
no, &c.
Also, refuse, deny (one
uselessly, to
no purpose, without
anything), decline. Xemea, -ae, [Gr. Nejie'rj], f., a city of Argolis, near which Hercules killed the Nemean lion.
-without reason.
ne
qjiis, etc. ; see ne and quis, etc. Nereis, -idis, [Gr. Nrjpefs, f. patro-
nemo,
-inis,
[ne-homo (hemo)],
Alm., no man, no one, nobody. most degenerated into a pronoun.
nemorosus,
osus],
adj.,
-a, -urn, [fnemor woody, well-wooded.
-f
nymic of Nereus], f., a daughter of Nereus, a Nereid, a sea-nymph. Nereius, -a, -um, [fNereu- (reduced) + ius], adj., of Nereus, child of Nereus. Nereus, -ei, [Gr. N7?pevs],m., a sea-
nempe
Less [nam-pe, of unc. orig., perh. god, father of the Nereids. form of que, cf. quippe], exactly, the sea, the water. conj., no doubt, surely, certainly. Nerine, -es, [Gr. NTJ/H'J/TJ], f., daughter of Nereus, a Nereid. Also in answer to a question or statement, that is to say, why ! in Neritos, -i, [Gr. N^piros], f., a mountain of the island of Ithaca. sooth. nemus, -oris, [-y/nem (cf. nume- Nersae, -arum, [?], f. plur., a city of the ^Jqui (sometimes read Nurrus, Gr. v6p.os, r^M)J, n., (assae, which see). signed grazing-ground), a wooded Less exactly, a grove, a nervus, -i, [ -^SNAR -f vus, cf. Gr. pasture. vfvpov, Eng. snare~\, m., a sinew, forest, a vineyard(cf. arbustum). a tendon. From the original maileo, nevi, netum, nere, [V ne cf. Gr. vyQai], 2. v. a., spin. Less terial, a bowstring, a string.
dialectic
>
Neoptolemus, -i, /ioy], m., a name

son of Achilles.
exactly, weave, interweave. [Gr. Neoirr<$Ae-
Nesaee, -es, nymph.

nescio, -ivi
[Gr. Nô-oh?],
(-11),
f.,
a sea-
of Pyrrhus, the
-itum,
-ire, [ne-
nepos, -otls, [?], m., a grandson, a Less exactly (in plur.), nephew.
descendants,
posterity.
scio], 4. v. a., not know, knmu not, be ignorant, be unaware, be unac-
progeny,
offspring,
mem
not
quainted with : nescit quis aras (has not heard of) ; puellae hie(learn
to
to,
know)
Also,
Neptanius,
-a,
-um, [fNeptund-
know ho-w
be unable to.
Vocabulary.
nescio quis, some one or other, some one I know not who, some one,
some.
185
duced) -f osus], adj., cloudy, cloudcapped, stormy (bringing storms)

.
nimbus,
nescius, -a, -um, [ne-scius, cf. conscius, inscius], adj., not knowing, ignorant, unaware, in ignorance, untaught (cf. nescio), unable to. With negative, well aware, well taught, not without
knowledge, not in ignorance.
[perh. akin to nubes], m., a storm-cloud, a cloud, a dark cloud, a storm, a tempest, rain. Also, a bright cloud (enclosing the
-i,
gods).
I'ig.,
a cloud, a great
neu, see neve. neve (neu), [ne-ve],
conj.,
or not,
regular connective with ne, and so equivalent to neque in clauses which require ne. nex, necis, [y'nec as stem (cf.
and not.
The
number, a swarm. nimirum [ne-mirum, no wonder], adv., doubtless, no doubt, surely. nimis [?], adv., too much, too, over mtich : nota (too well known). nimius, -a, -um, [akin to nimis], adj., too much, excessive, too great, immoderate. Without idea of
Neut. excess, very, exceedingly. as subst., too much. Neut. as adv., loo, too much, all loo; also, very, most indeed.
pernicies,
slaughter.
noceo)],
no
sup.,
f.,
death,
nexo,
nexus,
nexui,
-a,
nexare,
[fnexo-],
ni, see ne.
I. v. a.,
-um,
twine, bind. p.p. of necto.
ningo, ninxi,
no
sup.,
ningere,
ni [prob. same word as ne, used in

concessive clauses], conj., (equal to nisi), if not, unless. nidor, -oris, [unc. root + or, cf. Gr. Ktntrd], in., odor (of burnt flesh
in sacrifice)
.
Less exactly, odor

in.,
(of any kind).
[y/nig, cf. nix], 3. v. n., snow. Usually impersonal, it snows. Niphates, -ae, [Gr. NH^TTJS], m., a high snowy mountain in Armenia. Less exactly, for the people near it. Niphaeus, -i, [?], m., a Rutulian. Nisa, -ae, [?], f., a rustic maiden. Nisaee,-es, [ ?], f., a sea-nymph (see
also
nidus,
actly,
-i,
[?],
nest.
Less ex-
Nesaee).
:
(of birds in a nest), cells (of bees) niger, -gra, -grum, [?], adj., black (opp. to candidus, cf. ater, opp. to albus), dark, dusky, swarthy, gloomy, blackened.
young
nisi [ne-si],conj., unless, if not, except
nisi fata
nol,&.c.).
-i,
locum dedissent
NiVoj], m.
:
(had Nisus,
[Gr.
I.
nlgresco, nigrui, no sup., nigrescere, [fnigre- (of nigreo)+ sco], 3. v. incept., blacken, grow black,
king of Megaris, betrayed by his daughter Scyllaa and robbed of a fatal hair upon which his life depended.
He
hawk
2.
was changed
into a
Trojan who, with his

slain in
turn black. nigro, -avi, -atum, -fire, [ fnigrS-] I. v.n.,i>e black. nigrans,-antis,
,
companion Euryalus, was

attempting
lines.
to
pass
-4-
the
enemy's
p. as adj., black, niliil niliiliim,
dark.
nil),
nisus, -us,
Y/nit
tus], m.,
an
;
(a spot!, a trifle), cf. n. indecl., nothing.

at all,
not.
[ne-hilum not, ne pas'],
ejfort
rapidus
(flight,
plunge}
adv., not not in the least, not a whit, With partitives, no, none.
As
nil, see nihil.
Nilus, -i, [Gr. NAos], m., the Nile, the famous river of Egypt.
(position, poise). niteo, (nitui, referred to nitesco), no sup., nite"re, ?], 2. v. n.,shine, nitens, -entls, glisten, sparkle. p. as adj., shining, bright, sparkling, sleek (in good condition), welltilled (cf.
idem
Eng. foul), bright, flour-
aimbusus,
-a,
-um, [fmmbd-
(re-
ishing.
186
Vocabulary.
nodo,
-avi, -at
nitesco, nitul, no sup., nltescere, [fnite- (cf. niteo) + sco], 3. v. n.,

shine.
um,
-Sre, [fnod6-],
n Hid us, -a, -uiu, [adj. stem fr. wh. niteo + dus], adj., bright, shining, blooming, sleek. nitor, nisus (nlxus), niti, [poss. for gnitor, from fgenu or some stem akin], 3. v. dep., lean against, brace against, struggle, strive, rest on, lean on, step on, climb, climb
knot, tie up, bind in a knot. nodus, -I, [?], m., a knot (of a cord, &c., or of a branch), an eye (of a plant), a fold (of a serpent),
I. v. a.,
a clasp (of the arms)

bulwark).
nodum moramque (the centre and
pugnae
Noemon, -onis, [?], m., a Trojan. Nomas, -adis, [Gr. Nonas'], m., a Nomad (one of a wandering, pastoral people).
Plur., the
up: paribus alls
(be
poised on).
Numidnosco)
nitrum,
[Gr. virpov], n., soda (a mineral alkali, properly carbonate of soda, used for potash by the an-i,
ians.
nomen,
-inis,
n.,
+ men],
[VS no
( c ^-
cients).
nivalis, -e, [fniv- (nix) + alls], Less exadj., snowy, snow-clad. actly, snowy-white, snoivy. niveus, -a, -um, [fniv + eus], adj., snowy-white, of snow, snowy ;
a name, a word. As in Eng., a hero (cf. "great Fig., names"'), a family, a race. renown, name, glory, distinction,
reputation.
Nomentum,
city.
-I,
[?], n., a Sabine

cf.
pure
white.
non
"
(old
nix, nivis, [-v/n ig~ ( as stem), cf. ningo], f., snow. nixus, -a, -uiu, p.p. of nitor. iiixus, -us, [some form of -^/nit +
tus], m.,
veto],
I.
noenum), [ne-unum, "

.
nought,'"
noml n m,
nonne,
IK
not"], adv., no, not.
see i! n in see non and ne. M n II us, -a, -um, [non-nullus]

-a,
an effort,labor (of travail).

sup.,
n.,
adj. (aspron.), some,
no, navl, no
v.
nare, [cf. Gr. swim. Less ex-
nouns,
-um,
nus],
some or other. [unc. stem (of

ninth.
adj.,
novem) +
Noricus,
adj., the
actly, float, sail, fly. no ( c fnobilis, -e, [
-a,
-um,
[?],
of
VS
nosco)
bills],
f.,
well~kn<rwn, famous.
nobilitas, -tatis, [fnobili-t- tas], f., high birth, illustrious origin.
noceo, nocui, nocitum, nocere,

[adj.stemin-6,
cf. cf.
(a mountainous country north of the Alps, west of Pannonia, and south of the Danube), Norican. nos, plur. of ego, which see.
Noricum
nocuus
2. v.
n.,
pernicies)],
( y'nec, do mis-
nosco, novi, notum, noscerc, [ -y/gno (cf. know) + sco], 3. v. a.,

learn, recognize, (in perf., &c.), thing, cf. scio, know a fact), be acquainted with, be sensi-
chief, be hurtful, be injuriotis, in-
jure, harm, do
harm
baud
ig-
know (a
nara nocendi (of mischief). nocens, -entis, p. as adj., harmful, pernicious.
ble of, experience.
Less exactly,
.
noctivagus,
-a,
-um, [fnocti- (un-
knnv (a fact, like scio) notus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., well known,
familiar, wonted, usual, customary, habitual; -famous, renowned,
reduced stem of nox)

adj., night-roving.
+ vagus], +
of
noctua,
a (f. -ae, [fnoctu us), bird of nighf\, f., an owl.

-a,
if
famed : notum quid femina possit (the knowledge, &c.).
nocturnus,
adj.,
ly.
-um, [tnoctu- (as noster, -tra, -trum, [nos (as stem) + terus (reduced), cf. uter], adj. noctus, cf. diurnus) + nus],
of the night, nocturnal, nightOften rendered as if an adpower.
pron., our, my, of us, of me, in my Also, favorable (to us), As subst. (in plur.) v prosperous.
verb, by night, in the night.
Vocabulary.
our (my) friends (countrymen, noxlus,
&c.). nota, -ae, [
-a,
187
-um, [fnoxa- (reduced)
-^^0+ ta], f., a mark, a sign. Less exactly, a spot, a scar, a mark (of wounds).
-I,
ius], adj., harmful, guilty. nubes, -Is, [ -y/nub- (cf. nubo) es (and -is)], f., a cloud. Fig.,
+
;
[Gr. v66os~], m., an illeOf anigitimate son, a bastard. mals, a mongrel, a cross-breed. noto, -avi, -a tu in, -are, [fnota-], mark. Of the effect, I. v. a., Less exmark down, inscribe.
not h us,
a cloud, a swarm : facia nube (gathering like a cloud, of birds)

belli (storm-cloud}. Also, the region of clouds, the clouds, the
heavens.
nubigena, -ae,[fnubi-(see nubes) -gena ( v/gen + a, cf. Graiugena)], m., cloud-born, a centaur, a
cloud-born monster.
IHI
!>i
actly, mark, observe, notice. Notus, -i, [Gr. N<{TOJ], m., the South Wind. Less exactly, the wind. notus, -a, -urn, p.p. of nosco.
la,
-orum, [fnubi-
(see
nu-
novalis,
alls],
[fnovo- (reduced) + Fern., (sc. (new). terra), fallow land(\&{\. to be re- nubilis, -e, [fnubo- (cf. pronuba, ro nu bin m) + lis], adj., marnewed by lying). Neut., fallow
-e,
adj.,
(n. plur. of lus)], n., prop, adj., the clouds, the region of clouds.
bes)
+ la
land, (less exactly) fields (cultivated) . iiovellus, -a, -urn, [fnovo- (re-
riageable,
nudatus, -a, -um, p.p. of nudo. nudo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fnudo-], I. v. a., strip, make bare, lay bare, duced) + ellus, as if fnovulo + new. lus], adj., young, tender, bare, uncover. nudatus, -, novcni [unc. case-form petrified, cf. -um, p.p. as adj., bared, stripped,
Gr. Ivvfci, Eng. nine'], indecl. adj., nine.
naked, uncovered.
nudus,
dus,
-a,
-um,
[prob. for t nu gadj.,
noverca, -ae, [?, akin to novus],

f.,
cf.
Eng. naked],
naked,
a stepmother.
noviens (-ies), [stem of novem, with unc. term.], num. adv., nine
times.
no vitas,
ened)
bare, uncovered, stripped, exposed, defenceless : aetheris axis (open); ensis (alone). Less exactly, in a single garment (without an outer
-tatis,
f.,
tas], (infancy').
I. v. a.,
[fnovo- (weaknewness: regni
novo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fnovo-],

refit,
repeat.
renew, make new, repair, Fig., change : fidem
garment), uncloaked. null us, -a, -um, [ne-ullus], adj no, none: non nullis oculis (withMasc. and fern., out regard}. nonnulnone, no one, nobody.
,
(break).
num
lus, -a, -um, some, some one. [pron. v^na, ace., cf. turn,
novus,
adj.,
-a, -uin, [akin to Gr. vcos],
cum,
dum],
conj.,
interrog.,
new, fresh, strange, young: ver (new,early} ; sol (new risen};

soles (of early spring)
.
novis-
simus,
-a,
-um,
rear.
superl., newest,
latest, last,
whether (often not expressed in Eng., but indicated by the order, is any, does any, &c.). Regu" no." larly expecting the answer Xuma, -ae, [?], m., a Roman name.
to whom were attributed the religious institutions of the Romans; 2. Two Ruiuiians.
nox, noctis,
[perh. ^/noc (cf. noceo) + tis (reduced), cf. Gr. v\i^, Eng. night], f., night, darkness, Personithe influence of night.
fied,
Esp.,
Numa Pompilius, the sec-
ond king of Rome,
noxa,
Night. -ae, [y'noc -f ta (?)], (harni), a fault, guilt.
Numainus,
f.,
-i,
[fNuma+
with
the
nus],m.,
Rutulian,
surname
Remulus.
i88
uuinen,
cf.
Vocabulary.
-inis,
[
nuo) +men],
^/nu (lengthened, n., (a nod).
mint
n
ii
ia,
-ae,
[f.
of
mint iu.sl,
f.,
messenger (female).
n
t
Esp., the divine will, power (of the gods), authority, permission, purpose, consent, approval, decree, inspiration, presence (of a god), divine nature, divine interposiAlso tion or protection ; oracle. divinity, divine essence, deity (with genitive of the god used conlunonis ; Fauni ; vescretely) Also contra (of the stars)
: .
tio-],
i<, -avi, -atum, -are, [fnunI. v. a., report, announce,
bring tidings.
nuntiiis,
-i (-11), [prob. fnovofventius (fvento + ins)], m., a In appos., messenger, a reporter.
as adj., bringing tidings, reporting. Also, news, message, tidings, report.
nuper
a divinity, a divine being : numina magna Deum (forms); media inter numina (images').
cretely,
rum per],
[prob.
novum-per,
cf.
panow,
adv., lately, just
numero,
mero-],
recount.
-avi,
-atum, -are, [fnucount, reckon up,
i. v. a.,
numerus,
(cf.
[stem akin to vopos iiuiiius) + rus], m., number,

-I,
not long ago. see Nersae, the approved spelling. Nursia (Nurt-), -ae, [?], f., a town of the Sabines (now Norcid) nurus, -us, [akin to Gr. w6s (for
Nursae, -arum, [?];
SNUSUS)],
f.,
a daughter-in-law.
a number. Esp., a large numAlso, order, prober, a number.

portion
nusquam
pares numeri (equal compositi numero dimensions') in turmas (in equal numbers)
:
; ;
where. (with a different conception). ii.ii .. -avi, -atum, -are, [fnuto(cf.
[ne-usquam], adv., noAlso equal Eng. never
abnuo)],
I. v. n.,
nod,
totter,
stellis
numeros
;
fecit {places, by
calculation)
nee
numero nee
distinc-
swing, wave. nut i-in icnt u in,
-I,
[fnutrin.,
honore cremant (without
nutrio)
+ mentum],
nutrix],
suckle.
(of food,
Also, musical measure, tion). time, tune, the notes of the scale (pi.)
nourishment. Less exactly, fuel. nutrio, -ivi (-ii), -itum, -ire,

[?,
cf.
in numerum, in time, in order, in turn, in measure ; sideris in numerum, to the place of a star ; neque est numerus,
Phrases
:
4. v. a.,
nurse,
nourish,
bring up, rear.

cultivate, raise.
exactly, Pass, as dep.,
Less
nutrior, see nutrio. no numbering. mitrlx, -icls, [unknown root (cf. \ u in ic us, -I, [?], m., a river of Lanutrio) + trix], f., a nurse. tium, where tineas was said to nutus, -us, [tnu- (as root) + tus, have disappeared. cf. abnuo, numen], m., a nod. Numidae, -arum, [Gr. vop.ds], m. Fig., will, an order, a command. plur., the Numidians (a people of nux, nucis, [?], f., a nut (of variNorthern Africa). ous kinds). Also, an almondtree. Numttor, -oris, [?], m. I. The grandfather of Romulus and Re- nymph a, -ae, [Gr. vvfufrri], f., a
it is
impossible to count, there
is
mus
2.
Rutulian.
(cf.
.
.
mine [num-ce
.
hie)], adv., now. now, someRepeated, now times again.

. . .
nymph (a goddess of the sea or woods, more or less allied to the human race). Less exactly, a muse (as the muses proper were
Nysa,
of this general class) -ae, [Gr. NCcra],
.
nuncios,
never.
etc.; see
nunquam
mint ins. [ne-unquam],
adv.,
all,
Less exactly, not at
by no means (see hodie) .
f., a city of India, said to have been built by Bacchus in his expedition to India.
Vocabulary.
189
O.
O,
interj.
(of
all
emotions), oh!
With
ace.,
Oaxes,
-is,
nom., or voc. v [Gr. Oois], m., a river
Fig., expose, risk, sacagainst. rifice (in war)

.
in Crete.
ob (obs),
[akin to Gr. V/], prep., towards (archaic). near, around. " Fig. (cf. the provincial all along of"), on account of, for, for the sake of, through. In comp., to,
towards, jigainst, before, over, &c. -avi, -atum, -are,
obiectus, -a, -um, p.p. of obicio. obiectus, -us, [ob-iactus, cf. obicio], m., a throwing in the way :
laterum
(opposition, obstacle, of
an island). obitus, -a, -urn, p.p. of obeo. obitus, -us, [ob-itua (cf. obeo)], m., a going down, setting, death
obire mortem), dissolution. -a, -um, p.p. of offero. obllmo, -avi, -atum, -are, [oblimo], i. v. a., clog (orig. with
(cf.
obambulo,
[ob-ambulo],
i. v. n.,
walk
about,
oblatus,
roam about. obduco, -duxi, -ductum, -ducere, [ob-duco], 3. v. a., draw over,
spread over.
With
change of
point of view, overspread, cover, obductus, -a, overgrow, choke. -urn, p.p., overspread, surroundhidden, covered. ing ;
mud), stop. obliquo, -avi, -atum, -are, [obliquo-j, i. v. a., turn obliquely ;
sinus in
ventum
(brace, swing).
obliquus (-cus), -a, -um, fliquus (cf. limns and Gr.

pios)~\,
[obAt'x-
obductus, -a, -um, p. p. of obduco.

obeo,
eo],
-ivi (-11),
irr.
adj.,
v.
-itum, -Ire, [oba., 'go to, go over, go
slanting,
sidelong,
obliquum
kance).
slantwise, oblique : in (across, transversely);

as-
sidewise,
around, visit: pugnas (engage in) ; terras maria (wash, encompass)

;
obliqua invidia (with eyes
omniavisu (yiew,survey)
(suffer, meet). surround, encircle, cover.
mortem
Also,
-a, -um, [ob-esus], adj., fat, swollen. obex, -icis, [ob-ylac (as stem)],
obesus,
oblitus, -a, -um, p.p. of obliviscor. obliviscor, oblitus, oblivisci, [foblivi- (of verb akin to lividus compounded with ob) + sco, be-
come dark
get,
to (?)], 3. v. dep.,
of.
for-
m. or
rier.
f.,
a bar, an
obstacle,
a bar-
think no more
oblitus,
obfero and compounds of ob with

f,
-a, -um, p.p., forgetting, forgetful, careless of, heedless of: sucos po-
see oflfero.
ma
obicio
(obli-), -led, -iectum, -Icere, [ob-iacio], 3. v. a., throw against, throw to, expose, throw in the way of, offer : clipeos ad tela
(oppose, present)
; ;
oblivium,
Also, forgotten. [foblivo- (cf. obliviscor and llveo)], n., for(losing)

-i
.
(-ii),
getfulness.
obloquor, -locutus, -loqui, [ob-
loquor], 3. v. dep., speak against. equites sese Also, sing to (with accompani(array themselves in opposition) ment of). portas (shut against one) Fig., expose, offer to the sight, throw out obluctor, -atus, -ari, [ob-luctor], I. v. dep., struggle against. against, throw at (of taunts, &c.) ob- obmutesco, -mutui, no sup., -murabiem canibus (inspire). tescere, [ob-mutesco], 3. v. n. iectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., thrown in the way, lying in the way, incept., hush, become speechless, be
.
opposing.
silent.
oblecto, -avi, -atum, -are, [ob- obnitor, -nisus (-nixus), -nitl, iacto, cf. obicio], I. v. a., throw [ob-nitor], 3. v. dep., struggle
190
against,
Vocabulary.
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., blocked up, beset, choked. obsidio, -onls, [fobsidio- (reduced) o], f.,a blockade, a siege. obsido, no perf., no sup., -sidere,
lean against, lean on, struggle, strive. obnix us, -a, -um, p.p. of obnitor. obnoxius, -a, -um, [ob-noxius,
guilty
towards'],
adj.,
sessus,
guilty.
From
ancient
mode
ing justice,
bound to,
of administersubject to, ex-
[ob-sido],
3. v. a., beset,
occupy.
obsitus, -a, -um,
p.p. of
obsero.
posed to, olnnibo, -mips?, -nuptum, -nnbere, [ob-nubo, in its orig. sense,
veil], 3. v. a., veil, cover.
obstipesco (-stupesco), -stipul, no sup., -stipescere,[ob-sti(stu)pesco] ,3. v. n., be amazed, be struck with astonishment, be stunned, be dazed, be struck dumb, stand amazed, be thunderstruck, be paralyzed.
oborior, -ortus, -oriri, [ob-orior],

4. v. dep., rise against, rise over.
rising, ing.
obortus, -a, -um, p.p. flowing (of tears)
as adj., blind-
obsto,
obortus, -a, -um, p.p. of oborior. obruo, -rul, -rut u in, -ruere, [obruo], 3. v. a., overwhelm, bury. obrutus, -a, -um, p.p. of obruo. obscenus, -a, -um, [prob. obs- (see
filthy,
-stiti, -statum, -stare, [ob-sto], I. v. n., stand in the way of, hinder, withstand, stay, retard: obstitit quibus Ilium
obstnpesco, see obstipesco. obscurS, -avi, -Stum, -are, [fob- obsum, -ful, -esse, [ob-sum],
scuro-j,
I. v. a.,
(decl. as adj.)], adj., Less exactly, unfoul. sightly, ugly, hideous, horrible. Esp., ill-omened, ill-boding.
ob) fcaeno-
(be obnoxious, be an offence). Also, Congeal (of blood). -structum, obstruo, -struxi, -struere, [ob-struo], 3. v. a.,
block
tip,
choke, obstruct, seal (of
the ears).
irr.
v. n., be opposed (cf. prosum), darken, obscure. obscurus, -a, -um, [ob-fscurus injure, harm. (cf. scutum), covered over, shut obtectus, -a, -um, p.p. of obtego. in], adj., dark, dim, gloomy, dusky. obtego, -texi, -tectum, -tegere, [ob-tego], 3. v. a., cover over, little known, in the dark, unseen : cover, ôbscure. fama (doubtful, dimmed} baud obtendo, -tendi, -tentum, -tenobscura signa (no uncertain dere, [ob-tendo], 3. v. a., spread obscuris vera involvens signs} before, outspread, shed: obtenta nox (spreading}. (dark hints} sub obscurum nocdarkness tis (under the of night}. obtentus, -a, -um, p.p. of ob;
obserB,
tendo. obtentus, -us, [ob-tentus, cf. obobsitus, -a, -um, p.p., covered, tendo], m., a spreading out. beset, Concretely, a canopy : frondis. overgrown : aevo (heavy
-sevi, -situm, -serere, [ob-sero], 3. v. a., plant over.
.
with, full ofyears)
observatus,
servq.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
ob-
obtestor, -atus, -ari, [ob-testor], I. v. dep., entreat (by some sacred

object called to witness), beseech,
observo, -avi, -atum, -are, [obadjure. servo], I. v. a., watch, mark, ob- obtexo, -texui, no sup., -texere, : trace. honor serve, notice, Esp., [ob-texo], 3. v. a., weave over. With change of point of view, regem. obsessus, -a, -um, p.p. of obsideo. overspread. obsideo, -sedl, -sessum, -sidere, obtorqueo, -torsi, -tortum, -tor2. v. bea., blockade, quere, [ob-torqueo], 2. v. a., [ob-sedeo], obtwist. set, guard, besiege, occupy.
Vocabulary.
obtortus,
191
-a, -HIM, p.p. of obtor- occulo, -cului, -cultum, -culere, queo. ^ [ ?, cf. clam], 3. v. a., bury, cover, obtruncS, -avi, -atuni, -are, [obhide, conceal. occultus,-u,-um,
trunco],
slay.
v. a.,
cut down, butcher,
den
p.p. as adj., concealed, secret, hid: sapor (slight, scarcely dis[abl. of
obtuli, see offero. obtundo, -f mil, -iii-niii, -tundere, [ob-tundo], 3. v. a., dull ob(orig. by beating), blunt. tusus, -a, -HIM, p.p., dulled, blunted, dull, dim, less vigorous. Fig.,
tinguishable}.
occulte
occultus],
adv.,
secretly, privately.
occulto, -avi, -atum, -are, [focculto-, cf. occulo], I. v. a., hide,

conceal.
obtusus,
obtuse, unfeeling. -a, -uni, p.p. of obtundo.
occultus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
occulo.
ob tutus,
-us, [ob-tutus, cf. obtueor], m., a gaze, a fixed stare.
occumbo,
prey\ occupo,
obumbro,
umbro],
<> I) ii
-avi,
-tit
I. v. a.,
uni, -are, [obovershadow.
-cubui, -cubltum, -cumbere, [ob-cumbo], 3. v. n., fall, die, be slain : morti {fall a
-avi, -atum, -are, [foecup-, cf. faucup- (ob-^/cap as stem)], I. v. a., take in advance (as against somebody else), seize, take possession of, assail, strike,
MCI is,
adj.,
-a, -inn, [ob-uncus], hooked, curved.
obustus,
-a, -um [ob-ustus (see uro)], adj., burnt around, hardened in the Jire. Fig., overfill: manicis (bind). obversus, -a, -um, p.p. of obspread, Jill, seize: aures (meet). verto. occurro, -curri, -cursum, -curobverto, -verti, -versum, -verrere, [ob-curro], 3. v. n., run to tere, [ob-verto], 3. v. a., turn meet, rush to, rush in, come in the obversus, -a, towards, turn. way, meet: medius (come in to -urn, p.p., in opposition, facing, Fig., appear, meet interrupt} standing in front, firm (as un.
flinching), resolute:
et
one's eyes. hue obversus hue (turning this way and occurso, -avi, -atum,
-fire,
n.,
that).
obvius,
-a, adj.), cf.
f., daughter of Ocean. before, to meet. occasus, -us, [ob-casus, cf. occi- oceanus, -i, [Gr. flKewcfe], m., the ocean. Personified, Ocean, conEsp., the do], m., a fall, ruin. ceived by the ancients as the unisetting (of a heavenly body) soils
:
way, opposed, exposed, in front, Oceanitis,
-um, [ob-fvia (decl. as obviam], adj., in the
curso, cf. occurro], i.v. in the way, fall in the

meet.
[obrush
of,
way
-idis, [Gr. patronymic],
Also (cf. last division), (sunset). sunset, the west.
versal parent.
occido, -cidi, -casum, -cidere,

[ob-cado], 3. v. n., fall, perish, be slain, disappear, be lost, be undone.
Esp., -cidi,
set.
ocior, -us, [focu- (cf. Gr. WKVS) -fior, compar. of lost positive], adj., Neut. as adv., more swifter.
Also, quickly, swiftly, quicker. forthwith, at once. Ocnus, -I, [Gr. "OKfoj], m., the founder of Mantua. ocrea, -ae, [focri- (cf. ocrls, Ocriculum) + ea, f. of -eus], f..
-cismii, -cidere, occido, [ob-caedo], 3. v. a., slay, kill. occisus, a, -um, p.p. of occido. occubo, no perf., no sup., -are, a legging, a greave (usually plur.}. [ob-cubo], i. v. n., lie (dead or to Gr. iirrw, Eng. eight J. buried), lie low in : occubat um- octo [akin indecl., num. adj., eight. bria.
192
oculus,
-i,
Vocabulary.
offa, -ae, [?], cake. ^
f.,
[foc5- (akin to Gr. uaat, ac, cf. acies) eye, + Ins, a dim.],m., an eye." Also, from similarity (cf. Eng. eye "),
for o/cye,
a ball of dough, a
Eng.
offendo, -fendi, -fensum, -fendere, [ob-fendo, cf. defendo],

3. v. a., strike
a bud.
odi, odisse, osiis,
pres.], v. a., hate :
[ ?, perf.
against, Jash against.
of lost
diem
(curse).
offensus, -a, -um, p.p., striking against, striking: exsultat
odium,
odor,
-1 (-ii),
haired, hate, a grudge.

is hateful.
[akin to odi], n., est odio,
imago
vocis.
offensus, -a, -um, p.p. of offendo. offero (off-), obtuli (optull),
-oris, [ -y/od (cf. Gr. o&>) + or (os)], m., an odor, a fragrance, a perfume.
oblatum, offerre
fero],
irr. v. a.,
(obf-), [obto,
bring
hold out.
With
reflexive
present, or in
odoratus, -a, -um, p.p. of odoro. odorifer, -era, -eruin, [fodor- (as if odori-) -f fer (Vêr + us )]> adj., sweet-smelling, fragrant. odoro, -avi, -at um, -are, [fodor-],
odoratus, -a, perfume. -um, p.p., perfumed, sweet-smelling, fragrant. odorus, -a, -um, [perh. fodor -f
I
.
pass., appear, present one's self, come in one's -way, expose, offer one's self. Less exactly and fig.,
offer, sho~M,
grant.
offlcio,
-feci,
to
-fectum,
v. a.,
[ob-facio],
3. v. n.,
-ficere, (do something
towards or
cium).
officium,
as stem,
cf. ofliEsp., act against, hin-
some one,
der, thwart, injure.

-I (-ii), [joffic- (ob-fac, cf. artifex) -f ium], n.,
us, but
cf.
canorus],
Also (see
adj., sweet-
smelling. above), keen-scented.
etymology
Oeagrius,
[Gr. Oldypios], adj., ofCEagrus (a Thracian king).
-a,
-um,
duty,
service, a a task.
kind
office.
Also, a
Less exactly, Thracian.
Oebalius,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. Oi'/8aA.os],
of (Ebalus (a king of Sparta, the founder of Tarentum).Fern., CEbalia (sc. terra), a name of Tarentum.
Oileus, -el (-el, -eos),[Gr. 'OiXt vs], m., a king of Locris, father of The name was added to Ajax. that of Ajax either in the genitive or nominative, or as an adj., to distinguish him from Ajax son of Telamon.
olea, -ae, [akin to Gr. t\ata, poss. borrowed], f., an olive (berry or
tree).
Oebalus,
1.
2.
-I, [Gr. Of/faAos], m A king of Sparta (see above) A king among the Campanians.
. :
Oechalia, -ae, [Gr. OxoAfo],

(prop, adj.), a city of Euboea.
f.
oleaginus (-neus, -nius), -a, -um, [foleagin- (fr. olea, cf. virago)
Oenotrius,
( reduced)
-a,
-um, [fOenotroadj.,
_ + us],
Olearos,
adj.,
-I,
of the
olive.
f.,
+ ius],
-a,
CEnotrian
[Gr. 'OAeopos],
one
.
(of the southern part of Italy).
of the Cyclades
(now Antiparos)
Less exactly, Italian.
Oenotrus,
Gr. olvos,
adj.,
-um,
[perh. akin to
cf. ofva>Tf>os,
a vine prop],
southern
of (Enotria
(the
oleaster, -tri, [folea + term. akin to comparative] ,m., a wild olive. ole<>, olui, no sup., olere, [folo(cf. olidus), prob. -y/od in odor,
part of Italy), CEnotrian. oestrus, -I, [Gr. oTorpos], m.,

fly-
a gad-
Oeta, -ae (-e, -es), [Gr. OfrTj], f., a mountain range of Thessaly runsmelling, noisome. ning from Pindus easterly to the oleum, -1, [see olea], n., oil. coast. olim [case-form of oil us (ille),
olens, -entis, p. as adj./ smetting(good,bad,or indifferent), rank, illfragrant, odoriferous ;
ufa, cf. smell.
lacrima],
2. v. n.
and
a.,
cf.
Vocabulary,
193
hlnc], adv., at that time, formerly, omnis, -is, [ ?], adj., all, every : cura Often like tot u s, once, just now : iam olim cum (the utmost) the whole, the entire. Neut. plur., (now at last, at the time when). Of future time, hereafter, at some everything., all, all things (often to be rendered in Eng. by a defintime, at any time. Indefinitely,
.
sometimes, often.
oliva, -ae, [prob. same stem as olea, cf. Achivus], f., the oliveLess exactly, tree. olivetrunk,
Omole,
wild
ing word) see

ass.
Homole.
-um,
p.p. of
onager,
-gri, [Gr. ovaypos], m., a
an
olive branch, olive leaves.
onerattis, -a,
onero.
olivifer,
-era,
(weakened)
[foliva-fer (-^/fer + us)],

oil.
-erum,
adj., olive-bearing.
olivum,
-i, [see oliva], n., ollus, -a, -um ; see ille. olor, -oris, [?], m., a swan.
onero, -avi, -atum, -are, [foner(onus)], I. v. a., load, burden, heap, pile : aggere Jill, cover, sulcos proventu ossa epulis
;
;
mensas
olorinus, -a, -um, [folor+ inus], adj., of the (a) swan. olus, -eris; see holus, the better
spelling.
heavy javelin, cS:c.) membra seFig., burpulcro (cover deep) den, ovenvhelm : his onerat dictis
;
.
iaculo palmas (seize the
me
-a,
Olympiacus,
[Gr. 'O\v/j.Tria/coY], adj., of Olympia (the city of Elis, where the Olympic games
-1,
-um,
(heap reproachful words, &c.) malis (heap troubles upon) With aethera votis (fill).
;
;
change
of
point
of view,
load
were held), Olympian.
Olympus,
[Gr. 'OAujuiros], m., a
oneratus, (into), pile, put up. -a, -um, p.p. as adj., heavy-laden. onerosus, -a, -um, [foner- (onus)
mountain on the northern frontier

of Thessaly.
From
+ osus],
weighty.
adj.,
burdensome, heavy,
a notion of the
ancients, the heavensJieaven,the sky.
onus,
-eris,
[?], n.,
a burden, a
ominibus (Jirst marriage, on ac- Onytes, -is, [?], m., a Rutulian. count of the ancient custom of opaco, -avi, -atum, -are, [fopataking omens); regibus omen co-] I v. a., darken, shade, overerat (sacred custom, which was shadow, throw a shadow on. an omen of prosperity, and the opacus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dark, omission of which would be an shaded, shady, overshadowed: friomina (auspices} evil omen) Less exactly, gus (cool shade). omnigenus, -a, -um, [fomni-geNeut. pi : overshadowing, shady.
,
.
omen, -inis, [?, but cf. oscines], weight, a load. n., an omen, a portent, a prodigy : onustus, -a, -um, [fonus + tus, in omen (as an omen}; primis cf. honestus], adj., laden, loaded.
nus
( v
/gen+ us, cf. benlgnus)],

all kinds,
adj.,
of
of all sorts, of
opaca locorum (dark places'). opera, -ae, [foper- (of opus) + a],
f.,
every kind.
labor, service, attention
ope-
oinnino
[abl. of fomnino- (fomni nus)], adv., altogether, entirely,
ram dare
(do service).
utterly.
operatus, -a, -um, p.p. of operor. operlo, operui, opertum, operlre, [ob-pario, cf aperio],4. v. a., opertus, -a, cover, enshroud.
.
omniparens,
rens], of all.
adj.,
-entis, [fomni-paall-producing, parent

-entis,
omnipotens,
[fomni-po-
tens] ,adj .,all-powerful, all-mighty, As subst, the All* omnipotent.
-um, p.p., covered, secret, hidden : telluris operta (depths). operor, -at us, -ari, [fopera-], i. v. Esp. p.p., en~ dep., lie busied.
gaged in
(rites), sacrificing.
powerful (Jupiter).
194
Opheltes,
Vocabulary.
wealth, means, aid, help, assistance : non opis est nostrae (it is not in our pmver) Personified, the goddess of plenty and resources.
.
-ae, [Gr. 'O^fA-TTjs], m., a Trojan, father of Euryalus. opimus, -a, -uin, [stem akin to
fruitful, rich, ; dapes. Esp. fertile : spolia {princely, technically of a taken commander-inby spoils chief from a commander-in-chief
adj.,
ops+mus],
arva
Plur.,
means, resources, power,
riches, might.
optato
in personal combat) Opis, Opis, [Gr. 'flws], f.: I. A opto, -avi, -atum, -are, [foptonymph of Diana ; 2. A naiad. oportet, oportuit, no sup., opor(p.p. of v'op, cf. Ops, optimus)],
.
[abl. of optatus], adv., opportunely, as one could wish. optatus, -a, -um, p.p. of opto. optimus, -a, -um ; see bonus.
tere, [?, cf. opportunus], 2. v. impersonal, it behooves, it befits, one ought.
wish, desire, long, long pray, hope, choose, prefer. opulentia, -ae, [fopulent + ia], f.,
for,
I.
v. a.,
opperior, -peritus (-pertus), -pewealth, riches. riri, [ob-perior, cf. experior], opulentus, -a, -um, [fop- (as if 4. v. dep., wait for, await, expect. opu-) + lentus], adj., wealthy, rich. oppeto, -petivi (-11), -petituin, v. -petere, [ob-peto], 3. a., fall opus, -eris, [unc. root + us], n.,
fall upon, assail, meet, encounEsp. (sc. mortem), fall, perish, lie slain, meet death. oppidum, -I, [prob. ob-pedum, solid ground (cf. Gr. ireSov and
to,
work
cf.
(in reference to
its
results,
ter.
oppido)], n., (a fastness ?), a tmvn (fortified, as opposed to a mere hamlet or a large city), a city.
Fig., of bees, fortress, abode.
labor), labor, toil, activity. Concretely, a work, a task, a labor, an undertaking, an employment, a deed of action. Of the result, a work, a production : operum labor (the labor, as a burden, of the
opus [same word
oppono, -posul, -positum, -ponere, [ob-pono], 3. v. a., place towards, set against, array against. In pass., or with reflexive, turn against, set one's self in the way,
offer one's self,
works, as a production). as preceding, petrified as a predicate], indecl. (with esse expr. or implied), there is need, one needs, one requires : non
niihi opus est, / need not. ora, -ae, [?], f., an edge, a border,
expose one's
self,
an extremity: loricae
Hence, a
cf.
(joints).
oppose,
stand in the way, face oppositus, -a, (something).
-uin, p.p., opposing, coming in the way, in opposition,facing, in front,

before one, opposite, resisting.
opportunus, -a, -um, [ob-portunus, cf. importunus], adj., opportune, fit, favorable, well suited, advantageous. opprlmo, -pressi, -pressum, -primere, [ob-premo], 3. v. a., press against, overwhelm, crush, subdue.
coast (the extreme litus, the whole shore}, edge, a shore. Less exactly, from the maritime habits of the ancients, a country, a region, a shore : luminis orae (the regions of light, as opposed to the world below).
oraculum, -I, [fora- (of oro, speak)

-f
culum], n.,(a
announcement).
oppugno,
pugno],
-avi, -at
I.
um,
-are, [ob-
n., fight against, attack, assail, lay siege to. Ops, opis, [-v/op as stem, cf. optimus, opto], f. sing. (exc. nom.),
v.
a.
and
Esp. of the gods, a response, prophetic words, a prophecy, inspired words, a divine command. Less exactly, an oracle (place or source of prophetic words).
orator, -oris,
tor], m.,
[fora (of oro) + Also (cf. oro), an embassador, a messenger.
speaker.
Vocabulary.
195
orbls, -is, [ ?], m., a circle, a circuit, Oricius, -a, -um, [fOricS- (rea course (circular), a ring, a disc, a duced) -f- ius], adj., of Oricum (a town of Epirus). Less exactly, wheel, a winding, a coil : oculorum
(ball). Esp., a region, the circle of (he world, the world, the heavens. Also, a circular cluster. Fig., a cycle (of time), a revolu-
tion (of the heavenly bodies). orbita, -ae, [forbi + ta (cf. Gr. -TTJS)], f., a track, a path.
of Epirus. origo, -inis, [fori- (of orior) + go, cf. imago], f., a beginning, an origin, a source, a common cement, a first production, a birth. an anAlso, a race, a stock, Phrase ab cestor, a progenitor.
:
orbus,
adj.,
-a, -urn, [cf. Gr. op<pavos'j,
origine,
deprived, bereft. orchas, -a<lis, [Gr. opx] f- an olive (of a peculiar kind). Orcus, -I, [perh. akin to arceo], m., a god of the lower world
terly,
from (he foundation, root and branch.
ut-
Orion, -onis (-onis),
[Gr. 'Hp/cov], m., a mythic hunter of antiquity placed in the heavens as a constellation. Also, Orion (the constellation,
with Pluto, Death. Also, the "world below, Hades. orclior, orsus, ordiri, [fordi-,
identified
cf.
ordo],
4. v. dep., begin,
com-
whose rising and setting were attended by storms). orior, ortus, oriri, [?, cf. Gr. opvvjtai], 3. and 4. v. dep., rise, begin,
appear, originate, be born, spring. As oriens, -entis, p., rising. subst., the rising sun, the dawn, the East, the East (country).
mence, undertake, enter upon. orsus, Esp., begin (to speak). Neut. -a, -um, p.p., beginning. Also (cf. plur., undertakings.
Orithyia, -ae, [Gr. 'ftptftfota], f., ordior), -words, speech. a daughter of King Erechtheus of ordo, -Inis, [fordi- (whence ordior, cf. exordium) + o], m., a row, a rank, a series, a line. Abstractly, order, array, arrangement, sequence: uno habetis
Athens.
ornatus, -us, [forna- (of orno)
Achivos torum (fixed
(estimation) ; faorder}; vertitur Phrases : (succession of events) ordine, regularly, in detail ; ex ordine, continuously ; in ordine, in regular series.
.
tus], m., adornment, ornament, attire, ornaments (collectively, of a headdress). ornatus, -a, -um, p.p. of orno.
orno, -avi, -atum, -are, [prob. fr. a stem in -no-, of unc. root], l.v.a.,
adorn, deck, equip, furnish.
ornus,
ash.
-I,
[?],
f.,
an
ash-tree,
an
Oreades, -um,
[Gr. 'Opctrfs],
f.
pi.,
mountain-nymphs. Orestes, -ae (-is), [Gr.
He m., the son of Agamemnon. killed his mother Clytemnestra, and was driven mad by the Furies.
for the dramatic art.
'OpearTjs],
Ornytus., -I, [?], m., an Etruscan. oro, -avi, -atum, -fire, [for-(os)],
I. v. a.
and
beseech,
n., (speak), plead, beg, entreat, implore, beg for,
supplicate.
-is, [Gr. 'Op^Srjs]. warrior in the army of ./Eneas.
-
His career was a favorite subject Orodes,
orgia, -oriim, [Gr. opytd], n. plur., Orontes, -is (-1), [Gr. 'Opoirns], m. : I. A river of Syria; 2. The the orgies (feast of Bacchus, celecommander of Êneas' Lycian albrated with wild frenzied revelry), lies. feast of Bacchus.
orichalcum, -i, [Gr. opefxoAKos], Orpheus, -el (-eos), [Gr.'Op^t^s], m., a mythic bard of antiquity. He n., mountain bronze (a peculiar
mixture of copper used by the ancients).
rescued his wife from the world below by his skill in music, but
196
Vocabulary.
was afterwards torn in pieces by Osinius, -I (-ii), [?], m., a king of Clusium. the Thracian women. Osiris, -idis (-is), [Gr. "Otnpts], orsa, see ordior. m. I An Egyptian divinity 2. A Orses, -is, [?], m., a Trojan. Rutulian. Orsilochus, -i, [Gr.], m., a Trojan. Ossa, -ae, [Gr. *O<nra], f., a mounorsus, -a, -uni, p.p. of ordior.
: . ;
ortus, -a, -uni, p.p. of orior. ortus, -us, [ -v/ or (f orior) + tus],
m., a rising, the dawn. Ortygia, -ae, [Gr. 'Oprvyta, Quail
tain of Thessaly.
ostendo, -tendl, -tensum (-tentiiin),
-tendere,
[obs-tendoj,
name of Delos ; island}, f : I. 2. An island in the harbor of Syracuse, forming part of the city. Ortygius, -I, [?], m., a Rutulian.
.
3. v. a., stretch before, stretch out,
expose, raise, show, exhibit, point out. With reflexive or in pass., show one's self, appear.
os, oris, [?],
the mouth. Less exactly, the face, the countenance, the lips, the jaws ; language, words, speech : ante ora (before the eyes) ;
n.,
ostento, -avi, -at inn, -are, [obstento, cf. ostendo], i. v. a., show, display, point out.
nst in in,
n.,
maora discordia {language) nus inter -que ora (under the

;
[perh.akin to os], Less exactly, a door, a gale, an entrance. Plur., the mouth (of a river), a harbor.
-1 (-11),
the mouth.
hands and before the face) ; ora ostrifer, -era, -erum, [fostro-fer exsertans (head); vinun dif( -y/fer + us)], adj., oyster-bearing, rich in oysters. fundit in ora (spread abroad in the mouths of men) ; ora implet ostrum, -I, [prob. borrowed fr. Gr. Less (ears) ; formidinis ora {phanoffrpeov}, n., (a shell-fish).
toms')
tria Dianae {fortns) ; ; tali ore locutus (words) ; uno

;
ore (with one accord); magno ore (voice) summo ore {Just with the lips); omitted with words of mountain in Thessaly. speech. Less exactly, an opening, mouth (of a river), aperture, head otium, -I (-ii), [?], n., rest, ease, idleness, quiet, leisure, repose. (of an ulcer), door (of a house). os, ossis, [cf. Gr. ocrrfov~\, n., a ovile, -is, [fovi- (lengthened) +le (n.
Plur., the bones, the frame, inmost frame, the remains. Osci, -orum, [?], m. pi., the early
purple (a color made from the fish) purple (purple fabrics). Othryades, -ae, [Gr. 'O0/>ua5r;], m., son of Othrys. Othrys, -yos, [Gr. "Oflpw], m., a
exactly,
,
bone.
the
ovis,
of lis), prop, adj.], n., a sheep-fold. -is, [cf. Gr. o'is, Eng. ewe'], f.,
ajsheep. [?], i. v. n., exult, express ovans, -antis, p. as
cf.
inhabitants of Campania, the Oscans.
ovo, -avi, -Stum, -are,

rejoice,
oscillum, -I, [fosculo + lum], n., a little face, a little mask. osculum, -I, [fos + culum, dim.], n., a lip, the mouth, a kiss.
triumph,
one's joy.
adj., rejoicing, delighted,
ovum,
-i,
glad. [prob. akin to avis,

n.,
Gr. aiJcj,
an
egg.
P.
pabulum,
-I,
+ bulum,
[as if -^pa
cf.
but
(inpasco) cingulum and
ferculum],
n.,
food, fodder, pas-
n. (f.), the southeastern extremity of Sicily (Capo di Passaro) pacifer, -era, -erum, [fpac- (as if
.
m. and
turage, nourishment. paciltus, -a, -um, p.p. of paco. Pachynus (-um),-i, [Gr.
paci-) -fer (V^r + us)], adj., peace-bringing: oliva {peaceful, the emblem of peace').
Vocabulary.
pacisco, no
perf.,
-
197
its
pactum, pa!
Posidonia, famed for
roses.
root, in
ciscere, [VP 3 bind, cf. obs. paco, pax, pecus], 3. v. a., (archaic exc. p.p.), agree, bargain, pactus, agree upon, promise. -a, -urn, p.p., stipulated, agreed upon, betrothed, promised, plighted. Fern., a bride, an affianced wife,
Pagasus,
-I, [ ?],
m., an Etruscan.
patina, -ae, [tpagi- (as
a betrothed (wife).
agreement.
Neut.,
an Palaemon,
of -nus)], f., a leaf (of a book), a page. pagus, -I, [perh. akin to pango], m., a village (umvalled, cf. oppidum) or farming district, a town.
(f.
pango) + na
Less exactly (in
abl.),
a manner, means, a way, a method. paciscor, pass, as dep., bargain, stipulate, agree, barter : vi-
tam pro laude

{pay the price
reduce
to
letum pro laude
of).
changed to a sea-god. A shepherd. palaestra, -ae, [Gr. ira\aiffTpa], L, a palcestra or place for wrestling, Less exactly, wrestling, a 'ring.' games (in which wrestling predom1
-onis, [Gr. na\ai/j.<av^, m., a son of Athamas and Ino,
paciscor, see pacisco. paco, -avi, -MI inn, -are, [fpac-],

I
.
inated).
palam
[unc. case-form
(cf.
clam,
palea,
v. a.,
to
peace, give peace

-a,
coram), perh.
akin
to
to.
pacatus,
-um,
p.p.,
palor], adv., openly.
brought
peace, peaceful, freed
from war. Pactolus, -I, [Gr. na/cTo>A<k],m., a palans, -tis, wandering, straggling. river of Lydia famous for its gold. Palatinus, -a, -um, [fPalatiopactum, see pacisco. (reduced) -f inus], adj., of the Palatine (the frunoushillat Rome) pactus, -a, -um, p.p. of pacisco.
Palamedes, -is, [Gr. IlaXa^Srjs], m., a famous Grecian hero.
Padus, -1, [?], m., the Po, the fa- Pa liit in in, -1 (-ii), [tpalato- (remous river of Northern Italy. duced) + ium (n. of ius)], n., the 1'ad lisa, -ae, [akin to Padus], f., Palatine hill (on which was the
an
artificial mouth of the Po, or canal, running into the Adriatic
near Ravenna.
Paean,
-anis, [Gr. Uaiav, Uaitav'], m., the physician of the gods; also used as a name of Apollo, Also,
a hymn to Apollo, a hymn (to any deity), a song of triumph, a song

of tha nksgiving.
residence of Augustus). a palace. pa la t inn (-us), -I, [ ?, akin to palea, palor, the broad canopy of the mouthl~\, n. and m., (a broad canopy, archaic). Esp., the roof of the mouth, the palate. palea, -ae, [perh. akin to palor, palam], f., chaff (as scattered
imperial
From
association,
paene (pene),
nearly, all but.
[?], adv.,
almost,
abroad?).
paenitet, -uit, sup., -ere, [adj.stem akin to poena], 2. v. a. imTranslated by it pers., repents. a change of construction, one repents, regrets, is ashamed, disdains,
feels misgivings.
no
palear, -aris, [fpalea- (or stem akin) + re (reduced, n. of ris)],

n., the
deivlap (of cattle)

[?, -v/pal is (-es)],
Pales, -Is, palor) +
(in
palea,
Paeonius, -a, -inn, [Gr. Uaiiavios, two sons of cf. Paean], adj., of Paon (the god Paeonium in mo- Palinurus, of medicine)
:
f. (anciently m.), the divinity of shepherds (of the wandering flocks?). Palicus, -i, [?], in., the name of
rem
(in medical guise).
Less
exactly, medicinal.
Paestum,
city
-I, [Gr. UaTo-rov'], n., a of Lucania, formerly called
Jupiter deified in Sicily. -I, [Gr. HaAôi/pos], m., the pilot of /Eneas, murdered on the coast of Italy after swimming to land.
-i,
paliurus,
[Gr. ira\(oupos], m.,
198
Vocabulary.
a thorn-bush (said to be the Rham- palmes, -itis, [perh. akin to palnus paliurus) ma], m., a young shoot or branch palla, -ae, [ ?], f., a robe (for women, (of the vine), a vine. of somewhat uncertain nature, palmosus, -a, -um, [fpalma- (reduced) + osus], adj., abounding prob. a mantle or shawl of varying in palms, palm-grown, palmy. size, sometimes, when confined by a girdle, taking the place of an palmula, -ae, [tpalmo- (cf. palma) + la], f., an oar -blade. undergarment) Palladius, -a, -um, [Gr. IlaAAa- Palmus, -I, [?], m., an Etrurian slain by Mezentius. Neut. (cf. Sios], adj., of Pallas. Gr. naAAe&toj/), a statue of Pallas. palumbes, -is, [?], m. and f., a
.
Esp., the Palladium (or statue of Pallas in Troy, stolen by Ulysses
wood-pigeon.
and Diomede). Pallanteus (-ins),

lant
-um, [fPalof Pallas (an ancient king of Arcadia). Less pampineus, -a, -um, [fpampinoexactly, of Pallanteum : moenia. Neut., Pallanteum, a city of (reduced) + eus], adj., of vine Arcadia whence Evander came to leaves, vine-wreathed: auctumnus (crowned with vine leaves). Also, the city built by him Italy. in Italy on the site of Rome. pampinus, -i, [ ?], m. and f., a vine Pallas, -adis, [Gr. IlaAAas], f., the leaf, a vine shoot, a vine branch. Grecian divinity identified by the Pan, -os, [Gr. Ua.v~\, m., the god of Romans with Minerva, a goddess shepherds, represented as half goat of war and of household arts and and playing on the syrinx.
-a,
eus],
adj.,
palus, -udis, [?], f., a marsh, a pool, a lake, water (stagnant). paluster (-tris), -tris, -tre, [tpalud+tris (reduced)], adj., marshy, of the marsh.
of learning, the discoverer of the

olive.
panacea,
-ae,
[Gr.
-ira.va.Kfia],
f.,
panacea (an herb famed

healing properties).
for its all-
Pallas, -aiitis, [Gr. waAAos, a young man}, m., the son of Evander, killed by Turnus while fighting for yEneas; 2. An Arcadian. Pallene, -es, [Gr. IlaAA^jTj], f., a peninsula of Macedonia whence came Proteus the sea-god.
palleo, pallui, no sup., pallere, [fpallo-, cf. pallidus], 2. v. n., be pale, be pallid. pallens,
-entis,
colorless,
p.
Panchaeus,
-a, -um, [Gr. UayXafa], adj., of Panchata (an island of Arabia famous for its frankinFern. Panchaia, the cense). island itself.
-I,
Pandarus,
I.
Lycian archer
arrow among broke the treaty between them and

the Trojans /Eneas.
;
[Gr. Ua.vBapos'], m. : who shot an the Greeks, and thus

2.
as
adj.,
pale, pallid,
companion of
pale green,blue y gray, &c.
pallidus, -a, -um, [fpallo- (cf. palleo) +dus], adj., pale, pallid,
colorless,
pando, pandi, pansnm (passum), pandere, [?], 3. v. a.,

spread out, unfold, extend, spread, In pass. expose, open, lay open.
or with reflexive, extend, lie open. Fig., show, disclose, unfold, lay
wan.
pallor, -oris, [pall- (as root of palleo) + or], m., paleness, pallor. palma, -ae, [perh. y'pal (cf. palea,
the
palor)
iroAo,urj], i.,the
ma, but cf. Gr. palm (of the hand),
hand. Also, from the shape of the leaf, the palm-tree, the palm, a palm branch. Fig., victory, a
prize (of victory), a victor.
pasopen, expose, relate, reveal. sus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., spread, extended, dishevelled (of hair), dried (spread in the sun) Xeut., raisin wine (made of grapes the . sun) spread to dry in
.
Vocabulary.
pandus,
root of
-a,
199
human
destiny, identi-
-um,
[prob.
pand
(as
arbiters of
fied
pando)
curved : lances
wards).
adj., bent, (hollow, bent in-
-fus],
with the Greek Vloipai (Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos). parce [abl. of parcus], adj., sparingly, carefully.
Pangaea, -prum
(-us,
-I),
[Gr.
Hyyyaiov}, n. plur., a mountainrange between Macedonia and Thrace.
parco, pepercl (parsi), parcitinu (parsum), parcere, [?], 3. v. n. and a., spare (refrain from
using), be sparing
of,
pang5, panxi (pegi, pepigi), panctum (pactum), pangerc, c f- ^ r "vhyvvpUi perh. pax, [ \/P a
-
save, hus-
fasten, fix. upon, appoint (by agreecontract ment), (a treaty or alliAlso, put together, conance).
Fig., agree
paciscor],
3. v. a.,
trive.
Panopea,
-ae, (Panope-, -es), [Gr. UavoTrti}, f., a sea-nymph. Panopes, -is, [Gr. Uavoirri], m., an attendant of Acestes.
band, refrain from (as if from using), forbear, cease, restrain: fuiu.ro (be prudent, take thought parcite Rutuli (Jiold'/) for) flatibus Euri (spare, deal gently Also, spare (refrain from with). destroying as if from wasting), Active, save, keep : preserve. talenta natis.
; ;
parcus,
adj.,
Pantagias,
-ae, [Gr. Uavrayias], m., a river of Sicily. panthera, -ae, [Gr. irdvO-np'], f.,
a panther, especially sacred

Bacchus.
to
Pa nth us,
-I,
[Gr.
ITai/floos],
m., a
-a, -um, [akin to parco], frugal, sparing, thrifty. Transferred, scanty, a little. parr us, -entis, [aorist part, of pario, cf. 6 T6cc6j>], comm., a parent, a father, a mother, a sire, a dam. Less exactly, an ancestor, a Fig., of a country forefather.
:
Trojan priest of Apollo, father of magna parens frugum. Euphorbus. pareo, parui, paritum, parere, papaver, -eris, [?], n., a poppy. [?, prob. adj.-stem akin to pario], Used loosely- for the juice in a 2. v. n., appear, show one's self : medical form, poppy. sidera (be intelligible or wellPaphius, -a, -um, [Gr. ITaîos], known) Esp., appear (at a sumLess adj., of Paphos, Paphian. mons?), obey, be subject to, submit to. parens, -entis, p., obedient. exactly, of Venus. Paphos (-us), -i, [Gr. llanos], f., paries, -etis, [?], m., a wall (within
.
a city of Cyprus famous ancient temple of Venus.
for
an a
a house, a city).
cf.
murus, moenia,
of
papilla, -ae, [fpapula

nipple, the breast.
+ la],
f.,
papula, -ae, [?], f., a pimple. par, paris, [ ?, perh. akin to paro, pario, as equivalent in barter], no less, like, welladj., equal,
matched, corresponding, even : aetas (the same) discurrere pares (in equal numbers); alae (even);
;
pario, peperi, paritum (parturn), parere, [?, v/Par c ^paro, opiparus], 3. v. a., secure, procure, win : sibi letum (find a means of, &c.) Esp., bring forth, bear. Pass., be born. partus,
.-
-a,
-um,
p.p.,
acquired, secured,
won. Neut, gain, gathered store, acquired gains. Paris, -idis, [Gr. ndpts], m., the leges (impartial*). son of Priam and Hecuba. He paratus, -a, -um, p.p. of paro. awarded the prize of beauty to Parcae, -arum, [?, prob. akin to Venus over Juno (Here) and Miparco], f. plur., the Fates, goddesses of birth and death (Nona, nerva (Pallas), and thus won Helen as the most beautiful woman livDecuma, and Morta), and so the
200
ing.
Vocabulary.
m., the son of Atalanta and Meleager, who fought in the Theban and Trojan wars.
7ra?os],
He is sometimes represented as effeminate, whence his name is used as a term of reproach.

pariter [tpari(of
par)
ter, cf.
. .
Parthenope,
f.,
acriter], adv., equally, alike, in like manner, not less, as well . as, together, at the same time, side by side: pariter cum flamma (no
less
-es, [Gr. napQevoirrf], the ancient name of Naples, or of the city for which Naples (New city) was substituted.
-a,
Parthus,
adj.,
-um,
[Gr. Tldp6os],
swift than).
-a,
Parthian, of the Parthians
Parius,
-um,
[Gr. Ilapios], adj.,
(a nation northeast of the Caspian,
famous as archers). Masc. plur., the Parthians, the nation itself. parina, -ae, [?], f., a shield (small and round), a buckler, a shield (in partim [ace. of pars], adv., partly,
general)
.
of Paros, Parian.
Parnasius (-assius), -a, -um,

Uapvdffios^,
adj.,
[Gr.
subj.
in part. or
.
Distributing
obj.,
some
a plur. others, a
of Parnassus,
part
a part.
partio, -IvI, -it um, -Ire, [fpartiParnasus (-assus), -I, [Gr. Uap(ofpars)], 4. v. a., (divide). mountain in ThesPass, as dep., divide, share : curas J/OCTOS], m., a haunt of the partitus, -a, -um, saly, the favorite (impart). Muses. p.p. (in pass, sense), divided. paro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fparo- partitus, -a, -um, p.p. of partio and partior. (cf.opiparusandpareo)], i.v.a., procure, provide, secure, prepare, parturiS, -Ivl (-ii), -itum, -ire, Fig., pre[prob. fparturo- (old fut. p. of prepare for, get ready. pario)], 4. v. a. desid., be pregpare, begin, endeavor, attempt, aim nant, teem, be in bloom. at, be about to, intend, arrange : partus, -a, -um, p.p. of pario. parabitur imber (be gathering} iussa parat (make the prepara- partus, -us, [ v'P 3 1 ( m pario) +
;
'
'
Parnassian.
parat us, -a, ordered}. -um, p.p., prepared, ready, arranged. Paros, -I, [Gr. Ilapos], f., one of the
tions
tus], m., birth, bearing, delivery, motherhood. Concr., offspring. parum [ace. of stem akin to parvus], adv., little, not much, not
Cyclades islands, famous for white marble.
its
very
laetus
far from)
Parrhasius,
<nos~],
[Gr. Hap'pd.adj., ofParrhasia (a town in
-a,
-um,
Arcadia). dian.
Less exactly,
nuper, semper)], adv., a little while, for a moment. Arca- parvulus, -a, -um, [fparvo+lus],
(cf.
parumper [parum-per
adj., little,
small.
pars, partis, [-v/P ar (akin to iro- parvus, -a, -um, [ -y/par (cf. parcus, pars)+vus], adj., small, pov) + tis (reduced)], f., a part, a little, slender, slight, trifling, humportion, a share, a place, a region, ble : pabula (bits of). a direction, a side: naturae Neut, Rea little, humble circumstances, a (branch) ; pacis (a pledge) some a small one small Abl., another, price, thing. part peated, some. small tost. Comp., minor, minus. -i Parthenius, (-ii), [Gr. Ilap84- pasco, pavi, pastum, paseere, vios~\, m., a Trojan. [\/P a + sco], 3. v. a. and n., pas. . . . .
Parthenius,
vtos], adj.,
-a,
-um,
,
[Gr. TlapOt-
tain
of Parlhenius (a mounin Arcadia) Parthenian.

-i,
Partbenopaeus,
[Gi.
Less exactly, ture, feed, tend. nourish, feed, foster, support, grow Intrans., graze, feed, (act.). Pass, as dep., graze, feed, browse.
Vocabulary.
Less exactly (of flame, &c.), be fed, be supplied -with food, play round, stray about. pascuum, -I, [n. of adj., akin to
20 1
Alone of Jupiter also of JEneas Teu(as the father of his people);
:
.
feed on, pluck.
sire, venerable.
and Vulcan,
crum
Oceanus rerum ( parent)
Also
pasco,
cf.
nocuus],
-es,
n.,
pasture-
land, pasture.
usually in plur., the nobles, chiefs, the senate, the elders : pater Ro-
[Gr. noo-jârj], f., of Minos king of of the Minotaur. the mother Crete, passim [ace. of passis ( -y/pad +
Pasipnae,
the
manus
(the
Roman
senate}.
daughter
patera, -ae, [akin to pateo, cf. irardvri, patina], f., a bowl (flat like a saucer, for libations), a plate, a
.
adv., far and cup (for drinking) around, everywhere, here paternus, -a, -um, [fpater- (unand there, in all directions. syncopated) + nus], adj., of a passus, -a, -urn, p.p. of pando. father, paternal, hereditary, ancestral. passus, -a, -um, p.p. of patior. passus, -us, [-v/pad + tus], m., a patesco, -ui, no sup., -escere,
tis, cf.
pando)],
"wide, all
step: longi tance). pastor, -oris,

cf.
passus (a long
[
-
dis-
[tpate- (of pateo)

lie
+ sco]
3. v. n.,
open.
Fig., be disclosed, be-
^/P 3 (with unc.
a,
come manifest.
lustrum) + tor (cf. pasco)], patior, passus, pati, [ -y/pat, prob. akin to ircurxco], 3- v. dep., suffer, m., a shepherd, a herdsman : Phrygius
(i.e.
Paris).
-e,
endure,
:
bear,
undergo.
Also,
pas to rails,
.
[fpastSr
fering: lituos (become inured to). pastus, -a, -um, p.p. of pasco and patiens, -entis, p. as adj., pascor. capable of enduring, enduring, submissive to, patient, trained to, pastus, -us, [ VP a (with unc. s, cf. broken to. pastor) + tus], m., feeding, pasture. patrius, -a, -um, [tpater (syncoConcretely, a pasture. Patavium, -1 (-ii), [?], n., Padua pated) + ius], adj., of a father, a (a city near the Adriatic, founded fathers, of one's ancestors, ancestral, filial (paid to a parent) by Antenor). Also used as adj. of patria (see patefacio, -feel, -factum, -facere, [unc. stem (akin to pateo) below), of one'' s country, national, native. Fem. (sc. terra), one's -facio], 3. v. a., lay open, open. patefactus, -a, -um, p.p. of patecountry, a country (of one's own), facio. home, native city, native country. pateo, patui, no sup., pate re, Patron, -on is, [?], m., an Acarnanian in the company of tineas. [tpato- (cf. patulus), VP a ^> akin to vmbw/uu}, 2. v. n., lie patruus, -I, [tpater (syncopated) -f uus], m., an uncle (on the open, be opened, be open, open, be father's side, cf. avunculus, a extended, extend, be exposed : Tartarus (yawn). mother's brother). Fig., appear, be disclosed. patens, -entis, p., patulus, -a, -um, [fpatd- (cf. pawide, open, free. teo) Ius], adj., spreading, wide, pater, -tris, [ ^/pa (in potis) -f broad, fiat. ter, cf. mater], m., a father, a paucus, -a, -um, [?], adj. (mostly Masc. sire, an ancestor, a forefather, a plur.), a few (on\y),feiv. Neut. plur., a As a term of respect or plur., a few, few. parent. Abl., few things, a few words. worship, of gods, kings, ancient worthies, &c., father, venerable briefiy, in a few words.
.
adj., of shepherds shepherds'}
alls], myrtus (the
tolerate,
have
to bear, suffer, allow,
permit.
Absolutely, live in suf-
202
paulatim
at im
.
Vocabulary.
[fpaulo(reduced)
cf.
pect hiatus, sloping both ways],

breast-bone, the breast, the Fig., for both soul and
cf.
by
little,
adv., little gradually, slowly, by de-
catervatim] ,
n., the
chest.
grees.
paulisper [unc. form of fpaulo + per, cf. nuper], adv., a little

paulus,
cus],
while, for a while, a while. -a, -inn, [ ?, akin to
adj.,
(cf. Eng. heart, head}, supposed by the ancients to be situated in the chest, the mind, wisdom, the heart, the soul, courage.
mind
pau- pecuarius,
abl.
-a,
-um,
[tpecu
Neut.
little.
paulo,
little,
arius], adj., of cattle.

herds.
pi.,
as adv.,
little,
somewhat.
paua while,
luin, ace. as adv., a
peculium, -I
a moment.
pauper,
-eris, [?], adj., poor, in /tumble circumstances, in poverty, humble, lowly. Masc., a poor
-el,
man. pauperies,
f.,
[fpauper
ies]
[tpeculi (tpecu (a slave's cattle), property (of a slave). pecus, -oris, [prob. y'pac, bind (in paciscor) + us], n., cattle, a Less Jlock, a herd, a stud, sheep. exactly, a herd (of wild animals),
(-ii),
lis) -f
ium],
n.,
poverty, humble circumstances. pausia (-ea), -ae, [?], f., an olive (of a special kind) pavidus, -a, -um, [fpavo-, of unc.
.
timid, tremalarm, awed, awe-stricken, in awe, anxious. pavito, -avi, -atum, -are, [tpakin., cf.
paveo],
adj.,
a swarm. pecus, pecudis, [prob, tpecu + dus (reduced)], m. and f., a beast (of any kind of cattle), a brute. Esp., a sheep, a victim (for sacrifice).
bling, frightened, in
Plur., beasts, brutes, flocks,
herds.
pedes,
tis,
vito- (as p.p. of paveo)], tremble (with fear).
i. v. n.,
pavor,
-oris,
in.,
:
[VP av
( c f-
paveo)
dread,
-itis, [tped (as if pedi-) + or -tus (reduced)], comm. or Coladj., on foot, a foot-soldier. lectively or in plur., infantry, foot-
or],
fear, terror,
soldiers, the foot.
anxiety
pavor pulsans (anxious pedester

dit
(in
throbbing) .
+ tris],
:
(-tris), -tris, -tre, [tpeadj., of the foot (sol-
pax, pads, [Y/pac
paciscor,
perh. pecus)], f., peace, pardon, pace, abl., by permission. favor. peccatum, -I, [n. p.p. of pecco], a n., sin, a fault, a crime.
acies (of the foot); pugna diers) (infantry}. pedica, -ae, [tped (as if pedi-) + ca, cf. manica], f., a fetter, a
pecco, -avi, -atum,

I. v. n.,
-are,
[?],
pedum,
sin, err, do
pecten, -inis, pecto) + en
wrong. [pect (as root of (cf. unguen)], m., a
From similarity, a sley or comb. reed (the instrument by which the thread is beaten into place) pelagus, -i, [Gr. ir (\ayos~], n., the sea, a sea, the deep. Perhaps from some earlier form of the instrument, a quill or plectrum Pelasgus, -a, -um, [Gr. rieXoo-yot], (with which the strings of the lyre adj., Grecian (from the supposed ancient inhabitants). were struck). Masc. pi.,
.
a springe, [perh. akin to pes], n., a crook (of a shepherd), a staff (with a hooked end). Pegasus, -i, [Gr. n^yoo-os], m., the winged horse of the Muses. peior, see mains.
slip-noose,
-i,
pectd,
the Greeks. pexi (pexui), pexum (pectitum), pectere, [ -^/pec (cf. Pelethronii, plecto), akin to WKW], 3. v. a., 6p6vioi], m.
comb.
pectus, -oris, [perh. akin
to
pecto,
[Gr. IleAeof the Lapithce from a town or tribe in Thessaly where the Lapithae dwelt.
plur.,
-orum,
a
name
Vocabulary.
Pellas, -ae,
Trojan.
[Gr. IleAfas],
m.,
203
northeast coast of Sicily, now Capo di Faro, one of the headlands of the Straits of Messina. Pelides, -ae, [Gr. IlTjAe/STjs], m., son {descendant) of Peleus. Esp., of pelta, -ae, [Gr. WATTJ], f., a shield Achilles his son, and Pyrrhus his (small and light and curved, used grandson. by barbarians, cf. clipeus, the round shield of the Greeks, and Pelion, -ii, [Gr. nÂwy], n., a mountain of Thessaly, fabled to scutum, the oblong shield of the have been used by the giants in Romans).
scaling Olympus. Saturn also fled thither in the form of a horse.
Pelusiacus,
Egypt).
-a,
-um,
[Gr. IlTjAou-
0ia/c(fs], adj.,
Pellaeus,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. neAAoTos],
ofPelusium (a city of Less exactly, Egyptian.
adj., of Pella (the birthplace of Alexander of Macedon). Also, Alexandrian (of Alexandria in founded Egypt, by Alexander)
.
penates, -him, [prob. fpenu- (reduced) + atis, dwellers in the inner house\, m. plur., the Penates, the household gods, gods of the household, or of the state considered as
Less exactly, Egyptian. pellax, -acis, [per-lax (root of lacio as stem, cf. pellicio], adj.,
a household.
vinities, if
What particular diany, they represented is
pc His, -Is, [akin to f., a skin, a hide.
alluring, enticing, deceitful. TreAAa, weAaj],
to the
uncertain, as is also their relation Lar or Lares, with whom
pello, pepuli, pulsum, pellere, [?, akin to iraAAco], 3. v. a., strike, Also of the effect, thrust, beat. drive away, drive back, overcome,
they have much in common. Their images, apparently of small size, were kept in the interior of the house and carried with the family
in migrations. Fig., a home, a house, a habitation, an abode, a
conquer, beat, chase, repel, repulse,

expel, banish, reject.
pel,
Fig.,
dis:
dwelling.
banish, remove,
;
drive out
pendeo, pependi, no
dere, [fpendo-
sup.,
pen-
lacrimas {dry up)
pestis pulsa
{heal); hiemem {put to flight). Also, set in motion, move, im-
pendulus)],
us, cf. ( -y/pend 2. v. n., hang, be sus-
pulsus, -a, -um, p.p. pel, strike. in all meanings. Also, echoing,
clashing, flying, a fugitive, strick-
pended, overhang, hover, lean forward, swing, droop, be perched. Also, linger, be suspended (oi work).
en
quo amor nostri (whither

-a,
pendo, pependi, pensum, pendere, [ ?, cf. pendulus, pendeo,

.
^/pend], 3. v. a., (hang, suspend} Esp., weigh (hang on steelyards). irijtosj, adj., ofPelops: moenia(of Fig., pay, suffer (a penalty). Argos, the chief city of the Pelo- pene, see paene, the proper spelling. Peneius, -a, -um, [Gr. n^tos], ponnesus). Pelops, -opis, [Gr. iWAoij/], m., the adj., of the Peneus, Peneian. son of Tantalus and father of Peneleus, -ei (-eos), [Gr. nqvfAtreus. He was served up as food Avs], m., a leader of the Boeotians for the gods by his father, restored in the Trojan war. to life by Jupiter, and furnished penes [prob. ace. n. of adj. -stem with an ivory shoulder in place of akin to penitus, penetro], prep., the one eaten at the banquet. He in the power of: impermm te gained control of the Peloponpenes {depends on you). nesus, which was named for him. penetrabilis, -e, [fpenetra- (of Pelorus (-um), -I, [Gr. nAo>pos], penetro) + bills], adj., penetram. and n., a promontory on the ble. Act., piercing, penetrating.
fled, &c.).
Pelopeius,
-um,
[Gr.
FUAo-
2O4
penetralia,
Vocabulary.
(cf. adj.,
-e, [tpenetropenetro, reduced) + alia],
per
of the interior, inner, interior, Neut. plur., the inmost, within. interior, the inmost recesses, the inner shrine, a sanctuary.
[petrified case-form, cf. irapa], prep., through, by, over, throughout, along, among, across, during :
; ;
penetro, -avi, -atum, -are, [ tpenetro- (fpene + trus, cf. penes, penitus, penus)], I. v. a., set Without imwithin, put inside.
mediate object, but with ace. of end of motion, penetrate, enter, go
within,
per aras (by) per aures (to) per annos {for) per augurium (into). Fig. (cf. ob), through, by means of, by, on account of.
;
In adjurations,
&c., see
by.
As
adv.
in
comp., through, thoroughly, over,
perago, percurro, per-
make
-I,
one's
way
into.
Peneus,
[Gr.
n?j>eids], m.,
eo, perfidus. peractus, -a, -uin, p.p. of perago. perago, -egi, -actum, -agere, [per-ago], 3. v. a., perform (to the
vs\&), finish, complete, accomplish^).
river of Thessaly flowing
through
the vale of
cf.
Tempe.
to
Also, go over
(cf.
ago), con-
penitus [stem akin

Also
(cf.
penes -f tus, sider.^ divinitus], adv., from within. peragro,

I. v. a.,
-avi, -iitiini, -are, Ltper-
nine), within, far, far dcnun, far away, deeply. Fig.,

utterly, wholly, entirely.
agro-(cf.peregre, peregrinus)],
wander
over,
roam
over,
penna
cf.
irfrcrjjUt)
(pin-), -ae, [-^pet (inpeto, + na], f., a wing, a
traverse, proivl around. percello, -culi, -culsum, -cellere,
[per-fcello
(cf.
procella,
ce-
pennatus, -a, -um, [fpenna + tus, cf. armatus], adj., feathered,

winged.
feather, a plume.
lox)],
strike
3. v. a.,
strike (through),
down, fell, overwhelm. Also, move, Fig., lay prostrate.

affect,
strike.
perculsus,
-a,
pensum,
-i,
[n. p.p. of
pendo],
n.,
wool (weighed out as a task for spinning), a task.
Penthesilea, -ae,[Gr. nev0efft\ftd], {., the queen of the Amazons who
Pentheus, -el
fought in the Trojan war. (-eos), [Gr. riecflevs], m., a king of Thebes who despised the rites of Bacchus, and was torn
in pieces by his mother and sisters. was also supposed to have been
-uin, p.p., stricken, smitten, filled, inspired. percipio, -cepi, -ceptum, -cipere, [per-capio], 3. v. a., take in, gather, receive. Fig., hear, notice, understand, learn. of perperculsus, -a, -HIM,
p.p.
cello. ^
percurro, -cucurri(-curri), -cur-
sum, -currere,
v. a.,
:
[per-curro],
(lit.
3.
He
run over or through

;
and
;
nomina pectin e telas driven mad by the Furies, and this fig.) nimbos {pierce, traverse). myth was often dramatically treated. penuria, -ae, [?], f., poverty, scar- percussus, -a, -uin, p.p. of percity : edendi (want of food}. cutio.^ penus, -us (-1), [?, akin to penes, percuti5, -cussi, -cussum, -cutere, [per-quatio], 3. v. a., strike penitus, Penates, prob. inner Fig., strike, store-room], m. and f., provisions, (with violence), beat.
store.
move,
-I,
affect.
peplum,
[Gr. WirAov], n., a robe (for women, a large and splendid outer mantle). Esp., the state robe carried in procession at Athens and offered to Pallas Athene every
five years.
-a, -um, p.p. of perdo. perdo, -didi, -ditum, -dere, [perdo, cf. pereo, intereo, and Gr.
perditus,
irepi~\, 3. v. a.,
lose.
perditus,
Also, destroy, ruin. -a, -um, p.p. as
adj.,
ruined, desperate, wretched.
Vocabulary.
perduco, -dnxi, -ductum,
-<1Q-
205
perforo, -avi, -atum, -are, [perforo],

I. v. a.,
cere, [per-duco], 3. v. a., lead to, bring to. Also, cover over, anoint.
pierce, penetrate.
peredo, -edi, -esum, -edere, [peredo], 3. v. a., devour, consume, waste away, gnaw. peregrinus, -a, -urn, [fperegro(cf. peregre) + inus], adj., from far away, from abroad, foreign. peremptus, -a, -um, p.p. of per-
perfossus, -a, -um, p.p. of perfodio. perfractus, -a, -u m, p.p. of perfringo. perfringd, -fregi, -fractum, -fringere, [per-frango], 3. v. a.,
break through, crush. Also, force through, accomplish (by force).
imo. perennis (-ennius), -e, [per-fanno- (weakened and decl. as adj.)],

adj.,
perfundo, -fudi, -fnsum, -fundere, [per-fundo], 3. v. a., pour over. With change of point of
view, drench, drown, bedew, sprinkle, bathe, plunge, moisten, wash,
dip, dye.
eternal, perpetual, everlast-
ing,
undying.
-Ivi (-ii),
pereo,
-itum, -Ire, [perperdo], irr. v. n. (a kind of pass, of perdo), go to ruin, perish, be destroyed, fall, die, be slain. Esp. of love, die of love,
eo, cf.
perf uro, no
[per-furo],
perf., no sup., -furere, 3. v. n., rave wildly.
Pergameus,
-a,
-um, [fPergamo
Less exactly, be unpine away. done, be ruined.
pererratus,
erro.^
-a, -UIH, p.p. of
eus], adj., of Pergamum, of Fern., Pergamea, Troy, Trojan. the name given by Êneas to his
per-
city in
Crete (Pergamum).
-I,
pererro, -avi, -atum, -are, [pererro],

I. v. a.,
Pergamum,
n 6/770/101/3,
perrexi, perrectum, perLess exactly and fig., spread pergo, gere, [per-rego], 3. v. n., keep on, through, scan, examine, search, proceed, advance, go on. survey. perhibeo, -hibui, -hibitum, -hiperesus, -a, -um, p.p. of peredo. bere, [per-habeo], 2. v. a., hold perfectus, -a, -um, p.p. of perficio. out, bring forward. Esp., report, hit um, perfero, -tuli, -ferre, assert, say, declare, call. [per-fero], irr.v. a., carry through, maintain (to the end), keep up, periculum (-clum), -i, [tperi(of perior, cf. experior) + curetain. Also, bring, carry off, lum], n., a trial, an attempt. convey, bear, bring news : perfer Also, peril, hazard, risk, danger. hasta perte {proceed, go on) the lata {forced through) Also, bear Peridia, -ae, [Gr. TlepiSla], f., mother of Onytes. (to the end), endure, suffer, have
over.
;
.
wander
over,
roam
n.,
(-a, -orum), [Gr. the citadel of Troy.
to bear.
perimo,
,
-eini,
-emptum,
-ere,
perficio, -feel, -fectum, -ficere, [per-facio] 3. v. a., perform, comAlso, plete, finish, accomplish. make, work, fashion. perfidus, -a, -um, [per-fidus, cf.
[per-emo],
3-v.a., destroy, kill, slay.
Periphas, -antis, [Gr. ri/>fy>as], m., a companion of Pyrrhus at the

sack of Troy. peritus, -a, -um, [p.p. of fperior,
see experior], adj., experienced,
skilled, skilful.
periurus],
treacherous.
adj., false, perfidious,
perflo, -avi, -atum, -5re, flo], i^v. a., blow over.
[per-
periurium, -i, [ tperiuro- (reduced)

decl.
perfodio,
trate,
-f odi,
+ ium], n., perjury. -fossum, -fodere, periurus, -a, -um, [per-fiur-,

as adj.,
cf.
[per-fodio],
make
pierce, penea breach in, burst open.
3. v. a.,
perfidus],
adj.,
per-
jured.
2O6
Vocabulary.
perpessus,
tior.
-a,
perlfibor, -lapsus, -labi, [per-labor], 3. v. dep., glide over, glide

through.
Fig.,
-um,
p.p. of
perpe[per-
spread to,
p.p.
reach.
perpetior, -pessus, -peti,

patior], undergo.
suffer.
3. v.
perlatus,
^
-a,
-um,
of per-
dep., suffer, endure, Also, allow, permit,
perlegQ (pellego),
-legi,
-lectum,
sur-
-legere, [per-lego], vey, scan.
3. v. a.,
perpetuus,
-a,
-um, [per-tpetuus
permensus,
metior.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of per-
(^/pet, in peto + uus)], adj., continuing, continuous, entire. Of time, continual, constant, incessant.
Permessus,
-i, [Gr. nep/njoreros], m., a river of Bceotia flowing from Mt. Helicon, sacred to Apollo and a favorite haunt of the Muses.
perplexus,
(p.p. of
-a,
-am, [per-plexus
permitior,
-mensus,
4. v. dep.,
-nietiri,
adj., confused, entangled, intricate. perrumpo, -rupl, -ruptum, -rum-
plecto)],
[per-metior],
over, traverse.
measure
pere, [per-rumpo],
3. v. a.,
break
permisceo,
-miscui, -mixtum (-raistum), miscere, [per-mis-
ceo], 2. v. a., mix (thoroughly), permixtus, -a, -um, mingle. p.p., mingled, mixed, mingling, united. permissus, -a, -um, p.p. of perrnitto.^ permit to, -misi,
through, break across : tellurem {plough^ across). persentio, -sensi, -sensum, -sentire, [per-sentio], 4. v. a., feel
(deeply) , perceive.
persequor, -secutus, -sequi, {persequor], 3. v. AQ^.,follow tip, pursue.
persido, -sedi, -sessum, -sidere,
-missum, -mit-
terc, [per-mitto], 3. v. a., let go by or through, give up, give over, co it, consign Fig. , allow, per-
mm
mit,
grant:
permisso nomine
permixtus, misceo.^ permulceo,

ceo],
{using the name by permission). -a, -um, p.p. of per-mulsi,
-mulsum
Fig., soothe.
[per-sido], 3. v. n., settle through, penetrate, sink in. Persis, -idis, [Gr. Heidi's], f., the original country of the Persians. Less exactly, Persia, the whole region occupied by the kingdom of the Persians. persolv5, -solvi, -solutum, -sol-
vere, [per-solvo],
3. v. a.,
pay in
(-ctum), -mulcere, [per-mul2. v. a., stroke.
full, pay, render, give in
payment.
permuto,
muto],
pernix,
swift.
-avi,
I.
-atum, -are, [perexchange (some-
persono, -m, -itum, -are, [persono], I. v. n. and a., sound

through or over, cause
to
v. a.,
resound,
thing with one).

-icls, [?], adj., active, agile,
sound: cithara (play). persto, -stiti, -statum,

[per-sto],
I.
-stare,
v.
n.,
stand firmly.
pernox, -noctis, [per-fnocti- (decl.

as adj.)], adj., through the night (with force of adverb).
Fig., persist,
remain unmoved,
remain fixed.
perstringo, -strinxi, -strictum,
-stringere, [per-stringo],
graze, touch lightly.
3-v.a.,
pero, -6'nis, [?J, m., a boot (rough and heavy, used by soldiers and the
like).
perodi, -osus, -odiase, [per-odi],

def. v. a., utterly hate, execrate, curse. perosiis, -a, -um, p.p. in act. sense.
persuade5,-suasi, -suasu m, -suadere, [per-suadeo], 2. v. n. and a.,

induce (by persuasion), induce persuade. pertaesum, see taedet.
believe,
to
perosus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
perodi.
pertempto
T-tento), -avi,
-atum,
Vocabulary.
-fire,
207
[per-tempto],
i.
v. a.,
try
(thoroughly).
seize, Jill, possess :
;
Fig.,
pervade,
gaudia pectus ; sensus lues corpora tremor. perterreS, -terrui, -territum,

terrere, [per-terreo], 2. v. a., perterrify, alarm, frighten. territus, -a, -uin, p.p., panicstricken, in alarm. perterritus, -a, -urn, p.p. of perterreo. pervenio, -veni, -ventum, -venire, [per-venio], 4. v. n., come through, arrive, come, reach : pervenimus vivi ut, etc.\livedto see)
.
make a tack (drawing in first one and then the other). pessimus, -a, -um ; see malus. pestifer, -era, -erum, [fpesti-fer
( -^/fer -f
us)],
adj.,
plague-bring-
ing, pestilent.
pestis, -is, [?], f., a plague, a pest, an infection, a taint. Less exactly, a calamity, ruin, destruction, Concretely, a mischief, trouble. pest, a plague, a curse, a nuisance, vermin. Petilia (-elia), -ae, [Gr. nerijA.ia], f., a city on the Gulf of Tarentum, founded by Idomeneus.
perventus, venio. perversus,

^
-a, -urn, p.p. of -a, -inn, p.p. of
per-
peto, petivi
(-11),
petitum, pete-
per-
re, [ -y/pet, akin to TTITTTCD], 3. v. a., {fall,fly, in various modifications),
perverto, -verti, -versum, -vertere, [per-verto], 3. v. a., overturn, turn awry. perversus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj., awry. Fig., perverse, wrong-headed, obstinate, bad: perverse numine (by a fatal impulse). pervigilo, -avi, -a turn, -are, [pervigilo], i. v. n., watch (continually), keep watch.
pervius,
-a,
go
to, assail,
upon, aim
at,
attack, make for, fall seek (go to), pursue:

;
;
Troianos monstra (be aimed at) me fraude (aim at) peteretur Troia (sail to {seek) Troy); terrain (Jail
to)
;
exscidiis
urbem
-um, [per-fvia-,
decl.
as adj.], adj., passable : usus tectorum (a much-used passage, &c.).
{plot destruction against) ; aethera sol (rise in) ; thorax petitus From the idea of aiming (hit). at, seek, search for, look for, ask for, ask, beg, desire, want, be in search of: quidve petat (what his purpose) ; petentur praemia
pervolit5,-avi, -atum, -are, [pervolito], i. v. a., flit around, fly

about.
petulcus,
duced,
butting,
plur.,
(be in question). -a, -um, [fpetulo- (recf.
petulans) wanton.
+ cus], adj.,
pervolo, -avi, -atiun, -are, [pervolo], i. v. a., fly through. pes, pedis, [x/ped as stem, cf. iroi/s, Eng. foot], m., the foot. Also of animals, a foot, a hoof, a claiu, a paw, a leg (of an inOften represented in Eng. sect) by step : ferte pedem, come ; re.
Phaeaces, -um,
[Gr. *ai'eucs], m. the PhcEacians, the mythic inhabitants of Corcyra, famed for
their luxury.
Phaedra,
-ae, [Gr. 4>oI8po], f., the wife of Theseus and daughter of Minos. She became enamored of
her stepson Hippolytus.

*o'0&>'],
ferens pedem, retreating ; tulisset, turn the steps ;
pedem Phaethon, -ontis, [Gr. m., a son of the Sun who pedem
drove his
reportat, retrace his steps ; aequo pede, with equal pace ; pede secundo, with favoring steps; retrahit pedes, withdraws; revo-
father's horses to prove his lineage.
They became unmanageable, and

bolt.
cat pedem, draws back. Also, the rope at the lower corner of a facere pedem, sail, the sheet:
he was destroyed by a thunderHis sisters mourning for him Also were changed into poplars.
(perhaps in
its
bright one), a
name
original sense, the of the Sun.
208
Vocabulary,
Paean king of Meliboea. He received from Hercules the famous poisoned arrows on which depended the destruction of Troy. According to a legend he came to Italy after the Trojan war and
Phaethontiades, -um, [Gr. patronymic],

f pi., the sisters
.
ofPh&thon.
(poAa-yl],
f.,
phalanx, -angis, [Gr. a phalanx (a body

.
troops) a force, a battalion, a funeral es cort, a train, a fleet.
of Grecian Less exactly, an army,
founded
Petilia.
phalarica
[?] f-> a falarica, a huge spear (used by barbarian nations). phalerae, -arum, [Gr. <f>d\apd], f. plur., an ornament (of metal plates worn on the breast of soldiers), a similar decoration decoration.
(fal-),
-ae
Philomela,
-ae, [Gr. *,AOÂTJ], f., a daughter of Pandion king of who with her sister Procne Thebes, served up to Tereus, her sister's husband, his son Itys prepared for
food.
They were
all
changed
into
Phaleris,
Phanaeus,
m., son of Philyra (beloved by famous for its wine). Masc., Saturn, by whom she became the Phancean (Chian) -wine: rex ipmother of the centaur Chiron). se Phanaeus (Phanaus king of Phineus, -ei (-eos), [Gr. 4>'ei$s], m., a king of Thrace, who was wines). struck blind and afterwards torpharetra, -ae, [Gr. ôpc'rpa], f., a mented by the Harpys. quiver. phurctr.it us, -a, -um, [fpharetra Phineius, -a, -um, [Gr. *uîoj],
horses, trappings. -is, [?], m., a Trojan. -a, -um, [Gr. GavcSos], adj., of Phantz (a place in Chios
on
birds, Philomela into a nightingale, for which bird her name often
stands.
Philyrides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic],
+ tus,
Pharus,
Italian.
cf.
armatus],
adj.,
armed
m.,
adj.,
of Phineus.
with a quiver, quiver-bearing.

-i,
Phlegethon,
an
<?&>>],
[Gr. *apos],
phaselus, -I, [Gr. $iai)\oi\, m. and Also, a skiff"(used by f., a bean.

the Egyptians). Phasis, -idis, [Gr. *S<ns], m., river of Colchis.
-ontis, [Gr. $\tyem., a river of fire in Hades. Phlegyas, -ae, [Gr. #\e7uos], m., a king of Orchomenus in Boeotia,
father of Ixion,
who burned
the
temple of Apollo to avenge the seduction of his daughter by that divinity, and who was punished in
the Infernal regions for this act of
m. I. A slave of Aneas ; 2. A impiety. Trojan (perhaps two of the same phoca, -ae, [Gr. <ptc7j], f., a seal, a . name). sea-calf. Pheneus, -I, [Gr. *eVeos], f., a town Phoebe, -es, [Gr. WjSTj], f., a name and lake in Arcadia. of Diana (Artemis) as goddess of the moon (cf. Phoebus). Phergs, -etis, [Gr. *e'p7js], m., a
:
Phegeus,
-ei (-eos), [Gr. frnyevs'],
Trojan.
Phoebeus,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. 4>oi'eios],
PhillppI, -drum, [Gr. *i\nnr<], adj., of Phoebus (Apollo or the m. plur., a town of Macedonia near Sun). the foot of the range of Hsemus. Phoebigena, -ae, [fPhoebo- (weakIt was famous for the battle beened) -fgena (cf. nubigena)], tween Brutus and Cassius on the m., son of Phcebus (ysculapius). one side and Octavius and Antony Phoebus, -i, [Gr. *<>ros], m., a name of Apollo as god of the sun on the other, by which the Caesarian Also, the Sun. (jthe Bright one). party was established in power. Philoctetes, -ae, [Gr.*iAoKTT)Ti7s] Phoenices, -um, [Gr. *oiVces], m. m., a celebrated archer, son of plur., the Phoenicians (the inhab-
Vocabulary.
itants of Phoenicia, the coast-land east of the Mediterranean.)
f. of As Phoenician. subst., a Phoenician -woman (used of Dido). Phoenix, -icis, [Gr. 4>cnVi|], m., the instructor of Achilles and his companion in the Trojan war. Pholoe, -es, [Gr. Qo\6r)], f., a fe-
209
Phoenissa,
Qoivit'],
f.
-ae, [Gr. ôiviaaa,

adj.,
tus, cf. armatus], adj., embroidered, wrought with designs. pictus, -a, -um, p.p. of pingo.
Picus,
-i, [picus, woodpecker], m., a mythic king of Italy, son of Saturn and father of Faun us, changed
into a woodpecker by Circe. Pierides, -um, [Gr. HupiSts], the Muses, so called from haunt Pieria in Thessaly.
f.
pi.,
their
male
slave.
-i,
:
Pholus,
I. A [Gr. *u>\os], m. centaur, the host of Hercules, but accidentally slain by one of his
guest's arrows
Phorbas,
m.
2. ; Trojan. -antis, [Gr. *<5pj8as], m., a sailor of yEneas' fleet.
pietas, -tatis, [tpio + tas], I.,filial affection, dutiful love, filial piety. Hence, reverence (tor the gods), Also ( reciprocalpiety, devotion. ly) justice (recognition of piety).
>
piger, -gra, -grum, [y/pig piget) + rus (reduced)],

slothful, slow, sluggish.
(in
adj.,
Phorcus, -i(-ys),[Gr.*<$pKos(-i/s)]>
:
i.
Phrygius,
adj.,
Latin. sea-divinity; 2. -a, -urn, [Gr. */>i>ytos],
Less exactly, Phrygian. Fern. (sc. terra), PhryTrojan. gia, the country of Asia Minor of which Troy was a small district.
Fern. plur.(as subst.), the Phrygian women, the Trojan women. Phryx, Phrygls, [Gr. *pv], m.,
piget, -uit,(-itum est), -ere, [unc. adj.-stem, cf. piger], 2. v. impers., it irks, one regrets, one is loth, one loathes, it is irksome.
pignus,
of
-oris, [prob.
pang
(as root
a Phrygian. Trojan.
Less
exactly,
a pledge (deLess exactly, posited as security) a wager, a stake. Fig., a security, a pledge, a sign (as by giving the So of hand), a token (as a gift).
us],
n.,
.
pango) +
-ae, [Gr.*0/a], f., a district of Thessaly, the home of Achilles. Phyllis, -idls, [Gr. *v\Ais], f., a
Phthia,
children, pledges. pila, -ae, [?], f., a pier, a mole. pilatus, -a, -um, [tpilo tus,
cf.
armatus],
javelin.
adj.,
armed with
the
rustic woman. Phyllodoce, -es, [Gr.

f.,
*vAAo8J/c7?],
pilentum, -i, [prob. akin to pileus,

on account of the wool or felt covering], n., a carriage } with four wheels and covered, used for carrying sacred emblems, utensils, &c.,
a Nereid.
-I,
piaculum,
[tpia- (of pio) -f culum], n., an expiatory rife or offering, a purification: commissa piacula (atonement for guilt incurred}. piceus, -a, -um, [tpic-f eus], adj.,
oj'pitch, pitchy.
and later employed by Roman women. pilum, -i, [perh. akin to pinso],
n.,
Less exactly, da r&
a pestle.
Also, a javelin (the
smoke of pitch), thick, heavy spear used by the Romans). lurid, smoky : flumen {thick and Pilumiius, -i, [tpilo + mnus, cf. Gr. -juei/os], m., an old Latin didark, of sweat and dust) turbo
(like the
;
{pitch-black wreaths} ; caligo (of Fern., (sc. arburning pitch).
vinity or deified king,
an ancestor
with a
of
Turnus,
represented
bor), a pine tree. pictara, -ae, [fpictu + ra (f. of rus), cf. fig lira], f., a painting, a
pii-t
pestle.
Plnarius,
picture. unit us, -a,
-um, [fpictura -f
-a, -um, [?], adj., a Rogentile name (which are all originally adj.) : domus (the family of the Pinarii, who with the
man
2IO
Potjtii first assisted at
Vocabulary.
the rites of duced) + osus], adj., full offish, Hercules). fish-haunted. Pindus, -i, [Gr. nfcSos], m., a moun- pistrix, -icis, [Gr. irto-Tpts], f., a tain in Thessaly. sea-monster. As name of a ship, the Pistrix. pineus, -a, -um, [fpino- (reduced) -f- eus], adj., of pine, of pines. plus, -a, -um, [?], adj., filial, devoted'(to parents), pious, virtuous, pingo, pinxi, pictum, pingere, Also, pure, holy, sacred : just. [^/pig], 3. v. a., paint, dye, color, amor (devoted) ; far (consecratembroider (with or without acu), ornament (with color) pictus, ed); sanguis (innocent); piorum concilia (of the blest) ; iiu-a, -uin, p.p. as adj., embroidered, vamina (righteous, cf. pietas); painted, particolored, spotted,
.
manus (pure). wrought (with color), ornamented (with designs). pix, picis, [akin to pinus and pinguesco, no perf., no sup., -esceirirus, cf. iriaffa], f., pitch. re, [fpingui + sco, cf. pinguis], placabilis, -e, [fplaca- (of placo)
riegated,
3. v. n. incept.,
grow fat, grow
rich,
become fertile, be enriched.
pinguis, -e,
[ ?], adj.,/a/, rich, resinous, pitchy, oily, unctuous, fertile, thick, milky (of herbs) : oves (well-
+ bilis], adj., easy to be entreated, placable, gentle : ara {propitious, where sacrifices easily appease the
divinity)
.
fed}; ara (rich in victims).

pinifer, -era, -erum, [fpinS-fer [^/fer + us)], adj., pine-bearing,
pine-clad.
placatus, -a, -um, p.p. of placo. placed, placui, placitum, placere, [tplaco-(cf.placidus,placo, Viriplaca)], 2. v. n., please, Often to delight, give pleasure. be translated by a change of construction, approve, delight in, adopt. Also impersonally, it is one's will,
pinna, -ae, [same word as penna], f., a turret (part of a fortification), a battlement. See also penna.
pi ii us,
f.,
-I
a pine
(-us), [akin to pix, ITI'TVS], Of things tree, a pine.

pine,
one determines, it mined, it is thought best.
is deter-
placi-
made of
shaft._
ship,
torch,
tus, -a, -HIM, p.p. in
act. sense,
pio, -avi,
-are, [tpio-], I. v. a., purify. Also, appease, Hence, expiate, atone propitiate.
-a tu in,
pleasing, agreeable, determined on, decided : placida paci oliva (favorable); sic placitum (50 it is
for.
PIrithous, -I, [Gr. DwpMMtJ, m., a son of Ixion who attempted to carry off Proserpine from the world
below.
fated); ultra placitum (more than is agreeable). placide [abl. of placidus], adv.,
placidus, placeo)
quietly, gently, peacefully. -a, -um, [fplaco- (cf.
+ dus],
adj.,
calm, quiet,
pirns,
Pisa,
[?], f., -ae, [Gr.

-i,
a pear-tree. mW], f., a
city of
Elis near Olympia, with which town it was sometimes identified. cidum ventis mare (stilled). Pisae, -arum, [?], f. plur., Pisa, a city of Etruria, supposed by the placitus, -a, -um, p.p. of placeo. ancients to have been colonized placo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fplacofrom Elis. (cf. Viriplaca)], I. v. a., appease, Also pise is, -is, [?], m., a fish. pacify, calm, quiet. (usually in plur.), Pisces, the con- i.plaga, -ae, [?], f., a region, a stellation. quarter, a zone, a tract. piscusus, -a, -um, [fpisci- (re- 2. plaga, -ae, [Gr. TTAJJT^], f., a
peaceful, gentle, placid, kindly, propitious : palus (gently-fiowing, slow) ; aequora ; pax ; aures ; urbes ; pectus ; os ; caput ; pla-
Vocabulary.
blow, a stroke, a lash, a thrust, a
3.
211
filled,
wound. plaga, -ae, [?],

net,
f.,
a hunting-
a snare.
"
well-filled: vox (loud}; flumina (swelling); annis (commensa (laden) ; pleted, mature) portae (thronged); ad plenum
;
plango, planxl,planctum,plangere, [\/Pla &> a^* n to 7r *') <r<>> cf. plaga], 3. v. a. and n., beat,
strike.
in
From beating
the breasts
; campus (crowdwith sheep). plerusque (masc. not found) , -aque, -unique, [plerus (tple + rus, cf.
(full, to the top)
ed,
mourning, wail, cry.
Less ex(as root of shriek, an
actly, roar,
murmur.
plenus) -que (cf. uridique, quisque)], adj., the greater part.

Neut. as adv., for the most part,
usually, commonly.
plangor, -oris, [plang plango) + or], m., a

outcry. platiities, -ei,
[fplano + ties, cf. amicitia], f., a plain, a level. planta, -ae, [akin to planus], f., the sole, the foot. -Also, a scion, a slip, a plant, a shoot.
-i (-ii),
plico, -avi (-ul), -atum (-itum), -are, [-y/plic, akin to ir\tKu~],

l. v.
plu ma, -ae,
plumbum,
&.,fold, roll up. [?J, i., feathers. -I, [?], n., lead.
-
plantarium,
[tplanta + arium n., a shoot, a scion.
or -are, -is, (n. of arius)],
pluo, plul (pluvi), no sup., pluf unc kin.], 3. v. a. ere, [Vpl u and n., rain, rain down, shower down. Impersonal, it rains.
>
plaiuis, -a, -mil, [akin to ir\ariis (perh. Y/pal in palor) J, ad)., /eve!, -Neut. as subst., a plain, a Jlat.
level, level ground.
platanus,
-i,
[Gr. nActTapos],
.
f.,
plurimus, -a, -uni; see multus. plus, see multus. I ?lu ton (-O), -dnis, [Gr. Tl\ovruv'], m., Pluto, the brother of Jupiter and Neptune, the king of the lower
world.
plane^ tree.
plaudo
pl<>
[
plausi, plausuin,
?],
3.
pluviulis,
plaudere,
v.
a.
and
n.,
clap, beat (with the feet or hands), fiap (of the wings), pat (of caresschoreas (dance a measure) ing) plaustrum, -i, [-^/plaud-f trum], n., a cart, a -wagon.
:
.
[fpluvio- (reduced) Often in rainy. the sense of bringing rain.

-e,
alis],
adj.,
pluvius, -a, -um,
+ ius], adj.,
VPl u
m pluo)
plausus, -us, [plaud (as root of
rainy, shcnvery : pluvium frigus (cold rain). Fern, (sc. aqua), rain, a shoiver , a fall of rain, rainy weather.
plaudo) -+- tus], m., clapping, flapping, fluttering ; applause. plebs, plebis, [akin to plenus (cf. plerlque), 7rA.f)0os], f., the multitude, the common people, the people, the vulgar, common soldiers.
poculum,
culum],
[ y'po (cf. poto) + a drinki ng-cup, a gobLess exactly, a walet, a bowl. tering-place, a water-trough.
-i,
n.,
Often, as in Eng., for the liquid contained in the vessel.
Plelas, -adis, [Gr. lUqufe], f., a Pleiad, one of the seven daughters of Atlas who were changed into
the constellation of the Pleiades. Also, one of the stars. Plur., the Pleiades, the constellation.
podagra,
gout.
pios~\,
-ae, [Gr. iroSdypa], f., the similar disease in sheep.

-I (-ii),
Podalirlus,
[Gr. HoSa\fi-
pocna,
Plemyrium,
[Gr.],
n.,
-I
(-ii),
(Plemm-),
Sicily,
a promontory of
near Syracuse.
plenus,
-a, -urn, [tple- (of

cf.
pleo)
purus, with stem- vowel and strengthened) + na, cf. troiirfi'], {., a penalty, punishment, revenge, vengeance. Regularly regarded as a penalty by the ancients, and hence demanded, taken,
received, &c., by
m., a Trojan. -ae, [ -v/P u (
+ nus,
plerlque],
adj., full,
212
the
inflicter,
Vocabulary.
and paid, given, owed, by the sufferer. Poenus, -a, -uin, [akin to 4>oci|, a simpler form corrupted], adj., Carthaginian (pioperly PhoeniMasc. plur., the Carthacian).
satisfied,
Polyphemus,
-i,
[Gr. flo
m., the Cyclops out by Ulysses.
whose eye was put
Polyphoeties (-botes),
Ceres.
-ae, [Gr. noAixpoiTTjs], m., a Trojan, priest of
ginians.
Polytes, see Polites.
poenitet, see paenitet. poeta, -ae, [Gr. ITOJTJTTJS], m.,<? poet. polio, -ivi (-ii), -itum, -Ire, [?],
4. v. a., polish.
Pometii,
-orum,
[?],
m.
plur.,
Suessa Pometia, a city of the Volsci, in the region of the Pomptine Marshes.
Polites, -ae, [Gr. noAmjs], m., a Trojan, son of Priam. politus, -a, -um, p.p. of polio. ' pollex, -icis, [?], m., the thumb. polliceor, -licitus, -licerl, [por
(old prep.,
dep.,
cf. cf. itp6s)
pom pa,
-ae, [Gr.
Troûirt)],
f.,
a sa-
-hceor],
2. v.
cred procession, a sacred rite, a funeral train, a funeral. pomum, -i, [?], n., a fruit (apple, pear, plum, &c., cf. baca, a small Less exactly, a fruit-tree. fruit)
.
promise (voluntarily, promitto,/;- <wzz.se on request),

offer,
pondus,
engage.
a weight, a burden, missile, a mass.
-eris, [ x/pend+ us], n., a load, a heavy
pollicitus, -a, ceor.
-um,
p.p. of polli-
pone
IKHI.I,
[
[perh. akin to post], adv., be1
hind
[?], m., a
PolliO
(Pol-), -onis, Roman surname. Esp., Caius Asinius Pollio, a distinguished
and author of lie was an the time of Augustus, intimate friend and a patron of
orator, statesman,
Virgil.
posui, positum, ponerc, cf. pone], 3. v. a., {leave behind?), lay down, put down. With idea of loss (lit. and hg.), lay aside, lose, abandon, drop,
unc. stem+sino,
shed, give up, yield (of fruits).
With some purpose, place, put, set,

-lul,
polluo,
-lutum, -lucre, [perh.
por-luo], 3. v. a., pollute, infect, Lessexactly,z/zW^.- polludefile. tus amor {blighted, disappointed}. Pollux, -ucis, [Gr. FloAuSewcTjs, cofrupted], m., one of the sons of Jupiter and Leda, brother of CasVirgil tor, famed as a pugilist.
alludes to his skill in horsemanship, for which generally his brother is famous. Upon the death of Castor,
found, lay, set up, put up (a stake), set on foot (a contest), serve up,
plant, fix (a limit, &c.), assign (a name), lay down (for rest), determine, pitch (a camp), place (hope), lay (one's fortunes in the lap of another), lay to rest (bury), lay out (a body), lay low (raze), make Intrans., (sc. se), de(a keel). cline (of winds), go down. pirns, pontis, [?], m., a bridge, a
relieve
Pollux obtained permission to his brother in the world
gangivay, a drawbridge, a floor (of a tower).

[Gr. TroWos], m., (he sea, Esp. (sc. Euxinus), the Euxine, the Black Sea. Pontus, -I, [Gr. noVros], m., the region south of the Black Sea.
below
by alternately taking his place, thus sharing with him his

immortality.
pontus,
-i,
a wave.
polus, -I, [Gr. iiÂos], m., the pole (end of the earth's axis), the North pole, the Heavens.
Polybotes, see Polyphoetes. Polydorus, -i, [Gr. noA.i55o.pos],

m., a son of Priam, sent to Thrace,
"
and
slain
by Polymnester,
poples, -itis, [?], in., the ham (the back of the knee) succiso poplite -{cutting the cords of the knee, with the hamstrings cut) duplicate poplite (with bent knees').
:
Vocabulary.
[fpopulo- (reduced) popular, ofthe people. populatus, -a, -uin, p.p. of populo. populous, -a, -uni, [fpopulo- (reduced) + eus], adj., of the poplar, ofpoplar, poplar. populo, -avi, -atuiu, -are, [proh. fpopulo-, but the connection is
-e,
213
f_
popular!*,
porta, -ae,
Tr6pos)
+ aris]
adj..
an
to port us, -y/por (akin f., a gate, a passage, entrance, an exit, a way (in
+ taj,
or out)^
portendo, -tendi, -tentum, -tendere, [por-tendo], 3. v. a., (a religious word, hold out), portend,
uncertain], i.v.a., ravage, despoil, lay waste, devastate, plunder. Pass, Also of animals, ^)r<y upon. as dep. in same senses. Of a river, devastate, lay waste : iter (its path)
.
portentum,
tendo],
sign,
forebode, foretell, threaten. -1, [n. p.p. of

n.,
por-
a prodigy, a portent, a
an omen.
populatus, -a, -um, p.p. in act. and pass, sense tempora raptis auribus (despoiled). Populonia, -ae, [?], f., a city on
:
the coast of Etruria.
porticus, -us, [porta- (weakened) + unc. stem or termination], f., a colonnade, a gallery, an arcade. portitor, -oris, [prob. fportu- (or fporta) + tor, cf. viator, but cf. also porto], m., a boatman, a ferryman. Esp. of Charon, the fer-
populus,
-1, [?], f., a poplar tree, poplar (the leaves in a crown). This tree was sacred to Hercules.
ryman of the
Styx.
porto, -avi, at um, -are, [tporta(or fporto-, or fportu-)], i.v. a., convey (pern. orig. of merchandise), carry, bear, bring: quern portat equus {who is borne on, Poet.: te septima aestas. &c.). Also, carry off, bear away.
Fig.: bellum (make, declare). Portunus, -I, [tportu- (lengthened) + nus (cf. Vacuna)], m., the Italian god of harbors, Gr.
Ha\at/j.ui>.
populus, -I, [redupl. root in TCO\VS (cf. plebes) + us], m., a people, a
state,
a nation, a
common
crovud.
tribe. Also, the people, the populace, the Poetically, of bees, viewed
as social and intelligent. fpor (port-), [cf. irp6s, -irpor'i], a prep, only found in obscure composition. Apparently, to, towards,
cf.
porricio,
polliceor,
por-
tendo. porca, -ae,

sow^
port us,
[ ?], f.,
-us,
a pig (female), a
iropos)
tus], m., (an entrance), a harbor, a haven. Fig., a refuge,
[VP
( c f-
Porta,
porgo, see porrigo.
a haven.
porrectus,-a, -um, p.p. of porrigo. posco, poposci, no sup., -poscere, porricio, -eci, -ectum, -icere, [?, perh. akin to precor], 3. v. a., ask, beg, demand, claim, require, [prob. por-iacio, cf. polliceor], call for, enquire for, pray for : 3. v. a., cast as an offering (a sacrificial word), scatter, offer, castforth. ventos; poscente nullo (spontafatis poscentibus (at porrigo (porgo), -rexi, -rectum, neously) sic ventos the call of the fates') -rigere, [por-rego], 3. v. a., stretch
;
Pass, or hold out. with reflexive, extend. porro [unc. form akin to pro, por,
out, extend,
(require);
numina
(supplicate).
and
off,
irp6a<a~\,
adv.,
time, hereafter, tn later times, later, in succession. Porsena (-enna), -ae, [prob. an Etruscan word], m., a king of Etruria who attempted to restore the banished Tarquins.
beyond.
Of
forward, afar
positus, -a, -um, p.p. of pono. possessor, -oris, [por-sessor, cf. possideo], m., a possessor, an occupant (by force), a master (of property by occupation). possum, potui, posse, [potis(-e) -sum], irr. v. n., can, be able, have Often with ace. of pron., power. have power, can do. potens,
214
Vocabulary.
opportunity, chance : potestates (virtues). potior, -itus, -Iri, (potltur, in 3.),
mighty,
-entis, p. as adj., powerful, great, ruling over, master of,
herbarum
potent: potentum munera (the great); potentea terrae (rulers of) potens promissi Dea (having accomplished) ; seditions po;
[fpoti-], 4. v. dep., become master

of,
sion
gain, possess, win, gain possessecure : auof, seize, occupy,

;
so (succeed in) tens (skilful). campo equus (gain) tellure (gain, arrive at ) post [abl. of fposti- (pos + ti, cf. of potis], pone), cf. postidea], adv., (from potior, -us, [prob. comp. Of time, adj., preferable, better, more debehind), behind, after.
;
.
afterwards, next, hereafter, in after times. Prep., behind, after. tposterus, -a, -um, [fposti + rus], adj., coming after, following, next. posterior, -us, -oris, comp.,
later,
sirable.
potius, neut. as adv.,

[prob. akin to
rather, more.
potis,
-e,
pater and
postremus (poslater, latter. See also potior. tumus), -a, -um, [postera + imus (cf. supremus), post + ti- Potitius, -I (-ii), [?], m., a Roman Esp. mus (cf. intimus)],superl.,/rtto/', gentile name (prop. adj.). of one of the family who with the Neut. plur., last, lowest, least.
the rear.
Usupowerful, able. ally not declined: potis (pote) est, be able, one can, be possible.
7ro'<ns], adj.,
postumus,
(born
after
last, post-
head of the
it
Pinarii assisted at the
humous
death).
father's
rites of
Hercules.
pot
posthabeo,
hold in
less
-habui,
-habitum, Potnias,
'
-habere, [post-habeo],
2.
v. a.,
us, -a, -um, p.p. of potior. -adis, [Gr. HOTI/ICIS], adj., of Potniae, a town of Boeotia, the
-a, -um, p.p. of posthabeo. posthac [post-hac, cf. postidea], poto,
pone post habitus,
esteem, neglect, post(in favor of something else).
residence of Glaucus, son of Sisyphus, whose horses went mad and tore their master in pieces. There are other forms of the story.
-avi,
-atum,
-are, [fpotoI. v. a.,
adv., hereafter, henceforth, in ture.
fu-
(freq. of lost verb)]
drink.
pos thine [post-hinc],

postis,
-is,
adv., here-
after, then, next, thereupon.
[perh. tpos (cf. post,
pone, pono)
m., a doorpost, Less exactly, trance), a column. a door, an entrance. postquam [post-quam], adv., (later than), after, when, as soon as, since,
antae], a pillar (of an en-f tis,
cf.
as subst. See (plur.), revellers, drinkers. also potus (-us), potus, -a, -um. pot us, -us, [-v/P ( cf poculum) Esp. ace. tus], m., a drinking. (as supine of poto), to drink.
potans, -antis,
p.
potus,
-a,
-um,
poculum],
prae
p.p., act.
[p.p. of -v/P> c ând pass.,
now that. postremus, see posterus. postumus, see posterus. potens, -entis, p. of possum.
potentia, -ae, [fpotent + ia], f., power, might,inftuence, for ce,sway, rule: dura nostra (exercise of
.
being drunk, having drunk. as pro], adv. and [ ?, same stem In comp., prep., before, in front. at the extremity, before, in front,
very. ^
praebeo,
-bere, (hold out), afford, yield, offer, furnish. praecedo, -cessl, -cessum, -ce-bui,
-bitum,
[prae-habeo],
2. v. a.,
dere, [prae-cedo], 3. v. a. and power); mea magna (source of n.,go before, precede. power) potestas, -tatis,[stem akin to potis praecelsus, -a, -um,[prae-celsus], f., adj., very high, lofty. -ftas], power, might, rule, sway,
Vocabulary.
praeceps,
-clpltts,
215
(reduced, and decl. as adj.)], adj., head-foremost, headlong, in (one's) haste, with speed, speedy, flying, driven headlong, swift, hurrying, plunging, pell mell. Transferred,
straight
[prae caput praeda, -ae, [prob. akin to prehondo], f., booty, a prize, plunder,
downward, precipitous
in praeceps (straight downward, perpendicularly); in praecipiti {straight up on the very edge}.
prey (of wild beasts), game (prey of the hunter), a prize. praedico, -dixi, -dictum, -dicere, [prae-dico], 3. v. a., foretell, give warning, prophesy, forebode. Also, warn, inform. praedictum, -i, [n. p.p. of praespoil,
dlco],
n.,
a prediction, a prophecy.
praeceptum, -I, [n. p.p. of prae- praedisco, -didlci, no sup., -discere, [prae-disco], 3. v. a., learn cipio], n., an instruction, an inin junction, a rule, an order, a charge, beforehand, forecast, recognize
a precept. praeceptus, a, -um,
cipio._
advance.
p.p. of
prae- praedives, -itis,[prae-dives],
adj.,
praecido, -cidi, -cisum, -cidere,

[prae-caedo], 3. v. a., cut off. praeclsus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj.,
sleep, precipitous.
praecipiS, -cepi, -ceptum, -cipere, [prae-capio], 3. v. a., take beforehand : spe hostem {conquer in advance) ; aestus lac (dry up, in advance) Also, prescribe, en.
join, give instructions, praecipito, -avi, -at
command.
very rich, wealthy. praedo, -onis, [fpraeda- (reduced) -f o], m., a robber, a pirate, a marauder. praedor, -situs, -Sri, [fpraeda-], I. v. dep., prey, prowl. praedulcis, -e, [prae-dulcis], adj., very sweet, precious. praedurus, -a,-um, [prae-durus], adj., very hard, hardy,stout, sturdy.
[prae-eo], irr. v. a. and n., go in advance, precede, lead, be in ad[tpraecipit-], I. v. a. and n., send vance. headlong, hurry on, hurl headIn- praefatus, -a, -um, p.p. of praelong: moras (break down) for. trans., go headlong, fall swiftly, h urry, hasten : curae (are excited ); praefero, -tuli, -latum, -ferre, flumina mento (pour). [prae-fero], irr. v. a., carry in pruecipue, [abl. of pracipuus], front (before one), offer: frons
-are,
.
'
um,
praeeo,
-ivi
(-ii),
-Hum,
-ire,
adv., especially, particularly.
praecipuus, -a, -um, [prae-cepuus ( -v/cap -f uus, cf. perspi(taken before), espethe greatest: accipit Aenean (with special honor). praecisus, -a, -um, p.p. of praeadj., cial,
hominem (represent). Also, prefer, choose rather, choose in preference.
cuus)],
chief,
cido. praeclarus,
rus],
adj.,
-a, -um, [prae-claFig., disvery bright. tinguished, famous, renowned, glo-
rious, splendid, magnificent. pratH'o, -oiiis, [?], in., a crier, a
herald.
praeeordia, -Drum, [prae-cord

ium],
n. plur., the
diaphragm, the
praeflcio, -feci, -fectum, -ficere, [prae-facio], irr. v. a., set over, put in charge. praefigo, -fixi, -fixnm, -figere, [prae-figo], 3. v. a., fa in front, hang tip on, fix upon : ora praefixa (impaled) ; praefixa cuspide With change (with iron head). of point of view, fix (something with another in front) oracapistris (bind'). So prat-fix us, -a, -um, p.p., pointed, headed. praef ix us, -a, -um, p.p. of prae:
region of the heart, the vitals, the

breast, the heart.
figo. ^ praefodio, -fodi, -fossum, -fo-
2l6
Vocabulary.
dere, [prae-fodio], 3. v. a., dig adj., very fat, very rich, fertile, in front of, ditch. teeming. -fat us praefor, -fari, [prae-for], praereptus, -a, -um, p.p. of praeI. v. dep., say before, preface, inripio. ^ voke first (beforehand). praerlpio, -rlpui, -rcptum, -ripere, [prae-rapio], 3. y. a., snatch praefulgeo, -fulsi, -no sup., fulaway (in advance, so as to deprive gere, [prae-fulgeo], 2. v. n.,shine some one of a thing), wrest away, in front or on the edge: pellis wrest from, occupy (against some unguibus (glitter with hanging
claws).
one).
praegnans
nant.
(-as), -antis (-atis), [prae-gnans (prob. p. of stem fr. y/gen, of. nascor)], adj., preg-
praeruptus, -a, -um, [p.p. of prae-
rumpo],
as adj., (broken off in
praelabor, -lapsus, -labi, [praelabor],

3. v. dep., glide by,
fly by.
front), precipitous, steep, broken. praesaepe (-sepe), -is, [prae-saepe (akin to saepio)], n., a stall, a stable. Poetically, of bees, a
hive.
praelatus,
fero.
-a, -uin, p.p. of
prae-
praesagus, -a, -um, [prae-sagus, cf. sagax], adj., foreknowing, praemetuo, -iiiotui, -metutum, Also, omprescient, foreboding. -metuere, [prae-metuo],3. v. n., inous, boding. fear beforehand, be anxious. praemissus, -a, -inn, p.p. of prae- praesclsco, -scivi, -scitum, -sciscere, [prae-scisco], 3. v. a., learn mitto. beforehand, see in advance. praemitto, -misi, -missum, -mittere, [prae-mitto], 3. v. a., send praescius, -a, -um, [prae-scius, cf. nescius], adj., foreknowing, before, send in advance, send forward. divining, prescient, presaging. praemium, -I (-11), [prob. akin to praescribo, -scrips!, -scriptum, -scribere, [prae-scribo], 3.v. a., prae-emo], n., a prize, a reward, write before, prefix : pagina sibi a recompense (in good or bad nomen (has written on its front, sense), a prize (in an ironical as a dedication). sense) Veneris (delights) pugnae (prize, taken in war) inter praesens, -entis, [prae-tsens, p. of sum], &&}., present, before one, praemia ducet (the prizes of
:
battle, to
praenato,
the battle-field). -at u m, -avi,

i.
immediate,
-are,
by,,
imminent,
favorable,
animus
(stout heart).
instant: Also of
propitious,
[prae-nato],
v. a.,
swim
and
divinities,
Also, potent, adpresent to help. Praeneste, -is, [ ?], n., a vantageous, helpful, po~,verful. strongly fortified ancient city of praesentia, -ae, [fpraesent + ia], Latium, famous for an oracle and a f., presence. -sensi, -sensum, temple of Fortune (now Pales- praesentio,
f.
\
float by, flow by (of a river).
trina)
Praenestinus,
nesti
-a,
adj.,
-uin,
[fPrae-
-sentire, [prae-sentio], 4. v. a., feel beforehand, foresee, divine, de.
praenuntia,
tect, (something about to be done) of Preeneste. [prae-nuntia], praesertim [ace. akin to sero], adv., especially, particularly, chieff., forerunner, harbinger, bearing news (in app. as adj.). ly, most of all. praepes, -etis, [prae-pes (^/pei praeses, -idis, [prae-ses ( -y/sed as as stem, cf. peto) j, adj., swiftly' stem)], comm., (presiding over), a ruler, ân arbiter, an arbitress. flying, swift. pracpiiiguis, -e, [prae-pinguis], praesideo, -sedi, -sessum, -si-
nus],
-ae,
Vocabulary.
dere, [prae-sideo],
side over.
2. v. n.,
217
pre-
praesidium,
ium],
n.,
-I (-ii), [fpraesid + a defence, a protection, a
garrison.
praestans, -antis, p. of praesto. praesto, -stiti, -stitum, -stare, praetorium, ium (n. of [prae-sto], i. v. n. and a., stand
before, excel, surpass.
is better.
ere, [prae-texoj, 3. v. a. (weave With change of point in front). of view, cover (with something), Fig., conceal, disfringe, line. guise .' funera sacris (concear by pretence of, &c.).
-1 (-ii),
[fpraetor
-ius)], n., (prop, adj.,

the general's Of bees, the
Impers.,
it
sc.
tabernaculum),
praestans, -antis,
p.,
tent,
excellent, surpassing, superior, splendid^ magnificent, skiljul.
headquarters. queen 's abode.

-ussi,
point, harden in the Jire. praeustus, -a, -um, p.p. of praepraetendo, -tendi, -tentum, -tenuro. dere, [prae-tendo], 3. v. a., stretch praevalidus, -a, -um, [prae-valibefore, hold out, bear before, put dus], adj., over strong, too thrifty.
anticipate.
before
:
piMcsmiK), -sumpsi, -sinupfiiin, -sumere, [prae-sumo], 3. v. a.,
praeuro,
[prae-uro],
3. v. a.,
-ustum, -urere, burn at the
around)
death
saepem segeti (throw praevenio, -veni, -ventum, -vemuros morti (keep off nire, (also separate), [prae-vefumos manu by walls)
;
;
(throw a
pretend,
-veil
of smoke}.
Fig.,
of.
make a pretence
praetentus, -a, -inn, p.p. as adj., stretched before, lying along, opposite.
nio], 4. v. T\., precede, come before. praeverto, -verti, -versum, -vertere, [prae-verto], 3. v. a., turn aside, turn off. Fig., divert. Intrans. and pass, (as dep.), out-
strip. praetentus, -a, -um, p.p. of praepraevideo, -vidi,-visum,-videre, tendo. [prae-video], 2. v. a., foresee, see praeter [prae+terum (reduced), (in advance). comp. of prae, cf. Inter], adv. and prep., along by, beyond, past, pratum, -!,-[?], n., a meadow. In compos., pravus, -a, -um, [?], adj., crooked. beside, contrary to.
by, beyond.
Fig. (cf.
Eng. wrong),
false.
praeterea[praeter-ea,cf. interea], adv., further, besides, moreover,

afterwards, again, hereafter.
praetereo, -Ivi
(-ii),
-itum,
-Ire,
[praeter-eo], irr. v. a. and n., pass beyond, pass by. Fig., omit, Intrans., go by, pass, pass over. praeteritus, -a, -um, pass by.
p.p. in intrans. sense, gone by, past,
Neut. as subst., falsehood. precatus, -a, -um, p.p. of precor. preciae, -arum, [?], f., (adj., sc. vites), early-ripe grapes. precor, -atus, -Sri, [fprec-], i. v. dep., pray, supplicate, pray for, beg : precando (by prayers') precantemdextram (suppliant) ; precans (precantes), (suppliant,
;
bygone.
praeteritus, -a, -um, p.p. of praetereo. praeterlabor, -lapsus, -labi,

[praeter-labor], 3. v. dep., glide by, flow by, sail by.
,
foedus iniectum suppliants) ; (pray that the truce be, &c.) ; cui (offer prayers') precanti multa (offering many prayers) ; precor (parenthetical, 7 pray) ; socios
(entreat, exhort).
praetervehor, -vectus, -vehl, prehendo, prehendi, prehen[praeter-vehor as dep.] 3. v. dep., siiin, prehendere, (prendo, ride by, sail by etc.), [prae-hendo, akin to x av praetexo, -texui, -textum, -tex6avo>], 3. v. a., seize, grasp, grasp at.
218
Vocabulary.
prehenso, -Svf, -atnm, -are, prensus, see prehendo. (prenso, etc.), [?], I. v. &. t grasp, presso, -avi, -atom, -are, [fprescatch at, calch, seize.
so-, cf.
prelum,
-I,
properly beams.
[?J, n., a wine-press, the pressing-beam or
premo],
-I
I. v. a.,
press.
pressus, -a, -um,
p.p. of
premo.
a
pretium,
(-H), [?, perh. akin to
premo,
pressum, premiere, [ ?], 3. v. a., press, press down : fprex, f-cis, [?], f., a prayer. pressum lac (cheese); caseum; Priameius, -a, -um, [Gr. Ilpiayu^press!,
wftoftmt], n., a price, a reward, bribe, a prize, a ransom.
mella ; pressae
mammae
;
sul-
*os], adj.,
cum
(dig, trace)
press! arcus
ter)
of Priam, son (daughof Priam.
(forced down} ; pressae carinae (laden); hasta pressa (forced
Priamides,
down) presso vomere

;
(deep-set)
;
virgulta (sink, plant)
fronde
-ae, [Gr. Tlpta/j.t STJS] , m., son of Priam. Priamus, -I, [Gr. nptafjios"], m., the aged king of Troy, father of Hec-
tor and Paris. Priapus, -I, [Gr. Uplairos'], m., a mundus premitur (descends) god of horticulture and protector solo of gardens against thieves and partem rostro (overlap) He was not highly venerbirds. presso (on the ground which one fauces lingua (stop, ated, and his image served as a presses'); kind of scarecrow. choke); guttur pressum (closed). Also, with idea of repression pridem [prae-dem, cf. idem], adv., some time ago, for some time. (lit. and fig.), repress, confine, hold in check, control, keep down, rule, primaevus, -a, -um, [fprimo-
crinew.(aa'orn, confine) ; vestigia (plant, set, but see also below);

; ;
hold in
coerce
:
vocem
subjection, overwhelm, (check) ; vestigia
(check, stay, see
above)
placida
;
aequora pontus (calm) pelago arva; te iussa Fauni (restrain, animae premuntur hamper)
'
aevo- (decl. as adj.)], adj., Jirst in age, eldest. Also, of the first age, in the bloom ofyouth, youthful. primitiae, -arum, [fprimo + tia, cf. amicitia], f. plur., the first
fruits.
Poetically, first trophies,
(are plunged, hidden); first exploits, but cf. ling, figure. quies oculos (close) quies iacen- primus, see prior. tem (overcome) falce umbras princeps, -ipis, [fprimo- (reduced) corde dolorem (sup+ ceps (-y/cap as stem)], adj., {prune} at the head. As ore responsa first, foremost, press, conceal); subst., a chief, a leader, an origi(keep secret) ; luna lumen (hide) ; nator, a protector, a founder (of presso ore (closed lips) habenas a family). pressa est (hold in, tighten) arma Latini prineipium, -i (-ii), [tprincip + gloria (obscured} ium], n., the beginning, the origin. (depreciate); os (control); AuAbl. as adv., in the beginning, soniam ; populos dicione ; Simoin the first place, first, first of all. is vivos (rolls under its waves') mentem pr essus formidine (over- prior, -oris, [stem akin to pro
; ; ;
;
nocte
whelmed, weighed down} ; lilia Also, press hard, pur(pluck)

.
and prae + ior, comp. of pro or prae], adj., former, first, ancient,
original.
sue,
attack,
assail,
chase,
beset,
Of degree, superior.
drive: apri cursum;
ad retia
auras;
Masc.
plur., the ancients,
men
cervum;
hostem per
former
times,
ancestors.
of Neut.
famulos (strike down). prendo, see prehendo. prenso, see prehenso.
as adv., before, earlier, first, formerly, sooner, rather, see also priusquam (earlier than,before).
Vocabulary.
primus, -a, -um, [probably prae -f mus, cf. imus], superl.,
(under
the circumstances,
219
for the pro se (according to the outer, one's ability}. In compos., pro, first, foremost, earliest, the end, the edge, the extremity, prod, before, in front, forward, the front, front, rising (of the down, forth, for, in favor of. sun, &c.), most ancient: pes pro (proh), [?], interj., oh! (of surprise, grief, or indignation). (fore) ; primis plantis (childish
occasion);
feel).
chief,
first.
Of
best,
degree, first, highest,
proavus,
-I,
most noble. Often equal to an adv. with subj. or obj.,

subst. in plur., the first, the best, the chief, the noblest.
great-grandfather.
[pro-avus], m., a Less exactly,
As
an ancestor. probo, -avi, -atum, -are, [tprobo-], i. v. a., (make good by testtest. Also, approve, permit (approve of an action). Procas, -ae, [?], m., a king of Alba.
Neut. plur., first principles, elethe first place, the van. ments, primo, abl. (of time, opp. to iiiox, etc., cf. primum, also of order, opp. to turn, etc.}, first, at
first.
ing},
procax,
+ cus
-aeis, [^proca,- (of proco) (reduced), cf. capax], adj.,

Trans-
ace. (cf. priin the first place, for the first time, in advance, imme-
primum,
mo),
first,
insolent (in demand). ferred, boisterous.
procedo,
diately.
first,
ut (cum) primum, when
-cessi, -cessum, -cedere, [pro-cedo], 3. v. n., go for-
as soon as ,' quam primum, as soon as possible; nunc primum, only now; primum ante
ward, advance, come forward, go on, go, come forth, proceed. Fig.,
glide on, pass, go, roll on.
omnia, before (imprimis),
all else
in primis
chiefly;
especially,
cum
ad prima,
ceedingly.
primis, especially, chiefiy ; particularly, very, ex-a,
procella, -ae, [pro-fcella, cf. percello, excello], f., a storm, a blast, a squall, a tempest. Fig., of
popular fury, as in English.
priscus, prior)
-um, [fprius- (of cus], adj.,V/(often with idea of approval, or veneration, goodold}, antique, early, ven-
proceres, -um, [ ?, cf. archaic procus], m. plur., the chiefs, the leaders, the nobles.
procerus,
-a,
-um,
[unc. comp.
with pro],
adj., tall, stately, lofty.
erable. processus, -us, [pro-cessus, cf. pristinus, -a, -um, [fprius- (of procedo], m.,an advance. Fig., prior)+tinus,cf.diutinus],adj^ progress, a course. Prochyta, -ae (-6, -es), [Gr. ilpoformer, old, original. pristis, see pistrix. \vrr{\, {., an island off the coast of priusquam (often separated) [priCampania (now Procida}. us-quam], adv., sooner than, rath- proclamo, avi, -atum, -fire,[pro er than, before. clamo], i. v. a., cry aloud, cry out. Privernum, -I, [?], n., a town of Procne, see Progne. the Volsci, the birthplace of Ca- Procris, -is (-Idis), f Gr. UpoKpis], milla. {., the wife of Cephalus, who was Privernus, -I, [see Privernum], accidentally shot by her husband. in., a Rutulian. procubo, -cubui, -cubitum, -cupro (prod) [abl. of same stem as bfire, [pro-cubo], i. v. n., lie
prae], prep., before, in front of. along, tie at length, fall. Hence, in defence of, on behalf prociido,-cadi, -cusum, -cndere, on account of, for, for the saKe of, [pro-cudo], 3. v. a., hammer out,
of.
Also, in the place
of,
in re-
sharpen.
turn for, for, instead of: pro re
procul
[?], adv., at seme distance,
220
at a distance, afar, far,
Vocabulary.
far away,
este
the
grave)
from far, from afar : procul
forth.
(withdraw, come not near), near proelium, -I (-11), [?], n., a battle, a combat, fighting. Less exactly, by, not far apart. Also, high, on a war. -at proculco, -avl, um, -are, [pro- Proetides, -um, [Gr. ItyotT/Ses], f. v. a., trample down. calco], plur., the daughters ofProteus, king of Argos, who were changed by procumbo, -cubui, -cubltum, -cumbere, [pro-cumbo], 3. v. n., Juno into cows. lie prostrate, lie at length, lie down, profanus, -a, -um, [pro-fano, decl. as adj.], adj., unholy, lie, be prostrated, fall forward, profane. Masc. plur. as subst., the unholy, fall prostrate, fall, be slain, sink to have lie. the uninitiated. Perf., sleep. fallen, Less exactly, bend forwards (cf. profectd [pro-facto], adv., surely, Incumbo), bend to (of oars). With hortatory exprestruly.
i^.
Also, produce, bring Also, prolong.

.
Fig., be
overthrown, fall.
i. v. a.,
procurS, -avl, -alum, -are, [proeuro],

take care of: cor-
sions, pray, I beg. profectus, -a, -um,
p.p. of
pro-
flclo.
pus (refresh one's self}. procurro, -currl(-cucurrl), -cur-
profectus,
ciscor.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of profi-
sum, -currere,
of land,
[pro-curro], 3. v. n., run forward, advance, rush against, charge. Fig., of a tongue
profero,
run
-tuli, -latum, -ferre, [pro-fero], irr. v. a., carry forward, extend, prolong, put off,
out.
postpone.
procursus, -us, [pro-cursus, cf. procurro], m., a rush, an onset. procurvus, -a,-um, [pro-curvus],
adj.,
procus,
+ us]_,
curved, bent, winding. -I, [?, perh. root of precor

m., a suitor.
(-11),
n.,
pro. I. MI. -ivf
[prod-eo], irr. v. go forth, advance.

jecting point,
-1
-Itum, -ire, go forward,
run
Fig., of a proout.
proficio, -feel, -fectum, -flcere, [pro-facio], 3. v. a. and n., go forward (cf. proficiscor), make progress : nil profeci (/ have gained nothing). proficiscor, -fectus, -ficisci, [as if pro-ffaciscor (lost incept, of facio)], 3. v. dep., (go forth, cf. proficlo), set out, set out for, proceed from, come from. Also, of
descent, proceed from, originate with.
prodiglnm, (-ii), [poss. prodigium (y/dic-l- ium, cf. digi-
tus)], n., a portent, a prophetic proflo, -avi, -at um, -are, [prosign, a prodigy, an omen, an evil flo], i. v. a., blow forth, breathe Also, a monster. prophecy. forth.^ prodigus, -a, -um, [prod-agus prof no, -fluxi, -fluxum, -flucre, a S+ us ) ] a 4J-> wasteful, lavish. ( [pro-fluo], 3. v.
I
R..,flowforth,flmv
proditio, -onis, [as
fprofor (not found), -f atus, -fari, prodo], f., prodo, -didi, -ditum, -dere, fpro[pro-for], i. v. dep., speak out, do], 3. v. a., give forth, put forth, speak. Also, profugus, -a, -um, [pro-ffugus propagate, found (a race) give away, betray, treacherously (y'fug+us)], adj., flying, in As subst., declare. Also, show, destroy. flight, fugitive, exiled. produce, -duxl, -duct um, -du{^fugitive, an exile. cere, [pro-duco], 3. v. a., bring profundo, -fudi, -t'lisiim, -fuiidere, [pro-fundo], 3. v. a., pour forward, leadforth, bring out (horn
.
pro-ditio, treachery.
if
cf.
out, flow.
the house, of a dead body,
= lay in
forth, shed.
Vocabulary.
profundus,-a,-um, [pro-fundus],
adj., deep,
221
;
profound, the depths of:
caelum.
est.
Fig., of darkness, deepNeut. as subst., the deep.

-el,
Cyllenia (the son born on, &c.) alia {another yearns offspring). Also, of plants, grmuth, increase.
progenies, (y'gen-f
[tpro fgenies
ies, cf. series)], f., offspring, progeny, a line, a race.
Of
individuals,
a son, offspring.
is, -a, -um, [pro-laxus], long: barba (Jlowing). proludo, -lusi, -lusum, -ludere, [pro-ludo], 3. v. n., fence beforehand. Less exactly, of animals,
i
pro lix
adj.,
Also of animals, young, offspring, a brood, a swarm.
proluo,
prepare, practise, try its strength. -lul, -lutum, -lucre, [proluo], 3. v. a., wash up, throw up. Also, wash away, wash out.
progigno, -genui, -genitum, -gignere, [pro-gigno], bring forth.

3. v. a., beget,
Progne,
[Gr. Tlpfavrf], f., the wife of Tereus and sister of Philomela. She was changed into a swallow. See Philomela. : Poetically, for the swallow itself.
-es,
proluit se, drains a mighty Fig. draught. proluvies, -ei, [pro-fluvies (-y/lu + ies, cf. illuvies)], f., an overLess exactly, excrement. flow.
:
promereo,
deserve. (well or
progredior, -gressus,-gredl, [progradior], 3. v. n..,proceed,go forth, advance, come forth. progressus, -a, -um, p.p. of progredior. proh, see pro. prohibeO, -hibui, -hibitum, -hibere, [pro-habeo], 2. v. a, hold drive off, ward off, off, keep off, avert, debar, shut out. Also,_/fcrbid, prevent, restrain, keep
-merul, -meritum, -merere, [pro-mereo], 2. v. a.,

Pass,
ill
as dep., deserve of one), serve one: (the very

.
plurima te promeritam many favors I owe you)
Prometheus,
jiTjflevs],
-el (-eos), [Gr.IIpo-
from
son of lapetus. from heaven to animate the man he had formed of For this act he was punclay. ished by a vulture on Mt. Caucasus.
m., the
He
stole fire
proicio,
promissum, -I, [n. p.p. of pro-iectum, -icere, mitto], n., a promise, what one has promised, a promised prize [pro-iacio], 3. v. a., throw forth, throw away, cast away, cast up, (boon, &c.). throw off, expose. Also, thrcnu promissus, -a, -um, p.p. of prothrow mitto. down, throw, forward, cast, proiec- promitto, -misi, -missum, -mitput forward, let drop. tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., projecttere, [pro-mitto], 3. v. a., let go
(some action).
-ieci,
ing, lying.
lying at
length,
prostrate,
proiectus, -a, -um, p.p. of proicio.
Fig., forth, let grow (of the hair) give out, promise (generally on request, cf. polliceor), agree : me
.
proinde [pro-inde],
therefore.
adv.,
hence,
promisi ultorem {promise
to be).
-um, p.p. as prolabor, -lapsus, -labi, [proadj., long,flowing: barba (see also promissum). labor], 3. v. dep., slide forward, slide down (cf. proicio), fall to promo, prompsi, pr5mptum, ruin, fall. promere, [pro-emo],3.v.a., take out. With reflexive, come forth. prolapsus, -a, -um, p.p. of prolabor. Esp., draw out of the general
promissus,
-a,
proles, -is, [pro-oles, cf. suboles], f., progeny, offspring, a line (of descendants), a family, a race. Of individuals, a son, a descendant:
(cf. promus, a steward}, bring out, put forth, employ. prom p tus,-a, -um, p.p., drawn out, ready, at hand, easy.
stock for use
222
Promolus
Trojan. ^
Vocabulary.
(-ulus), -!,.[?], m., a
propinquo,
-avi,
-atum,
-are,
promoveo, -movi, -motum, -movere, [pro-moveo], onward, impel.

2. v. a.,
move
[fpropinquo-], i. v. a. and n., Intrans., approach, bring near. be near, come near, draw near, come (to a place expressed by the
context)
to
.
pronubus,
-a,
-um, [pro-fnubus
(root of nubo + us)], adj., of'marFern, as subst, a witness riage. or guardian (the matron attending the bride at a marriage, cf. ausHence as epithet of Juno pex).
and poetically of other divinities, Pronuba, goddess of marriage.

pi-onus, -a, -um, [stem of pro + nus], adj., bending forward, headlong, headforemost, forward, down-
-a, -um, [stem akin cus], adj., near, neighboring, near by, akin, kindred. propior, -us, -oris,[ prope (or stem akin) + ior,compar.],adj., nearer. Neut. plur., the nearer space. Neut. sing, as adv., nearer, more
propinquus,
prope+
closely.
proximus,
-a,
-um,
timus], superl., [?, unc. stem nearest, next, close by, most like.
:
ward, falling.
stream}
;
.
swift-flowing:
structed}
Neut. plur. proxima quaeque, Fig., rapid, swift, whatever comes nearest. prona aqua (down maria (unob- propono, -posui, -positum, poprona
nere,
if
[pro-pono],
3.
v.
a.,
set
propago,
-inis, [as
pro-fpago
forth, propose, offer.
(stem from -v/P a S ^~ )> c ^- P r - proprius, -a, -um, [?, poss. akin to prope}, adj., one's own, of one's pages, compages], f., a layer own, peculiar, appropriate, one's (a shoot pegged down to root natural. Hence, lasting, conagain, as is still practised), layers Fig., (collectively) tinuing, perpetual : propriamdioffspring, cabo (make one's own forever). progeny, descendants, a line (of propter [prope + ter, cf. praeter], descendants). adv. and prep., near by, not far prope [prob. pro-pe, cf. quippe], Also (cf. ob), on account adv. and prep., near, near by, close to. from. properatus, -a, -um, p.p. of proof, for the sake of. pero. propugnaculum, -I, [propugnapropere [abl. of properus], adv., (stem of propugno) + culum], n., a bulwark, a rampart, a means quickly, hastily. of defence (protection for defendpropero, -avi, -atuiii, -are, [tproers of walls) pero-], i v. a. and n., hasten, make the prow haste, hasten to do (to have done), prora, -ae, [Gr. irp<?pa], f., Less exactly, a do with haste (what is indicated (of a ship). ship. ^ by the context) adiungi generum (be in haste to have united, proripio, -ripui, -reptum, -ripere, [pro-rapio], 3. v. a., drag properanda (to be done in &c.) With reflexive (sometimes forth. haste) fM\na.na.(forgewithspeecr) omitted), hasten, hurry away. properari vides (you see men hastening); properata (of seeds, prorumpo,-rupi,-rjuptuni,-rumpere, [pro-rumpo], 3. v. a. and n. forced) arma (bring with haste}
.
.
mortem
properus, whence paro],

active, busy.
(haste to win). -a, -um, [pro-fparus,

adj.,
hastening,
Causative (cf. rumpo), cause to Pass, or break forth, belch forth. with reflexive, break forth : pro-
ruptum mare
-um, [pro-pexus,
adj.,
propcxus,
-a,
(a raging sea) proruptus sudor (burstingfortli)

Intrans.,
p.p. of pecto],
combed dcnvn,
rush
forth, fling one's
hanging down.
selfforward.
Vocabulary.
proruptus, rurnpo.
[Gr.
-a,
223
irr. v. n.,
-um,
p.p. of
-I
pro(-11),
(prod-) -esse],
be of ad-
proscaenium (prosce-),
irpo<rK-f)t>ioi']
,
vantage, profit, avail, be well. protectus, -a, -um, p.p. of pro-
properly the place in front of the scene (see scaena), where the action
n.,
stage,
tego.^
protego, -texi, -tectum, -tegerc,

[pro-tego],
defend.
3. v. a., cover, protect,
was performed.
proscindo,-sctdi, -scissum, -scln- protendo, -tendi, -tentum (-tendere, [pro-scindo], 3. v. a., tear, sum), -tendere, [pro-tendo], rendin pieces, cut. 3. v. a., stretch out, si retch, strain : Esp., plough; liastas {poise); protentus temo particularly for the first time, break
up.
(extending).
proscissus, -a, -um, p.p. of proscindo. prosequor,-secutus, -sequi, [prosequor], 3. v. dep., follow out, follow after, attend, speed on one's Also, proway, follow, escort. ceed, goon. Also, follow up, treat of (cf. "pursue a subject"). From last words at parting, dismiss, take leave of, send on one's
prutentus, -a, -um, p.p. of protendo. protenus, see protinus. protero, -trivl, -tritum, -terere, [pro-tero], 3. v. a., trample do~Mn. proterreo, -terrui, -territum,
-terrere, [pro-terreo], 2. v. a., frighten away, put toflight. Proteus, -ei (-eos), [Gr. npwrcus], " old man of the m., a prophetic sea," having a view of the entire abyss of the sea, and shepherd of the flocks of Neptune, the seacalves. His dwelling was in the east of the Mediterranean (the island Pharos or Carpathus), near
way
(with wishes, &c.) reply to.

fr.
so, receive,
PrOserpina,
-ae, [prob. corrupted Gr. Utpfft<f>6vrj, with an idea of
connection with proserpo], f., the wife of Pluto, daughter of Ceres. She was stolen by Pluto from her mother, who sought her over the world.
prosilio, -silui (-ivi, -11), no sup., -sillre, [pro-sali], 4. v. n., leap
the mythic stream îgyptus and he was otherwise associated with Egypt. He had to be caught and
:
bound
to elicit prophetic answers
prospecto,
forth, dart forth. -avi,
-atum,
v.
a.,
-are,
from him, and he had the power of changing himself into all kinds of forms to avoid capture.
[pro-specto], upon, gaze at.
i.
look out
protinus (protenus),[pro-tenus],
forward, further on, on : protinus Mna,(continuously); aequasset nocti ludum (throughadv.,
A.\so,expect,await.
prospectus, -us, [pro-spectus, cf. prosplcio], m., an outlook, a prospect, a vie~<.v, a sight. prosper, -era, -erum, [pro-fsperus, wh. spero], adj., according to one's hopes, favorable, propitious.
then, afterAlso, immediately, forthwith, at once.
out)
Also,
next,
wards, in after time.
protraho, -traxl, -tractum, -traprospicio,-spexi,-spectum,-spihere, [pro-traho], 3. v. a., drag cere, [pro-specio, cf. conspiforth. clo], 3. v. a. and n.,look out upon, proturbo, -avi, -atum, -are, [probehold, espy, gaze at, see, look out, turbo], I. v. a., drive away, repel,
gaze, look forth. prognosticate.
Also, foresee,
force back.
prosublgo, no perf., no sup., -igere,

[pro-subigo],
3. v. a.,
provectus, veho.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
pro-
tear up.
proveho, -vexi, -vectum, -vehere,

[pro-veho],
3.
prosuin, profui, prodesse, [pro-
v. a.,
carry for-
224
ward, bear on.
sail, ride,
Vocabulary.
Pass,
as
dep.,
pubens) +
come
to
sco],
3. v.
n.,grow up,
proceed.
manhood.
Less exactly,
provenio,-veni,-ventum, -venire, ripen. [pro-venio], 4. v. n., come forth, pudendus, -a, -um; see pudeo. Fig., come to pass, pudeo, -ui (-itum est), -itum, spring up. -ere, 2. v. a. and n., shame, be happen. ashamed. proventus, -us, [pro-ventus, cf. Esp. impers. with ace. of person, shame one, one is provenio], m., a growth, increase,
crop.
ashamed, one disdains

of).
.ffineae
the sight
provideo, -vidi, -visum, -videre, [provideo], 2. v. a. and n., take

care for, take care
ready.
of,
segnes (be ashamed in
pudendus,
provide, get
ger., to be
provlsus,-a,-um,p.p.ofprovideo.
provoco, -avl, -atum, -are, [provoco],

I. v. a.,
call forth.
challenge. with.
Fig.,
challenge,
Esp., vie
pudicitia, -ae, [fpudico + tia (cf. amicitia)], f., modesty, chastity, purity (as a quality, cf. pudor). Also, a feeling of shame.
-a, -um, p. ashamed of, shameful.
pudor, -oris, [pud (as root of pudeo) + or], m., a feeling of
provolvS, -volvi, -volutum, -vol-
shame, shame, modesty, chastity, honor, decency. vere, [pro-volvo], 3. v. a., roll puella, -ae, [fpuero (cf. puer) + down, roll forward, roll over. proximus, see propior. la], f., a girl, a maid, a young
prudens,-entis, [pro-videns], adj.,

wise, far-seeing. prudentia, -ae,
f.,
bride.
[fprudent
+ ia],
puer, -eri, [?], m., a a boy, a lad, a youth.
child,
babe,
wisdom,
skill.
pruina,
frost.
-ae, [?],f., hoar-frost, snow, Poetically for winter. pruna, -ae, [ ?], f., a live coal, priiiiuin, -I, [Gr.irpovvov~\,n., a plum.
Properly not over seventeen, but the word is naturally not used with exactness.
" Also, a slave, a boy."
-e,
puerilis,
boys.
ills], adj., childish,
[fpuero- (reduced) + of children, of
prunus,
tree.
-I,
[Gr. npovvos],
-is,
f.,
a plum-
pugna,
[Gr. Tlptravts'], m.,
Prytanis,
a Trojan,
-ae, [ \/P u O n P u no ) + na], f., a fight, a combat, a battle, a contest. Less exactly, a 'war.
-oris,
adj.,
psy thins,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
[Gr.
VvQios],
pugnator,
[fpugna- (stem of
m., a fighter.
psythian (a kind of vine).
pugno)+tor],
In app. as
Fern., the psythia, the vine itself.
pugnacious.
pubens,
-entis, [p. of fpubeo (fr. tpubi-), cf. pubesco], adj., full grown,juicy (of herbs at maturity)
.
pugnatus, -a, -um, p.p. of pugno. pugno, -avl, -atum, -are, [tpugna-],
tend.
I. v. n., fight,
wage war, con-
puber,
-eris, [?,
cf.
pubes],
adj.,
downy, full grown. pubes, -Is, [?], f., down (as a sign of manhood). Hence, the groin.
Fig., youth,
Fig., resist, fight against, pugnatus, -a, -um, struggle. p.p. in pass, sense (derived from
use of cognate
a.cc.~),foztght.
young men
(arrived
pugnus,
-I, [
Vpug
(in
pugno) +
at
manhood)
which
males.
locks. w
Often of an army, consisted of able-bodied

.
nus], m., a fat. pulcher, -chra, -chrum, [?],adj.,

beautiful, fair, splendid, comely. Fig., glorious, noble, excellent, fa-
Hence, generally, people.
Less exactly, the young, of bul-
mous.
pubesco, pubui, no
cere,
[fpube-
pubes- pullulo, -avl, -atum, -are, [tpullulo-], I. v. n., sprout, grow rank. (of pubeo, cf.
sup.,
Vocabulary.
-I, [?, cf. Gr. irwAos, Eng. /oaf], m., a young one, a foal. pullus, -a, -um, [?, but cf. ireAAos],
225
Also, pur-
pullus,
purple, crimson, red. ple (purple fabrics).
purpureus,
(reduced)
-a,
-um, [tpurpura-
adj., black,
dark.
pulmo,
lungs.
-orris,
irvtviuav,
[perh. akin to Gr. perh. borrowed], m., the
eus], adj., purple (of various shades, with a tendency generally towards red), red, crimson : purpurei cristis iuvenes
pulsatus,
T
.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
pulso.
piilso,-av i,-atum, -are,[fpuls6-],

I v. a. and n., beat, strike, batter, hit, strike against, quiver, palpi-
purpureus (with purple crests) pennis (purple-crested). Hence,

;
purus,
tate,
sound (on the

;
lyre)
ilia sin-
bright, guy, brilliant. -a, -um, [-v/P u (dean) rus, cf. putus], adj., clean, pure,
gultibus (shake) pulsantenervo (twanging, as it snaps and drives the arrow) pulsans pavor (anx;
clear, bright,
limpid : vestis (fair

.
Also, unobstructed, open : per purum (through the open air)
white)
ious throbbing). pulsatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wave-beaten,
Fig.,
unmixed, pure:
re-echoing (struck by a sound), insulted (as if by a blow). pulsus, -us, [ -y/pel + tus, cf. pcllo], m., a beating, a stroke, a
(headless) ; vice) putator, -oris, [fputa- (of tor], m., a pruner, a dresser.
.
hasta parma (with no de-
puto
vine-
-I, [poss. fputo- (of putus) +ûs], m., a well, a pit. puto, -avi, -at inn, -are, [fputopulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of pello. (of putus, x/P u ^/*0, 4-tus)], pulvereus, -a, -um, [fpulver- (of I. v. a., clean. Esp., trim, prune. pulvis) + eus], adj., of dust. Fig., clear up (accounts). -a, -um, pulverulentus, [fpulverHence, reckon, account, consider, if
trampling: pulsu saxa sonant puteus,

(with
an
echo).
(as pulveru-) lentus], adj., dusty, in a cloud of dust.

f.,
think,
suppose,
revolve
(in
the
pulvis, -erls, [?], m. and
dust,
dry ground (drouth), earth, mould: in pulvere (on the dusty Jleld).
mind), ponder. putris (-ter), -is,
puteo)
lo~>v,
pumex, -icis,
porous
rock.
-onis, [Gr. niryjuoDido's brother, who \itov~\ t m., purriceu.s (poen-), -a, -um, [fPukilled his sister's husband. nico- (reduced) eus], adj., red pyra, -ae, [Gr. -mpa], f., a funeral (made from Tyrian dye, cf. Poepile, a pyre. nus), crimson, purple (bordering Pyracmon, -onis, [Gr. IIupebcpanQi on red). m., a Cyclops, a blacksmith in the Punicus (Poen-),-a,-um, [fPoeforge of Etna. no + cus], adj., Punic, CarthaPyrgi, -oruin, [Gr. Tlvpyoi], m. ginian, of Carthage. plur., a town of Etruria. puppis, -is, [?], f., the stern (of a Pyrgo, -us, [Gr. Tlvpyw], f., the the Less a ship), poop. exactly, nurse of Priam's children. She a puppi, ship, a boat, a vessel. accompanied the expedition of astern.
[ ?],
m., pumice-stone,
-e, [\/P u * ('" ris], adj., rotten, melcrumbly, loose : fungi (sooty) .
Pygmalion,
purgo, -avi, -atuin, -arc, [tpur- Pyrrha, -ae, [Gr. nvfipa], (., the wife of Deucalion, who with her go- (tpuro-fagus), cf. narro], I. v. a., clean, clear: se nubes husband survived the deluge, and
(clears
away).
-ac,
who by throwing
[Gr.
stones
behind
purpura,
Ttop^pd],
f.,
her repeopled the earth.
226
Pyrrhus,
-i,
Vocabulary.
[Gr. IIuôs], m., the
in Epirus.
son of Achilles (called also Neoptolemus). After fighting in the

s
the
slain
Becoming a suitor for hand of Hermione, he was

by Orestes.
Trojan war, he founded
kingdom
qua, fern. sing, and quis indef.
neut. plur. of
feet.
As
a
subst.,
a quadruped, a
horse,
stag.
qua
[abl. of qul, cf. ea], rel. adv., by which way, whereby, where, by which, as. qua [abl. of quis (same word as preceding)], interr. adv., how? in what way ?
quaero, quaesivi, quaesitum, quaerere, [ ?, originally quacso, y'quaes as root], 3. v. a., seek,
seek to gain, search for, look for, seek out, go to, endeavor, desire. Esp., seek for gain, seek gain, gain,
quacunqne
Also,
(also separate), [quacunque], rel. adv., in whatever whichever way, way, wherever.
any way whatever, in whatever way one can, by any

in
Also, ask for, ask, Also, miss, look for enquire. te suum dex(and not find) tera (finds not you its owner). quaesitus, -a, -urn, p.p. as adj. :
win, acquire.
means.
munus (acquired} herbae (gath;
quadra,
-ae,
[some form of quat-
ered)
artes (applied, employed)
tuor-f a (f. of -us)], f., a square, a table. Also of the square loaves used as trenchers and eaten by the
Trojans.
Neut. plur., boves (missing). quaerens, -entis, p. as gains. subst., a seeker. quaeso, enquire talia (make (rare and archaic)
:
quadrifidus,
[fquadro(cf. quadra) -fidus (ffid in findo -j- us)], adj., four-cleft, four-
-a, -HIM,
such enquiries) Parenthetically, I pray, I beg, pray. quaesitor, -oris, [fquaesi- (stem
.
of quaero, in 4. conj.) -f tor], m., parted. an investigator, a judge (in ancient quadrigae, -arum, [perh. fquasense as investigator). dro-fagus, cf. prodigus], f. plur., a four-horse team, four horses quaesitus, -a, -urn, p.p. of quaero. (abreast), horses (for the chariot), quaeso, see quaero. a four-horse chariot. quails, -e, [tquo- (of qui and
quadritugis, -e, quadrillions, [same stem weakened]. quadrliugus, -a, -uiii, [fquadrofiugo-,
cf.
quis)
alls], pron. adj. I. Interr. (in questions and exclamations),

sort,
of what
what, what a
man
iugum,
adj., with four four abreast : equos (double pair
decl. as adj.], horses, four-horse,
quadro,
-avi, -at inn, -are, [tquadra-], I. v. a. and i\.,form in a Intrans., to fit squarely square. with. quadrupedans, -ant is, [p. of obs. or imaginary quadrupedo], adj.,
*K
(or the like), what kind of. 2. Rel. (with correl. expressed or implied), (of which kind), as (the quality being implied in Eng. in a preceding such, or the like), such
as. (implied in what precedes) Equal to an adv., just as, as.
. .
.
qualus (-um),
m. and
n.,
-i,
[?, cf.
colum],
galloping: sonitus (sound ofgalPlur., steeds, horses. loping feef). quadrupes, -pedls, [fquadro-pes,
decl. as adj.], adj.,
a basket. Esp. for straining wine, a wicker strainer. quam [unc. case-form of quis and
qul,cf. nam], adv. i.* Interr., how, how much. 2. Rel., as much, as,
going on four
than.
Its force after
prius, ante,
Vocabulary.
227
and post is in Eng. often contained quaterni, -ae, -a, [tquattuor + some other word. With comnus], adj. plur., four at a time, With suthe. paratives, (the) four in each. perlatives, as muck as possible, very. quatio, fquassi (only in compos.), With anteced. omitted, as many quassum, quatere, [?], 3. v. a., See also ante, as, so ... as. shake, agitate, cause to tremble, stir. prior, post, and tarn. Also, batter, shatter, demolquamvis [quam-vis], adv., as you ish, overthrow, beat, lash, drive, wish, as you will, however much, worry, harass: campos (scour, however. of horsemen sent on a raid) curAlso, although, though. su (subdue, of horses) fundaquamlo [prob. abl. of unc. stem menta (rend). (quam?-f dus)], adv. and conj. I. Interr., at what time? when? quattuor (quatuor) [?, petrified 2. and reduced nom., cf. Terrapts], Indef., at any time, ever num. adj. indecl., four. (affirmative, cf. unquam with neg-que [unc. case-form tquo-, cf. re], 3. Rel., atives), at some time. when, now that, since, as. conj., and (connecting the word to Fig. which it is affixed or the clause in (in causal sense), since, inasmuch which that word is). as, seeing that. Repeated quandoquidem (rarely qimndo(or with et, atque, or ac), both as -well inand and, as, [quando-quidem], adv., since, (omitasmuch as, seeing that. ting the first). Equal to cum, vix fatus when : erat, subitoque quanquam(quann-) [quam-quam, cf. intonuit. quisquis], adv., (however), Equal to Eng. or (fr.
in
. .
.
rective
Also (in a coralthough, though. sense, as often in Eng.),

still,
a different
:
view in Latin)
ter
though,
however,
but.
quantus, -a, -um, [pron. -y/quo + antus (with lost v), cf. Sk. -vant],
pron. adj.
I.
With explanatory quaterque. force segetes altae campique natantes (both meaning the same
thing) n i-. quivi
. ,
ii qultum, quire, how much ? what a, what. 2. Rel., [?], 4. v. n., can, be able. as (cf. quails). With omitted an- Quercens, -entls, [perh. fquercu-], tecedent, as great as, as much as, m., a Rutulian. Ace. as adv. (both quercus, -us, [?], f., an oak (sanot less than. cred to Jove), oak leaves, a twig senses), how much, how, how long, as much, as, as far as, as much as, of oak : civilis (the civic crown
Interr.,
how great?
as long as.
Abl. as adv., hcnv

as.
.
much, how, as much,
With
on on
of oak leaves, given for saving the life of a fellow-citizen).
quare [qua
comparatives, (the} . re], adv. what account ? why ?
the.
querela
(-ella), -ae, [as
if
quere-,
I.
Interr.,
2. Rel.,
which account, wherefore,therefore.
supposed stem of queror(cf. suadela) + la], f., a complaint, a plaint (of songs of birds), a cry
.
quartus, -a, -um, [f quattuor + (of distress) quernus, -a, -um, [fquercu- (retus], num. adj., fourth. quassatus,-a, -um, p.p. of qua&so. duced) + nus], adj., ofoak, oaken : quasso, -avi, -atum, -are, [fquasglandes (oak mast, acorns). so- (cf. quatlo)], I. v. a. and n., queror, questus, queri, [ y/ques], Of the effect, shake, toss, brandish. 3. v. n. and a., complain, bewail, shutter, batter. Intrans., shake: complain of: plura querena (utPosiliqua quassans (rattling). tering further complaints). bubo (wail, cry). quater [unc. form fr. quattuor, cf. etically querulus, -a, -um, [tqu'ero- (lost tcr], num. a&\.,four times.
:
228
or assumed, akin to
adj.,
Vocabulary.
queror) f lus],
way?), (confirmatory
particle, very often unnecessary in Eng.), truly, also, too. Concessive, to be sure. Adversative, but, however : baud impune quidein et quidem (and
;
complaining : cicadae {mel-
ancholy'). questus, -us, [ -^/ques (in
queror)
tus],
cally,
a complaint. Poeticomplaining note, plaint.

in.,
yet).
. . .
ne
quidem
.
. .
(enclosing
qul, quae, quod, [pron. -^/quo + i(?) and y'qui], rel. pron., who, Often with antecewhich, that. dent not expressed, these who, those who, what, whoever, whatever. Where in Eng. a demonstrative is used, and he &c., but he, he, this.
Also, as (cf. quails) . quod, neut., as to which, now, but, and :
the emphatic word), not even, nor

either, not
any more.
(cf.
quies, -etis, [tquie-
+
f.,
tia
(reduced,
cf.
quiesco) sementis)],
slumber,
lei-
rest, repose, sleep,
sure, âse, stillness, quiet.
quod si (now if) quod ut (ami) quod te oro (and so I pray).

;
:
quiesco, quievi, quietum, quiescere, [fquie- (of lost or assumed fquieo, ^qni, cf. civis, Kâi) + sco], 3. v. n., come to rest, go to
rest, rest,
Also, a (king which (so id quod in same sense) quod superest (furthermore, it is further to be the said, only thing remaining). ex quo, from the time when,
since, after.
become
repose, cease, be stilled, silent, lie idle, die down.

-a,
quietus,
quiet, calm, peaceful,
-urn, p.p. as adj., still, undis-
turbed, unruffled, gentle : quietos cura sollicitat (their tranquil rest); vos quietos (your peace).
quin [qui (abl. of quis) -ne], adv. qui, abl. of qul. i. Interr., quia [case-form of tqui- (prob. ace. (how not?), why not? (in exhortations) come, now, nay, plur. neut.)], conj., because (a real even, nay even, nay more, but reason, cf. quonlam and quod) 2. [abl. of rather, indeed. quiane (is it because). quiquiauam (or separate), [quia (as ne], rel. conj., so that not, but interr.) -rfam], adv., why, pray ? that, so but that, that, from (doquiane, see quia. ing anything, with verbs of hinquicquam, see quisquam. drance), to(do anything, with verbs of hindrance): non possum quin quicumque (-cunque), quae-, quod-, (also separate), [qui(I cannot but). cumque (cf. quisque)], indef. quin etiam, nay even, moreover.
:
pron., whoever, whatever, all : quicunque violavimus (all of us who) ; sive quicunque furor (whatever other). Also, any
rel.
who
quini, -ae, -a, [ quinque (reduced) + nus], num. adj. plur., Jive each, Less exactly,y?w. Jive at a time.
whatever, every possible : quocunque modo (in any way whatever) Neut. with partitive gen. quodcunque regni (this realm such as
.
quingenti, -ae, -a, [quinque (or quini?) -genti (fr. centum)], num. adj. plur., Jive hundred.
quinquaginta
form,
cf.
[quinque
unc.
adj.
irfvrf)KOfra],
cf.
num.
it is).
I
indecl., fifty.
adj. (quid-), quinque [?, indecl., five. [qui-dam (pron. -y/da, cf. naui, tarn J ] indef. pron., some one, some quintus (old quinct-), -a, -um, (regularly a definite person, though [quinque (reduced) + tus], num. not named), certain, a. Less adj., the fifth. quippe [quid-pe, cf. nempe],adv., exactly, some (indef.), one man. quidein [prob. qui (abl. of qui) truly, no doubt, in fact, doubtless : subito quippe fugit dolor (strange -dem, cf. Idem], adv., (in which
i
dam, quae-, quod,
ireWt], num.
Vocabulary.
to
229
deed.
sal
Ironical, forsooth, insay). Also, for (strictly not cau-
quisquis, quidquid (quicquid), [quis doubled], indef. rel. pron.,

whoever, whatever.
1.
but explanatory)
Quirinalis, -e, [fQuirino- (reduced) + alls], adj., of Quirinus (Romulus). Quirinus, -i, [?, akin to Quiris],
m., the name given to the divinity of Rome.
quo
[prob. old dat. pron. -y/quo],
Romulus
as
2.
and rel.), where (in corrupt Eng. sense of Fig., to what end, for whither} what purpose, of what use.
adv., whither (both interr.
.
quo
Quiris,
[fCuri(of Cures), (lengthened, cf. civipi ur.),

(cf.
-i tis,( usually
[abl. of pron. t<l u o-] conj. (adv.), (by which), in order that,
that.
lis)+tis
Carmentis)], m., quocirca

Also,
inhabitant (inhabitants) of Cures,

the Quiriles.
Roman
citi-
zens,
Quirites.
Poetically,
citi-
(also separate), [quo (abl. or dat.) -circa], adv., wherefore. quocunque (also separate), [quo cunque], rel. adv., whithersoever,
zens (of bees). quis, abl. or dat. plur. of qui.
quis (qui), quae (qua, indef.), quid (quod), [pron. roots quo and qui as stems; same word as
qui],
interr. pron.,
who, what, what what condition. quid, neut., why, what; (interrog. and exclam.), how is it with ? what quoni, see cum. As indef., any, quomodo (or separate), [quo (abl.) about ? what of? modo], adv., in what way, how, anyone (sometimes equal each one), in which manner, as. anything, one, some one, something. quisnain (qui-), quae-, quid- quonani [i quo-nam],adv.,7<;AjV>4<?r (quod-), (also separate), [quispray, oh whither, whither (emnam, cf. iiain], interr. and indef., phatic), where. who pray, what pray, who, what quondam [quom (cum) -dam, cf. qiiidam], adv., (at a certain (emphatic). quisquain, quae-, quid- (quic-), time), once, formerly, before, just now, a while ago (but not long). [quis (as indef.) -quam], indef.
sort of, in
.
wherever, however, whichever way whatever (acc. to English idiom), way, anywhere (anywhither). quod [n. of qui, acc. or nom. (perh. both)], conj., that, because (a real cause, cf. qu on lain), in that, as to, as for (with participle in Eng.). est quod, there is reason why.
pron. (universal, hence only with a negative expressed or hinted at, cf. aliquis, quis, with affirmatives),
Of time
after, by
and
future, one day, hereIndef., some by.

(conj.),
time, sometimes.
anyone, any man, anything: minatur si quisquam sdeat (ifanyone should, &c., implying that they will not). With expressed neg.,
quoniam [quom -iam], adv.

now that.
(of an explanatory inasmuch as.
fact, cf.
Also, seeing that, since
quod),
no one, nothing. quisque, quae-,
quoque
quid- (quic-),
not
[unc. form of qui even.
+ que, cf. +
quisque],
less,
[
conj., also, too, as well,
[quis-que], indef. pron., each one

(of several, cf. uterque), each, every, everyone, every man, everyOften with a superlathing, all.
tive
:
quot
proxima quaeque
.
(every-
ti, cf. prob. pron. -y/qud Sk. kati], adj. indecl. (interr. and rel.), how many, as many, as (cf. quails), as many as (with omitted
thing in the way, with idea of sucWith two, equal to two cession) the compaiatives, the more more.
.
.
>
antecedent). quot (quod) annis (as many years as there are), yearly, every year. quotannis, see quot and ainius.
230
Vocabulary.
.
quotiens (-es), [fquoti + ens, cf. as, as many times as (cf. quot) quinqutens], adv., how many quousque (also separate), [i. quotimes,
how
often, as often, as often
usque], adv., how far, how long.
R.
rabidus, -a, -um, [noun-stem akin to rabies (cf. rabula) + dus],
adj.,
ening: fames. rabies, -em, -e,
vM(rapid, carrying everything with them) [ -^rab (in rabio, rapidus, -a, -um, [frapo- (or -i) rav+ dus, cf. rapio], adj., (seizing), etc.)+ ies], f., madness, rage, ing (inspiration) fury (of storms, fierce, consuming, blazing, fiery Also, swift (cf. raedendi, ventris (ravening (of heat). &c.) pax), rapid, hurrying, quick, achunger) tive : ungula {flying) ; vortices racemus, -I, [?], m., a cluster (of berries or grapes), a bunch, grapes, (whirling) berries. rapina, -ae, [frapi- (as if stem of
.
raving, raging, furious, savTransferred, ravenous, ravage.
rana, -ae, [?], f., a frog. ra pax, -acis, [ Vrap + ax, cf capax], adj., snatching, greedy : flu.
radio, -avi, -atum, -are, [fradio-] I. v. a. and n. (furnish with rays).

,
rapio) + na],
f., robbery, plunder. Concretely, booty.
Intrans.,
shine.
radians,
rapio, rapui, raptum, rapere,

[-y/rap, akin to apirdfa'], 3. v. a., snatch, snatch away, seize, carry
-an t is,
p. as adj., bright, radiant,
gleaming. radius, -I (-ii), [perh. akin to radix], m., a staff, a rod (esp. for measuring), a spoke, a shuttle, an
olive (of a peculiar kind, elongated}, a strand or spike (of a thunderbolt). Esp., a ray, a beam. radix, -icis, [perh. akin to radius], f., a root. Also, a foundation, a
hurry away, hurry, drag, wrest away, tear from, rob of, Esp., sweep away, sweep along. plunder, steal, ravish, take, capoff,
ture.
raptum,
-I,
n.
p.p.
as
subst., rapine,
plunder, booty, spoil.
Intrans.,
hurry on.
fastening (at the bottom).
-onis, [rapo], m., a Rutulian. raptatus, -a, -um, p.p. of rapto. raptim [as if ace. of fraptis ( -y/rap
Rapo,
radS, rasi, rasum, radere,

3. v. a.,
rapto, -avi, -atum, -are, [fraptoWith cogn. ace., cleave, skim. (cf. rapio)], i. v. a., drag away, Raetieus (Rhae-),-a,-um, [fRaehurry off, drag. to + cus], adj., of the Rati (a na- raptor, -oris, [y'rap+tor], m., a plunderer. In app. as adj., tion south of the Danube, in Tyrol, plundering, prowling. &c.), Raiian ; Rcetica (a kind of raptus, -a, -um, p.p. of rapio. _grapes). rameus, -a, -um, [framo- (re- raresco, no perf., no sup., -escere,
duced)
-f
[?], Fig., scrape, shave, peel. coast graze, pass closely, along.
tis), cf.
partim],
adv., hastily,
swiftly.
eus],
-a,
adj.,
of branches.
(re-
[as
if
frare- (of
ramdsus,
-um, [frameadj.,
frareo)
incept.,
ram us,
m.,
duced)
+ osus],
-I,
branching.
supposed rarus], 3. v. n. grow thin : claustra Pe-
lost or
+ sco,
cf.
[perh. akin to radix], bough, a branch, a twig.

fillets
.
lori (widen,
become
less close to-
(Boughs hung with woollen were borne by suppliants)

etically as yielding fruit.
_gether).
Po-
rarus, -a, -um, [?], adj., loose (opposed to densus), wide apart,
thin,
scattered,
rare,
straggling,
Vocabulary.
few, here and there, scanty, rarefeed : retia (large-meshed, coarse) voces {broken).
;
231
situm), -censere, [re-censeo],

recount, enumerate, reckon up, count. recepto, -avi, -atum, -are, [trecepto- (p.p. of recipio)], i. v. a., draw back. With reflexive, re2. v. a.,
rasilis, -e, [fraso

ished,
+ lis],
adj., pol-
worked with a chisel. rastrum, -i, (pi. -l,-5rum),[.v/rad + trum], n. and m., a hoe (toothed tire, withdraw, hide. and heavy for breaking the soil). receptus, -a, -um, p.p. of recipio. receptus, -5s, [as if re-captus, cf. riisus, -a, -urn, p.p. of rado.
ratio, -onis, [as if y'ra (in reor) + tio (perh. frati+o)], f., a reckoning, account, a plan, a way, means. Also, intelligence, counsel, devices: sat rationis in ar-
recipio], m., a retreat, place of

refuge.
mis {any
sense, &c.).
cf.
ratis, -Is, [ ?, but
reiiius ?] , f .,
a raft. Poetically, a boat, a ship, a vessel. ratus, -a, -um, p.p. of reor. raucus, -a, -um, [fravo- (or -i, cf. ravus, ravis) + cus], adj., hoarse, deep, harsh, roaring, murmuring, screaming, shrill, clanging : rauco assensu (harsh acNeut. as adv., harshly. cord). re- (red-), [abl. of unc. stem], prep, in comp., back, again, un- (reversing the action ), forth. rebellis, -e, [re-fbello- (weakened
recessus, -us, [re-cessus, cf. recedo*], m., a retreat, a withdrawal : vastus {depth). Concretely, a recess. recidlvus, -a, -um, [as if frecidi + vus, cf. recido, nocivus], adj.,
recurring.
restored.
Poetically, renewed,
recido, -cldi, -cisum, -cldere, [re-caedo], 3. v. a., cut away, cut

off,
sever.
recinctus, -a, -um, p.p. of recingo. recingo, perf. not found, -cinctum, -cingere, [re-cingo], 3. v. a., unbind, unloose, loosen : recincta veste (in flowing robe, a style
peculiar to
some
rites).
recipio, -cepi, -ceptum, -cipere,

[re-capio],
3. v. a.,
and
adj.,
decl. as adj.), cf.
exanimis],
.
take back, with-
renewing a war, insurgent,
reboo, no
rising (in arms, after conquest) perf., no sup., -are, [reboo], i. v. n., resound, re-echo.
sup., -ere, [recaleo], 2. v. n., be warmed : fluperf.,
draw, draw back, recover, rescue, receive (of something due), exact. Also, receive (generally), admit:
ad
se {receive by one's side).

reflexive,
recaleo, no
no
With
withdraw,
retire.
enta_ sanguine {run warm). recedo, -cessi, -cessum, -cedere, [re-cedo], 3. v. n., move back, withdraw, retire, retreat, come off, (rest against their spears) give way, recede, draw back, go recludo, -clnsi, -clGsum, -eludeaway, pass away. recens, -cut is, [?, p. of lost verb], re, [re-cludo], 3. v. a., unclose,
.
recisus,^-a, -um, p.p. of recido. recla mo, -avi, -atum, -are, [reclamo], i. v. a., cry out, roar. reclino, -avi, -atum, -are, [reclino], i. v. a., lean back : scuta
adj., fresh, new (not long in existence, opposed to vetus, cf. no-
vus, opposed
cent,
to
antiquus),
;
re-
ne-M-made, just risen : prata rivis {kept fresh) praedae (newly-won) recens a volnere {with her wound still fresh) Neut. as
; .
open, uncover, lay bare, disclose, unsheath, pierce, turn up (of the caelum sol earth) Poetically {unlock the gates of). reclusus, -a, -um, p.p. of recludo. recoctus, -a, -um, p.p. of recoquo.
. :
recognosco,
adv.,y'//, lately.
rccenseo,-censui, -censuin(-cSn-
-gnltum, -gnovi, -gnoscere, [re-cognosco], 3. v.a., review, examine.
232
Vocabulary.
reddo, -didi, -ditum, -dere, [reddo], 3. v. a., give back, restore, With return, repay, pay, render. reflexive or in pass., return, go back : redditus (returning) reddita cessit, came by succession.
;
recolo, -colui, -cultum, -colere,

Fig., [re-colo], 3. v. a., refill. consider, contemplate, survey.
recondo, -condidi,
-conditum,
-condere, [re-condo], 3. v. a., hide away, conceal, bury (of a weapon), plunge, deposit. recoquo, -eoxi, -coctum, -coquere, [re-coquo], 3. v. a., reforge, refine (by melting). recordor,-atus,-ari, [lost stemfre-
cord- (re-fcord-,
I. v.
cf.
concors)],
dep., recall to mind, recall. re g rector, -oris, tor], m., a
[V
ruler, a director,
leader, a pilot,
a steersman.
rectus, -a, -urn, p.p. of rego.
recubo, no
perf., no sup., -cubare, I. v. n., lie on the back, recline, lie at length, lie.
forth, give up, yield, up, utter, send come Passive, appear, forth. Also of things forth, be heard. given as due, give, consign, bestow, offer (as a sacrifice), impose. Also, render, make, imitate, express. redeo, -ii (-ivi),-itum, -ire, [redeo], irr. v. n., go back, return, come back, come again, come in (of a race), bend around (of a mountain-
Also,
give render
[re-cubo],
recumbo,
lie
-cubui,
lie,
-cubituin,
3. v.
-cumbers, [re-cumbo],
down,
n.,
fall back, fall, lie low (of clouds), sink. recurro, -curri, -cursuin, -currere, [re-curro], 3. v. n., hasten back: sol recurrens (revolving). recurso, -avi, -at nm, -are, [recurso, cf. recurro], i. v. n., run back. Fig., recur, return, be rene^ved, be repeated: curae tuo dulci ex ore.
anni (revolve). range) rediniiciilum, -i, [fredimi- (of rcdlmio) -f culum], n., a band, a heailftand, a fillet, a headdress. redimio, -ii, -itum, -Ire,[?],4.v. a., bind around, encircle, wreathe. redimitus, -a, -um, p.p. of re:
dimip. redimo, -emi, -emptum, -imere,

[red-emo, buy}, 3. v. a., buy back, ransom, redeem. reditus, -us, [red-itus, cf. redeo],
m., aj~eturn.
redoleo, -olui,
[red-oleo],
no
sup.,
rerecursus, -us, [re-cursus, curro], m., a returning course, a reflux, the ebb (of the waves). recurvus, -a, -nm, [re-curvus], adj., curving backward, curved.
cf.
2. v. a.
and
n.,
-olere, smell
emit an odor, be fragrant. of, reduco, -duxi, -ductum, -dOcere, [re-duco], 3. v. a., lead back, bring
back,
draw
back, restore, rescue
recuso, -avi, -atum, -are, [refcauso, cf.causor], i. v. a. and n.,
reducti remi (plied with force); reducitur aestas (returns}.
make objection, self, be reluctant, refuse, reject, decline,

excuse one's
disavoiu:
reductus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., retired, secluded.
recussus, -a, -um, p.p. of recutio. recutio, perf. not found, -cussuin,
-cutere,
[re-quatio],
3. v.
n.,
reductus, -a, -um, p.p. of reduco. longe (shrink back afar). redux, -ucis, [re-dux], adj. (pass,
sense),
stored.
returning; returned, re-
refectus,
refello,
strike back.
recussus,
-ui,
3.
-a,
-um,
p.p., re-echoing.
-a, -um, p.p. of reficio. -felli, no sup., -fellere, [re-fallo], 3. v. a., refute, disprove.
redargue,
refute.
no
v.
sup.,
a.,
-uere,
[red-arguo],
disprove,
redditus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
reddo.
refero, retuli (rett-), relatum, referre, [re-fero] irr. v. a., bring back,ansiver, bear back,bring again, restore, give back (echo), change ;
,
Vocabulary.
pedem, vestigia (/urn backward,
consilia in melius retreat} ; (change); referri omnia (decline); vina (throw up) ; fert refertque fletus (bear again and again) ;
233
turn back, bend, change : animum In pass., (turn one's attention). bend: reflexus (bending round).
reflexus, -a, -um, p.p. of reflecto. refluo, no perf., no sup., -fluere,
[re-fluo], 3. v. n.,
cede, subside.
vestigia in
lay
;
decimum annum
(de-
flow back, re-
With (carry off). reflexive or in pass., return, come
laudem
reformido,
perf. not found,
-atum,
hoc manibus patrum (give

message);
refernntur ha-are, [re-formido], \.\.&.,dread. benis datis (ride back) relatam Poetically, of trees injured by classem nuntio (returned). pruning. Also, carry (something which is refringo, -fregi, -f ractum,-frindue or to the place where it begere, [re-frango], 3. v. a., break longs), bear, offer, pay, render, off^ consign: hunc sedibus suis; venti refugio, -fugi, no sup., -fugere, ad aures divum (bear, whither it [re-fugio], 3. v. a. and n.,yfy back, shrink back, flee away, recede. issent) terraecacumen(//aw/);
back,
go back:
this
numerum
Fig., shrink, be reluctant, refuse,
(report, ac-
countfor); gra,tes(Maeretur>i,c{.
;
shrink from
this
fugit refugit (fly

that)
:
way and
animus me-
minisse (shrinks from the recollecgratias ago,gratias habeo) ; se pestis (flies) sollemnia tumulo tion) j^sol (hide himself). (perform}; in te oculos (turn). refulgeo, -fulsi, no sup., -fulgere, Also, repeat, represent, show [re-fulgeo], 2. v. n., shine forth,
signs
of,
betray, resemble :
;
nomen
.
valles pulsae (echo) gegive) mitum ictus (give forth) ; ipse te parentem (claim). refert, retulit, referre, [unc. case of res-fert], irr. v. imp., it is im; ;
refundo, -fudi, -fiisum, -funsaporem dere, [re-fundo], 3. v. a., pour Also, bring forth, utter, give out, back, pour forth, throw back. recite : report, relate, tell, mention, refusus, -a, -um, p.p., thrown voces horresco referens pectore up, poured forth, over/lowing : resol signa (show, (to relate) fuso Oceano (in the surrounding
;
avi (bear again)

;
nomine avum
gleam, shine,
glitter.
te ore
salis (show)
ocean).
refusus, -a, -um, p.p. of refundo. refuto, -avi, -atum, -are, [reffuto,
v. a.,
cf. futatim, futilis], I. Also, (force back), repel.
expedient. portant, reficio, -fed, -fectum, -ficere, irr. v. a., change, re[re-facio], neiu, repair, restore, reinforce, refresh, encourage. refigo, -fixi, -fixum, -figere, [re-figo], 3.v. a., unfix, unloosen, tear down : fixit leges refixitque (publish and tear down again, as laws were hung up on tablets).
it is
refute, confute,
prove
false.
regalis,
-e,
[freg- (of
adj., kingly, royal,
rex)+ alis], regal : comae

(as
if
(of the princess). regificas, -a, -um, [fregregi-) -ficus], adj., regal.
regina, -ae, [freg + ina, cf. gallina], f., a queen, a princess.
Of a
divinity,
royal mistress.
In
refingo, no
perf.,
no
app. as adj., royal (of the royal
sup., -flngere,
[re-fingo], 3. v. a., refashion, mould again. refixus, -a, -urn, p.p. of refigo.
reglo, -onis, [as if x/reg + io (prob. through adj. -stem) ] f., a direction, Also (cf. fines), a a course.
,
blood)^.
reflecto, -flexi, -flexum, re, [re-flecto], 3. v. a., bend back,
-flecte-
region, a quarter. regius, -a, -um, [treg + iusj,
adj.,
234
Vocabulary.
relatus, -a, -um, p.p. of refero.
of a king, royal (cf. regalis, reAlso, princely, queenly, gal). regia, fern., (sc. magnificent. (loin us), a royal abode, a palace, a royal city. regnator, -orls, [fregna (of reg-
relaxo, -avi, -atum, -are,

laxo],
rarefy.
i. v. a.,
[reloosen, free, open,
relegS, -legl,
[re-lego],
sail
-lectum, -legerc,
coast by again,
no)
tor], m., a ruler,
3. v. a.,
sov-
ereign, a king. regnatus, -a, -urn, p.p. of regno. regno, -avi, -atuin, -are, [fregno], i. v. n. and a., reign, rule,
along again, retrace. relego, -avi, -atum, -are, [relego], I. v. a., remove, send away,
banish, consign, entrust.
bear sway.
:
Act.,
rule
over.
Impersonal regnabitur (the rule

shall be}.
regnandam Albam
;
acceperit (the throne of Alba) regnandi cupido (ofregalpower) ; ignis regnat per ramos (rage
uncontrolled}.
rellctus, -a, -um, p.p. of relinquo. rellgatus, -a, -um, p.p. of religo. religio (rell-), -onis, [prob. relegio, cf. relego], f., (reverence, diligent attention to a person, cf. observantia) . Esp., reverence
for
regnum,
-nus,
cf.
-i,
[ -^/reg + num
n.,
(n. of
the gods, piety, ligion, veneration.
devotion, reAlso, a cere.
a realm, a kingdom, regal power, a throne, a
plenus) J,
mony, an observance, a rite, sacred rites : prospera (omens) Also,

of
things,
sanctity,
holiness.
reign, command, authority. Transf., divinity (thing sacred). rego, rexi, rectum, regere, [-v/reg. religlosus (rell-), -a, -um, [freakin to Gr. opfyca, Sk. rajan (cf. ligion + osus. poss. fr. some sim-
Rajah), Eng. right}, 3. v. a., direct (orig. as of a line, &c. ?) , guide, steer: sol orbem (hold its course)
.
pler stem], adj., sacred, venerable. religo, -avi, -atum, -are, [religo],
tether.
I. v. a.,
bind
Esp., govern, rule, sway, control: imperium Dido (hold sov-
fast,
fasten,
Esp. of vessels, moor.

a.,
rectus, -a, ereign command). -uni, p.p. as adj., straight, direct, right: rectis vestigia pedibus
(straight-forward tracks)
;
relino, -levl, -lituin, -linere, [relino], 3. v.
unseal, open.
recto
nomine
.
(straight up the river) ; recto litore (straight along the Neut. as subst., right, shore) virtue.
relinquo, -liqul, -lictum, -linquere, [re-linquo], 3.v. a., leave behind, leave, abandon, depart from, forsake, give up, relinquish,
desert.
regressus, -as, [re-gressus, cf. gredior], m., a return, a change
reliquiae (rell-), -arum, [freliquo- (reduced) + ia], f. plur., reremnants : Danaum (remnants
left by, &c.). (going back). reicio (relic-, reic-), -iecl, -iec- reluceo, In M, no sup., -lucere, t uni, -icere, [re-luceo], 2. v. n., shine forth, [re-iacio] 3. v. a., blaze up, shine, glare. throw back, throw away, throw off, throw down, drive back, hurl back. reluctor, -situs, -ari, [re-luctor],
,
Fig., reject, refuse, cast (of the
i. v.
dep., struggle.
-a,
eyes),
turn away.
remensus,
metlor.
-um,
p.p. of re-
reiecto, -avi, -atum, -are, [reiacto, cf. relclo], i. v. a., throw-
remeo,
ing forth, throwing out. relectus, -a, -um, p.p. of relclo. relabor, -lapsus, -labl, [re-labor]
3. v. dep., glide back, recede.
-avi, no sup., -are, [remeo], i. v. n., retttrn. remetior, -mensus, -metirl, [remetior], 4. v. dep., measure back,
retrace, traverse again.
Vocabulary.
235
[re-
remex,
-igis,
cf.
(reduced,
[prob. fremo-agus renovo, -avi, -Stum, -are, prodigus)], m., an novo], I. v. a., renew.
Collectively,
oarsman, a rawer. oarsmen.
reor, ratus, reri, [fre- (of res), or stem akin], 2. v. dep., reckon,
think, suppose, judge, suspect. act. sense, thinking, &c. ; in pass, sense, con-
remigium,
-i,
(-if),
[fremig
:
ium],n., rowing, oars (collectivealaPoetically ly), oarsmen.
ratus, -a, -um, p.p. in
rum (machinery}. reininiseor, no p.p., reminisci, [re-miniscor, cf. comminiscor, -v/man], 3. v. dep., remember.
remissus, -a, -um, p.p. of remitto. remitto, -misi, -missuin, -init[re-mitto], .3. v. a., let go back, send back, return, repay. With reflexive, return, come back. Also, give up, yield, relax, abate. With reflexive.jyzWa', admit one 's
tere,
Also, send forth, self conquered. yield, give out. remordeo, perf. not found, -mor-
firmed, certain, valid,

cured.
settled, se-
repellS, repuli (repp-), repulsum, repellere, [re-pello] 3 .v. a., drive back, dash bad;, spurn, re,
pel, thwart, reject.
rependo, -pendi, -pensum, -penback.
dere, [re-pendo], 3. v. a., weigh Also (cf. pendo), pay

back, requite
:
magna
(fully re-
quite}; fata fatis (balance). repens, -entis, [?], adj., sudden,
unexpected.
repente
[abl.
of
repens],
adv.,
sum, -mordere, [re-mordeo],
suddenly, unexpectedly.
2. v. a., gnaw, vex, trouble. repercussus, -a, -um, p.p. of reremotus, -a, -um, p.p. of removeo. percutio. removeo, -movi, -motum, -mo- repercutio, -cussi, -cussum, -cutere, [re-percutio], 3. v. a., strike vere, [re-moveo], 2. v. a., move
back, reflect. away, remove, conceal. reinugio, no perf., no sup., -mn- reperlo, reperi (repp-), reperu m, reperire, [re(red)-pario], gire, [re-mugio], I. v. n., bellow
t.
forth, resound, belicnu, roar,
mur-
4. v. a., Jind, discover, detect.
mur. repertor, -oris, [as if re-partor, -mulsum, cf. reperio], m., a discoverer, an -mulsi, remulceo, -mulcere, [re-mulceo], 2. v. a., inventor, a progenitor (cf. pario) droop (of an animal's tail, with al- repertus, -a, -um, p.p. of reperio. lusion to the petting of domestic repetitus, -a, -um, p.p. of repeto. animals). repetO, -petii (-ivi), -petitum,
.
Remulus, -I, [?], reinurmuro, no
m., a Rutulian.
perf.,
no
sup.,
-petere, [re-peto], 4. v. a., go back for, go back to, seek again, return, bring back, demand back, trace back, begin again, repeat,
-are, [re-murmuro], i. v. n.,give forth a murmur, murmur, roar Remus, -i, [?], m. I. The brother Rutulian. of Romulus ; 2.
:
remember. repleo, -plevi, -pletum, -plere,

[re-fpleo,
fill up, fill,
cf.
rein us, -i, [prob. akin to m., an oar.

narro],
i
.
fyer^
[rerecount.
compleo],
(of rivers)
the
(fill
2. v. a.,
:
si.vell
popuof,
renarro, -avi, -atum, -are,

v. a., relate, tell,
loa
sermone
ears
&c.).
renascor,
repletus, -a, -um, p.p. of repleo. repono, -posui, -positum, -ponere, [re-pono], 3-v. z.., put back, rcnatus, -a, -um, p.p. of renascor replace, restore, repair, renew. Also, put aside, lay down, put renideo(-nidui), no sup., -nidere, down, set down, abandon : falcem [?], 2. v. n., beam forth, gleam.
-natus, -nosci, [renascor], 3. v. dep., spring again, grow again.
236
.
Vocabulary.
new course of action) ren tuae (your interests, party] res state incognita {uncertain oj res divinae (religious things');
the
;
;
arbusta (need no more) Also, carry away, lay away, put away,
lay, serve up, confer upon, store
away : haec imis sensibus (let sink deep). repositus (repostus), p.p. as adj., far away, distant, remote.
Also, buried.
res ; (the main struggle, the general success) ; pro re (utider the circumstances).
rites)
summa
reports, -avi, -atum, -are, [re- rescindo, -scidi, -scissum, -scindere, [re-scindo], 3. v. a., cut porto], I. v. a., bring back, carry away, tear away, tear down, lay back, report, announce : pedem ab hoste (turn back} open, cut into. reposco, no perf., no sup., -poscere, reseco, -secui, -sectum, -secare, [re-seco], i. v. a., cut away, cut [re-posco], 3. v. a., demand back,
.
demand
repostus,
(as due), claim, call for. -a, -uin, see repono.
off,
tj-im
.
off.
reprimo, -pressi, -pressum, -primere, [re-primo], 3. v. a., hold

back, check, restrain, stop.
resero, -avi, -atum, -are, [resero], i v. a., unbar, unclose, open,

disclose, reveal.
reserve, -avi, -atum, -are, [re[re-
repugno,
-avi,
-atum, -are,
pugno], i. v. n., resist, struggle. repulsus, -a, -um, p.p. of repello.

requies, -etis (-ei), [re-quies],
;
servo], I.v. a., keep back, reserve, hold in reserve, keep, save.
freses, -idis, [re- ^/sed as stem, cf. deses], adj., idle, inactive, dor-
f.,
mant, peaceful. rest, repose, respite, cessation : tu requies miserae (rest, solace) ea resideo, -sedi, -sessum, -sidere, certa labor um (rest, haven). [re-jiedeo], 2. v. n., sit down. requiesco, -quievi, -quietum, resido, -sedi, no sup., -sidere, [re-quiescere, [re-quiesco], 3. v. n., sido], 3_v. n., sit down, sink down, rest : ^flumina (stay their course). halt, encamp, settle, fall back. requirO, -quisivi, -quisitum, Fig., subside, abate, cease, become -quirere, [re-quaero], 3. v. a., calmôl the heart from passion).
seek out, search for, seek, call for, miss, feel the need of, ask, enquire. res, rel, [?, cl. reor], f., a thing, a matter, an event, an affair, an
resigiio, -avi, -atum, -are, [resigno], i. v. a., unseal, open. Poss. also, seal, close ; see iv. 244.
resisto, -stiti,
occurrence, a circumstance,
ploit,
an ex-
an
enterprise,
an undertak:
no sup., -slstere, [re-sistol, 3. v. n., stop, make a stand, stand back (away), stand
firm, resist, oppose, withstand. resolutus, -a, -um, p.p. of resolvo. resolvo, -solvi, -solutum, -solrerum (part of the universe) vere, [re-solvo], 3. v. a., unloose, rerum (in the world, with superl.); unbind, tinseal, disentangle, open, rerum dom.inos(o/t/ie world) res break through, relax, scatter, disiura tenerae (frail creatures); maxsolve : ambages (unravel) ima rerum (of all things') Also curas (violate, break the tie); With (break the bonds of care). (with or without an adj., fortune reflexive or in pass., dissolve, thaw, (either good or bad), circuming,
state
of things
res Italae
Also (plur.), (exploits, history}. nature, the earth, the universe: sors
;
stances,
power, the State, empire,
mellow.
condition, property, estate : summae res (the highest interests);
resono, -avi, no
sup., -are,
[re-
tenues res (humble fortunes) ; fessi rerum (weary of toil). Also rebus novanciis (for
:
sono], I.v. n., resound, murmur. Active, cause to sound, fill with
(song),
make
echo.
Also,
cf.
sound
(with the notes of),
redoleo,
Vocabulary.
237
Also of the With cogn. ace., reback, rebound, echo. {smell of}. sound with, echo the name of: object from which, re-echo, echo back. Amaryllida silvae. resorbeo, no perf., no sup., -sor- resupinus, -a, -um, [re-supinus],
bere, [re-sorbeo],
2. v. a.,
draw
adj.,
on the back.
in again, draw in, suck in. respecto, -avi, -atum, -are, [respecto], I. v. a., look back upon,
regard.
resurgo, -surrexi, -surrectum, -surgere, [re-surgo], 3. v. n., rise again : amor {return}. retardo, -avi, -atum, -are, [retardo], i. v. a., delay, hinder. rete, -is, [?], n., a net. retectus, -a, -um, p.p. of retego.
respergo,
-spersi,
-spersum,
3. v. a.,
-spergere, [re-spergo],
besprinkle, sprinkle.
respicio, -spexi, -spectum, -spicere, [re-spicio, cf. conspicio],

n., look back, look behind one, look around, look up. Act., look back for, see behind one, looking round see, notice, consider,
retego, -text, -tectum, -tegere,

[re-tego],
3. v. a.,
uncover, lay
3. v. a.
and
bare, disclose, expose.
retento, -avi, -atum, -are, [retento, cf. retiueo], i. v. a., hold

back, detain, retard.
regard, have regard for. respiro, -avi, -atum, -are, [respiro], I. v. n., breathe, draw
breath.
retexo, -texui, -textum, -texere, [re-texo], 3. v. a., weave again : totidem orbes {interweave in the
opposite direction).
resplendeo, no
[re-splendeo]
glitter.
perf.,
,
no
2. v. n.,
sup., -ere, shine forth,
retinaculum,
responded, -spondl, -sponsum, -spondere, [re-spondeo], 2. v. n.,

answer, reply, correspond to, respond, match, reciprocate, answer expectations {produce, grow).
Poetically, with back.
-I, [fretina- (as if stem of retineo, cf. tenax) + culum], n., a rope, a cable, a
tether,
a withe.
retineo, -tinui, -tentum, -tinere, [re-teneo], 2. v. a., hold back, detain, stop, restrain.
cogn. ace.,
echo
retorqueo, -torsi, -tortum, -torquere, [re-torqueo], 2. v. a.,

turn back, twist around, thrcnu back: mentem {changed her purpose); retorto amictu {thrown
shoulder).
-a,
response, no
re-echo.
perf.,
i.
no
v.
sup., -are,
n.,
[fresponso-],
respond,
over the responsum, -I, [n. p.p. of responretortus, deo], n., an answer, a reply.
Esp.,
-um,
p.p. of
retor-
an
oracle,
a prophecy, pro-
queo.
retracts, -avi, -at tun, -are, [rephetic words, a response. tracto], I. v. a., handle again, restinctus, -a, -um, p.p. of reseize again: ferrtim digit! {clench). stinguo. Also (trans, and intrans.), draw restinguo, -stinxi, -stinctum, back : dicta {retract). -stinguere,[re-stinguo], 3. v. a., Also of thirst. retraho, -traxi, -tractum, -tra(jucnch, extinguish. here, [re-traho], 3. v. a., draw restituo, -i it n i. -stitutum, -stiback : pedem (of the undertow of tuere, [re-statuo], 3. v. a., set up the wave). Also, drag again: again, restore. fata trahunt retrahunt {drag to resto, -stiti, no sup., -stare, [resto],
I. v. n.,
stop behind.
Fig.,
and fro)
remain, be left, be in store for one. retro [dat. of fretrd- (re-fterus. cf. Intro)], adv., back, backward resulto, no perf., -atum, -are, [resalto, cf. resilio], i. v. n., spring (sometimes pleonastic with re-)
:
238
Vocabulary.
(retrace); casus (repeat the round haec ingrata (repeat, of, &c.) revolurenew, in narration). tus, -a, -um, p.p. in several speter revoluta toro est cial senses Caeneus in veterem ( fell back)
;
:
arva cedentia retro {receding in

retro residunt distance} (draw back). retrorsum (-rsus), [retro-vorsus,
the
;
p.p.
ofyerto], adv., backward,back.
retundo,-tudi,-tusum, -tundere,
[re-tundo], 3. v. a., beat back, blunt: retusum ferrum (a dull
knife}.
retusus, -a, -uni, p.p. of retundo. ille reus, -i, [fre- (of res) + us (or do'wn, by the undertow) iacuit (rolling over} alter suf-ius)], in., a party (to a suit, res). fosso equo (thrown backzvard}. Hence, Esp., a defendant. guilty, bound: voti (bound by one's revomo, -vomui, no sup.,-vomere, vow, having obtained his prayer). [re-vomo], 3. v. a., throw up. reveho, -vexi, -vectum, -vehere, revulsus (-volsus), -a, -um, p.p. of revello. [re-veho], 3. v. a., carry back, bring back. rex, regis, [V^g (increased) as revello, -velli, -vulsum (vols-), stem], m., a king, a prince, a
; ;
dies figuram (restored again} (returning) ; pensa (fell from the hands'); aequora (turbulent); aestu revoluta saxa (washed
-vellere,
[re-vello],
3.
v.
a.,
wrench away, tear away, drag
from : cineres (dig up, disturb). revertor, -versus, (also act. reverti), reverti, [re-vertor], 3. v. dep., turn back, return, be renewed
Also of divinities, rivers, a mountain (producing the "prince of wines"). As adj. in app.,
leader.
ruling.
Rhadamanthus,
son of Jupiter,
-i,
[Gr. 'PaSdnav-
0os], m., a brother of Minos,
and
(grow again). revincio, -vinxi, -vinctum, -vincire, [re-vincio], 4. v. a., bind back, bind fast, wreathe : quas serpentum spiris (crown, arm,
who was driven from
Crete by his brother. After his death he was made a judge in the world below. Rhamnes, -etis, [ ?], m., a prince, of the Furies). and augur of Turnus. revinctus, -a, -urn, p.p. of revincio. Rhea, -ae, [?],f., a mythic priestess, mother of Aventinus by Hercules. reviresco, -virui, no sup., -virescere, [re-viresco], 3. v. n., sprout Rhenus, -I, [?], m., the Rhine, the river separating Gaul and Germany. again. reviso, no perf., no sup., -vtsere, Rhesus, -I, [Gr. 'PTJO-OS], m., a king of Thrace whose horses were car[re-viso], 3. v. a. and n., revisit, return to. ried away before Troy by Ulysses
revocatus, -a, -um, p.p. of revoco. revoco, -avi, -atuin, -are, [revoco], I. v. a., call back, restore, renew, revive, bring to life : gradum, pedera (retrace} exordia
;
and Diomed, before they had eaten or drunk, according to an omen or
R hod ins,
adj.,
prophecy.
-a,
-um,
[Gr.
'PoSios],
pugnae
(recall,
relate}.
sup., -are,
Also,
[re-
of Rhodes (an island in the eastern Mediterranean), Rhodian.

-es, [Gr. 'Po5o7nj],'f., a -a,
detain, dissuade.
Rhodope,
revolo, -avi, no
volo],
I. v.
mountain of Thrace.
n.,fly back.
Rhodopeius,
iri^(os],
-um,
[Gr. 'Po5o-
revolutus,-a,-um,p.p.of revolvo. revolvo, -volvi, -voliitiini, -volvere, [re-volvo], 3. v. a., back, throw back, throw over.
Also, go
Less of Rhodope. exactly, Thracian. roll Rhoebus, -i, [?], m., the war-horse
adj.,
of Mezentius.
round again, repeat :
iter
Rhoeteius, -a, -um,
[Gr. 'POITÎOS],
Vocabulary.
adj.,
239
-a,
the Troad).
of Rhceteum (a promontory of Less exactly, Trojan.

-ei (-eos),
Riphaeus,
adj.,
-um,
[Gr. 'Pbreua],
Rhoeteus,
Rutulian.
[?], m.,
I.
of the Riphai (a range of mountains in Thrace), Riphaan.
Ripheus,
[?],
Rhoetus,
-I,
;
m.
the Marsi 2. A centaur. rideo, risi, risum, ridere, [?], 2. v. a. and n., laugh at, smile at, smile upon, smile. Fig., bloom,
smile.
king of
m., a Trojan warrior
-ei (-eos), [Gr. 'Pc^cfa], at the sack
of Troy. risus, -us,
[ -y/rid (in rideo) tus], m., laughter, a laugh, a smile. rite [prob. abl. of stem akin to ritus], adv., with due ceremony,
in due form, duly. Less exactly, rigeo (rigui, referred to rigesco), as usual, rightly, fitly, aptly. no sup., rigere, [ ?, ^?ig, through adj.-stem, cf. rigidus, perh. akin ritus, -as, [V ( of u "c. kin.) + to frigeo], 2. v. n., be stiff, be stiftus, cf. rite], m., a form, a rite, a Less exactly, a cusrigens, -entis, p. as adj., ceremony. fened. tom, a usage. ritu, abl., in the stiff, stiffened. manner of, just like. rigesco, rigui, no sup., rigescere, [frige- (of rigeo) + sco], 3. v. n. rivus, -i, [?, cf. ripa, perh. akin to Gr. f>fu>~\, m., a stream, a brook, a incept., grow stiff, stiffen, congeal, river, a canal, a sluice. Also, a freeze. vein. rigidus, -a, -inn, [frigo + dus, cf. Poetically, of sweat and the like. rigeo], adj., stiff, rigid, hard, unbending, solid.
sistible
Of weapons, irre(unbending, as not yielding
robigS (rub-), -inis, [stem akin to rubeo + go, cf. aerugo], f., rust
robur,
r\.,
toâny obstruction). rigo, -avi, -at u in, -are, [ ?, cf. Gr. Bptxw, fr. adj.-stem, cf. riguus], I. v. a., wafer, wash, wet, bathe,
slain.
(of metals or of grain), blight. -oris, [?, unc. root + us],
rigor, -oris, [Vrig ( in rigeo) + or], m., hardness : ferri (unyield-
hardwood, timber, wood, a beam, a log, a stout stick: annoso robore quercum (ofaged trunk). Esp., an oak tree, oak. Fig.,
strength (of resistance ), force, vigor,
ing iron). riguus, -a, -um, [v^g ( m rigo) -f uus, cf. nocuus], adj., watering, irrigating.
courage
pubis
(the flower)
(virtue, of soils); ferri (strong bars). robustus, -a, -um, [frobus + tua,
cf.
quae robora cuique
riina, -ae, [prob. root of ringor + ma], f., a crack, a chink, a seam, a cleft : ignea (a fiery cleft, of the
lightning). rimor, -at u s, -ari, [ frima-] , i v. a., pry into, search, dig up, hunt for,
.
honestus],
i. v. a.,
adj., stout,
sturdy.
rogito,
ask, enquire.
rogo, -avi,-atum, -are,
[?], i. v.a, ask, beg, sue for; ask for. rogus, -i, [?], m., a funeral pile, a
pyre.
hunt for food

maging).
in, tear (by
rum(re-
Roma,
btai],
-ae, [most likely akin to Gr.

f.,
Rome.
-a,
rimosus,
-a,
-um, [trima;
Romanus,
Romuleus,
-um,
[fRoma +
duced) +osu8],adj.,///<>/V,4//5.cubilia (loose -jointed)
cymba
nus], adj., Roman, of Rome. Masc., a Roman.

-a,
(leaky). ripa, -ae, [?, same root as rivus?], f., a bank (of a river, &c., cf. lit us, and ora, of the sea). Less exactly, shore. Poetically, of the river itself, shore (as in Eng )
.
-um, [fRomulo-
Rom
(reduced)-l-eus], ndj., of Romulus. ul Ides, -ae, [Romulo + dea (Gr. form of patronymic)], m. only in plur., descendants of Romulus (the Romans), sons of Romulus.
240
Romulus,
Vocabulary.
-i, [stem akin to lus], m., the mythic founder of
Roma
ruber, -bra, -brum, [ ^/rub + run, cf. rubeo], adj., red, ruddy, crimson, rosy-tinted : litus (of the
Rome.
Red
Romulus,
rubeseo, -rubui, no sup., -rubeRomulus. soere, [frube (of rubeo) -f sco], roro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fror3. v. n., redden, be reddened. (for ros) as if froro-], I. v. n. and rubeus, -a, -um, [frubo- (reduced) a., drop dew, drip (as with dew). -feus], adj., of brambles : virga ros, roris, [?, prob. an initial cons, (a bramble-tiuig).
lost],
-a, -um, [same word as preceding, decl. as adj.], adj., of
Sea).
m.,
dew.
Less
exactly,
rubicundus,
-a,
-um,
[as
if
rubi-
water, rain, moisture, drops (uf other fluids), spray. ros iiiarinus (sometimes omitted), rose-
mary. rosa, -ae, [perh. akin to Gr. /StfSoc], f., a rose, roses (collectively).
rosarius,
-a,
(weak stem of rubeo) + cundus (cf. verecundus), prob. really frubicon -f dus (i.e., -y/rub + o + co + on + dus), cf. rotundus],
adj., ruddy, blushing. rtibor, -oris, [y'rub + or], m., red-
-um,
[as
if
frosari- (frosa + ris)
(or really) as], adj.,
m bus,
ness,
a blush, a Jlush.
-1,
[prob. -y/rub
us,
cf.
of roses. roscidus,
cus,
As subst., a rose-bed. rubeo], m., a bramble. -a, -um, [frosco- (fros ruclens, -entis, [?], m., a rope (of cf. iuvencus) + dus], adj., a ship), a hawser, a line, a sheet,
cordage, clewline.
-I,
wet with dew, dewy.
rosetum,
etum,
bed,
cf.
[frosa- (reduced)
n.,
+ rudimentum, -I, [frudi- (of rudis,

foil, or lost
dumetum],
rose-
verb rudio, practise

n.,
a rose-garden. roseus,- a, -um, [frosa- (reduced) + eus], adj., of roses. Less exactly, rose-colored, rosy.
with foil)
+ mentum],
first
Roseus,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
of Rosea (a
district
[prob. frosa-], of middle
attempt, a beginning. rudis, -e, [?], adj., rough, rude. rudo, -Ivi, -it um, -ore, [?], 3_v. n., roa-r, bellow, creak. Rufrae, -arum, [same word as rucf. rufus], f. plur., a town of the Samnites or of Campania, variously located. ruga, -ae, [?], f., a wrinkle. ruina, -ac, [fruo- (reduced) + ina,
Italy
famous
for fertility),
Roseau.
ber,
rust rat us, -a, -um, [frostro- (reduced)-)- atus, cf. auratus], adj.,
furnished with beaks.
d + trum], n., a proboscis (of the bee). Esp., a beak (of a ship). rota, -ae, [akin to Sk. ratha, Germ. Rad~\, {., a wheel (with spokes), a chariot, a cart. Poetically: volvere rotam (run a course, of
rostrum,
-i,
a beak, a
Vr
bill,
cf.
ruo],
:
f.,
a fall, a crash, a con-
years)
roto, -avi, -atum, -are, [frota-], i.v. a. and n., whirl about, brandish.^
caeli {downfall, of pourhorrificae (crashing, ing rain) of /Etna) dare ruinam (fall with a crash); primi dant ruinam {fall on each other like an avalanche). Fig., downfall, ruin, disaster, calamity, destruction :
vulsion
Intrans., roll.
rubeo,
no
perf.,
no
sup.,
cf.
-ere,
be red,
[frubo- (-y/rub + us,
robus,
robigo, ruber)],
2. v. n.,
ruredden, blush, shine, glow. bens, -entls, p. as adj., red, ruddy, blushing, rosy.
urbis; rerum {ruined fortunes). Concretely (perh. orig. meaning), a falling mass, a fleeing mass trahere ru(like a falling body) inam {fall in confusion, fall in a mass, fall in a heap of ruins) urgente ruina {borne on by the rush of the crowd).
: ;
Vocabulary.
rumino, no
perf.,
241
no
sup., -are,
[frumin-j, i.v. n.,ruminate,chew} Pass, chew the cud of: herbas.

as dep. (the usual form), in
same
talk,
of violence), fall in torrents, flow in torrents, fall in ruins, set (of the sun, hasten to its setting) Also, run blindly, rush, rush in,
.
sense.
rumor,
-oris, [?], m.,
common
rush on, come on quickly, hurry, be borne headlong, jlee : nox Oce-
a rumor, report : rumore secundo ( with general words ofgood omen) rumpo, rupi, ruptum, rumpere, and n., lit., break, [ y/rup], 3. v. a. burst, break down, break through,
.
ano (burst forth); clamor (burst Fig., forth); voces (pour forth). end, approach the end, deteriorate : in peius omnia (grow worse
and worse).
pierce, break off, sever, tear, bruise, crush, shatter: horrea messes (Jill
; ;
rupes, -is, [ + es ( ar d is)], f., a rock (broken or precipitous, to bursting) rumpantur ilia (may in position, cf. saxuni), a cliff. split^} postes (burst open} ; ar- ruptus, -a, -urn, p.p. of rumpo. busta cicadae (split) rumpun- rursum (rursus), [re-vorsus tur pectora (burst -with rage) (-um)], adv., back, again, anew. Sometimes pleonastic with re Of the effect (with cognate ace.),
;
. .
V^P
break a path, force, rive (a cleft) Causative, throw out, let fall, loose (vocem). With reflex, or in pass., break forth, burst forth, dart Fig., break off, break, break forth. through, annul, violate, interrupt,
destroy,
;
(cf.
" back again ").
Fig., besides,
rend asunder: somnum ruscum, -1, [ ?], n., butcher's broom, fata (escape) ; moras a useless wild plant. (banish) ruptus, -a, rusticus, -a, -um, [frus (orig. (break through) stem of rus) + ticus], adj., of the -urn, p.p. rupto Acherunte Masc., country, woodland, rustic. (through a breach into Acheron) ; a rustic, a countryman. ruptis fornacibus(//fo broken vent ofits forges) ruptis caminis (bro- mi ilD, -avi, -atum, -are, [frutiken vent, of a volcano, as having 16-], I. v. a. and n., glow with red or orange, glimmer red. been burst through by the fire itself). ruo, rui, rutum, ruere, [ v'ru, of rutilus, -a, -um, [akin to ruber, unc. kin.], 3. v. a. and n. Act., perh. for frudtilus], adj., red, overthrow, throw in confusion, orange, red-gold. hurl down, destroy, break up, lay Rutulus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of the waste, prostrate ; throw up, dash Rutuli, a small people of Latium whose chief city was Ardea. They up, roll up: rapiunt ruuntque confuserve as the mythic foes of ^neas, ( plunder and lay waste) and under the lead of Turnus their sa ossa (throw pell-mell) ignis nubem omnia late cumulos king were supposed to have resisted the settlement of the Trojans in arenae (shatter, with a military Masc. plur., the people. figure). Italy. Intrans.,/rt// (with idea
.
again, once more, on the other hand, a second time then again. rus, ruris, [?], n., the country (opposed to the city), a farm, afield, land: rus op&cnm (shady ground).
S.
Sabaeus,
adj.,
-a,
-um,
[Gr. 2a#alos],
of Saba (a town in Arabia famous for its myrrh, frankincense, and the wealth and luxury of its Masc. pi., inhabitants), Sabnan.
the Sabaans, selves.
the
people
them-
Sabellicus,
cus],
adj.,
-a,
-um, [fSabelld
Sabellian, Sabine. Sabcllus, -a, -um, [prob. fSabino
242
Vocabulary.
death, &c.). -a, -um, p.p. as adj., consecrated, sacred, holy : sacrata
Also-, devote (as to
adj., Sabellian, of the Sa(an offshoot of the Sabine stock, embracing the small nations of the Marsi, Peligui, and others). More generally, Sabine.
belli
+ lus],
sacratus,
iura (sacred
oaths').
saeculum (saeclunijse-j,-!, [-y/sa

(in sero) -fculum], n., (a year's increase ?), a generation, a race Also of time, a of men, men.
Sabinus,
-a, -uin, [?], adj., Sabine,
of the Sabines, the great people occupying the high lands of Central Italy, who overran parts of Latium and Southern Italy. Masc. plur.,
the Sabines, the plur., the Sabine
sing.,
people.
Fern,
women.
Masc.
Sabinus, the mythic ances-
tor of the Sabines, deified
and rep-
generation, a lifetime, an age. Plur., ages, posterity, years, an age : per saecula {for ever'). saepe [ncc. of saepis, cf. saepes], adv., frequently, oftentimes, often. saepius, compar.. oftener, often,
resented with a pruning-hook.
now and then.
saburra, -ae, [?], i.,sand, ballast. saepes, -is, [unc. root (cf. saepio) + es (and -is, cf. sedes)], f., a sacellum, -I, [tsacro-f lum (n. of lus)], n., a shrine, a sacred grotto. fence, a hedge, an enclosure, a hurdle (for fencing), an orchard sacer, -era, -crum, [^/sac (in (cf. saeptum) sancio) +rus], adj., consecrated, sacred, holy, devoted, dedicated, saepio (sep-), saepsi, saeptum,
.
held in reverence: sacra sedes; ignis (St. Anthony's fire, a disAlso (as ease of the skin).
saepire, [fsaepi- (of saepes)],

4. v. a., enclose,
devoted to
devoted.
sacrifice),
plur.,
accursed,
sacred utensils, holy emblems, sacred images, sacrifices, ceremonies, offerings, sacred rites, mysteries, sacred hymns,
Neut.
hedge about, surround, invest, hem in. saepit se tectis {shut himself up, c.).
-a,
c.
saeptus,
Neut.,
-um, p.p., enclosed, an enclosure, an or-
chard: inter saepta
domorum
magic rites. 8acerd6s,-dotls,[tsacro-dos(^/da + tis, reduced)], comm., a priest, a priestess. Less exactly, a sacred bard.
(in the precincts, of bees). saeptus, -a, -um, p.p. of saepio.
sacta (set-),
-ae, [?], f., a stiff hair, a bristle, bristling hair, shaggy hair.
Saces, -ae, [Gr.

tulian.
2cwceu], m.,
a Ru-
s*aetiger (set-) , -era, -erum, [ fsaeta- (weakened) -ger (v/S er ' n
gero, +us)], adj., bristly. -a, -urn, [?],adj., of the saetosus (set-), -a, -um, [fsaetaa of Latium. Sacrani, people ( reduced) + osus], adj., bristly. sacrarium, -I (-ii), [fsacro- (re- saevio, -Ivi (-ii), -Itum, -Ire, n. of a + arium, n., duced) adj.], [fsaevo- (as if saevi-, cf. exanisanctuary, a shrine : Ditis (sacred mus, -is], 4. v. n., rage, rave, be Also of abode). angry, become furious. Sacrator, -oris, [?J, m., a Rutulian. animals and things. sacratus, -a, -urn, p.p. of sacro. saevus, -a, -um, [?], adj., raging, sacrilegus, -a, -um, [fsacro + furious, roused to fury, fierce, savlego, + us) ], adj., legus ( -v/leg. age, relentless^ cruel, angry. stealer ofthings sacred,sacrilegious, Transferred to things, cruel, wild,
Sacranus,
impious.
sacro, -fivi, -atum, -are, [ fsacro-]

I. v. a.,
consecrate, dedicate,
sacred:
make hunc honorem sacravit

sacred honor).
-
{bestowed this
raging, savage, deadly, bitter : mephitis ; faces ; dolores ; vada. In good sense, fierce in conflict. Sagaris,-is, [from a Phrygian river], m., a Trojan.
Vocabulary.
Sages,
(-is?), [?], m., a Rutulian.
243
below by a thunderf.,
to the world
sagitta, ae, [?], f., an arrow. sagittifer, -era, -erum, [fsagitta(weakened) -fer (^/fer + us)], adj., armed with arrows.
-I, [fsago + lum (n. of lus)], n., a cloak (worn by soldiers over their armor), a mantle, sal, sails, \_^s&\(_ftow, cf. Sk. sarit, river), cf. Gr. a\s], (m.) n., water,
Sal mo ni a, -ae, [Gr. SaX/uan/io],
bol^
a city of Elis, on the river Enipeus. salsus, -a, -urn, [p.p. of salo (fr.
sagulum,
salt water, the salt wave, the salt Also sea, the sea, the Jeep, a sea.
(a very old and the most common meaning), salt. Fig. wit. Salamis, -minis, [Gr. 2a\a/im], f-> the island in the Saronic Gulf, where the victory of the Athenians over the Persians took place, formerly the home of Telamon.
sal)], adj., salted, salt, briny (of the sea) robigo (caused by salt water or with a briny taste?) ; sudor. Esp. with fruges, mola, of the salt and meal offered as a sacrifice, apparently as the first necessaries of life. saltern [ace. of lost word saltis, of unc. kin.], adv., at least (if nothing more or better), at any rate.
:
salto, -avi, -atuin, -are, [fsalto(p.p. of salio)], i. v. a., dance,

leap.
1.
.
Salentinus, (Sail-),
[ y/sal + tus], m., a a bound, a spring. 2. saltus, -us, [?, poss. adj., of the Salentini (a people -^sal in a more primitive meaning, or perh. dwelling in Calabria), Salentine. from breaking out of the woods salictum, -i, [fsalic + turn (n. of into the opening], m., an opening -tus, cf. honestus)], n., a willow thicket, a willow hedge, willows. (in the woods) a pasture, a mounsalignus, -a, -urn, [fsalic -f nus], tain-pass, a glade, open woods, a adj., of willow, willow: falx. grove, woodland. Siil if, or n in, [^sal (in salio) + salubris, -e, [fsalu- (akin to salvus, cf. salus) + bris (cf. luguius], m. plur., the Salii, twelve dancing priests of Mars, who went bris)], adj., healthful, wholesome, through the city annually in a solsalutary, healing. emn dance bearing the ancilia or Sal inn, -i, [fsal + um (n. of us)], sacred shields. The rite is dated n., the sea, the deep. back by Virgil to the time of sains, -Otis, [fsalu- (akin to salEvander. vus) + tis (reduced, cf. semen-
salt us, -us,
-a,
-um,
[?],
leap,
salio, -ui (-ivi), -turn, -ire, [v/sal, cf. aAAo/u], 4. v. n., leap, dance, Fig., of things, spring: spring. saliens vena (throbbing) ; sali-
tis)], f., health, welfare, safety, well being, salvation, preservation.
Also,
hope
of
safety,
remedy,
means of safety,
relief.
ens
rivus
(dancing);
grando
(dance, rebound). saliunca, -ae, [?], f., saliunca, an odoriferous plant (perh. valerian}. Salius, -i, [?], m., the name of a Trojan, perh. of more than one. sallx, -Icls, [?], f., a willow, wil-
low (willow branches).
Salinoneus, -eos, [Gr. 2a\M"'
m,
ruled in Elis, and in his pride imitated the thunder and lightning of Jupiter, for which impiety he was hurled
a son of ôlus.
He
'j],
sal n to, -avi, -at HIM, -are, [fsalut(of salus)], i. v. a., (wish health to anyone), greet, salute, hail, welcome. salutans, -ant is, p. as subst, a visitor (calling in the morning to salute a great man, as was the Roman custom). salve t see salveo. sal \ Co, no perf, no sup., salve re,
salve [faalvo-], 2. v. n., be well. (-ete), imperat., as an address, hail, welcome.

salvus, a, -um,
[
N sal (cf. salus,
244
sollus)
Vocabulary.
male tional, sound (in mind) sana (distracted). an island Same, -es, [Gr. SO/XT;] f., sapor, -oris, [^/sap (in sapio) -f(later Cephalonia) in the Ionian or], m., taste, Jlavor : tunsus galSea. lae ((/ flavoring of the pounded
b\os) for o'AFos],
,
:
+ vus(cf.
adj., safe,
unharmed.
Samoa
1.
(-us), -I, [Gr. 2a/xos], f large island off the coast of

.
Less exactly, odor gall-nut). iussi sapores {fragrant herbs')

.
the Ionian part of Asia Minor, famous for its temple of Juno ;
sareio, sarsi, sartum,

[?], 4. v.
a.,
sarcire,
Threicia, another Samothracia.

2.
name
for
Sardous,
adj.,
patch, mend, repair. -a, -um, [Gr. 2apS&>os],

(faits
Sardinian, of Sardinia
for
bitter herbs).
Samothracia,
Kia],
f.,
-ae, [Gr. ~2.afj.oQpa.an island off the coast of
mous
(in
n.,
sarmentum, -I,
Sarnus,
[apparently -^/sarp
Thrace, famous for its mystic worship of the mysterious Cabiri. Several traditions connected its settlement with Phrygia. It was
also called
savpo, prune) + mentum], primings, twigs, brtishwood.
Samos Threicia.
sancio, sanxi, sanctum, sancire, [-y/sac, in sacer, perh. through- Sarpedon, -onis, [Gr. 2a/>7nj5aj'], m., a king of Lycia killed before adj.-stem, cf. Sancus], 4. v. a.,
-i, [?], m., a river of Campania on which Pompeii formerly stood, but by the great eruption its course was changed.
make
ify.
sacred,
make inviolable,
rat-
Troy.
p.p. as adj., sacred, holy, inviolable, saint-
sanctus, -a, -um,
Sarranus, -a,-um, [fSarra+nus], adj., of Sarra (the ancient name

of Tyre), Tyrian. Sarrastes, -um, [?], m. plur., a people of Campania, about Sorrento.
ed, reverend, venerable, venerated: fides (unsullied, inviolate) Also, pure, saintly, chaste.
.
-a, -um, p.p. of sancio. sandyx, -ycis, [Gr. travSvi;'], f., scar-
sanctus,
let
sane
(a dye of that color) [abl. of sanus], adv.,

.
sat, see satis. sata, see sero.
very
con-
Saticulus,
mttch
to be
(cf.
"soundly").
.
As
firmatory particle, truly, sure (concessive)

-a,
no doubt,
sanguineus,
eus],
adj.,
-um, [tsanguin +
blood, bloody, bloodstained, bloodshot, blood-red ; Ma-
of
[?], adj., of of Samnium. Masc., a Saticulan : asper {the fierce Saticulan, collectively). satio, -onis, [ y'sa (of sero) + tio, cf. ratio], f., a sowing, planting, May be rendered in layering.
-a,
-um,
Saticula, a
city
vors
(bloodthirsty, prop, only cov-
ered with blood).
sanguis (sanguen), -inis, [?, two stems, -in and -i], m., blood (properly in the body, cf. cruor)
.
Eng., seed-time, planting-time. satio, -avi, -atum, -are, [stem of satis or stem akin, cf. satietas], i v. a., satisfy, satiate : cineres
.
Also, blood (shed),^yr^, bloodshed. Also (as in Eng.), race, blood,

descent, slock, family, progeny.
{appease, avenge). satis (abbreviated sat), [?, cf. satias, satietas, perh. contracted for satius], adv. Apparently adj.
meorum
Also of blood as a sign of

force.
vital
sanies, -el, [?], f., matter, foul gore, froth (of a serpent)
.
enough, stifficient. enough. With not very, not very much. negatives, satius, compar., better, prefer(cf.
bene esse),
A.&V., sufficiently,
sanus,
-a,
akin to adj., sound, healthy.
able. -um, [unc. root (prob. aiai) -f nus (cf. plenus)], satius,
see satis.
[
Also, ra-
sator, -oris,
^/sa (in sero)
+ tor],
Vocabulary.
Also (cf. satus), a m., planter. progenitor, a father. satur, -ura, -urtini, [akin to satis, pern, fsati-f rus], adj .,///, wellLess exactly, well- stocked, fed. rich, fertile, deep-dyed {rich, of
color).
:
245
:
stone (fragments) rocks)

.
umbra
(of the
saxosus,
-a, -um, [fsaxo- (reduced) + osus], adj., stony, rocky. Neut. as adv. saxosum sonans
:
Satura, -ae, [ ?], f., a lake or swamp Saturae palus. in Latium saturatus, -a, -um, p.p of saturo. (unbroken). Saturnia, -ae, [cf. Saturnius], scaber, -bra, -bruin, [^/scab (in name of the settlean ancient scabo) + rus (reduced)J, adj., f., ment on the Capitoline Hill, the Transferred, roughening, rough. corroding: robigo. supposed nucleus of ancient Rome. Saturnius, -a, -uni, [tSaturno- scabies, -ei, [ v'scab (in scabo) + ies, cf. inluvies], f., (a scratch(reduced) + ius], adj., of Saturn, son of Saturn, daughter of Saturn, ing), a roughness (of decay), rust, used of Jupiter, of Xeptune, and corrosion, the itch, the scab (in of Juno arva, i.e. Italy. sheep), the scurf. Saturnus, -I, [stem fr. y'sa (in Scaea, -ae, (Scaeae, -arum), [Gr. sero) + turnus, cf. taciturnus], SKatcu], adj. fern, (with porta), m., an ancient divinity of Italy, no Sctzan, the western (left) gate of doubt presiding over agriculture. Troy, the principal and most faHis supremacy was supposed to mous entrance. mark the golden age of primitive scaena (see-), -ae, [Gr. O-JCTJJ^J], f., a scene (the arched back of the virtue and simplicity. In later times he was identified with the Greek stage, in front of which the action took place), a canopy (of woods Kpovos, and to him were attached like the scene), the side scenes, the the myths of that ancient divinity. Hence, he was son of Uranus, and stage. father of Jupiter, Juno, Neptune, scalae, -arum, [ x /scad (in scanand other gods. do) + la], f. plur., a scaling-lad:
(roaring among the rocks'). saxum, -i, [?], n., a rock (detached, cf. rupes), a stone. Less exactly, a broken rock (on a shore), a rock
der or ladders, a ladder (of a saturo, -avi, -alum, -are, [fsaturo- (of satur)], I. v. a.., Jill, satiship). ate, satisfy, feed full, saturate, fill scando, perf. and sup. not found,
full.
scandere,
permanent],
[-^/scad, but
3. v. a.
with
satus, -a, -urn, p.p. of sero.
and
n.,
climb,
Satyrus,
scatebra, -ae, [fscate- (of scateo) f bra, f. of -ber, cf. Mulciber], some and mischievous disposition, f., a bubbling stream, a spring. represented with goats' legs and sceleratus, -a, -um, p.p. of sce-
-I, [Gr. 2oTi>pos], m., a Satyr, one of a subordinate class of deities of the woods, of a frolic-
scale, ascend,
mount.
They often appear as lero., companions of Bacchus, whose at- scelero, no perf., -atum, -fire, tendant Silenus seems to have been [fsceler- (of scelus)], i. v. a., one of them. They are hardly dissceleratus, -a, pollute, defile. -um, p.p. as adj., wicked, guilty, tinguishable from the Latin Fauns. saucius,-a, -um, [ ?], adj.,u'0MdW, impious, infamous, accursed : frismitten, mangled (of a snake). gus (cf. Eng. colloquial language). Transferred, of the accursed, of Fig., stricken. sax ens, -a, -um, [fsaxo- (reduced) guilt: poenae (inflicted on the -f eua], adj., of rocks, rocky, of guilty).
with horns.
246
Vocabulary.
scio)], I. v. dep., enquire, learn, search into : oracula (consult)
.
scelus, -erls, [unc. root + us, but cf. a-Kf\os, with pravus, and rectus], n. Abstract, villany, -wickedness, guilt,
scopulus,
Con-wrong-doing. a crime, an evil deed, a deed ly), a reef. (impliedly evil from the context) pro scelus ( O cursed crime) ; Scorpius, -i, [Gr. aKopirios], m., scelus infectum {taint ofguilt); Scorpio, the constellation. quod scelus tantum merens (for scrobis (scrobs), scrobis, [y'scrib what crime so great deservingpun(orig. dig) as stem], m. and f., a ishment ) Also, a villain, a crimditch, a trench, a pit, a drill (a inal : artificis scelus (crafty vilstraight furrow fur planting). scrupeus, -a, -um, [fscrupo- (relain) sec ])1 ruin, -I, [Gr. aKîrrpov'] , n., duced) + eus], adj., of sharp stones, a sceptre. stony, flinty : spelunca (of jagged Fig., rule, power, dominion, a kingdom, a realm, the rocks). throne. scutatus, -a, -um, [fscuto- (rescilicet [sci (imper. of scio) -licet, duced) + atus, cf. armatns], adj., armed with shields : scutati omcf. Ilicet], adv., certainly, no nes doubt, of course, naturally, truly. (all with shields). Ironically, forsooth, truly, doubt- scutum, -I, [Gr. OTKUTOS], n., a
cretely,
:
. .
[Gr. <r/c<hrAor], m., a crag (projecting, cf. rupes and saxum), a cliff, a rock (general-i,
shield (of the Roman pattern, obAs connective, yes for, for long and bent around the body, of course, but I may say, for -we see. scilla, -ae, [Gr. <rjci'A.A.a], f., a squill originally made of wood covered with leather, cf. clipeus). (a kind of bulbous plant). scindo, scidi, scissum, scinderc, Scylaceum, -I, [Gr. 2/cuA.a/c<jor], n., a town of Southern Italy on the [y/scid, cf. trxt'CwJf 3. v. a., cut coast of Bruttium, near a promon(with a sharp tool, cf. rumpo), tear, split, cleave, rive, rend : valtory supposed to be dangerous for lum ferro ; crines (tear) scissn ships. veste. i. A Fig., divide : with reflex- Scylla, -ae, [Gr. 2i5AAo], f. sea-monster supposed to inhabit ive (or in pass.), divide, separate :
less.
; :
sese
unda
(separate)
;
se genus
(branch off)
factions).
vulgus
:
(is rent, into
some rocks in the Strait of Messina, on the coast of Bruttium. Her

parentage is variously represented in the myths. The rocks at present seem to be perfectly harmless; 2. Another personage, daughter of Nisus, who betrayed her father to
Esp., plough, break up.

.
Of the effect viam (cleave)

scintilla, -ae,
scintilla,
.
[ ?], f., a spark : ab ore absistunt (Jire flashes')
-are, [fscintilla-], i.v. n., throw sparks: oleum (snap, sputter, in a lamp) scio, scivl, scitum, scire, [prob.
sup.,
.
-avi,
no
akin to
/ceioi],
4. v. a.,
know, know
Minos by plucking out fromhishead a red hair, and was changed to a bird (cf. Nisus) . She is sometimes confounded with the one first mentioned ; 3. Plur., Scyllas, including several monsters of the kind first
learn : scit triste sidus (can bear witness). Scipiades, -ae, [Gr. form of patronymic, fr. Scipio], m., son of the
to,
how
Scipios.
famous
Plur., the Scipios, the family of leaders and states-
mentioned. Scylla, -ae, [see name of a ship.
i.
Scylla],
f.,
the
Rome. scissus, -a, -um,

at
men
p.p. of
scindo.
(of
scitor,
-atus, -ari,
[fscitd-
Scyllaeus,-a,-um, [Gr.2tuAAa?os], adj., of Scylla. scyphus, -i, [Gr. cr/cuôy], m., a cup, a goblet.
Vocabulary,
Scyrius,
adj.,
247
perf., I. v.
-a,
-um,
[Gr.
secundo, no
per.
no
a..,
sup., -are,
of Scyros (the island off the coast of Euboea where Achilles was concealed, disguised as a girl),
Scyrian.Scythia, -ae, [Gr. Sitvfli'a], f. (of adj.), the country north of the Black Sea. se- (sed-), [cf. sed], prep, only in
[fsecundo-],
favor, pros-
secundum
adv.
[n. ace. of secundus], and prep., (following), along, near by. secundus, -a, -um, [p. ger. of sequor, cf. rotundus], adj., (fol-
comp., apart, without, away.

se, see sui.
Sebethis,
-idis, [?],
f.,
nymph
(of
the river Sebethos, in Campania). secerno, -crevi, -cretum, -cernere, [se-cerno], 3. v. a., separate, set apart. secretus, -a, -uin,
p.p. as adj., separate, apart, retired, remote, obscure, concealed,
lowing), second (in time, order, or degree), inferior: secundae mensae (second course, dessert) mensis et Dis accepta secundis (the second course, and the gods invoked to share it). Of water, &c. (cf.
;
fair
hidden, reticent, silent, in silence, alone. Neut. pi., private abode. secessus, -as, [se-cessus, cf. seceConcretedo], m., a retirement.
adversus), favoring, favorable, : secundo amni, flumine (down the stream) secundi spirate (blow favoring breezes) venti secundi (favoring winds).
;
Transferred, prosperous, favorable, propitious, auspicious : ventis et
a recess. secius, see secus.

ly,
retreat,
secludo, -clusi, -clusum, -clndere, [se-claudo], 3. v. a., shut

off,
Dis secundis (fair winds and favoring gods); curru secundo secundo Marte (in (flying) successful combat, of Mars) ; secundo plausu rumore (auspicious,
;
shut up.
ish.
Fig., put aside, banseclusus, -a, -um, p.p. as
cheering, as of good omen) ; vires secundae (victorious strength) ;
adj., secluded, retired.
adi pede secundo (approach

favor)
; ;
to
saeculum. seclusus, -a, -um, p.p. of secludo. seco, secui, sectum, seeare, [?],
seclum,
see
I.v. a., cut (apparently across, cf. scindo, split), carve, wound, he~iv, sever, cut out, cut off; also, split.
secundus aruspex (aussecundo clamore (joypicious) ous, auspicious); sinus implere secundos (fill the bellying sail with favor ing winds) Often with
.
res, prosperity, success.
Less exactly, skim over.
mere passing through),
Fig. (of cleave, cut,
securis, -is, [as seco, + u) -f
if
fsecu-
y'sec, in
ris, cf.
molaris],
plough(\.\izs>3L),divide,cut through. With ace. of effect, cut: viam
f., an axe, a battle-axe, serums, -a, -um, [se-cura- (weak-
(take one's way) secto limite (the cross path); sub nubibus arcum
;
ened and
from
decl. as adj.)], ad\.,/rfe care, regardless, fearless, se.
In a (as cutting the heavens). peculiar sense (poss. a diff. word) secat spem (indulges, takes as his
:
cure : pelagi (secure of) Transferred: latices (that free from care) ; otia (untroubled) ; quies
(secure)
.
_share?,
cf.
noun sector).
I. v.
secretus,
sector,
-a, -um, p.p. of secerno. -at us, -ari, [fsecto- (old
secus [v/sec
p.p. of sequor)], sue, hunt, chase.
dep.,/r-
sect us, -a, -um, p.p. of seco. seculum, see saeculum. secum, see sui and cum.
unc. (in sequor) term. (poss. compar., likemagis)], adv. (following ?, worse ?), otherwise. With negatives, not otherwise, not less, no more, just so,
even so;
just
like,
with atque (quam), even as. Compar., se-
248
tlus (sgcius, sectius),
negatives, no
less,
ill.
Vocabulary.
With
less,
grain
field,
field,
land (as cov-
none the
nevertheless, even thus, even then,
even
so.
-a, -um, p.p. of sequor. sed [abl. of stem akin to sine, cf. pone], conj., but, yet. sedatus, -a, -um, p.p. of sedo. segnis, idle, sedeo, sedi, sessum, sedere,
secntus,
ered with growth), the seed (about to be planted), a growth (of trees), a nursery. Fig. of other things, a crop, a growth, a thicket, afield : virum (a crop of heroes) ; seges horret ferrea.
-e, [?], adj., slow, sluggish,
listless,
Y/sed, cf. adj.-stem],

[ to
fofj.at,
prob. through
sit,
slothful,
inactive, laggard, cowardly, unproductive :
2. v. n.,
sit
down.
Less exactly, lie (of ships), come anchor, light (of birds), en-
carduus (sterile, unprofitable). Compar. segnior, -us, slower, &c.,

less active, foss prolific : segnior (not less vigorous,
baud
illo
(of armies), remain (of a weapon). Esp., sit by (inactive),
camp
&c.).
segniter [tsegni-j-ter,
adv.,
cf.
acriter],
sit idle, linger.
Fig.,
be settled,
be fixed, be determined, please (be one's pleasure) : certa sedet sen-
inactively: non (not less vigorovsly) .-
segnius
cf.
segnities, -el, [fsegni
+ ties,
surely fixed). sedes, -Is, [ ^/sed (strengthened) + es and -is) J, f., a seal, a throne, a Less exactly (either resting-place. sing, or plur.), a house, a habita(is
tentia
amicitia], f., sloth, tardiness. Selinus, -untis, [Gr. SeAii/oSs], f., a town on the southern coast of Sicily, famous for its palms.
sella, -ae, [prob. v/sed+ la], f., a a dwelling-place, a dwelling, seat, a chair (of state), a throne. a home, an estate, a foundation, a Esp., the sella curulis of the a a a a Romans, made of ivory, with region, place, position, spot, a a last crossed legs, and used by magistemple, city. Esp. of burial, trates. resting-place, a tomb : imae sedes sacra lowest sedes (the semel [n. of similis (or word akin) depths); (of the steps of an altar) sedes reduced], adv., once, once for all. Pelori (region) penetralis sedes semen, -inis, [ ^/sa (of sero) + inner sedes Less exactly, (the court) Tarpeia men], n., a seed. locus a scion, a shoot, a cutting. sedesque (place of (rock) Fig.
tion,
; ;
abode).
sedile, -is, [fsedi(n. of lis)], n., a
(cf.
seat,
sedes) + le a bench, a
(plur.), elements, vital principles, seeds of life, germs (of life, of fire).
thwart (for rowers).

seditio, -onis, [sed-itio (cf. eo)], f., a civil dissension, a mutiny, an outbreak (of the people), a riot,
Also, a race, a stock, progeny,
an uprising
(of the people), fac-
tion, sedition.
young. sr mentis, -is, [fsemen + tis], f., a sowing: sementem extende (prolong the seed-time). semesus (semiesus), -a, -um, [semi-esus], adj., half eaten.
sedo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fseda- semianimis, -e, [semi-animus ( y'sed+a, cf. domiseda)], i.v.a., (weakened anddecl. as adj.)], adj., settle down. calm, alive, Fig., tfuiet, half half lifeless, expiring,
allay.
dying.
seduce*, -duxi, [se-duco], 3.
-dactum, -dacere, semifer,-era,-erum,[semi-ferus], Also, v. a., draw apart, adj., half brute, monstrous.
half savage.
separate, part asunder. seges, -etis, [?, perh. akin to sagmen], f., growing grain, a crop
semihomo,
adj.,
-inis,
[semi-homo],
half man.
Also, half savage.
(standing),
grain
(planted),
seminex,
-necis, [semi-nex (decL
Vocabulary.
as adj.)], adj., half dead, half lifeless, dying, wounded to death. -i -n lino, -avi, -atum, -are, [fse-
249
\
min-],
i. v. a.,
sow, plant.
Less
exactly, produce. semiputatus, -a, -urn,
[semi-pu-
tatus], adj., halfpruned. seinita, -ae, [se-mita(akin to meo, cf. comes)], f., a by-path, a path,
luay.
-a,
sus inflexit (moved the feelings) sopitos sensus (the slumbering senses, of the effect of sleep) ; imis sensibus (in the depths of the sou!) sententia, -ae, [fsentent- (p. of simpler form akin to sentio) -f ia], f., a way of thinking, a judgment, a purpose, a resolution, a sentiment, a determination, an opinion, a view of things, counsel (a plan
.
semiustus (semust-),
-um,
of action),
[semi-ustus], adj., half burned, half consumed, charred. semivir, -viri, [semi-vir], adj., half man, effeminate, unmanly. semper [stem akin to si in is per,
i 1
an idea (of a situation). Esp., an opinion expressed (in a deliberative body).
sentio, seiisi,
[?],
4.
v.
a.,
sensum, sentire,
perceive
(by the
nuper], adv., always, forever, ever^ constantly. senatus, -us, [as if fsena- (of verb
from fsen in senex, cf. senator, senaculum) + tus, cf. exsulo, exsulatus],m.,(0A/0-,f ?,
seno,
cf.
cf.
senses), hear, feel, see, notice, obAlso by the mind, perserve. ceive, be conscious of, become aware,
know, feel, learn, learn to know, Esp., feel, find out, understand. experience, come to feel, endure.
Also, think, suppose, judge.
scntis, -is, [?], m., a thorn-bush, a iuventus), the elders. Esp., briar, a bramble. the senate, or body of nobles who to sentis], composed the grand council of a na- sentus, -a, -um, [akin
tion, particularly the
Roman senate.
f.,
senecta, -ae, [fsenec- (of senex)
+ ta, cf. matuta],

age, old age.
age, old age.
adj., rough, overgrown. sepelio, sepelivi (-ii), sepultum, sepelire, [?], 4. v. a., bury, inter.
senectus, -tutis, [fsenec- (of senex) + tus, cf. iuventus], f.,

Personified, Age.
senex, senis, [two stems, ^/sen (as sepulto (laid atlfep*). stem) and fseni+ cus (reduced), akin to eVoy and senes-chal}, adj., sepes, sepid; see saepes, saepio.
;
sepultus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., also of wine and sleep, buried; overcome, buried : parce sepulto (spare one in his grave) ; custode
old, aged,
venerable.
subst.,
an old man (over

Saturnus.
Usually as
forty-five
:
septem
[petrified case-form, akin to
7TTa], indecl.
num.
adj., seven.
also of gods yeari) t anagedrirt; conceived or represented as old
septemgeminus, -a, -um,[septem-
Proteus
geminus], adj., sevenfold, sevenmouthed : Nilus. -oris, cornpar., older. Also, old, 8eptemplex,-plicis,[septem-plex, cf. duplex], adj.. seven-fold (of aged, venerable, an elder, an old
;
senior,
man.
seni, -ae, -a, [sex + nus], adj. plur., six each, six at a time : bis seni
(twice six, twelve)
H(*iisus, -us,
.
[y'sent (of sentio)
tus], m., taste, feeling, perception. Concretely, a feeling, the intellect, the mind, intelligence, the passions, the senses, the. sense : sanos septimus, -a,-um, [stem of septem
seven thicknesses). septeni, -ae, -a, [stem of septem + nus], num. adj. plur., seven each, seven at a time. Also, seven. septentrio, -on is, (also separate), [septem-triones], m., Charles' Wain, the Great and Little Bear. Cf. Triones.
-f-
sensus avertere
the sober sense,
(to
charm away
mus,
cf.
drive
mad )
primus], num.
adj.,
sen-
seventh.
250
septus, -a,
sepelio)
Vocabulary.
-um
sepulcrum, -I, [sepel
see saepio. (as if root of

n.,
in)
extrema ferro
.
meliora (a higher destiny) ; (seek a desperate
crum],
a tomb, a
Less exactly, burial. sepultus, -a, -uin, p.p. of sepelio. sequiix, -acis, [as if sequa- (cf. sequor) + cus (reduced), cf. caburial-place.
Also, overtake : meliremedy) ora miseros. sequens, -entis,

p. as subst. (esp. plur.), a pursuer, those behind, the next, one in search,
a follower. pax], adj., following, pursiting : sereno, -avi, -atuni, -are, caprae (greedy, pursuing the vine reno], I. v. a., clear, calm.
:
[fse-
as enemies); fir.ni {penetrating, pursuing the bees); Latium (in pursuit) ; undae (as if chasing a ship to sink it). sequester, -tra, -trum, [fsequit-
Poetically spem fronte serenat (smooths -her brow with hope). sen- M us, -a, -um, [?], adj., clear, fair, cloudless, calm, placid : nubes (light, dry); vultus. Neut.,
(formed
-f
like
comes,
cf.
sequor)
adj., de-
ter
(cf.
magister)],
positary, intermediate. a mediator, mediatress :
As
subst.,
pace
se-
fair weather. Seres, -um, [Gr. Sfjper], m., plur., the people of Eastern Asia (including prob. the Chinese), where
the cotton-tree grows. -i, [?], m., a follower of tineas. Sergestus, -I, [?], m., a follower of
questra (reconciled by the truce}. sequor, secutus, sequi, [-v/se(l

akin to tVo/iai], 3- v. dep., follow and fig.), pursue, chase : sequendi (traces to follow) ; quern
(lit.
Serestus,
armenta; signa sequantur

the
casus ; iussa (obey) ; haec exempla ; secutae Less exactly, aera (of bees). follow (in order), come next, ensue,
ranks)
;
qui
me
{keep
Sergius, -a,-um, [?],

gentile
adj.,
Roman
name
domus
(in
(the
i.
Sergian
house) . series, -el,

ies, cf.
[vêr
sero)
action), "follow (in a course the like : frumenta (follow) ;
of
do
de
cortice sanguis ; laetum paeana Also, follow (take up, continue). with, follow (in company), accompany, side with : factum fortuna {prosper); me fania (attend);
inluvies], f., a row, a line, a succession, a chain, a train. serins, -a, -um, [?], adj., serious. Neut. plur. as subst., serious
business.
sermo, -on is, [-y/ser (in i. sero) -f mo, but prob. through intermediate
stem,
cf.
homo],
m., dis-
manum
sagitta (yield to, come away with); sequetur facilis (come away,ot plucking a branch) non sequitur vox (does not come,
;
course, talk, speech,
common
1.
talk,
words (spoken), rumor, murmurs.
Also, language, tongue. sero, perf. not found, sertnm, se-
follow the effort) ; quam fama secuta est (of whom the story goes). A\so,follmv afler, aim at, seek : Italiam ; pennis astra ;
rere,
[ Y/ser, akin 3. v. a., join, plaitj
to
weave.
ipw, fipu'], Fig. :
2.
multa serebant {talked muck). sero, sevi, satum, serere, [ ^sa

(Eng. sow), reduplicated (with r
for s)], 3. v. a., sow, plant. Fig., scatter, spread. Poetically, be a
sidera voce (soar to heaven with a song) Also of the route passed
.
over, follow out, follow, pursue, trace, pass through, go over, under-
go : saltus; quid sequens (following what course) maiora (deal

;
Also, beget (in p.p.). farmer. serens, -entls, p. as subst., a sower. satus, -a, -um, p.p. as
with)
fastigia ; sudor membra (creep over) ; fata (accomplish) ; arma (take up); bella (engage
;
sown, planted, growing; sprung from, born, descended Masc. and fern., son of, from.
adj.,
also,
Vocabulary.
descendant
of,
251
daughter
of.
Neut.
crops,
plur., sown fields, tilled fields.
growing
serpens, -entis, [p. of serpo], m., a serpent, a snake. serpo, serpsi, serptum, serpere, [^serp, akin to (pwtal, 3. v. n.,
crawl, creep. Fig., glide, twine, creep on, spread. serpyllum, -I, [Gr. '<epirv\\ov~\, n., wild thyme. serra, -ae, [poss. ^/sec^- ra], f., a
:
sescenti (sex-), -ae, -a, [sex-centum], adj., six hundred. sese, see sui. seta, setiger, setosus see saeta, etc., the approved spelling. seu, see sive. severus, -a, -um, [?, poss. akin to
;
tr40ofuu, revere], adj., strict, stern, severe, austere. Poetically, cruel,
awful: amnis Cocyti, Eumeni-
dum.
Severus, -i, [see severus], m., a mountain in the Sabine territory, saw. on the borders of Picenum. Serranus, -i, [akin to sarrio], m. sex [?, akin to f{], indecl. num. I. C. Atilius Regulus Serranus, a famous Roman whose election to adj., six. the consulship was announced to sexcentl, see sescenti. him while ploughing; 2.AKutulian. si [prob. loc. of pron.-^/ra (or -y/sa), in that case (cf. sic)], conj., if, in sertum, -i, [n. p.p. of I. sero], n., a garland, a wreath. Also, where case, in conditions. the condition is a mere form, //"(it serum, -i, [ ?, akin to bp6s], n., whey. is true that), since, as, when, whenscrus, -a, -inn, [?], adj., late, too ever. si quidem, if late, tardy, latest : vires (too far Esp. In really, since, seeing that. gone) mea sera voluptas (of my wishes si, O si, if only, oh if, oh age); nepotes (far distant). With indef. Neut. as adv., late. that, would that. serva, -ae, [f. of servus], f., a pron. and adverbs si quis, etc.,
'
maid-servant.
servatus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
servo.
if any one, &c., whoever, whenever, &c. In a proviso, if, in case, provided.
servio, -Ivi (-li), -itum, -Ire, [fservo-], 4. v. n., be a slave, serve. Less exactly, obey, be subject
to.
Esp.
si
modo, if
:
only,
provided
as
if,
that.
in comparisons,
Also quam si, than if, than when,
servitium, -1 (-11), [fservo+tium, cf. amicitla], n., slavery, servitude.
Less exactly, subjection (of

animals).
In apparent inwhether. if, Concessive, even if, though. In asseverations, if, as sure as.
direct questions, in case,
as when.
men and
sibilo, -avi,
-atum,
-are, [fsibi-
servo, -avi, -atum, -are, [f servo-], i. v. a., watch over, guard, keep (from harm), look outfor, take care
protect, save (by protection), Hence, represerve, keep alive.
of,
16-], I. v. n., hiss. sibllus, -a, -um, [?], adj., hissing,
Less exactly, whispering, rusMasc., a rustle, a murmur. Sibylla, -ae, [Gr. 2t'0vAAa], f., a
tling.
maintain, hold, keep, save, stay by, continue in, stand by, reserve, observe (a rite or occasion) : fidem (keep one's word or faith, the regular expression) Also,
tain,
.
Sibyl,
a female
seer.
A large num-
ber of such personages are mentioned, of which one of the most

is the Cumaean, who was by ^neas, and by whom lie was conducted to the world below. The idea of such persons seems to have been of foreign origin (prob-
famous
visited
observe, watch, watch for, note, search, trace, gaze on, reach (of the eyesight). servans, -antis (superl. servantissimus), p. as adj., observant.
ably Hebrew), though their functions were closely connected with
252
Vocabulary.
augural, or astrological word], a constellation, a quarter of Less exactly, a heavenly the sky. orb (including the sun and moon), a star: sidera emensae (starry
cal,
n.,
the worship of Apollo, the Greek and Latin god of divination. sic, [si-ce, cf. si and hie], adv., so, thus, in this way, in this wise, in
Of just as one is, &c. a proviso, so (and so only), thus (and not otherwise). Sicanius, -a, -um, [fSicano- (reduced) -f ins], adj., of the Sicani, Sicanian. Less exactly, Sicilian,
this guise,
Also, mostly plur., the regions) heavens, Heaven, the stars of Heaven, the skies, the sky : ad sidera Poetically, a (to the skies, aloft). season, a storm : mutato sidere
.
Fern., Sicily. of Sicily. (at the change of seasons). Sicanus, -a, -um, [fSico- (reduced, Sigeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 2iyio/], cf. Siculus) + anus], adj., adj., of Sigeum, a promontory of of the
Sicani (an ancient race of Central the Troad). Neut., Sigeum, the Italy, supposed to have colonized promontory. Masc. plur., significo, -avi, -atum, -are, [as if Sicily), Sicanian. theSicani. Less exactly , Sicilian. fsignific-, cf. artifex], i. v. a. and n., make a sign, signal, beckon. sicco, -avi, -at u m, -are, [fsicco-], l.v.a., dry, drain: CTUores(s/anc/i). signo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fsigno-] I. v. a., mark, distinguish (by siccus, -a, -um, [?], adj., dry, dried
,
up, thirsty, parched.
Neut., the
dry land.
SIcelis, -idis, [Gr. 2uccA.fr], f. adj., Sicilian, a Sicilian woman. Sichaeus, see Sychaeus.
Of the efmarking), mark out. Also, discern, fect, draw, trace. mark, notice, fix the eye on : se signari oculis (that all eyes are turned upon him). Also, honor,
sicub! [supposed to be si-fcubi (old distinguish, mark : nomen ossa. form of ubi), but cf. sic and ubi], Poetically: ora puer iuventa adv., ifanywhere, wherever, where. (show marAs ofyouth in his face). Siculus, -a, -um, [fSico- (cf. Si- signum, -i, [unc. root + num., n. of -nus, cf. magnus], n., a mark, a canus) + lus, akin to 2ceA.Js], adj., Sicilian, of Sicily. sign, an indication, a trace (as a sicut [sic-ut], adv., soas,just as, as. mark), a track, a signal, a watchword, Sicyonius, -a, -um,[Gr. 'S.iKvtavtos'], Esp., an image, a figure, a representation, a carving (poss. adj., of Sicyon (a city of Peloponthe orig. meaning, cf. seco), a nesus), Sicyonian. Also, a considereus, -a, -um, [fsider + ens], relief, embroidery, star-like : clipeus stellation, a star, a sign (of the adj., starry,
Sidicinus,
(orb-like). -a,
Zodiac, plur. the Zodiac)
Also
-um,
[?], adj., of the
Sidicini (a people of Campania). sido, sidi, no sup., sldere, [ y'sed,

reduplicated], 3. v.
n., sit
(in plur.), the standards (of an army, as a rallying-point or as a referens (of trophy of victory)
:
down.
f.,
Less exactly, alight.
Sidon, -on is, [Gr.

ancient
city
2i5c5i'],
of
which Tyre was Sidonius, -a, -um, [Gr. 2iod>vios, -ovtoi], adj., of Sidon, Sidonian. Less exactly, Tyrian, Phoenician : nrbs
(of^Tyre).
Phoenicia, colonized.
an from
Camillus) reposcere Parthos(of the standards taken by the Parthians from Crassus) ; ferre (bear,
;
serve in the ranks)

the
sequi (keep eonferre (join battle, charge) ; collatis signis (in close combat); movere (break camp, advance) vellere ( pluck up the standards, set in the ground, break
;
ranks)
sidus, -eris, [poss. sid (as root of camp, advance). sido) -f us, position ?, as a nauti- Sila, -ae, [?], f., a forest in Bruttium.
Vocabulary.
Silarus,-i, [Gr. 2fAetps], m., a river
253
cf.
+ tris,
land
equestris],
adj.,
wood-
between Lucania and Campania, around which were extensive pasIt ture-grounds. sea near Psestum.
(adj.), forest (adj.), woody,
flows
into
the
wild, of the woods : ing in the woods)
Hiera
(dwell-
Fig., rustic,
woodland.
Also,
silentium,
secrecy.
-i
(-ii),[fsilent+ium],
n., silence, ttillness, quiet.
Silvia, -ae, [f. of Silvius], f., a Latin maid whose pet stag was
Sili- n us, -I, [Gr.
SeiATji/Js], m.,
killed by lulus. an silvicola, -ae, [fsilva- (weakened)
old Satyr, the chief attendant of He is represented as a fat old man, generally intoxicated. sileo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [ ?], 2. v. n., be silent, keep silence, be mute, be Poetdumb, be still, be noiseless. siically, act., leave unsung.
Bacchus.
-cola, cf. incola], m., dwelling in the woods, woodland (adj.).
Silvius,
-I (-ii),
[fsilva- (reduced)
+ ius], m., a name of several kings

of Alba, esp. the supposed son of Êneas and founder cf the line, and Silvius sEneas, a later offshoot
of the stock. lens, -entis, p. as adj., silent, mute, in silence, voiceless, similis, -e, [fsimo- (cf. '6/j.os, simsoundless. Masc. plur., the silent plex) + lis], adj., like, resembling, shades, the voiceless ghosts. of the same kind, similar, the same. slier, -eris, [?], n., a willow (of a Simois, -entos, [Gr. Sijuoefc], m., a river of the Troad. particular kind, perh. Salix vilustill,
lina), osier.
simplex,
cf.
silesco, no perf., no sup., -escere, [fsile- (of sileo) + sco], 3. v. n. incept., be silent, be hushed.
silex, -Icis, [?], m.
and f., a flint, a pebble, flint, pebbles, a stone. Less exactly, rock (in position), a
cliff.
f.,
-icis, [fsimo- (reduced, similis) -plex, cf. duplex], adj., single, simple, pure, untainted : herba (plain}. With negatives, not uniform, manifold : simplex nee modus inserere (and the method &c. is not uniform, is
manifold}.
siliqua, -ae, [?],
a pod, a husk simul
(of grain). silva, -ae, [akin to
#A.TJ], f., a wood, woodland: iuga silvarum (wooded heights) Also, of other thick growths, a thicket, a thick growth, a growth. Poetical-
forest,
[n. of similis (cf. facultas)], adv., at the same time ; and, and at repeated, at once the same time, no sooner than. simul atque (ac), as soon as.
.
. .
Without atque,
in
same
sense.
ly,
of darts in a shield.
trees,
actly (esp. in plur.), trees, woods,
Less exa
growth of
Esp.,
cities
wood, fruit-trees, orchards, pastures (wooded).

the
woods (as opposed

-I,
to
or villages).
Silvamis,
[fsilva
nus,
cf.
Also, at once, immediately, together : anna simul iacere vina simul (all together} Rarely (with abl. without prep.), at the same time with (as} : his dictis (with these words). With a participle, while : simul hoc dicens. simulacrum, -I, [fsimula- (of si.
Portunus],
tillage,
m., an Italian
cattle.
woodrepresi
mulo) + crum],
statue,
land deity, presiding over woods,
and
He
is
sented with a garland of flowers and reeds, carrying a tree-trunk, and is often associated with Pan and the Nymphs. silvestrls, -e, [stem akin to silva
tom. n
n., an image, a a spectre, a ghost, a phana mimicry, an imitation.

is,
1 1 1 1 : i (
-a,
n in, p.p. of simulo.

i. v. a.,
sini ulo, -avl, -at n in, -are, [tsimili(cf.
simul)],
make
Also,
:
like,
counterfeit, imitate.
make
simu-
a pretence, pretend, feign
254
lans multa {making
tences)
p.p.,
.
Vocabulary.
many
-a,
pre-
non
perterrita
sinit
agmina
spare,
simulatus,
like,
-um,
made
counterfeit, pre-
{suffer to be, &c.). imitation of Greek,
Also (perh.
cf. e'oco),
tended, false : simulata (with deceitful purpose) ;
(assumed)
verba magnis Pergama.

;
(imitating, &c.)
spiration, &c.).
leave off, desist : hanc aniniam nunc sinite. situs, -a, -um, p.p., situated. simulate nu- Sinon, -onis, [?], m., the spy who
mente
forbear,
mine Bacchi {pretending an

simus,
-a,
in-
induced the Trojans to admit the
-um,
[?, cf.
<rt/t<fe],
adj.,
wooden horse within their walls. sinum, -I, [akin to sinus], n.,
boivl (for drinking).
fiat-nosed. sin [si-ne, ifnot~\, conj., but if, if however, if on the other hand. sine [?, akin to sed, cf. pone],
sinuo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fsinu-],

I. v. a.,
si
mmsiis,
adj.,
bend, fold, twist (in folds). -a, -um [fsinu + osus],
prep., without. or adv. phrase
With
:
abl. in adj.
tenuem sine viri-
bus
sine fine furens ; ; furit (ungovernably) ; more Sabinae {lawraptae sine sine
umbram
more
in folds, winding, coiled, tortuous, sinuous. sinus, -us, [?], m., a bend, a hollow
surface, a fold (of a garment), a coil (of a serpent), a curve, a bellying (swelling) sail, the hollow sinus extremi or(of a wave) bis (the farthest curve of the cir:
lestly).
singulto, no
perf.,
I
.
-atuni, -are,
hiccough, sob:
[fsingultu-],
v. n.,
singultantem sanguine truncum

(spouting jets of blood). singultus, -us, [fsingulo- (reduced) + tus, as if fr. stem of lost
verb, cf. singultim], m., gasping, panting, a gasp. (singulus, -a, -um, archaic), Plur. singuli, -ae, -a, [akin to simul], adj., one at a time, one by one, each in detail, singly (in adv. force) nee singula corpora {and not single creatures merely) ; inter singula verba (with every word) Neut. (as subst.), each thing,
:
.
of the world) vasto sinu {in mighty embrace, of a wave) ; sinum trahit fluctus {the s-Mell rolls on) ; Cocytus sinu labens
cle
its
;
{in
its
winding course)
Esp., the
bosom (where the folds of the gar-
ment
cross), the lap, the breast,
an
embrace.
Hence,
poetically, of
things half personified (cf. lap of earth "), bosom, lap : laxant arva sinus {the Earth opens her bosom, at the coming of Spring)
;
" the
Nilum pandentem sinum

gulf,
{open-
every
detail,
everything,
every
point, every object. sinister, -tra, -trum, [unc. stem +ter,cf. minister], adj., left hand,
left,
Also, a bay, a ing her arms). a cove ; a slit. siqua, siquando, siquis; see si,
quis,
etc.
Siren, -enis, [Gr.
on the
left.
From
auspices,
Seipî/], f., mostly Monsters with plur., the Sirens.
ill-boding, inauspicious, mischievous, hurtful (but also, favorable, from a different doctrine of au-
women's heads and the bodies of

birds,
who
enticed mariners to the
gury).
Fern. (sc.
manus), the left

[_^/si,
hand. sind, sivi, situm, sinere,
shore. Their abode was (according to one story), upon three isloff the bay of Naples, which ands were hence called Sirenum sco-
of unc. kin.], 3. v. a., {place, put), leave (cf. pono), (rarely exc. in sinite anna comp. and p.p.) " leave viris. "), Fig. (cf. Eng.
:
puli.
Sirius,
permit, allow,
let,
suffer,
let
be
-i (-ii)> [Gr. 2ip<os], m., Sirius, the Dog-star, which rose with the sun (at the period when the popular astronomy began),
Vocabulary.
Hence about the middle of July. the star is associated with extreme Also in appos. as adj.: heat. Sirius ardor (the heat of the Dogstar} sisto, stiti (steti), statum, sistere, [-y/sta reduplicated, cf. tVrrjAct. (causav. a. and n. IJii], 3.
.
255
sociatus, -a, -um, p.p. of socio. socio, -avi, -atuni, -are, [fsocio-],
1.
v.
a.,
ally, attach,
:
associate
urbe domo nos (adopt

Esp.
unite, join,
us &c., share with us &c.).
by the bond of marriage. socius, -a, -um, [ -y/secîn sequor) + ius], adj., accompanying, allied, associated, friendly : agmina (altive), (cause to stand}, set, place, lied, of friends} ; arma (alliance Also, stop, stay, bring, fetch. in arms} agmen (band of allies} rein in (of horses), cause to stand rates (allied, of his countrymen} still. Also, set up, reinstate, reWith reflexPenates (kindred}. Masc. and store, be the stay of. Infern, (as subst.), a companion, an ive, place one's self, stand. ally, a follower, a friend, an assotrans., stand still, stop, stay, settle, sistere constrike (of a missile) ciate, an abettor, an assistant : socii comitentur ovantes tra (make a stand against, with(friends and neighbors} O socii (comstand, resist}. a rades, companions}. sistrum, -1, [Gr. ffeiarpov], n., sislrum, a metallic musical instru- sodalis, -is, [?], comm., a comrade
; ; ;
:
ment of rods playing

which produced a
in a frame,
(intimate friend).
when shaken.
sound sol, sol is, [?, cf. jj\ios], m., the sun, conceived as driving in a charbelonged pariot from ocean to ocean, and more ticularly to the Egyptians, and was or less identified with Apollo the used in the worship of Isis and aprattling
It
parently also in war.
Sithouius, -a, -um, [Gr. "ZiOwvioi], adj., of the Sithonii (a Thracian tribe), Sithonian, Thracian. sit io, -Ivi (-ii) no sup., -Ire, [ fsiti-] 4. v. n. and a., thirst, be thirsty, be
,
Less exactly, sunshine, sun-god. the heat of the sun (as in Eng.), the light of the sun : alio sub sole (in another clime); sol cadens
region of sunset}.
(the west, the setting sun, also the Plur. (each
parched, be dry.
sitiens, -entis,
p. as adj., thirsty, parched, greedy. sltis, -is, Fig., [?], f., thirst,
day having its own sun), the sun, days of sunshine, days, sunshine :
soles condere (see the sun to rest, close the day}. solacium (solat-), -1 (-ii), [fsolac- (cf. or solato- (cf. ferpcia) initium) -f ium], n., solace, consolation. Plur. tua (the solace you afford}; nostri (my solace};
:
drought, parching heat : ignea sitis (burning fever}. situs, -a, -inn, p.p. of sino.
situs, -fls, [y'si (of sino) + tus], m., (a placing, a leaving}, neglect,
lying fallow, want of care, inactivity: victa situ senectus (rust, as of one's dotage). Also, a position. sive (seu), [si-ve], conj., or if.
luctus (of a grief}. sol amen, -inls, [fsola- (of solor)

-f men], n., solace, comfort, alleviation, relief, consolation. solatium, see solacium.
Repeated, if either
.
. .
or, -whether
or if on the . or, if. .or if, if. other hand, either ... or (where the force of si is lost in Eng.). So in other combinationswith samesense. soboles, see suboles.
. .
solatus,
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
solor.
solemnis, see sollemnis. soleo, sol it us sum, sole re,

2. v. n.,
[?], be wont, be accustomed, use.
socer, -eri,
[?, cf.
eVci/prfs],
m., a
father-in-law. law.
\\u.,parents-in-
solitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., wonted, customary, accustomed,

usual.
256
Vocabulary.
; quocunque solo extremefacta of earth) solotellus^wâ//*) urbs Etrusca solo (iu situation) nostrum solum (our land); aequo crede solo (on an equal footing) Cere-
solers, see sellers. solido, -avl, -atum, -are, [fsolido-], I. v. a., make solid, harden. solidus, -a, -um, [ fsolo- (of sol u in )
neath them)
(spot
is
dus],
adj.,
solid,
firm,
stout,
Also (without the idea of strong. Fig., unstrength), solid, entire. Neut., the impaired, vigorous.
solid
ground, firm ground, solid

:
solum (support, receptacle) solum, see solus, solus, -a, -um, gen. -lus, [perh.
ale
.
in solido (on firm Fig. ground, on a firm footing).

wood.
akin to sollus with different

adj.,
suffix],
alone, single, only, the only,
solium,
-1 (-11),
[poss. fsolo-
(re-
in solitude:
lumen quod solum

Also, lonely,
sol-
duced) + ium], n., a seat, a throne. sollemnls, -e, [ ?, fsollo-annus (re-
(hi'* only one).

I
duced and declined as
adj.)], adj.,
-
itary, deserted. sol ii us, -a, -um, p.p. of
solvo.
yearly, annual, stated, appointed. From association with sacred rites,
solvo,
solemn, sacred, festival, customary, wonted: imperilling before, time-
solvl, solutum, solvere, [prob. se- 2. luo, cf. Auo>], 3. v. a. a Of bond, unbind, untie, unloose, cast off, break down, cast loose:
honored).
Neut., a sacred rite,
nexus solvuntur
(are relaxed);
funeral
rites (plur.).
sellers, -ertis, [fsollo-ars, decl. as adj.], adj., skilful, expert, wellskilled^
So fig., iuga tauris; vittas. dismiss: corde metum loosen, (cf. corda metu); pudorem (do away with); foedus (break).
Also of the thing bound, release,
set free, let loose, loosen (from its hold), detach, let go, unloose, un-
sollicit
(sol-), -avl, -atum, -are, [fsollicito-], I. v. a., stir up, stir, agitate: telum (work back and Fig., disturb, trouble, forth).
agitate,
worry, harass, provoke,
furl, break up, open out, extend, break, destroy : equum colla (free
stimulate.
solllcltus (sol-), -a,
-um,
[fsollo-
agitated: citus], adj., mare (troubled}. Fig., agitated, troubled, anxious, in anxiety, in
violently
from the yoke) crines (unbind) agmina caudae solvuntur (are unwound, cf. manipli soluti);
; ;
suspense:
amores (unhappy).
[ ?,
sol or, -at us, -ari,
poss. fsolo- (cf.
se luctu (thro-dt off) puppis solvitur (is broken up, goes to pieces) agmina (break up, divide) oculos (close, reltuc) solutae Iliades
; ; ; ;
in solido)],
dep. (of persons), console, relieve, comfort, cheer, enOf evils, &c., alleviate, courage.
relieve, lighten
:
i.
v.
crinem (with flowing hair) caelum in Tartara (confound Heaven

;
and Hell).
enervate,
metum
Esp., paralyze, relax,

dissolve,
amor em
(calm)
thaw;
mem-
(solace, lighten the

.
pains
of) ; solando lenire (relieve by consolation) solstitium, -I, (-II), [fsol-stitium,

cf.
latera solvuntur (become flabby) viscera; solvitur in som-
bra
iustitium],
(cf.
n.,
the
summer
winter
solstice
bruma,
summer,
the the
nos (sinks). Also, pay (unbind an obligation), discharge, perform solutus, -a, -um, p.p. (a due) as adj., unbound, loose, relaxed,
.
solstice), the
summer
n.,
free,
heat.
$olum,
soil,
-I,
[cf.
solidus],
the
unreextended, opened, strained : ite solutae; manipli (open, extended) ; risus (unre;
ground,
land, the earth, the earth, land, a site : subtra(the surface flies be-
the
somno vinoque solustrained) ti (buried).

somnlfer, -era, -erum, [fsomno-
hitur solum
Vocabulary.
fer (ytfer-f us)], adj., soporific
:
257
cantus (that
lull to sleep) .
(-ii),
n.,
somnium,
duced)
-i
ium],
[tsomno- (rea dream.
master of tragic poetry. Also (almost reduced to), tragic. sopio, -ivl (-ii), -itum, -ire,[ -^/sop (cf. sopor), perh. through adj.stem], 4.
v. a., lull to sleep.
Personified, a
Romans,
-i, [
m., sleep, Also, a dream, a (lying asleep} Personivision. Also, night.

.
Dream. ^sop+nus, cf. Zirvos'], slumber : somno iacens
so-
pitus, -a, -inn, p.p. as adj., put to sleep : sopitus sorono (buried in sleep) So, fig. arae , ignes
. :
fied, Sleep.
sonipes, -edis, [fsono-pes], m.,

the
(halfextinguished) sensus (.?/#/her ing) sopitus, -a, -um, p.p. of sopio.

; .
prancing steed,
the horse with
sopor, -oris, [y'sop

or], m., sleep.
(cf.
sopio)
soporifer, -era, -erum, [fsopor(as if fsopori) -fer (y'fer-f us)], clanging, adj., sleep-inducing, drowsy. noise: pedum (tramp). soporus, -a, -um, [perh. tsopor-f sono, -ui, -itum, -are, [fsono-], us, but cf. decorus], adj., drowsy. a I. v. n., give forth sound, sound, Soracte, -is, [?], n., a high mounresound, sing noisily, ring, roar, tain in Etruria, a few miles from echo, rattle, twang (of a bow, &c.), Rome. On its top was a temple ore thunder: whiz, magno (sound of Apollo, where a festival was held sothe loudest tones) gradibus in his honor with peculiar rites. nant (plant their ringing hoofs). (Mt.^St. Oreste.) With cogn. ace., resound with,
clashing,
ringing hoof. sonit us, -us, [fsoni- (weaker stem of sono) + tus] m., a sound, a noise, a din, a rattle, a ring, a clang, a roar, a hum, a ringing,
,
soporatus, poro], adj.,

deep.
Personified, Sleep. -a, -um, [p.p. of sosoporific,
endued with
or
crackling
-ui, no sup., -ere, [perh. atavos (loudly sorbeo, akin to o<e], 2. v. a., suck in, boast) ; sonana acerba (harsh swallow up. sounding); nee mortale sonans sorbum, -i, [?], n., the sorbus, a (with no mortal voice) ; classica berry, prob. the service berry, Sornee vox hominem sonat (sound bus domestica. sonans, -ant is, p. as sordeo, no human). perf., no sup., sordere,
speak
noisily
adj.,
sounding, resounding, roarrattling,
ing,
murmuring,
twang-f
[fsordi- (of sordes)],

foul.
2. v. n., be
Fig., be worthless.
ing, noisy, screaming.
sordidus,
-a,
-um, [fsordi-f dus],

squalid : rura
akin to Eng. sister], Muses, of the Nymphs, as of
Plur., of the
sisters.
sonor, -oris, [^/son

a ring. sonorus,
us, but
(in
sonus)
or], m., a sound, a noise, a roar,

-a, -urn, [perh.
cf.
adj., foul, filthy,
(the
humble country).
[?,
fsonor
soror, -oris, {., a sister.

the Sisters ;
kin, sister
decorus],
adj.,
sound-
ing, noisy, roaring, rattling, ring-
nymphs,
_ing.
sons, sontis, [?], adj., guilty. Masc. plur., the guilty.
sors, sortis, [unc. root (cf. 2. sero, + tis)], f., a lot, an assigned porAlso, a tion, a division, a part.
lot
sonus,
-i, [ ^/son (cf. sonor) us], m., a sound, a ring, a murmur, a din, an uproar : fit sonus (there
(cast), fate,
destiny, fortune,
;
is
a crash)
an allotment: pugnae, Martis (fortune of war) ultra sortem senectae (beyond the common lot,
&c.) ; sorte (by lot, by fate, by allotment) ; sine sorte (without
Sophocleus,
*\ios],
adj.,
-si,
-uiii,
[Gr.
2o<f>o-
of Sophocles, the great
258
lots,
Vocabulary.
by which the judges were
in
sua (within
their
bounds')
Also (from the Italian divination by lots), generally plur., an oracle, oracles, responses, prophetic words. sortior, -itus, -Iri, [fsorti-], 4. v. dep., allot, choose by lot, take by lot, take (what is assigned by lot),
chosen).
divide by lot: remos (choose the oarsmen by lot} ; fata (decide] Less exactly, choose, select : sortitus fortunam oculis (choosing
.
spatiis (in circular course, enclosing circles) ; spatiis propioribus {nearer in its course}.
Fig., time,
curvatis
room.
species,
-el,
y'spec (in specio)

.
+ ies], f., an appearance, a sight : specie movetur (by appearances')

Also, a form, a shape, a phase, a kind: species animorum (the
specimen,
specio)
token,
moods, of living creatures). -inis, [fspeci- (stem of
his opportunity}. sortitus, -a, -uin, p.p. of sortior. sort it us, -us, [fsorti- (of sortior) + tus], m., an assignment, an al-
+ men], n., a mark, a an emblem, an example, an

test,
instance, a
a proof.
lotment.
sospes,
alive.
-itis, [?], adj., safe, saved,
spectaculum, -i, [fspecta- (of specto)+ culum], n., a spectacle, a sight, a display, an exhibition.
spectator, -oris, [fspecta- (of specto) -f- tor], m., a spectator. spectatus, -a, -um, p.p. of specto. specto, -avi, -utum, -are, [fspecto- (cf. specio)], i.v. a., gaze upon, gaze at, behold, see, watch, look on (absolutely) ad vitulam
:
spadix, -icis, [Gr.

brown.
o-ircSi|], adj.,
bay,
spargo, sparsi, sparsum, spargere,
[^/sparg, of
unc.
kin.],
strew, scatter, sprinkle, fling around, hurl, cast, spatter : sparsa per orbem (dispersed}. Fig., spread, diffuse, scatter, fling out. With change of point of view, bestrew, strew, sprinkle, cover
3. v. a.,
eye on} Fig., view, consider, regard. spectatus, -a,

.
(have
an
-um,
us)
-f
p.p., tried, tested,
proved.
(
specula, -ae, [fspecola, cf.

f.,
yspec +
<TKO-
far and near (here and

skins spotted with while) p.p. of
.
there}, spot: sparsis pellibus albo (their
speculum and
TreAoj],
a watch-tower, a
look-
sparsus, -a, -um, Sparta, -ae, [Gr.

Laconia.
spargo.
also ~2.Tra.prni], f., called Lacedcemon, the capital of

-a
Spar ta ii us,
nus],
adj.,
-I,
-um, [fSparta +
out, a height. speculator, -oris, [fspecula- (of speculor) + tor], m., a spy. speculatus, -a, -um, p.p. of speculor. speculor, -atus, -Sri, [fspecula-],
I. v. watch, reconnoitre, dep., search, examine, look on (absolutely), spy out, take sight at, aim
Spartan.
[?], m.,
sparus,
rustic
a bill-hook (a weapon of some kind), a
hunting-spear (?). spatior, -at us, -ari, [fspatio-], i v. dep., walk back and forth.
.
at, espy,
catch sight
of.
spatium,
Stov,
-I (-11), [?, cf.
JEol.
ffita.-
specus, -us, [?], m., f., and n., a Less cave, a cavern, a chasm. exactly, a cavity (of a wound, a
gash}.
stadium], n. (often plur.), a space, a distance, an interval, a

(of distance or extent), room, bounds (enclosing space), a course, an extent: corripiunt spatia (Jly over the course} addunt se in spatia (leave the course behind them, see addo) spatia
stretch
; ;
spelaeum,
spelunca,
-i, [Gr. airi\\a.iov~\, n., a cave, a cavern, a den.
-ae, [Gr. o-injAiryl],
f.,
chasm, a cavern, a cave, a a rock), a grotto.
cleft (in
Sperchlus (-eus),
oy], m.,
-I,
[Gr. Sirfpxfi-
a noted river of Thessaly
Vocabulary.
flowing from Mt. Pindus to the Maliac Gulf. It was celebrated in
Greejc poetry.
age.
259
Also, a celestial soul (the divine ether).
spiro, -avi, -atum, -are,
[ ?],
v. n.
sperno, sprevf, spretum, spernere, [?, -^sper], 3. v. a., remove

(prob. orig. with violence), spurn. Fig., spurn, scorn, reject, despise,
and
breathe, blow, puff, exhale. Fig., breathe from, be diffused

a.,
spreta forma (s Ugh fed) sperS, -avi, -atum, -are, [orig.

disdain
:
With cog. ace., breathe from. Also, bubble, forth, breathe, shed. effervesce, boil: freta (seethe).
spirans, -antis, p. spirans graviter thyma (of heavy odor); aera (breathing, alive) ; exta
:
stem of spes, or kindred stem], Less comI. v. a. and n., hope. monly, expect, look for, watt for,
fear. spes, spel, (old nom. plur. speres), Also, [?], f., hope, expectation. a hope (i.e. an object on which
(palpitating).
spissus, -a, -um, [?], adj., thick (opposed to rarus), close, crowded: ager (compact soil) arena (closepacked).
;
hope
is
founded)
gemque
hopes}
.
(the flock
-a,
spemque gre- splendeB, and its future
-ui,
(cf.
fsplendo-
no sup., -ere, [?, splendidus)], 2.
v. n., shine, be bright, glisten.
spiceus, duced)
-uni, [fspica- (re+ eus], adj., bearded. spiculum, -I, [fspica- (weakened) + lum (n. of -lus)], n., a dart (a light missile weapon), a javelin, an arrow, the sting (of a bee) spina, -ae, [perh. akin to spica], f., a thorn. Also, the back-bone,
.
splendesco, -dni, no sup.,-descere, [fsplende- (of splendeo) 4- sco],

3. v. n., shine.
splendidus, -a, -um, [fsplendo(cf. splendeo)+dns], adj., bright.

Fig., magnificent, stately.
the spine.
-a, -um, p.p. of spolio. spolio, -avi, -atum, -are, [fspo-
spoliatus,
lio-],
spinet urn, + etum,
-I,
[fspina- (reduced)
cf.
dumetum],
n.,
thorn brake, a thicket of thorns. spinus, -i, [cf. spina], f, a thorn bush, a sloe tree. Spio, -us, [Gr. 2iria>], f., a sea-
i. v. a., strip, despoil, spoil. Fig., deprive, bereave, rob. spolium, -i (-ii), [y'spol (?, cf. ium, perh. through in(T/cuAXw)
termediate stem,
spoil, spoils.
cf.
aK\>\ov~\,
n.,
nymph
fold.
or nereid.
f.,
spirn, -ae, [Gr. trim'pa],

spiriibilis,
4- bills], -e,
adj.,
coil,
advantages, English.
cf.
Poetically of other " conquest," as in
[fspira (of splro) respirable : spira-
bile
lumen
(light
cf.
and air).
sponda, -ae, [?], f., a bed, a couch. spondeo, spopondi, sponsum, spondere, [ -y/spond, pour (libations),
Sal,
ise,
through noun-stem,
truce~\, 2. v. a.
cf. aitov-
spiraculum, -I, [tapira-(of spiro)
and
n.,
prom-
culum,
miraculum],
n.,
agree,
breathing-place, vent-hole.
sured of.
(of airas subst.
spiramentum, -i, [fspirasplro) + mentum], n., an

hole,
groom.
promise one's self, be assponsus, -a, -um, p.p. Masc., a betrothed brideFern., a betrothed bride,
1
a fore, a chink
spiramen-
one's betrothed.
ta animae (the air-passages, the sponsa, see spondeo.

lungs).
sponte
kin.],
, ,
gpiritus, -us, [fspiri- (as if stem of splro) + tus], m., a ., the breath, o life, life, inspiblast, st, the breath of ration ion. Also, high spirit, cour-
voluntarily, by one's own wishes, by one's own will, spontaneously : sponte sua (spontaneously, of it-
[abl. of lost spons, of unc. f., of one's own accord,
26O
self,
Vocabulary.
stabulum,
bulum],
-I,
of themselves, without one's sponte mea componere agency) cur as (in my own way, by my own mill); non sponte (not of his own
;
y'sta (of sto)

.
will).
n., a stall, a stable, a fold, a hive (of bees) Less exactly, a herd, an abode (of wild beasts), a dwelling-place, a cover, a den, a
spretus, -a, -um, p.p. of sperno. shepherd's hut. spunia, -ae, [ 8? 11 (f spuo) + stagrio, -avl, -atum, -are, [fstagma], f., froth, foam: argenti stagno-], I. v. n., stagnate. (scum of silver, litharge). nans, -antis, p. as adj., stagnant, in spumeus, -a, -um, [fspuma- (repools, standing. standing duced) + eus], ad)., foamy, foam- stagnum, -I, [ ?, unc. root + num, n. of -nus, cf. magnus], n., a pool, ing, foam-wreathed, foam-covered. a pond, standing water, a cistern spumo, -avl, alum, -are, [fspuma-] I v. n., foam, froth, be cov(open,in a house), a lake, a stream ered with foam. spumans, -an(flowing slowly), deep waters, the tis, p. as adj., foaming, foamy, depths (of the sea where the water is still), the frothing, frothy: spumantes rates deep water, a sluggish stream, sluggish waters. (foam tossing) ; ensis cruore
(reeking).
spumosus,
duced)
ing.
-a,
-um, [fspuma-
(re-
+ osus], ad}., foamy, foam,
static, -onis, [as if ^/sta+tio, prob. through intermediate stem, cf. staConcretely, tim], f., a standing. a position, a situation, a station, a a stopping-place, resting-place, a harbor, a landing-place, a roadIn milistead, a home, an abode. tary sense, a post.
spuo,
[ -y/spu,
spui, sputum, spuere, akin to irrv<a] 3. v. a. and n.,
spit, spit out.
squaleo,
16-
-ui, sup., -ere, [fsqua(perh. of squill us, ^squa + cf. also squalidus)], lus?, dogfish, 2. v. n., be rough : squalentes in-
no
stat no, -ui, -iitum, -uere, [fstattl-], 3. v. a., setup, set in position, place, build, found, throw up (a
Of lands, be ill tilled, be rough, lie waste. squalens,-entis, p. as adj., rough,

fode conchas (rough).
rugged,
scaly,
mound).
ing), offer.
cf.
Esp., set up (as an offerIn battle (with loco,

stay, rally.
cedere loco),
dered
(cf.
unkempt, embroiasper), embossed.
Fig., establish, ordain, determine, resolve.
squalor, -oris, [ -y/squal (as root of status, -us, [ -^/sta (in sto) + tus]. m., (a standing), a position, a consqualeo) + or], m., (roughness), dition, a state. foulness, rustiness,filthiness.
squama,
-ae, [perh. y'squa (cf. stella, -ae, [prob. fstera- (y'ster + a) + la], f., a star, a planet, a squalus, squaleo) + ma], f., a scale, a plate (in armor) shooting-star, a meteor (prob. not
.
squameus,
(reduced)
-a, -a,
-um, [fsquamaadj., scaly.
distinguished as such).
actly,
Less ex-
+ eus],
constellation.
squamosus,
-um, [fsquama- stellans, -antis,

p.
(reduced) + osus], adj., scaly. stabilis, -e, [ -^/sta (of sto) + bills], adj., stable, firm. Fig., lasting, unchanging.
of stello
(fr.
[as if (perh. really) fstella-)], adj.,
starry.
stabulo, no
animals, have a stable, be kept. Of the Centaurs, live, dwell, have their
[fstabulo-],
perf., no i. v. n.
sup., -are,
stellatus, -a, -um, [p.p., cf. stellans], adj., studded with stars, studded (as with stars)
.
Of
stellid, -onis, [fstella- (reduced) io], m., (spotted), a newt, a lizard.
stalls.
sterilis,
-e,
[fstero-
(cf.
crreptos,
Vocabulary.
(-lus)], adj., barren, unfruitful. sternax, -acis, [stern (as if root of sterno) + ax, cf. capax], adj., throwing its rider (of a horse),
sterile,
261
hard} +lis
Bacchus); stimuli amari (cruel

sting).
stumbling, floundering.
inn, p.p. of stlpo. stipes, -itis, (also stips), [fstipiakin to stipo, stips, ( -y/stip + i, cf. <TTeio>) + tus or -tis (reduced)],
stipatus, -a,
sterno, stravl, stratum, sternere,

[y/ster,
cf.
ffTopeWu/uj] , 3. v.
Jlat,
a.,
tlie
m., (the solid trunk?), a trunk, a tree-trunk, a stub (a tree with the
spread out, lay ground, strew.

fell, strike
kill,
throw on
Esp. of violent overthrow, lay loiv, lay prostrate,
lay waste, sweep away, mow do-wn, overwhelm, overthrow ;

pass., fall, lie
down, bring down,
slay,
strewn
plains}; so, artus sternit humi moriens {falls with his limbs &c.). In pass, or with reflexive, throiv
one's self, lie down. Also, level, smoothe. Fig., crush, depress, cast
campis {we may
lie
sternamur dead on the
branches lopped). stlpo, -avl, -atum, -are, [fstip(cf. stipes, stips)], i. v. a., cram, crowd, pack : carinis argentum Also, accompany, (sloiv, load} escort, attend upon. stipatus, -a, -um, p.p., crowded, dense, escorted. thronging; stipula, -ae, [fstip- (as if stipo-) + la], f., (a little trunk}, a stalk, straw, stubble : viridis (the blade, before the ear forms). stiria, -ae, [akin to st ilia], f., an
.
down: mortalia corda.
With
icicle.
change of point of view, bestrew, carver with, strew with. stratus,

-a, -urn, p.p. as adj., outspread, scattered, slain, strewn, calm (of the sea). Neut, bedding, a bed,
a couch, a pavement: stratum ostrum ( a purple couch}.
stirps, stirpis, [ ?, apparently akin to stipes], f. and m., a stock, a stem, a trunk, a root (with the stock, cf. radix, root alone), a stump : nova stirps (a new stock, a growth for propagation, cf. beFig., a stock, a race, a low). Of individuals, lineage, a family. a scion, the progeny. ab stirpe, at the lower end, at the root, by cum stirpe race, from the root.
Steropes, -Is, [Gr. STe/xta-T/s], m., one of Vulcan's smiths. Sthenelus, -I, [Gr. 20cVe\os] m.
f
:
I.
A Grecian warrior, the charioteer
2. A Trojan warrior (stirpibus imis), proverbial, root andbranch. by Turnus. See also Sthenius. stiva, -ae, [?], f., a plough-handle. Sthenius, -i (-ii), [Gr. 20eVios], m., sto, steti, st aiiim, stare, [-y/sta, a Rutulian slain by Pallas (somecf. 7(TT7/^j], I. v.n., stand (upright). times read Sthenelus and HeleIn descriptions (often with a nus). qualifying word), stand, stand by, Stimichon (-ontls),[Gr.prop.name stand there, be. Less exactly, of (not found)], m., a shepherd. things, sland, stand erect, standout, standfirm, be built, be ; a.lso,(come stimulo, -avl, -Stum, -are, [fatiSo, fig., standfast, and} stand. mulo-], I. v. a., spur on, goad. standfirm, rest on, depend on, reFig., goad to frenzy, stimulate, exSo ramain standing, remain. cite, urge, incite. tis,and the \\ke(lie,anchor,land}; stimulus, -I, [fstimo- (-^Ktig, in stabis de Stlnguo, -f nus, cf. anyî) -f lapides (of statues) marmore (of a divinity) stet duFig., lus], m., a goad, a spur. ra silex (stand carvedfrom &c.,or an excitement, a stimulus, a spur literally) ; stat gravis Entellus ; (with the same fijj. in English)
of Diomede;
slain
stimuli Bacchi
(the
frenzy of
mare placidum
(/t>)
vires BO-
262
liclae
;
Vocabulary.
;
cora (centre in) ; res Ilia spes (rest on) regno incolumis (stand unharmed in his power) bene stat gratia (gratitude remains) comae (stand on end)
; ;
;
twang, buzz, hum : vulnus (Aiss) procella (howl). strido, stridi, no sup., stridere,
;
[-y/strid-, of unc. kin.], 3. v. n.,
same senses
as strideo.
lamina flamma (standout) ferri stridor, -orls, [ -^/strid (in strido) acies stetit ante pedes. + or], m., a harsh noise, a creakEsp. acie of fighting and the like ing, a grating, a clanking, a roar, a whizzing, a buzzing, a humming: lupiter hac stat (is on this side) acuunt stridoribus iras (with stare contra (withstand, be opAlso, stop, stay, halt, be noisy hum). posed). checked. Of weapons, stand fast, stridulus, -a, -um, [fstrido;
stick, stay, be fixed.

is resolved.
Esp., cost.
:
(whence strideo)
lus],
adj.,
Also, be fixed, be determined, one
Phrases
stare loco,
grating, harsh sounding, whizzing. stringo, strinxi, strictum, strin-
remain in position, stand firm ; stant causae belli, seeds of war are sown; caelum pulvere, the
air hangs thick with dust.
gere, [-^strig
3. v. a.,
(cf. aTpa.yyifr)~\,
sense unc., poss. squeeze), bind, compress. Esp. of weapons, bare, draw, unsheath.
(orig.
stomachus,
strages, sterno)
tion.
-I,
[Gr. (TTo/uaxos],m.,
A\so, graze,
wound slightly : mag.
the stomach.
no strinxit de corpore Turni
[y'ster, stra (in + unc. term.], f., devastaEsp. in battle, slaughter,

-is,
.
havoc, carnage : confusae stragis acervus (a confusedheap ofslain)
(cut touch (the a river, wash, ripas (of heart) wear away) Also, strip, gather, cut trim, away.
away a
:
bit)
So,
fig.,
Strophades, -um, [Gr. SrpoâSes],

plur., two islands of the Ionian Sea south of Zacynthus. To these islands the sons of Boreas pursued
f.
stra (in sterno) + men], n., straw, leaves (spread for bedding). stratum, see sterno. stratus, -a, -urn, p.p. of sterno.
stramen,
-inis, [ -y/ster,
the Harpies.
strepito, no perf., no sup., -are, [fstrepito- (p.p. of strepo)], i. v. n., make a noise, clamor.
structus, -a, -um, p.p. of struo. struo, struxi, structum, struere,

[-^/stru,
remotely akin
to
sterno],
dispose,
3. v. a., pile,
heap up.
Also,
strep it us, -us, [fstrepi-( of strepo) + tus), m., a noise, a din, a sound (loud and confused), a roar, a busy hum (of a city), a murmur. strepo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [?], 3. v. n., make a confused noise,
ring, clash, clang, be noisy, resound.
cackle, scream.
Hence, build,
.
erect, raise.
arrange, prepare : penum (set forth) Esp. of war, draw out, array. Fig., arrange, plot, design, purpose, aim at, accomplish. view,
sound,
rattle,
With changed point of heap up with : altaria do-
Of
animals,
nis (pile, load).
Strymon,
famous for its cranes. a pressure. a wrought bar (or Strymonius, -a, -um, [Gr. 2rpymass of iron) /xdcios], adj., of the Strymon, Strymonian. strictus, -a, -am, p.p. of stringo. s triI co, stridi, no sup., stride re, Strymonius, -i, [same word as pre.
strictura, -ae, [^/strig (in stringo) + tura, but cf. pictura], f.,
-onis, [Gr. STpuêif], m., a river of Macedonia, near Thrace,
[t stride- ( Y/strid
creak,
rattle,
+ us,
cf.
striwhiz,
ceding], m., a Trojan.
dulus and strido) ],

roar,
2. v. n., grate,
studium,
studeo)
-i,
(-ii),
hiss,
+ ium],
n.,
[?, -^/stud (in zeal, eager-
Vocabulary.
ness, diligence, care, earnestness, interest, desire, curiosity (desire to
.
263
Also (concretely), a fasee). vorite pursuit, a pursuit, a taste,

Also fondness, an employment. reference to some object), (in party spirit, favor, enthusiasm (for one side or the other), applause
(expression of interest):
[fsuado- ( y/suad + us, cf malesuada), akin to rjSoât], 2. v. n. and a., advise, counsel, persuade,
invite, suggest,
to seek).
prompt, impel : tibi
haec litora Delius (warned you
suadus,
suavis,
cf.
see
-e, [
malesuada. ^/suad (in suadeo)

i,
-}-
studia
us, with
r)Svs,
added
Sk.
cf.
in
gravis,
contraria (different parties).

stultus, -a, -um, [y'stol (in stolidus, of unc. kin.) + tus], adj., Masc. as subst., a simfoolish.
pleton,
fragrant.
sub
a blockhead.
svadu\, adj., sweet, Neut. as adv., sweetly. (old subs, cf. obs and suspendo), [mutilated case-form, cf. super, akin to \nr6~], prep, with
abl.,
stupa, see^stuppa. stupefacio, -feci, -factum, -facere, [fstupe (akin to stupeo) -facio, cf. labefacio] , 3_v. a., slun, daze, stupefy, astonish, overwhelm
(with surprise).
neath.
underneath, below, under, beIn various connections
where the English conception is different, near (a high object), close

to,
just
at,
er place or of light
just behind, in (a lowand night con-
stupefactus, -a, -um, p.p. of stupefacio. stupeo, -ul, no sup., -ere, [fstupo(-^/stup-fus, akin to stipes, etc.),
cf. ffTviros,
stupidus],
be
2. v. n.,
be be
amazed, be dazzled,
dazed,
ceived as above) ; hence, during, on (a particular night), in (an army, under arms), under the prosub tection of, at (of the breast) falsa proditione (tinder a false charge of treason}; sub sole (in
:
thunderstruck, be astonished, be charmed, marvel, wonder, gaze with wonder: hie stupet attonitus rostris (is dazzled and amazed'} ; stupet in Turno (look with amaze-
the sunlight,
suit)
;
under the light of the sub arina (in arms, under With ace. in same senses, arms).
also to the position indicated by the prep., under, beneath, down,
ment upon).
stupor, -oris,
As
[
v. a.,
marvel at.
Also,
towards, up
to
(up under), about :
v amazement. or], dullness, deadness.
y/stup (in stupeo)
stuppa (stup-),
f.,
-ae, [Gr. <rr5innj],

(re-
sub haec (upon this, in reply}; subora (before the face, cf. " under the eyes"); sub auras (to the sub noclight of day, up, forth)
;
tow, hemp.
-a,
stuppeus,
-um, [fstuppa-
night}. as adv., under, also
tem (towards
In comp.,
duced) + eus], adj., of tow, hempen: Mamma (burning tow, used
up (cf. sub auras), in the place of (coming up
to take a place), slightly (not the
means of warfare) Stygius, -a, -um, [Gr.

as a
.
highest degree), by stealth, towards,

Srtrytos],
after.
Also, of the Styx, Stygian. Lower world, of Hades : luppiter, rex (Pluto); vi sopoadj.,
of the
ratum Stygia (from

below')
.
the
subactus, -a, -um, p.p. of subigo. subditus, -a, -um, p.p. of subdo. subdo, -didi, -ditum, -dere, [subworld do, put], 3. v. a., put under, put
beneath, thrust do-Mn, apply
:
sub-
Styx, -ygts, [Gr. 2r^],

river
f.,
the
dita
namma
.
(kindled in, pene-
surrounded the world trating to) Less exactly, the world subduco, -duxi, -dactum, daHades. below, cere, [sub-duco], 3. v. a., draw suadeo, suasi, suasum, suadere, up: naves (beach, technical).
that
below.
264
Vocabulary.
3. v. a., {force up or under}, Also, subdue, bring impel, shove. under cultivation, till ; compel, constrain. Esp. in cote force,
Also, take from under, take away, withdraw, rescue. Also, steal, deprive one ^(changing the conAlso sub(cf. sub) struction). ducere se colles {slope down, draw
:
ago],
themselves down);
subducta unda
.
secures {sharpen, work down) scrobes subactae {sunken, dug

:
down) {slipping from beneath) subductus, -a, -uiii, p.p. of sub- subito, see subeo. duco. subitus, -a, -um, p.p. of subeo. subeo, -Ivi (-ii), -itum, -Ire, [sub- subiunotus, -a, -um, p.p. of subin ngo. eo], irr. v. n. and a., go under, go beneath, take up, support, bear ; subiungo,-iunxl, -iunctum,-iun.
Also (lit. and fig.), gere, [sub-iungo], 3. v. a., yoke. undergo. Less exactly, attach ; come up, spring up, come forth, hence, succeed, take the place of, come afadorn, furnish. Also, subdue, control, subject. ter, come next, follow, go near, go -lapsus, -lab!, [sub by, approach, enter, come to, come, sublabor, come upon, come to one's aid: sulabor], 3. v. dep., fall do^vn, fall bibat nox (was climbing); muAlso (cf. back, fail, deteriorate. cronem {meet, fall upon}. Fig., sub), glide stealthily, creep on, occur, come to one's mind, suggest slip away (of time). itself: subit ira {the angry desire sublapsus, -a, -um, p.p. of subcomes over &c., anger prompts &c.) labor. subitus, -a, -uin, p.p. as adj., sublatus, -a, -um, p.p. of suffero. {coming stealthily') sudden, unex- sublego, -legi, -lectum, -legere, Abl. subito, as adv., sudpected. [sub-lego], 3. v. a., pick up by stealth, catch (secretly). denly, unexpectedly, of a sudden,
fig.,
.
all at once.
sublevo, -avi, -atum, -are, [sublevo],

i. v. a.,
suber, -eris, [?],
n., a cork-tree. Less exactly, cork. subferS, see suffero.
raise up,
lift
up.
subicio(subiicio),-iecl,-iectum, -icere, [sub-iacio], 3. v. a., throw sublime
subligo, -avi, -atum, -are, [subligo], I. v. a., bind beneath, bind on, fit on (of a shield).
[abl. of
sublimus,
collat.
with sublimis], adv., on high, under, place under, place beneath, hence, set (of fire), aloft, borne aloft. put under ; kindle : caudam utero {hang his sublimen [sub-limen], adv., read tail, of a dog) ; cui rubor ignem by many for sublime, sublimis, which see (Geor. i. 242). {spread like jire in her cheeks} Also, throw up : se alnus {spring sublimis, -e, [sub-limis (akin to limen, wh. see)], adj., high, lofty. up} corpora saltu in equos Also, throw in : Esp., raised high, borne aloft, {spring upon) on high, mounted. Fig., elate, pauca furenti {throiv in a few exultant. Often like most adjecsubwords amid her ravings}.
.
tives inâdv. sense. lectus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., lying subluceo, no perf. no sup., -ere, beneath, rising, shooting tip. the Masc. plur., subjects, [sub-luceo], 2. v. n., shine dimly, conquered. glimmer. subiecto, -avi, -atum, -are, [subiacto, cf. subicio], I. v. a., throw sublustris, -e, [sub-lustris (unc. stem akin to lux -f tris), cf. inup, cast up. lustris], adj., dim, glimmering, subiectus, -a, -um, p.p. of sub-
icio^
dim ly- lighted.
subigo, -egi, -ucturn, -igere,[sub-
submerge (sumin-) ,-mersi,-mer-
Vocabulary.
265
sum, -mergere, [sub-mergo], subside,

3. v. a.,
drown, overwhelm, sink
submersae puppes (foundered).
-sedi, -sessum, -sidere, [sub-sido], 3. v. n. and a., sink Of things, down, crouch down.
sink, settle : Teucri (be absorbed, be lost) Acestes galea (remain at the bottom} Fig., subside, abate : undae. Act., lie in wait
;
.
submersus (suinm-), -a, -um, p.p. of submerge. submissus (summ-),-a, -um, p.p.
submitto. submitto (summ-), MUSI, -misof
sum, -mittere, [sub-mitto],

v. a.,
(send under}, put under, down : submissi petimus terrain

(on our knees).
repress,
Fig.,
3. let
for, waylay. subsisto, -stiti, no
sup., -sistere, [sub-sisto], 3. v. a., stop behind, stay behind, stop, halt, stand still,
resist,
subdue,
subject:
animos amori
in reserve
hold out, stand fast, stand : aper (stand at bay)

;
.
(sacrifice).
Technical (in breedup, raise, keep.
ing),
^rtw
submotus (summ-), -a, -um, p.p. of submoveo. submoveo (summ-), -movi, -motum, -movere, [sub-moveo], 2.
v. a.,
raise up, raise high..

tellus, etc.
Also,
:
Tibris (stay his course) subsum,no perf.,-esse, [sub-sum], irr. v. n., be under, be behind, underlie : suberunt vestigia fraudis (there will remain some lurking (races, &c.) ; subest solo natura (there is a secret power in
the soil )
.
move away, remove, clear away

si
(keep afar} submota spelunca (hollowed out, with the inside cleared away).
quern
subtemen,
-inis, [subtex (as if root of subtexo) men], n., the woof, the filling, thread.
subnecto, -nexui, -nexum, -nec- subter[sub-f ter (cf. inter)], adv., tere, [sub-necto], 3. v. a., bind beneath, below, underneath. Prep, beneath, tie beneath, bind under, (with ace. or abl.), under, beneath. bind around, fasten, bind, confine : subterlabor, -lapsus, -labi, (or mentum mitra crinemque subseparate), [subter-labor], 3. v. nexus (binding under his chin fop., glide beneath, flow under,flow and confining his locks). below, sul>subnexus, -a, -um, p.p. of subtexo, -texui, -textum, -texenccto. re, [sub-texo], 3. v. a., weave unsiihinxiis,
-a,
-um,
p.p.
as adj.,
derneath.
With change of point
of view, (underweave), line, cover supported by, resting on, sitting. suboles (sob-), -is, [sub-foles, cf. with a veil, veil. indoles], f., (succeeding genera- subtraho, -traxi, -tractum, -tration, in place of the old), a new here, [sub-traho], 3. v. a., withdraw : subtrahitur solum (the race, a new stock, offspring, progsea flies behind theni) eny, increase (of flocks), a stock, a breed, a child, an infant. subulcus, -i, [akin to sus, cf. busubremigo (surr-), no perf., no bulcus], m., a swineherd.
.
sup., -arc,
[sub-remigo],
-risi,
i.v. n.,
row quietly along. subrideo (surr-),

subrigo (surr-),
sitbsidium,
n.,
suburgeo, no
to, force_
no
perf., no sup., -urgere, [sub-urgeo], 2. v. a., force up
sup.,
towards, drive close
to.
-ridere,[sub-rideoj,2.v. n., smile.

see
cf.
surgo.
[f subside- (or
subvecto, -avi, -atum, -are, [subvecto, cf. subveho], l.v.a., carry

Less exactly, transup, bring up. port, ferry over (by a regular conveyance).
-i (-11),
tsubsid)+ium,
praesidium],
(sitting in reserve), a reserve. Hence, reinforcement, a rein-
forcement, aid, assistance.
subvectus, veho.
-a,
-um,
p.p. of
sub-
266
Vocabulary.
subveho, -vexi, -vectum, -ve- succinctus,
-a, -um, p.p. of suchere, [sub-veho], 3. v. a.., carry Pass., be borne succingo, -cinxi, -cinctum, -cinup, bring up. gere, [sub-cingo], 3. v. a., bind up, ride up, sail up : nox bigis Also of things subvecta (driving her two-horse under, gird about. chariot}. put on by girding, clothe, surround, Poetically, of Scylla: sucequip. subvenio, -veni, -ventum, -vecinctalatrantibus monstris (girt nire, [sub-venio], 4. v. n., come
to one's relief (cf. aid, help, relieve.
subsidium),
no
sup.,
about)
subvolvo, no
perf.,
-volup.
vere, [sub-volvo],
3. v. a., roll
succisus, ja, -um, p.p. of succido. succumbo, -cubai, -cubitum, -cumbere, [sub-cumbo], 3. v. n.,
fall under.
Fig.,
succedo,
-cessum, -cedere, [sub-cedo], 3. v. n. and a.,

-cessi,
.
yield
to,
give
way
to.^
go beneath, pass beneath, go down, come under, enter (beneath) Also, go under (a burden), take
up, bear,
succurro, -curri, -cursum, -currere, [sub-curro], 3. v. n., run to aid (cf. subsidium), come to
rescue of, go to save, rescue, Also, save, help, relieve, succor.
the
draw
by a yoke). up, go aloft to,
(of a chariot drawn Also, go up, come

rise to
:
hue succeAlso,
dunt
go
(go to the top of this).
to, come to, repair to, go into, approach, enter (into), reach.
occur (to one's mind) : succurrit pulchrum mori in armis (the thought occurs to me, &c.).
Also, come
up (instead
the place of,
of), take succeed (to), take up

:
Sucre, -onis, [?], m., a Rutulian. sncus (succus), -i, [Y/SUC (sug?)
+ us,
cf.
sugo], m., juice, vital
(in place of another), go instead come in (after something else) of,
Less exactly, juice moisture, sap. Fig., (as cause of flavor), flavor.
succedunt
illi
servant qui vices

;
(come up, in place of the others) cura patrum cadere et succedere matrum (take its place) pro me hostili succedere dextrae (expose himself for me, &c.).
;
fsudis,
strength, vigor. -is, [?],
f.,
stake.
sado, -avi, -atum, -are, [-y/sud

(prob. through adj. -stem fsudo-), akin to I5os, i$p<as, Eng. sweat], I. v. n. and a., sweat : aera (conLess exceived as sweating). actly, distil, flow with, be wet with.
Also, exude from.
Fig., reek
Also, prosper, succeed.
succendo, -cendi, -censum, -cendere, [sub-fcando, cf. incendo],

3. v. a., set
on fire beneath.
-a, -urn, p.p. of
Fig.,
fire, inflame.
sanguine. sudor, -oris, [^/sud

:
with
succensus, cendo. successus,
suc-
(in fair weather) suesco, suevi, suetum, suescere, succido, -cidi, no sup., -cidere, [fsue- (of sueo) + sco], 3. v. n. and a., be wont, be accustomed, be [sub-cado], 3. v. n., fall dmvn, sink, sink down. used. suetus, -a, -um, p.p., succido, -cidi, -cisum, -cidere, accustomed, used, wont. [sub-caedo], 3. v. a., cut beneath : suetus, -a, -um, p.p. of suesco.
.
-us, [sub-cessus, cf. incessiis and succedo], m., advance, career. Also, success.
(in sudo) + or], m., sweat, perspiration. Also, toil. sudus, -a, -urn, [prob. se-udus], adj., dry, clear, fair : per sudum
strings, sus flos
succiso poplite (cutting the hamhack of the knee) ; succiaratro (cut offat the root}
.
sufifectus, -a, -um, p.p. of suflficio. suflferB, sustuli, sublatum, suf-
ferre, [sub (subs) -fero],
irr. v. a.,
Vocabulary.
bear up.
out, resist.
267
Fig.,
withstand, hold In other senses the
perf. tenses and p.p. are referred to tollo, to which their simple
forms belong.
sulllcio,
verb being intrans.), or absorbed another phrase. Often in subordinate clauses referring to the main subject, but it may also refer to the subordinate subject,
in
-fed, -fectum, -flcere,
whence
[sub-facio], 3. v. a. and n., dip Also: suffectus sanin, dye. guine et igne {suffused'&c., blood-
it is sometimes ambiguous. Often referring to an active not the agent grammatical subject. Reduplicated, sese, without dif-
ference of meaning. shot andfiery). Also, substitute, produce in place of another, supply sulco, -avi,-atum, -are, [fsulco-], i v. a., plough. (one after another), choose (anew) Poetically, plough (the sea). ipsae regem (of bees, choose kings in succession). Hence, supply sulcus, -I, [akin to 6\Kfa, ?A;ceo], Less exactly, a m., a furrow. (from time to time), yield, afford, trench, a r<ra/(where the vines were Intrans., (supfurnish, produce. originally planted in a furrow), a ply itself}, be sufficient, suffice, be
:
.
adequate, hold out, be able.

sullio, -IvI (-11),
fio,
-Itum,
to
-ire, [sub-
lost
verb akin
fumus],
train (of a meteor). Also, of the path of a vessel, where the same also, fig. of figure may be kept ;
generation.
fumigate. suffbdio, -fodi, -fossum, -fodere, fsub-fodio], 3. v. a., stab beneath, stab (from beneath) suffosso equo (some read suffuse J . suffbssus, -a, -u in , p.p. of suffbdio.
:
4. v. a.,
Sul in o, -onis, [a town

m., a Rutulian.
in Italy],
n., sul-
sulphur
phur.
(sulf-), -uris, [?],
sulphureus (sulf-),-a,-um,
[fsul-
suffundo, -fudi, -fusum, -funphur + eus], adj., sulphurous. dere, [sub-fundo], 3. v. a., pour sum, fui, futurus, esse, [ y'es and in or on (supply by pouring) -y/bhu, cf. flfj.1 and <vo>], irr. v. n.,
.
sufspread over, diffuse. fusus, -a, -u in, p.p. (cf. spargo),

Fig.,
place, there
suffused, filled, overflowing. su ll'u s us, -a, - u in, p.p. of su ffu IK I<
> .
Also, happen, take &c. erunt altera bella ; forte fuit tumulus. Esp., in perf. tenses, has- been (is no
be, exist, live.
is,
: : :
suggero (sub-),
-gessl,
-gestum,
&.,place Also, fur-
-gerere, [sub-gero], under, heap beneath.
3. v.
nish (cf. sufflcio), supply, supply one with (changing construction). sui, gen. (nom. wanting), [pron. y'sva], reflex, pron. 3d pers., reself,
more, is past) sed fortuna fuit. Less definitely, be (in a place) hinc adeo media est via (just here is the middle of our way). Esp. with indef. subj. followed by a relative, there are those who, &c.
:
semper erunt quarum mntari

So est quod, corpora malis. is reason why, one has reason With dat., there is with one, to. there is on one's part, there is for
:
ferring to the subject, himself, herthemselves ; also reitself,
there
ciprocal, one another, each other, one the other. Often translated in Eng. by a pers. pron., unless connected immediately with a verb, him, her, it, them : silvas involvens secum (rolling in woods with it} Teucros ad sese vocavit (called to hint) ; inter se (ivith, Often from, by, &c., each other}
; .
one, one has.
esto, be it so Esp. (expression of assent), what then. Impers., it is possible, it is allowed, one can, one may. Fading So away to a mere copula, be. with nouns, adjectives, adverbs, and phrases. Esp., with gen., be, re:
lost
in
Eng. (the corresponding
quire,
cost,
t belong to, be the part of
268
be (he duly of.
Vocabulary.
With dat.,
be, cause,
then
done).
work, bring:
mox erat hocipsum

.
(in
addition to
something
exitio (was their destruction) Also, in inf., by a Greek usage, to be, as: ease dederat monumentum sui. fuat, old subjunctive instead of sit. forem, etc., equivalent to essem. fore, equivalent to futurus, etc., esse. futurus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., future, comNeut., the future. ing.
As if Also, from above. connected with verbs in half-composition (sometimes considered as
compounded and sometimes

cf.
not). Prep, (with ace.), upon (oftener of motion to, real or conceived,
in), on the top
of,
above, over
quos super (over whose heads'). Also, more than, besides, beyond:
super crania (above
ly}
;
all, especial-
summ-,
words compounded with sub, see subni-.

in
[f.
suiiiiua, -ae,
of
superus],
f.,
the
summits, main thing,
see the
(with abl.), on, upon (of Also, on (fig.), concernrest). ing, about, for the sake of, for, in Also nocte regard to, as to.
:
super media (about). superadditus, see super. haec superaddo, see super. issue, the chief command) summa est (the substance of the superadsto, -stiti, no sup., -stare,
chief point, the conclusion of the whole, the main point : belli (the
;
whole)
summus,
-a,
-um,
superl. of
su- superbia,
[super-adsto]
-ae,
v. a., lig&t
upon.
(re-
[fsuperbo-
perus. duced) -f ia], f., pride, arrogance, sumo, sumpsi, sumptum, suinsolence, lawlessness, wantonness. v. a., mere, [sub-emo, take], 3. superbus, -a, -um, [super (as wear. take take, tip, bear, put on, stem) + bus, cf. morbus and virtpassume, take up, Esp. with words of punishment (cf. pocna). exact (the penalty), inflict, saiisfy(l\\e debt of
Fig., take on,
jStos], adj.,
overweening, overbear-
adopt.
ing, proud, haughty, arrogant, insolent, wanton, lawless : gentes
vengeance due) poenas inimico a sanguine sumit (satisfy -with hostile blood the vengeance due, as if the blood were taken in payment).
:
nece spoliisque (fierce, lawless) superbus (exultant, flushed} bello superbus (as much as ferocious, unrestrained by the rights of
; ;
sumptus, -a, -um, p.p. of sumo. suo, sui, sutum, sucro, [ -v/ST1 cf.
KOLffffvu,
others)
Also, of things connect:
Eng.
sew"], 3. v. a., sew,
ed with persons, as in Eng. verba (arrogant) ; vox (insolent, tauntfastidia iussa ; animi ing)
; ; ;
stitch, stitch together.
Neut. plur.
bellum
rates.
(as
much as unprovoked};
of p.p., suta,
a breastplate
ing)-
-orum, a corslet, (orig. made by stitch-
supellex, supellectllis, [probably super-flectis (akin to lego) and

fsupellecti lis], f., household Also, imfurniture, furniture. plements (of farming), utensils. super [mutilated case-form of sucf. faep], adv. and prep. Adv., above, over, over all, upon or above (something expressed in the context), on the top. Also, over and above, remaining, left,
Transferred, of things to be proud of, proud, splendid, magnificent, superb, glorious, noble, conhigh, lofty, stately : genus
;
iugium (high The last two
perus,
postes. divisions constantly run into each other, as is the case with all transferred adjectives, cf. auro spoliisque postes; fores superbae (the doors of the noble, and at the same time noble doors).
alliance)
;
Also, in a
lofty,
good
sense, proud,
besides, further,
furthermore,
and
high-minded : anima Bruti. Of a horse: superbi gressus (fraud, high-stepping).
Vocabulary.
supercllium, lium (over
eyebrcnu.
-i
269
( li),
[super-fci-
+ tia,
alive,
the eyelids)], n., the Transferred, a brow (of

perf.,
reduced)], adj., standing by. Also (cf. super), surviving,
a survivor.
hill).
superemineo, no
-ere,
no
2.
sup.,
v. a.,
superstitio, -onis, [super-statio, cf. supersto, a standing by, cf.
[super-emineo],
superstes
(first
tower above, rise above.
meaning)],
f.,
superstition, dread.
Transferred,
sup., -stare,
superiacio, -ieci, -iectum, -iacere, [super-iacio], 3. v. a., throw

over.
an
object
of dread.
perf.,
i. v.
By change
of point of view,
supersto, no
over.
no
n.
cover: scopulos
unda
[super-sto],
and
a.,
stana
(ilrencfi).
superimmineo, no
perf.,
no
sup.,
supersum,
rate),
-ere, [super-immineo], 2. v. n., overhang, stand high above : pastorem ense sequens (lean threat-
-fui, -esse, (also sepairr. v. n., (be survive, still remain, be left, last, continue ;
[super-sum],
over
and above), remain,

suffice,
eningly over).
see super. superinicio, see super.
hence,
be
sufficient.
superimpono,
Also, abound, be in excess : semper tibi erunt (there will be
superintono, no
per],
I. v. n.,
perf.,
no
:
sup.,
enough, you will have enough)
-are, [super-intono, but see surattle above
superest deducere terram

earth
is still to be,
(the
:
ingens
&c.).
Esp.
clipeum (fall crashing

a falling warrior).
above, of
The passage, 709, is sometimes otherwise explained. super-lie [abl. of supernus, cf. inferne], adv., from above, above,
quod superest, what alone mains, as to the rest (so much

that,
re-
for
yn.
ix.
now, &.C.), furthermore, now. superus, -a, -um, [fsupo- (wh. sub, cf. into) + rus, cf. inferus],
(mostly plur.), being above, upper, above, on high, high : regna (of heaven, opposed to earth) ; orae (the upper world, opposed to the earth beneath); caelicolum rex (Jiigli) ; convexa (the concave
adj.
world above (on earth). supcro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fsupero-], i. v. a. and n. Intrans., rise above, be above, go over. Fig.,
in
tlie
surpass, be lofty, be elated : supe-
rans animis; super ante forma.

Also, be over and above, be left, be left alone, remain, survive, be
Masc. plur. as subst., the skies). gods above (opposed to infer!),
spared : quo non carior alter (no one alive is more dear, Hence, abound, be in ex&c.).
safe,
be
Heaven, the world above, men on earth (opposed to Hades) Neut. plur. as subst., the world above,
.
cess,
be
abundant: gregibus
(is
iu-
ventus
exuberant)
fetus.
the sky, Heaven. Compar. superior,-oris. Superl. supremus, -a, -um, [unc. form
the heavens,
Act., rise above, ascend,
go over,
;
of fsupero+mus,
highest,
cf.
extremus],
pass beyond, pass : limen (cross) Gyan (pass by); salt a viam (bound over) Fig., overcome, conquer, vanquish, prevail over, prevail upon, sur/nounf, overAbsolutely (with power, outvie.
.
very high, lofty, noble. Also, last, extreme, last degree of, supreme : salus (last hope of safety);
macies; lumen (fading);

sad rites, funeral
ad supremum
the last
(to (he end). Neut. plur. as subst., the last offices,

rites.
obj. implied),
gain
;
the
:
win
(of a race)
mastery, hence, with
cogn. ace., gain,
win
locum
pri-
orem.
su porstos, -itis, [super-fates (^/sta
Neut. sing, as subst., the last time, for the last time : supremum consumgemnit (groanedhis last) in u^, -a, -um, [sub (sup) mus,
.
270
Vocabulary.
cf. imus], highest, the top of, uppermost, topmost, the highest part the surface of, the end of, of, upper,
+ ter, prob. n. of -terus

cf.
(reduced),
uter], adv., as a suppliant, in suppliant guise. the head of, the tip of, the edge of, supplicium, -I (-11), [fsupplic + outmost, outer, high, lofty: fastiium], n., (a kneeling), supplicaLess tion. Also, punishment. gia rerum {principal points, but the Latin keeps the figure, salient exactly, a penalty (like poena) dira tegens supplicia (traces of points); summa tempora (the
:
forehead}
Fig., highest,
chief,
supreme,
ut-
punishment, wounds).
most important,
most, greatest,
main,
:
extreme
the
summa
strug-
suppono, -posui, -positum (-postum),ponere,[sub-pono],3.v.a.,

place beneath, put under, set (of fire placed under), apply (of a
sickle
res
(cf.
summa,
main
gle, the
issue of a conflict) ; summae res {momentous, the highest interests,
welfare of the
state, the
cutting
below the head)

to
cultros {apply
the throat, the
dies {final, supreme the welfare) Neut. sing, and plur., moment).
;
head of the victim being drawn Also (cf. sub), place down).
secretly,
the top, the
summit.
substitute
mater sup-
supervenio, -veni, -ventum, -veposita {spurious). nire, [supervenio], 4. v. n., come suppositus, -a, -um, p.p. of supcome pono. up,arrive, happen upon. upon, supervolito, -avf, no sup., -are, suppostus,-a, -um ; see suppono. and v. a. I. [supervolito], n.,y?y supra [prob. abl. of superus, cf. over, flit about. extra], adv. and prep. Adv., above, over, on the upper side, over supervolo, no perf., no sup., -are, it {him, them, &c.) vertice supra [super-volo], I. v. a. and n., fly
:
over.
est
supi initiis, -a, -um, p.p. of supino. modum supino, -avi, -atiim, -are, [fsuto, contrary to : morem omnia {above everything). pino-], I. v. a., bend back, lay on the back: supinatae glebae supremus, -a,-um; see superus. (turned up, laid over, in plough- sura, -ae, [?], f., the calf of the leg,
;
Prep., higher, taller}. above, over. Pig., beyond, superior

{is
;
ing)-
the ankle, the leg.
supinus, -a, -um, [fsupo- (wh. surculus, -i, [?], m., a shoot, a sub and super, lengthened) + sprout, a scion : nee surculus idem Crustumiis Syriisque {shoots = nus], adj., laid on the back, face mode ofgrowth}. uppermost. Esp. of the hands, upturned (in supplication) suppli- MI nl us, -a, -um, [ ^sur {heavy ?, cf. Sk. svaras) -f dus], adj., deaf : ant. Also, sloping (as if bent
,
back)
surdis non canimus auris (prov. a., supply (from cf. sub), flll up,
suppled, -plevi, -pletum, -plere,

[sub-pleo], 2. time to time,
verbial) surgo (rarely

.
make good.
supplex, -plicis, [sub-plex, cf. duplex], adj., (kneeling), suppliant, as a suppliant, entreating, on one's knees (fig.), in supplication,
subrlgo, surr-), subrexi, subrectum, surgere, [sub-regS], 3. v. a. and n. Act.,

raise, erect.
self,
Intrans., raise one's

(in
rise, arise
most English
senses).
in
as
things,
Of suppliant guise. in Eng. Often as a
subst., a suppliant. supplicitcr ffsupplic- (as if -plici-)
bodies. or increase or coming into being, of the winds, of rivers, of sounds, of tall objects, of waves, of excitement animo sententia
Of heavenly
Of growth
{occur
to)
limina
gradibus
Vocabulary.
271
(stand high}; oleaster (spring suspiro, -avi, -atum, -are, [subI. v. n., sigh. spiro^, up}; in dies Tisiphone (come in cornua cer- sustento, -avi, -atum, -are, [subsforth}; surgens vus (with to2uering horns) irae tentus, cf. sustineo], i v. a., hold ductori (be aroused}. up, support : sustentata diu (of su produce, a ship on a rock, kept afloat, kept sus, suis, [prob. above the -waves} aciem (hold the strengthened, as stem, cf. Is, Eng. line, maintain the fight). Also, sow, s-ioine~\, comm., a swine, a hold out against, keep in check. boar, a sow, a pig. susceptus, -a, -um, p.p. of susFig., support, sustain, keep up.
;
.
suscipio (succ-),-cepi, -ceptum,

-cipere,[subs-capio],
up, raise up, catch.
3. v. a.,
sustineo, -tinui, -tentum, -tinere, [subs-teneo], 2. v. a. and take n., hold up, support, bear tip, bear,
Also, withstand, carry, hold. keep in check, keep off, hold out, bear a shock. Also, support, sustain, feed.
Esp., bear, Fig., begin, take up. beget. Misrit <>, -avi, -atum, -are, [subsstir up. cito], I. v. a., shake up, Less exactly and fig., rouse, stir,
sustuli, see tollo.
provoke,
;
awake,
instigate,
urge,
kindle, inflame:
caedem (make
p.p. of sus-
susurro, no
perf.,
I. v.
no
n.,
poenas (reawakens venhavoc) geance quieted by lapse of time).

suspectus,
picio.
-a,
[fsusurro-J,
sup., -are, hum, buzz,
murmur.
susurrus, -i, [redupl. root (perh. from the sound) + us], m., a whisper, a murmur. su t a, -or n ; see suo.
-um,
suspectus, -us, [subs-spectus, cf. susplcio], m., a look upward, lookheight (measured by the eye
siit
ing up), distance (upward). suspemltS, -pendi,-pensum,-penbalteus (leather, stitched). dere, [subs-pendo], 3. v. a., hang up, hang, suspend : votas vestes sut us, -a, -urn, p.p. of suo. (as a votive 'offering after any suus, -a, -um, [pron. y'svA -f YAS arma (as an offer(or -us), cf. e<k], poss. pron. (of great danger) ceras (fasten up, of bees 3d pers. reflex.), his, her, its, their. ing) Less exOften emphatic, his own, &c. building from above). the Masc. plur., his &c. friends, folactly, raise, lift: sulco (of suspt-nsus, -a, earth, plough}. lowers, companions, fellcnv- citizens, Neut., his &c. -um, p.p., hung up, suspended, men, race, &c. floating (of Camilla), perched upa/airs, property, interests, &c. Also (not necessarily referring to on, hung in air. Fig., anxious,
;
;
[fsuto- (of sutus) + sewn, sewed: cymba (patched, either of hides, rushes or perhaps papyrus, bark canoe?};
His, -e,
lis],
adj.,
in suspense, in alarm : multo suspehsum numine (awed}. suspensus, -a, -um, p.p. of suspendo. suspicio, -spexi, -spectum, -spi-
cere, [subs-specie]
n.,
3. v. a.
and
look up, look (at Less exactly, anything high). gaze at, behold, see, notice, observe. suspectus, -a, -um, p.p. as
look
up
at,
subject), one's (nun, favoring, propitious, favorable, suitable, approWith qulsque priate, fitting. (best rendered by a change of construction), every man's, each one's: trahit sua quemque voluptas (each one's &c. draws
him}. Sybarls,
Trojan.
-Is,
[Gr. 2i50of>is], m., a
susadj., suspected, an object of picion, distrusted, in suspicion.
Sychaeus
of Dido.
(Si-),-I, m., the
husband
2/2
Syinaethius,
adj.,
Vocabrilary.
-a,
-um, [fSymaecf. SiVtaitfos],
many
fruits,
spices,
and fragrant
tho- (reduced) + ius,
of the Symalhus (a river at the east end of Sicily), Symathian. Syracosius, -a, -um, [Gr. ~S.vpa.Koffios~\,
adj.,
Syracusan, of Syracuse
(the chief city of Sicily). Syrius, -a, -um, [Gr. iuptos], adj., of Syria (the country at the eastern end of the Mediterranean, used
loosely for all that region), Syrian,
herbs and gums. Syrtis, -is, [Gr. Swpns], f., Maior (Gulf'of Sidra) and Minor (Gulf of Cabes), the name of two shallow bays on the northern coast of Libya, held to be most dangerous for mariners, prob. on account of violent seas in shallow waters as
well as of shifting sands. Plur., the Syrtes, used loosely of the sandbanks and bars of all that region.
Assyrian.
From
this
region came
T.
tabeo, no
(or
-e,
perf.,
no sup., -ere, [ftabi taceo, -ul,

2. v. n.
-it
um,
'
-ere, [prob. adj.si-
in tabes)], 2. v. n., waste
stem ftaco- of uncertain kin.],
away, melt ar*ay : tabentes artus (dripping, as if melting away) ; tabentes genae (wasted, with care).
and
lence.
Of
a., be silent, keep things, be silent,
be
noiseless, be still.
Act., pass in
tabes, -is, [prob. y'ta (cf. T^KO>) + bes (or -bis), cf. plebes], f., a wasting, fining. tabidus, -a, -um, f^ftabi- (in tabes, cf. tabeo) + dus], adj.,
wasting.
silence, leave
unsung : tacitam se
prodit (without any words). tacitus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., silent. Often transferred, silent : lumina (silent glance}. Often
equal to adv., silently.
Of things,
:
tabula, -ae, [unc. stem (wh.
also
f.,
still, noiseless,
quiet, silent
Amy-
taberna)
+ la
(f.
of -Ius)],
clae
plank, a board.
(deserted}. unseen, unnoticed.
Also, secret, per taciturn,
in silence, quietly. tabularius, -a, -um, [ftabularitacitus, -a, -um, p.p. of taceo. ( tabula + ris) + us], adj., (ofrecNeut. as subst., tactus, -us, [-v/teg (in tango) + ords, tabula). archives, record office, registry. tus], m., a touch, contact : abstinuit tactu {refused to touch, the tabulatus, -a, -um, [ftabula +
tus,
cf.
armatus],
Neut. as
adj.,
boarded,
gates in the context).
floored.
a floor, tactus, -a, -um, p.p. of tango, a story, an upper story: iuncturas taeda, -ae, [?], f., a pine tree. Less exactly, pine wood, a pine tabulata dabant (as one story was built upon another) Also, torch, a torch. Poetically (from the use of torches at weddings), of trees, a row, a tier, a layer.
subst.,
.
tabum,
cf.
marriage, moisture taedet, -uit,j(taesum, pertaesam Also, puest),taedere, [?], 2.v. impers., it (of putrefaction), gore. wearies, it disgusts, one is weary trefaction, corruption : ora tristi With pallida tabo; infecit pabula (disgusted}, one loathes. tabo. the object of the feeling in the Tab u runs, -i, [?J,m., a mountain genitive or an inf. clause. between Samnium and Campania, taedium, -I (-ii), [ftaedo- (wh. south of the Caudine pass. The taedet and taedulus) + ium], southern slope of it was famous for n., weariness, disgust.
-i,
[ta
+ bum
(n. of -bus),
tabes],
n.,
matter,
its fertility,
and the mountain was Taenarius,-a,-um, [Gr.Tcwopios], one of the great pasture-grounds. adj., of Tanariis (a promontory
Vocabulary.
at the southern extremity of nia, with a cave fabled to
273
Lacobe an
cf. nain], adv., so, so much (with correl. as), as (demonstrative), as
entrance to the world below). Hence, of Hades. tacnia, -ac, [Gr. raivia], f., a ribbon, a fillet : taenia vittae (the band of the fillet, the material of
the ornament). taeter (te-), -tra,
Without by the With comcontext, cf. talis). paratives (and superlatives in same
much,
to
such a degree.
correl., so (as is indicated
sense), the
. . .
the.
. .
.
Esp.: tarn
-trum, [perh.
foul, loath-
akin to taedet],
adj.,
some, disgusting. taetricus, -a, -uin, [ftaetro+cus], adj., (repulsive), harsh, forbidding.
as, no less Often with an adj. where in Eng. such is used to modtarn dira cuify the whole idea
quam,
than.
as well
pido (such dread desire).

t;i
See alsoTetrica.
men [unc. form. fr. pron. -y/ta], adv. (opposed to a concession),

still,
Tagus,
-I, [a river of Lusitania], m., a Latin hero.
yet,
however,
nevertheless,
talaris,
aria],
-e,
adj.,
[ftalo-
of the
heel.
(reduced) + Neut.
none the less, after all, just as well. Often the concession is only implied in the context. -gri, [?], m., a river of
:
plur., the talaria, the
winged san- Tanager,
dals of Mercury. Lucania, in a grazing region. talent inn, -i, [Gr. ToAavroi/], n., Tanais, -is, [Gr. Tavais'], m. i. A a talent, a Greek weight varying river of Scythia (the Don) ; 2. A from about sixty to about one hunTrojan in Eneas' expedition. dred pounds. Used indefinitely tandem [tam-dem, cf. idem], adv. for masses and quantities, as in (orig. sense unc.), at length, at " With interrogative last, finally. Eng. tons," weight, mass. and imperative clauses indicating tails, -e, [pron. -y/ta (cf. tarn, r6) + alia], pron. adj., such (with impatience, pray, / pray, tell me : hue tandem concede (/ entreat) correlative as), in such guise, so Often (with- tango, tetigi, tactum, tangere, (equal to an adv.) out correlative), of what follows [ ytag, cf. reraywv'], 3. v. a., touch, or goes before, such, like (his, (his take hold of, reach, attain : dextram (grasp~) cubile eri (share (that, these, &c.)". Esp. in neut. the couch). Hence, have to do plur. talia, like (his, words like these, such words as these, such with, be involved in. Fig., move, touch, affect, come home to one. things as these, such as this, thus, in such wise: tali ore locutua tactus, -a, -um, p.p., touched. (these words). Or, as is indicated Esp. de caelo, struck by lightning. lam- , [tarn -quam], by the context, such, this (these, tanquam With si, just adv., as much as. &c.), like this, in this guise. Esp. with emphasis, such as this &c., so as if. [Also, u ithout si, just as if, as if. Often with irony, as ifforgreat, so important, thus or so (with sooth. adj. to be supplied from the connon Achilles talis in t ant us, -a, -um, [for tavantus, text) hoste fuit (not thus cruel, as pron. ^/ta + vant (cf. -osus) +
. .
'
you) nunquam animam talem amities (:o mean a life as yours). Talos, -i, [?], m., a Rutulian. talpa, -ae, [?], f. and m., a mole. talus, -i, [?], m., the ankle-bone,
;
us], pron. adj., so great, so much, such (in size, &c., with correl. as),
Often without
correl., so
great
the ankle.
tain [unc. case-form of pron. y'ta,
(as is indicated by the context, cf. tails), so much, such, like this, this great, that great: tantae molis
2/4
erat (so
Vocabulary.
Tarpeius,
tile
much as appears in the Also, introducing a context). clause almost causal, so great, &c. (that it accounts for the preceding
statement)
:
-a, in
-um, [fTarpa +
adj.,
ius,
of unc. kin.],
Roman
gen-
name,
some unknown man-
obstupuere
animi
tantorum terga bourn rigebant

(they were thunderstruck, and the hides of such huge, &c., as those
ner connected with the rock of the arx, the Capitol of Capitol. Rome. sedes, the Tarpeian rock.
who
Fern. Tarpeia : betrayed the

;
i.
The maiden
Capitol to the
they saw, accounted for their amazetanto, abl., with comment).

paratives
Sabines
2.
The name given by

-a, -um, [Etruscan to Tarchon) Latin-
Virgil to
an attendant of Camilla.
and the
like, so
much
.
the
tlie
more
more.
(as), (the
more)
Tarquinius, word (akin

ized], adj., a
tanti, gen., with
sum,
Roman
gentile name.
it is -worth the
while.
. .
price, it is worth tan tit m, ace. as adv., so

. . .
Esp., Tarquinius Superbus, Tarquin, the last king of Rome.
Plur., the Tarquins, the dynasty much, in such a degree, as much who were supposed to have come (thaii),thus (as), no more from also, so much (and Tarquinii, and reigned many far, so long ; no more), only, merely. With years at Rome. Also as adj., Tarmodo, doubling the words without quinian. Neut. as subst., Tarquitus, -I, [akin to Tarquichange of sense. with partitive gen., so much, &c. iiiusj, m., a Latin hero, slain by
.
as adj. in Eng.), so great (and similar expressions of degree according to the context). tapete, -is, (ace. plur. tapetas, abl. tapetis),[Gr. rairrjs], n. (and in.), hangings, coverings, drapery. Also, housings (of horses). Tarchetius, -1, [?],m.,a Rutulian. Tarcho (-on), -ontis (-onis), [an Etruscan word], m., an Etrurian so
(of,
much
Êneas.
Tartareus,
pftos~\, adj.,
-a,
-am,
[Gr. Taprd-
of Tartarus, Tartare-
an, infernal, hellish (as in Eng.). Tartarus, -I, (plur. -a, -orum),
[Gr. Tdprapos, -a], m. (n.), (a deep abyss below the infernal world) Hence, Tartarus, the abode of the damned, the lower world (gen.
erally).
ally of Êneas. tardatus, -a, -um, p.p. of
Tatius,
tardo.
-I (-11), [an adj. of unc. kin. (tata?)],m., Titus Tatius, a king
tarde
[abl. of tardus], adv., slowly: crescens (slow-growing) tardo, -avl,-atum, -are, [ftardo-],
.
of the Sabines, with

lus
whom Romu-
was supposed to have shared his kingdom. I. v. a., retard, keep back, impede, taureus, -a, -um, [ftauro- (rehamper, embarrass, enfeeble, dull, duced) + eus], adj., of a bull: make sluggish. tardans, -ant is, terga (bulls' hides}. taurinus, -a, -um, [ftauro- (rep. a.sa.d].,stuggisA (creeping slow) senectus. duced) + inus], adj., of a bull: vultus (bull's face} Less extardus, -a, -um, [perh. akin to actly, of bull's hide, leathern. traho], adj., slow, sluggish, tardy, slow-moving, lazy, inactive, dull, taurus, -i, [prob. for STAURUS, cf. impeded, lingering, late. ravpos, Eng. steer\, m., a bull.
1
Tarentum, -I,[Gr. Tapos corrupted],

city of Apulia at the northeast corner of the great gulf which indents the southern extremity of Its territory was one of the Italy. most fertile districts of Italy.
n.,
Also, the Also, a bull's hide. Bull, Taurus (the constellation).
taxus,
Taygete,
[?], f., a yew tree, a yew. -es, [Gr. ToOyerrj], f., one of the Pleiades (used for the con-i,
stellation).
Vocabulary.
[Gr. a mountainfor its of noted Laconia, range hunting-grounds and its bacchanalian festivities. tectum, see tego. tectus, -a, -um, p.p. of tego. tecum, see tu.
-I,
275
Taygetus,
also -a,
-Orum,
Tat/ye-roy],
m. and
n.,
tellus, -uris, [?], f., the earth. Esp., the soil, land, the ground, earth (as material) Personified, Earth. Also, a land, a region,
.
a country.
Telon, -5nis(?),
Tegeaeus (-e us), -a, -um, [borrowed

or imitated fr. Gr. Te7eo (as if Te7ecuos)], adj., of Tegea (a town of Less exactly, ArcadiArcadia). Masc. (perh. adj.), god of an. Arcadia (epithet of Pan, whose favorite haunts were in that country) tegmen (tegu-, tegi-) , -inis, [ te g
.
[?], m., a hero of Capri, father of CEbalus. telum, -I, [?], n., a weapon (missile), a missile, a javelin, a dart,
an arrow, a shaft. Less exactly, a weapon (of any kind, the cestus, the beam of Ulysses with which he bored out the Cyclops' eye).
temeratus, -a, -um, p.p. of temero.
(in tego) + men], n., a covering, a garb, clothing, a defence (means of defence), a protection, armor, a shield. Also, shade, a skin
temere [abl. of ftemero, wh. temero], adv., heedlessly, carelessly,

thought,
at random, in confusion, without 'without design, without reason. non (baud) temere, not without a meaning, no accident.^
(used as clothing). tego, texi, tectum, tegere,[ yteg, akin to oT7], 3. v. a., cover, conceal, protect, shelter,
temero, -avi, -atum, -are,

mero-],
desecrate.
i.
v.
a.,
[tte(treat as of no
pollute,
surround ;
consequence
?),
profane,
esp. of escort, surround {attend}. Also, clothe, defend, deck, adorn, veil (for sacred purposes) Also,
.
temno, perf. and sup. not found, temnere, [ y/tem, cut, cf. rejui/w],
3. v. a., despise, scorn, defy, treat
plant, sow, bury (the dead), close (the eyes), shut one's self in.
Fig., cover, hide,
conceal.
tec-
tus, -a, -um, p.p., covered, concealed, hidden, protected, decked, caparisoned, keeping silence, dissimulating (in mid. sense, concealNeut. (sing, and ing one's self}. a plur.), a roof, a ceiling, a house, hall, an abode, a home (of men or
beasts),
with contempt, be disdainful : pars belli hand temnenda (no despicable, no insignificant). temo, -finis, [perh. akin to telum], m., a pole (of a chariot, tic.), the
beam (of a plough).
Tempe, indecl.,
mous
actly,
[Gr. n. plur. Ttfi-mj], n. plur., a valley in Thessaly, fafor

its
beauty.
Less ex-
a palace, a hiding-place,
:
battlements (the top of a wall) acies (covered column, the tes-
a charming -valley. tempero ,-avi,-atum,-are,[ttemper- (of tempus, in orig. sense of portion)'], I. v. a. and n., mix
tudo).
tegu men,
la],
f.,
see
tegmen.
-f
tela, -ae, [prob. -y/tex (in texo)
a web (in the loom), the orig. sense), weav" ing (cf. the loom "),a loom: tela curas solabar anilea {the loom).
Hence, (in due proportion). qualify, temper (change or dilute by mixing) aera vesper (cool};
:
warp (perh. the
scatebris arentia arva (refresh, reduce the parching heat) ; aequor Also (act (calm); iras (appease).
in
Teleboae, -arum, [Gr. T7i\t&6jn~\, m. plur., some islands on the Leucadian coast, whence the settlers
of Capri were supposed to have
due proportion), restrain

refrain,
one's
self,
unda
ships
spare: male sibi carinis (hardly suffer the
to live,
keep
its
hands
off
come.
them); a lacrimis (refrain).
2/6
tempestas,
Vocabulary.
(for the occasion, according to one's circumstances). Also, (the right spot, cf. templum, the fatal the spot, usually plur.), temple, the the face, the head. temples ;
-atis, [ftempos- (of teinpus, prob. as adj.) + tas], f., a space of time, a season. Less exactly, the -weather, weather (at
a particular moment), state of the weather. Esp., bad weather, a storm, a tempest, a gale. Fig.
(as in Eng.), storm, tempest, blast, shower, hail ; also, where the fig. is not used in Eng., calamity, misfortune.
tenax, -acts,
,
[-y/ten + ax, cf. capax],adj., tenacious, clinging (to something) greedy, grasping: vin-
tempestivus, -a, -um,[ttempest6cf. (cf. intempestus) + ivus, tendo, tetendl, tentum captus, captivus], adj., seasonsum), tendere, [y/tend,
able, timely, in its season.
cla (confining) ; Fama ficti (persistent in) Also, holding together, clinging (together), sticky, Jinn : flos (persistent, not dropping off).
.
(tenfurther
tcni plum,
cf.
formation of ^/ten (in teneo)],

3. v. a., stretch, stretch out,
-i,
[prob. ftemo- ( -y/tem,
Tfnw + us)+ lum, cf. Tfp.ets~\,
extend,
augury) a consecrated spot (marked off by the augur's wand), a quarter (of the sky), a space. From consecration, a temple, a tomb (as a shrine of the manes).
n., (in
hold out, offer : bracchia luc ; dextram ; munera
hue
;
il-
caelo manus cum voce (stretched out his hands and raised his voice)
;
ramos (spread);
intrans., extend.
ilia
temptamentum
[ftempta- (of
turn],
(tenta-),
-i,
tempto) + men-
n., an attempt, a solicitation. tempts, -avi, -Stum, -are, [ftento-
(a tent), encamp. strain, Jill (of sails), hold tight, draw in (of reins), bend (a bow)
:
(strain); Esp., spread Also, distend,
(of p.p. of tendo)], I. v. a., try (the strength of, lit. and fig.), ataim at, direct; spicula cornu (fit, tack, assail, disturb, trouble, injure: aim) pabula fetas ; oves scabies ; pequo tendant ferrum. des (of wine, trip up) ; With gressus iter, etc., (or inattempt, ventrans. try (a thing experimentally), without), make one's way, hold one's course, turn one's steps, ture on, tempt, solicit, search, examine (try to see) praelia (try make headway, proceed, advance, the issue of) ; auxilium (seek) contra come, go, lead (of a path) Hence, with inf., intend, %&(try one's powers); temptantum. (reply) ora (those who try it); vestes strive, struggle. animum tenebrae, -arum, [?], f. plur., (try on, try to wear) Hence, use, darkness, night, gloom. precando(/ry, tes!) Esp., the Shades, the dim shades, the world employ, practise : patrias artes. With inf., try, endeavor, attempt. below. tempus, -oris, [ y'tem (cf. rt/jn/ca) tenebrosus, -a, -um, [ftenebra+ us"], n., (a section), a time, a (reduced) + osus], adj., dark, darkened, dim, gloomy. point of time, an interval, a season (of the year), a period, a moment, Tenedos, -I, [Gr. TeWSos], f., an time (as continuous). island in the J^gean, off the Troad. Esp., the
; : ; :
.
vela retinacula ; vim et vincula capto (hold fast the Also, aim, captive with, &c.).
;
;
ubera
time (the right time), the best time, time (with esse), high time, an occasion (as fitting), an opportuAlso, the times, circumnity.
stances, state
teneo,
tenul, tentum, tenere, [y/ten- (in tendo)], 2. v. a. and n., hold, hold (in the hand), carry, bear, cling to, grasp : tela (bear
;
igency,
an
(of affairs), an exoccasion : pro tempore
arms, as in Eng.) arbos poma (bear) tenenti similis (as if he
Vocabulary.
277
-e,
had him
ofdeath)
possess,
.
morte tenetur(z.j
in his grasp) ; in media in the very grasp

\\ence, occttpy, inhabit,
tenuis,
neo)
[y'ten (in tendo, tecf.
us,
tanus~\, adj.,
gravis and Sk. thin (of texture or
hold possession of, control, hold bound, guard, rule, have, be in (a place), Jill (merely being althere), reach (and so, hold)
:
consistency), fine, delicate, slender, fragile, light, airy, substanceless, yielding,
tum
auros
polum (cover}; (be on); (sail through) ; prima (he (hold first place) ; metum
;
shallow (of a burrow), (of soil), permeating, subtle, heady (of wine): aurum (thread of); spiramenta Fig., humble, (fine, minute).
narrow,
slight, light
muros (reach) peste (gain) teneri (be overcome). Fig., possess (of a passion, &.c.),fill: vosilvas. hold Also, luptas (fast),
;
feeble, slight,
in
unimportant, poor : tenui labor (in a trifling

.
matter)
ten uo, -a vl, -atu m, -a re, [ ftenui-] I. v. a., make thin, waste away, maintain, retain, keep, remember : se rupes (hold fast) vesticause to waste away, reduce. tenus [-y/ten (in teneo) + us, n.. gia (keep one 's feel, plant firmly) morem hunc sacrorum. Also, ace.], pjep., as far as, up to. hold (back), bind, detain, delay, tepefacio, -fed, -factuni, -face,
;
hold (bound), confine, restrain, keep in, keep out, surround (with
siege),
encompass:
;
nox lunam
in nube (hide) quo te cunque lacus fonte. Fig., detain, entice,
[stem akin to tepeo-facio], calefacio], 3.v. a., warm, heat tepefactus, -a, (moderately) -am, p.p., warmed, heated : terra
re,
cf.
.
allure, attract.
So
(in
any tepefactus,
;
position), keep (this

direct,
way
or that),
(reeking); hasta (steeped*). -a, -um, p.p. of tepefacio.

[ -y/tep
turn : immota lumina intenti ora (held their faces in veteris Dei se eager attention) more tenens (living, &c.). Also, of a course, keep, hold : iter; fu;
tepeo, no perf., no sup., -ere,
(akin to Sk. -y/tap, burn), prob. through adj.-stem ftepo-, cf. te-
pidus],
2. v. n.,
be
warm
caede
humus
(reek).
sup.,
um
gam (pursue
iter.
:
one's flight)
medi- tepesco, tepui, no

come warm
:
tepescere,
3. v. n., be-
Absolutely (with im-
[ftepe- (of tepeo)],

(be steeped).
plied object) deficit ignis &c.).
tenent Danai qua

(possess whatever,
ferrum in pulmone
tepidus, -a, -um, [as if (or really) tener, -era, -erum, [ttene (-y/ten ftepo- (wh. tepeo) + dus], adj., with stem-vowel)4- rus], adj., deliwarm, heated, simmering, reekcate, tender, soft, frail, plastic : ing, still warm (of a body), not orbs mundi {fluid, plastic, not yet cold. yet hardened); umor (^permeat- ter[petrified form of tres], adv., three There was often a times, thrice. ing), young, youthful, tender, delicate (from youth). Masc. plur., superstition connected with this the young, young shoots : a teneris number. ter centum, thrice a hundred, three hundred. terque {from the earliest age). tenor, -oris, [-y/ten (in teneo) + quaterque, thrice and again, ina three or course tenere for iter, or],m., (cf. definitely four times. etc.), a character. terque quaterque beati, thrice ten to, see tempto. and four times blest (of degree). tentorium, -i (-ii), [ftento- (p.p. terebinthus, -i, [Gr. -rtpf&ivOos], of tendo, reduced) -f oriura, n. {., a turpentine tree, turpentine of adj.], n. f (place of tents), a lent. wood.
278
Vocabulary.
crush, -wear, chafe, wear smooth iter {wear a (by constant use) calcem calce path, of the ant) Diores {tread on the heels} ; labo: ;
terebro, -avf, -at um, -5re, [fterebra-], bore out.

I.
v. a., bore,
bore into,
teres, -etis, [ftere- (of tero) + tis (reduced)], adj., smooth and round (cylindrical), round, smooth, well rounded: habena {well rolled?, well twisted?, not left flat, but
re
(callous, chafe} thresh, press (of olives)
manum
Esp., Also,
polish,
turn.
Also,
:
.
wear away
worked
into a
round cord like a
(of time), waste, pass the time in idleness}
shoe-string).
otia (waste In pass, by a change of idiom, rub against :

(lit.,
Tereus,
m.
:
(acc.-ea), [Gr.Tjj/>et5s], king of Thrace whose wife Progne along with her sister Philomela served up his son Itys at his table. All three were changed
-ei,
I
.
alvo balteus
is
rubbed by).
tors terra, -ae, [prob. for tersa, (in torreo) + a, cf. rtpaw, Eng.
thirst], f., to sea), the earth, the land. Also, the earth (in all relations), land, soil, the ground : semina terra-
dry land (as opposed
into birds
2.
Trojan.
tergemlnus
(tri-), -a,
-um,
adj.,
having three bodies, threefold, triple. tergeo, tersi, tersum, tergere

(also -o, -ere), [?], 2. (3.) v. a., clean, polish.
tergum,
-i,
[-v/terg
+ um,
poss.
:
akin to tergeo, orig. hide ?], n., the back (of men and animals) terga resolvit (body, of Cerberus) Less exactly, a ridge (of a furrow), a furrow?, the side (of a tree,
.
(earth, as an element). Personified, Earth. Also, a land, a country, stretch of country. terra marique, by land and sea orbis terrarum, the circle (according to earlier notions) of the
;
rum
lands, the whole world, the -world. terrenus, -a, -um, [fterra- (with unc. change of stem) + nus], adj., earthy, of earth : artus (of earthy
.
faced the south), the upper materials) the body (of a serpent) terreo, -ui, -it tun, -ere, [?, prob. Also (see above), a hide, esp. a fr. adj.-stem], 2. v. a., frighten, bull's hide, hence a shield, a layer alarm, affright, scare, terrify ; a shield no longer made of (of frighten away, scare away; a tergo,from behind, in drive in terror, hunt, pursue : me hide). the rear, behind. in tergum, patris imago (haunt}; terruit backward. Auster euntes (equal to deter, tergus, -oris, [ v^rg (cf. tergum) though the orig. fig. is kept) ; frustra terrebere nimbis (needlessly -f us], n., the back (only of anifear}. mals)^ Also(cf. tergum), a hide. termino, -avl, -arum, -are, [fter- terreus, -a, -um,[fterra- (reduced) I. v. a., pounds limit. -f eus], adj., ofearth. Also, earthto, mino-], fix born? (according to a doubtful terminus, -I, [yter (in trans) + minus, cf. -/lews], m., a bound, a reading) limit. Fig., a fixed bound, a des- terribilis, -e, [as if (or really) ftertined end. ro- (wh. terreo) + bilis], adj., ternus, -a, -um, usually plur., [ftri causing terror, dreadful, dread, terrible. + nus], adj., threefold, three at a
as
if it
part of
time,
three.
three each.
Less exactly,
terrified",
no
perf.,
i.
no
v.
sup., -are,
Regularly
;
three sets ofarms

three winters.
terna arma, terna hiberna,

:
[fterrifico-],
a.,
frighten,
alarm,
terrify.
terrificus, -a,
[
tero,trivf , tritum, terere,

cf.
yter,
rub,
terreo)
-um, [fterro- (wh. -ficus ( yfac -f us, cf.

adj.,
nipw
(for Tfpj.'w)'], 3. v.
a.,
magnificus)],
awe-ihspir-
Vocabulary.
ing,
terrible,
279
dread,
dreadful,
roof like the plates of the tortoise.
territo, no perf., no sup., -are,[fterrito- (cf. terreo)],

i. v. a.,
frightful.
alarm,
frighten, affright: quos bello (equal to pursue, menace) territus, -a, -uni, p.p. of terreo. terror, -oris, [-^/ter (in terreo) also in or], m., terror, alarm;
.
tete, see tu. teter, see taeter, the better spelling. Tethys, -yos, [Gr. TTjflws], f., a seagoddess, the nurse of Juno and wife of Oceanus. She was held to be the most ancient of the sea divinities and mother of all waters.
pi., alarm, terror, terrors, alarms, Concretely, a signs of terror. terror, a dreadful sight {omen,
Tetrica (Tae-),
tro
+ ca],
f.,
-ae, [?, perh. ftaea mountain or cliff
in the
Sabine
territory.
:
event, &c.). tertius, -a, -um, [fterto- (ftri
Teucer
tus reduced,
adj., third.
cf.
T pirns')
ius],
tessera, -ae, [Gr. T-faaapts Latinized], f., a square (cf. quadra). Esp., a square tablet on which the watchword was inscribed and passed through the ranks, a watchword.
testa, -ae, [ Y/tors (in torreo) + ta (f. of tus)], f. (perh. subst. omitted), baked clay, a tile, potsherds. Also, a piece of pottery (a jar, a lamp). tost at us, -a, -um, p.p. of testor. testis, -is, [ ?, but cf. antistes and superstes], comm., a witness (of an action, a vow, a promise, &c.).
testor, -at us,
[ftesti- (of testis)], i. v. dep., call to witness, swear by, protest before : deos et sidera. Also, declare (calling
-arl,
(-crus), -cri, [Gr. Tempos I. A son of TelaLatinized], m. mon king of Salamis, and halfHe fled from brother of Ajax. home because he came back without his brother, and settled in Crete,
founding a new Salamis; 2. A son of Scamander (said by some traditions to be a Cretan) and the nymph
Idsea.
He
figures
as the
great
founder of the Trojan line through his daughter Batea, who married Dardanus. Their genealogy according to received traditions
:
SCAMANDER
IU.-KA
'(JUPITER) ?(ELECTRA)
DARDANUS
I
ILUS
ERICHTHONIUS
TROS
I
test,
something to witness), swear, probear witness, assert, assever-
ILUS
ASSARACUS
CAPYS
ANCHISKS
LAOMEDON
PRIAM
ate ;
give warning (approve by testimony a course of conduct), exhort, bear witness to a thing, testify to (as a souvenir) be a witness Also, entreat (calling someof.
,
Teucria,-ae,[f.ofadj.fr.fTeucro-], the Trojan f., the land of Teucer, land, Troy.
thing to witness)
testudo,
testa)
called
-inis,
accipe,testor. [fiesta- (akin to

:
Teucrus, -a, -um, [same word as Teucer, decl. as adj.], adj., Tro-
a tortoise (so Plur., Teucri, -oriini, the jan. resemblance to a Trojans. Less exactly, Teuthras, -antis, [Gr. TrfJjp**}, pot-lid, testu). From its supposed tortoise-shell. m., a Trojan. " shell." Also, the Teutonicus, -a, -um, [fTeutono origin, a lyre, 4- cus], adj., ofthe Teu(ones(& tribe testudo, a column of attack in Less exactly, Gerwhich the shields were overlapped of Germany). like shingles, forming a continuous
do],
f.,
from
its
280
Vocabulary.
tex5, texui, textum, texere, Thersilochus, -i, [Gr. eptrl\oxos], to reVi-wi/)], 3. v. a., m., the name of two different Tro[ Y/tex (akin Less exactly (perh. weave, plait. jans in Hades. poetic, perh. in earlier sense), build, thesaurus (thens-), -I, [Gr. B-âavPoetic fugas et praepos], m., a hoard, a treasure. frame. lia (of dolphins, weave a tangled Also, a storehouse, a treasuretexhouse. web in flight and conflict) Poetic, of a hive. t u m, -I, p.p. neut., a fabric. Theseus, -el (-eos), [Gr. Tjo-eiJs],
:
.
textilis, -e,
texo) + ills], ven stuffs.

textus,
-a,
[ftexto- (of p.p. of adj., woven, of wop.p. of
m., a king of Athens, slayer of the Minotaur. He assisted Pirithous

infernal regions, for
-um,
-I,
texo.
Thaemon, -ontis,
thalamus,
[?],m., a Trojan. [Gr. QaXa.^.o{\, m., a Poetic, of bees, chamber, a room. a cell, Esp., a chamber (tot sleeping).
Proserpine from the which impiety he was forced to sit upon a rock forever. He was honored as a
in carrying off
is
special divinity
and
by the Athenians, sometimes treated as the
Fig. (also plu.), marriage,

:
founder of their race.
wedlock.
f. i. One Poetic, (descendant) of Theseus. in plur., Athenians, sons of Theseus. Muses, regularly assigned Thessandrus, -i, [Greek], m., a comedy 2. A sea-nymph. Greek hero. Thamyrus (-is), -I, [?], m., a TroThestylis, -is, [Gr. eonAfs], f., a jan. rustic woman, wife or slave of a Thapsus, -I, [Gr. ctyos], f., a city on a promontory of the same name, shepherd. on the eastern coast of Sicily. Thetis, -idis, [Gr. ens], f., a seaThasiiis, -a, -um, [Gr. ao-jos], nymph, one of the Nereids, mother of Achilles by Peleus. Also (cf. adj., of Thasos (an island off the coast of Thrace, famous for its Ceres), the sea. thiasus, -I, [Gr. 0iao-os], m., the tliiwine), Thasian. Thaumantias, -adis, [Gr. @xvasus, a festive dance in honor of f. Bacchus. adj., daughter of Thau/j.ai'Tia.s'], mas, Iris. Thoas, -antis, [Gr. 0<5as], m. I. A Thru no, -us, [Gr. 0e<m],f., a TroGreek in the wooden horse; 2. A
Thalia, -ae, [Gr. 0oAo],

of the
to
;
jan
woman.
.
Trojan.
[Gr. 6S\os~], m., a dome. a sacred dome, in a temple where gifts were hung up. thorax, -acis, [Gr. dtapa], m., a breastplate, a corselet. Thraca (Thrae-), -as,[Gr. pota?],
th cat rum,
-I, [Gr. Bearpov], n., a theatre (proper) Less exactly,
tholus,
-I,
Esp.,
a place for games, a
theatre.
f.,
Thebae, -arum,
[Gr. 07j/3ai],
Thebes, a famous city of Bceotia.
Thebanus,
nus], adj.:
otia),
-a,
i.
-um, [fTheba +
Of
;
2.
Theban
Thebes (in BoeAlso, of Thebe
f. (of adj., cf. Thrax), Thrace. Thracius (Thrae-), -a, -um, [Gr.
(a city in
Mysia, whence
came
paVioj], adj., Thracian, ofThrace.
Andromache). Themillas, -ae,
Thrfix(Thraex), -acis,[Gr. 0p?],
Thermodon,
m., a Thracian. [?], m., a Trojan. -ontis, [Gr. Threicins, -a, -um, [Gr. pr/i'/cm], ep/uceFern. of Pontus, famous adj., of Thrace, Thracian. Sou'], m., a river as being in the region of the Amaplur., the Thracian women, the women Thrace. zons. of Theron, -onis, [Gr. &i)pu>v'] t m., a Threissa, -ae, [Gr. p&tro-o, f. adj.], a Latin. f., TAractan(vfoma.n), Thracian,
Vocabulary,
Thronfus,
-i,
281
[?],m., a Trojan.
OIÂTJ],
f.,
Thule
(-yle), -es, [Gr.
dress used by Eastern nations), a head-dress (equal to mitra, \vh.

see).
a supposed island at the northeastern extremity of Europe, beyond Britain, discovered by the
navigator Pytheas. Its position doubtful. thureus, see tureus. thuricremus, see tori-. thurifer, see turi-. thus, see in-. Thybrinus, see Tiberinus.
is
Tiberinus (Tibr-, Thy-),
-a,
-um,
[Tiber! + nus], adj., of the Tiber. Masc. as subst., Tiber (the rivergod)
.
the 7Y&v-(half personified).

:
Tiberis (Tibr-, Thy-), -is (-idis), i. The 7'iber, the great [?], m.
river of
Rome
2.
The
ancient
Thybris (Ty-),
'**>
[?]
m.:
;
I.
from whom the river was supposed to have been named.

Italian hero
hero in the Trojan ranks Tiberis.

f.,
2.
See
Thyias (Thyas),-adis,[Gr.
ma's],
a Bacchante, a Mccnad, one of the women who joined in the frenzied rites of Bacchus. They are often represented in works of art.
-bri, [?], m., a Rutulian
-ae, [Gr. 0t5/t$pTj],
its
f.,
tibia, -ae, [?], f., the leg-bone. Also, a pipe, the special instrument of shepherds, and in its larger forms of frenzied religious worship. It was blown at the end (the flute form being rare), and often two of different pitch were put together blown at the same time.
and
Thymber,
(Ribbeck).
Thymbra,
city
Tibur, -iiri.s, [ ?], n., an old and famous town of Latium on the Anio, a twenty miles north-east of Rome,
situated on a rocky hill. It long defended itself against the Roman
near Troy famous for
tem-
ple of Apollo. thymbra, -ae, [Gr. 0v/*j3pa], f., a fragrant herb, savory ( ?), {Satureia tliymbra) Thymbraeus, -a, -um, [Gr. 0u/x.
power.
Tiburtus,
-i,
[fTibur
+ tus],
m.,
Ppaios'], adj.,
br&an.
of Thymbra, ThymMasc. as subst. I. The

:
one of the mythic founders of Tibur, to which he was supposed to have given its name. (Now Tivoli, still famous for its waterfall.)
Quiris],
plur.,
god of Thymbra(b.\>o\\d)
of a Trojan.
2.
Name Tiburs,
-is, [Gr. name of the Tiber], m., a Trojan. Thymoetes, -ae, [Gr. tûofrTjs], m., a Trojan at the siege of Troy. Also one in tineas' expedition. t h vmiiiii (-us), -i, [Gr. Ovpov], n.,
Tliymbris,
[fTibur + tis, cf. Masc. of Tiber. the inhabitants of Tiber, the

-urtis,
adj.,
-I,
Tiburtines.
tignum,
[unc. root
n.,
+ num,
cf.
magnus],
a beam, a
rafter.
thyme (a fragrant herb whose blossoms are loved by bees). Thyrsis, -idis, [Gr. Qvpais], m., a
shepherd.
tigris, -is (-idis), [Gr. riypts'], m. and f., a tiger, a tigress. Also, the Tiger, a name of a ship. Tigris, -idis (-is), [Gr. T/7p], m., the river in Asia flowing between
thyrsus,
-I,
[Gr.
0vpcnfc],
m.,
plant-stalk. Esp., the thyrsus (prob. originally a stalk), or wand of Bacchus, wreathed with ivy and vine leaves or other plants, and borne in the festival rites of the
Mesopotamia and Assyria, and joining with the Euphrates in the Persian Gulf.
tilia,
-ae, [?],
f.,
the linden, the
lime (corresponding to the American basswood). Timavus, -I, [?], m., a river be-
god.
tiara (-as), -ae, [Gr. riopa (-as)], f. (or m.), a regal cap (a head-
tween Istria and Venetia, flowing from seven rocky sources (between Aquileia and Trieste ) , makes a short
282
Vocabulary.
course as a wide river into the

Adriatic.
Memnon.
He was changed
into
timeo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [as if ftimo (cf. timidus)], 2. v. a. and

n.,
a locust {cicada} at his wife's request, since endowed with immortality he had not received eternal
youth.
fear, dread.
Intransitive, be
Also, show one's fear. timens, -entis, p. as in one's fear, a.d].,ffarfu/t alarmed,
alarmed, be in fear.
in fear.
titubatus, -a, -um, p.p. of titubo. titubo, -avi, -atum, -are, [?], i. v. n. and a., stumble, reel, totter. titubatus, -a, -um, p.p. in
act. sense, stumbling, tottering.
-i, [Gr. Tirvpos, Dor. form of 2aTupos], m., a shepherd's name in bucolic poetry. Tityus (-os), -i, [Gr. Tirixfe], m., a giant of Euboea who offered violence to Latona (or to Diana). He was punished in Tartarus, stretched out on the ground and having his liver torn by vultures.
timidus,
-a,
-urn,
[ftimo (wh.
timeo)+dus], adj., fearful, timid, Tityrus,

frightened. timor, -oris, [ y/tim (in timeo) Peror], m.,fear, dread, alarm.
sonified, Fear. tinea, -ae, [?],
f.,
a worm (moth
or die like).^
tingo (tinguo), tinxl, tinctum,

tingere,[-N/ting, cf. rtyyu~\, 3-v.a., ivet, dip (in water), bathe, plunge. Also, of the wetting substance, wash, bathe. tinnitus, -fis, [ftinni- (stem of
Tmarius,
adj.,
.
-a,
-um, [fTmaro+ius],
tinnio)
noise,
tus], m.,
of Tinaros (see following Also, of Epirus. word) Tmarus, -i, [Gr. Tûapos (T>c(pos), a mountain in Epirus], m., a Rurattling
tulian.
a ring, a jingle.
Ti<pi5s],
Tiphys, -yos, [Gr.

pilot of the
m., the
Tmolius,
as subst.,
-a,
-um, [fTmolo-f iusj,

ofTmolus.
Masc.
(half perm., for
Argo.
3id}.,Ttno/ian,
sonified).
Tiryiithius, -a, -uin, [Gr. Ttpvv0ios], adj., of Tiryns, an ancient town of Argolis, where Hercules Masc. as subst., was educated.
Hercules.
Tmolian wine
Tmolus,
wines.
-i,
[Gr. T/x\oj],
a
its
mountain in Lydia famous
TIsiphone,
-es, [Gr. TurupAvvi], one of the Furies.
f.,
tofus (toph-), -i, [?], m., tufa. togatus, -a, -um, [ ftoga -f tus,
cf.
Titan, -anis,[Gr. TiTav], m., a name armatus], adj., clad in the toga, of the sun-god as in some way conof the toga (wearing it). with the Tifounded Titans. See tolerabilis, -e, [ftolera- (of totanius. lero) + bills], adj., tolerable, endurable : non (unendurable}. Titanius, -a, -nm, [Gr. Tirefc/os], adj., of the Titans (a mysterious tolero, -avi, -atum, -are, [ftolerrace of giants, sons of Heaven and ( -y/tol, in tollo, + us), cf. onus, Earth, who warred against Zeus), onero], I. v. a., bear, support. Titanian. One of the Titans was Fig., endure : vitam {sustain, get a subsistence). Hyperion, the father of the Sun and the Moon according to the tollo, sustuli, sublatum, tolconfused myths, and these latter are called Titans also.
lere,
fr. lift,
[V^l> P ef fraise (in

all
anc^ SU P- borr.
3. v. a.,
:
suffero, see fero],
Tithonius,
-a,
-i,
-um, [tTithono +
[Gr. TiffoWs], m., a
Eng. senses)
;
ius], adj., of Tithonus.
aulaea {draw up, but closing
in-
Tithonus,
son of
Laomedon who married
Aurora and became the father of
stead of opening the scene) saxurn {take up); me humo {raise bracchia {put up) rates up)
;
Vocabulary.
(take up to launch) caeli sidera (bear up, of Atlas) ; in astra nepotes (raise to heaven, as gods); fluctus (throw up, stir up} ; undam de flumine (dip up, take
;
283
{olive leaves, stripped
tonsa oliva
off)
;
tonsa corona {leafy Fem. as subst., an garland}. oar (cf. tondere bracchia). tonitrus, -us, [ftoni- (weaker stem
so
:
up}
trus], m., thunder, a clap of With reflexive or in thunder. sword}. passive, raise one's self, rise, spring tono, tonul, tonitum, tonare, Of other up, go up : se ab solio ; se adrec[?], i.'v. n., thunder. noises as in Eng. tum; nimbus arenae tollitur; eloquio (of an antra Aetnaea ; axis quae se tollunt (spring up, of orator) so, fig.: se clamor (go (of a chariot) tonat ter centum trees); Deos {calls with loud voice upon, Also, fig., up, arise, see below). raise (and the like) vocem (send thunders the names of, cogn. ace.). up, send forth} clamores ; gemi- tonsus, -a, -urn, p.p. of tondeo. tum (utter} ; sublata rebus se- tophus, see tofus.
neck}
;
: ;
sublato pectore {with lofty sublatus ensis {uplifted
of toiio)
trus,
cf.
Quinqua-
cundis
in
(elated,
puffed up}; vos

(raise
tormentum,
tantum spe
;
your
hopes
so high, be
inspired with so
much
exalt,
men-I, [ -^/torqu turn], n., an engine (for hurling missiles by means of a twisted rope).
hope}
animos (encourage,
cheer, revive, be inspirited} ; lia venti {stir up} ; ad
Also, torture, pain, torment. prae- tornus, -I, [Gr. i6pvos~\, m., a lathe : astra facilis {chisel, transferring, to ren-
(extol, immortalize} ; tollent animos sata ; minas (of a snake, rise menacingly}. Also (where raise is not used in Eng.), take up and carry away, take away, carry off, bear away, bear
off,
Daphnim
der facilis) .
torpeo, -ui, no sup., -ere, [ftorpo(cf. torpidus) of unc.kin.], a.v.n., be benumbed, be stiff. Fig., be.
sluggish, be enfeebled, be inactive, be idle.
remove, put away, put
an end torpor,
-f
extirpate, destroy, cease, forbear : tollite Teucri ; dona ;

to,
me
-oris, [ y'torp- (in torpeo) or], m., torpor, numbness, pa-I,

],
ralysis.
certamina
it}
;
sive est virtus et ; gloria tollat (carry it off, have
Torquatus,
iirniaf us)
[ftorqui
tus
(cf.
m., the
name of Titus
de caespite silvam
dolis
minas
(without longer concealment}. In a special sense, torqueO, torsi, tortum, tprquetake up (of a new-born child), re, [-y/torqu, akin to rpe'irw], hence, rear, bring up. 2. v. a., whirl, twist, twirl, turn
sublatis
Manlius Torquatus, given him for slaying a Gaul in single combat.
Tolumnius,
-I
(-li),
[?], m.,
an
(with some violence

;
or
haste),
augur of the Rutuli. tondeo, totondi, tonsum, tondere, [?], 2. v. a., shear (of the thing sheared and the product),
clip,
bend: ter fluctus (of a ship, spin around} amenta (wind up, of the thong of a javelin) verbera fundae (twirl around the head to
;
bracchia
reap.
crop, trim, strip, pluck : (for oars}. Esp., mow,
Of
animals, crop, br cause,

;
graze on, feed on : campum equi iecur (of vultures). tonsus, -a, -uin, p.p. as adj., trimmed, mown, cropped, clipped, sheared, shorn : lonsao valles {grazing valleys}',
(whirl, of leonis {fling around, as a robe) ; undam {in a whirling eddy} ora (distort, From the spinning mopucker}. tion of a dart (cf. amenta above), hurl, throw, fling, roll (of a river) tres Notus in saxa (of ships) ;
throw)
axem umero
tegumen
Atlas);
284
aquosam hiemem
let
Vocabulary.
(Jling down, torvus, -a, -um, [ Y/tor (cf. tereSimply, turn (but with bro)+vus, cf. Topos], adj., (pierca poetic conception) currua (aling only of the expression), piercmost equals twist}; vi portam ing (v{ eyes), grim, savage, frownNeut. ing, wild-eyed, glaring. (wrench around} corn.ua (haul as adv. : torvum clamat (wildly, so, fig. around) ; vestigia ; Poetilumina ; oculos ; aciem. coupled with torquens aciem) torva tuens (fiercely). cally, rule, sway, control : sidera mundi (almost lit.) ; caelum et tostus, -a, -um, p.p. of torreo.
fly).
:
terras ; bella.
tortus;
;
-a,
-um, tot
pp. as adj., twisted, bent, twined : cucumis (crooked) imber (prob. hail ) orbes (winding) ; angues
;
quot],
those
ma ^'(demonstrative), these many,

many.
[toti
ti, cf [for toti, pron. -y/ta indecl. adj., so many, as

.
(writhing)
qvLeTCTis^ garland)
totidem
dem,
cf.
idem],
vortex (whirling').
(-is), -is, [^/torqu + (-is)], m.and f., a necklace (twisted round the neck), a collar. Also, Also, a collar (for cattle). a wreath, a festoon. torrens, see torreo. torreo, torrui, tostuni, torrurc, [ftorro- ( ôrs + us, cf. terra and
torques
es
indecl. adj., just so man}', just as many, as many, the same number,
a like number. totiens (-es), [toti as stem duced) + iens, cf. noviens],
so
(re-
adv., many times, as (cf. tot) many times, so often, as (cf. tot) often.
totus, -a, -um, [?], adj., the whole of (a. thing collectively, cf. omnis,
all,
torridus)],
(lit.
2. v. a.,
and
fig.).
roast, parch torrens, -entis,
every), all, the whole, entire.
p.
as adj. (from fire or boiling water), boiling, roaring, raging.
Often (like all adjs. of quantity, order, and degree) equal to an

adv.,
entirely, completely, wholly,
all.
As
subst.,
a torrent.
all over,
torridus, -a, -um, [ftorro- (wh. torreo) -|-dus], adj., burning, hot,
fiery.
trabalis, -e, [ftrabi- (of trabs, reduced) + alis], adj., of a beam. Also, like a beam : telum.
torris, -is, [-y/tors (cf. torreo) + Also, a stake is],m., a firebrand. (burnt at the end fora weapon). tortilis, -e, [ftorto- (p.p. of torqueo) + lis], adj., twisted, encircling (twisted around). tortus, -a, -um, p.p. of torqueo.
trabea, -ae, [ftrabi- (reduced) + ea, f. of-eus], f., a trabea, a robe, woven in stripes, worn by magistrates, &c.
trabs (trabes),
-is, [?], f.,a
beam
tortus, -us,
[ -y/torqu (in torqueo) tus], m., a coil, a writhing coil a snake). (of torus, -I, [ ?, y'star (in sterno) + us],m., a bulge ; plur., the muscles (esp. of the neck) ; the neck, a
Less exactly, (hewn), a timber. a ship. tractabilis, -e, [tracta- (of tracto) + bilis], adj., manageable. So, of the weather, Jit for naviga~
tion.
table.
Of persons,
[as
if
yielding, trac-
tractim
(
ace.
of ftracti-
cushion, a bed (perh. orig. sense), a couch (for sitting, reclining at meals, or laying out the dead). Fig., of natural lying-places viridans (green couch of turf) ripa:
y'trah + tis), cf. partim], adv., draS&ingtyi slowly, gradually, contimiously.
tracto, -avi, -atum, -are, [ftracto- (of tractus)], I. v. ^, handle. rum (grassy couches) arma toro tractus, -a, -um, p.p. of traho. requirit (equal to chamber, where tractus, -us, [^/trah (of traho) the arms were hung over the bed). + tus], m., a drawing: tractu
;
Vocabulary.
285
Intrans., pass
gementem
moves)
;
ferre
rotam
.
(as
it
pierce, transfix.
tanto tractu se conligit across, pass. Also traiectus (trans-), -a, -inn, anguis (so wide a sweep) p.p. a streak, a of tralclo. (cf. trano, trace), stretch (cf. Eng. use), a quarter, frames, -itis, [ ^/mi (in moo) + tis (reduced), cf. comes], m., a a region. Less excross-path, a by-way. -dltum, -dere, -didi, tradd, actly, a path (lit. and fig.), a course. [tran3-do], 3. v. a., hand over,
give over, give in charge, surrender.
trano (trans-), -avi, -atuin, -are, [trans-no], i. v. a., swim across,

cross (of rivers), sail through or
traduco, -duxi, -ductum, -ducere, [trans-duco], 3. v. a., draw

over, transfer, remove. trahea, -ae, [ftraha- (reduced) + ea, f. of -eus] f., a drag, a sledge (used also for threshing).
,
across (of birds). Also, of Mercury as a winged creature.
tranquillus, -a, -um, [?],
adj.,
Neut. quiet, calm, still, tranquil. as subst. : tranquillo, in calm

weather.
traho, traxi, tractuin, traherc,

-^/trah (for -gh), akin to Tpe'xwjt or 3. v. a., drag (with violence, with difficulty), dragon, drag along, drag away, bear on (of rivers, &c. ) ,
[
trans [unc. form

rebro)], prep.,
over.
v/t
ra tar (in te>
across,
Adv.,
in
through, comp., in same
sense.
(of something fall: ing, &c.), carry off (as captive) tractae catenae (dragging, clanking chains) ; nubem (drive) ; arit
;
carry with
transabeo, -ii, no sup., -Ire,[transabeo], irr. v. a. and n., pass beyond.

Also,
pierce,
penetrate,
pass
menta cum stabulis^/rry away) transadigo, -egi, -actum, -igerc, genua aegra sinus ultimus or[ trans -adigo], 3. v. a., thrust
;
through (of a weapon, &c.).
bes (of a snake)
naves in saxa
Also (without vio(of Scylla). lence), draw, draw out, draw in, move on (slowly or continuously), trail, lead (of children, &c.), draw (lots): sinum ex alto (roll);
alvum
(trail,
as
vela (take in).
Fig.,
hanging low); draw, de-
Also, through (with two aces.). pierce through, penetrate. transcrlbo (transs-), -scrips!, -scriptum, -scribere, [transscribo], 3. v. a., transcribe. Also, make over by writing; hence,
rive, entice, attract, trace, pass, be
assign over, transfer, make over. Esp., enroll (in a different list,
cf.
traced (extend), dissolve (draw transcurro, -cucurri (-curri), in), utter with difficulty: gyros no sup., -currere, [trans-curro], a colores mille Iris ; (trace) 3. v. a. and n., run across, Jly with vocem (utter diffipectore
;
conscribo), transfer.
( unmentioned ) furorem. traicio (transicio, also separate, trfinsfero, -tuli, -latum, -ferre, [trans-fero], irr. v. &., carry over, traiic-, transilc-), -ieci, -icc1 u in, -iccre, [trans-iacio], 3. v. a. transfer. and n., thrmo across, throw over. transfigo, -fixi, -fixum, -figere, With change of point of view, [trana-figo], 3. v. ^.
.
drag out, pertransco, -ii (-ivi), -Itum, -Ire, form (slowly), while away, waste [trans-eo], irr. v. n. and a., pass (of time), dally, delay: moras (creover, cross, pass by, pass, outstrip. vitam ; noctem sermone ate') A\so,fifrcf, pass through, penpass., draw on (of future time). etrate. Also, pass over or by absorb, draw in : per osaa
culty).
So, also,
across, shoot across.
Esp.,
286
Vocabulary.
Also, pierce through (cf. figo),
tremefacio, -feci, -factuni, -facere, [unc. stem (akin to
transfix.
transfixus,-a,-um,
figo.
tremo)
tremble,
-a,
p.p. of
trans-
-facio], shake.
p.p.,
3.
v.
a.,
make
tremefactus,
-um,
transfodio, -fodi, -fossum, -fodere, [trans-fodio],3. v. a pierce,

->
transfix.
shaken, trembling, quivering, shuddering. tremendus, see tremo.
transformo, -avi, -atum,

[transformo], metamorphose ;
change.
i. v. a.,
-are,
tremesco
transform,
reflexive,
with
(-isco), no perf., no sup., -ere, [ftreme- (of tremo) sco], 3. v. n. and a. incept., tremble.
With
der.
inf.
and
ace., tremble,
shud-
transfossus, -a, -11111, p.p. of transfodio.^ transilio (transs-), -ui (-Ivi), no

sup., -Ire,
With
at.
obj. tremble at, shud-
der
cf.
tremo,
[trans-salio], 3. and n., leap across, fly over. things, fly through.
v. a.
Of
of
-ui, no sup., -ere, [ ytrem, rp/j.w (perh. fr. a stem, cf. terreo)], 3. v. a., tremble, quake, quake with fear, shake, quiver :
transmissus,
transniitto.
-a,
-11111,
p.p.
cristae tremble
(nod,
at,
flutter}.
at,
Act.,
shudder
quake with
transmitto,-misi, -missum, -mittere, [trans-mitto], 3. v. a.and n.,

suffer to
let
fear
adj.,
at. tremens, -entis, p. as trembling, quivering, friglit-
pass across (cf.

Fig.,
niitto,
ened.
tremendus,
-oris,
-a,
-um,
p.
go}.
transmit,
assign
over.
With
.
ger., dreadful,
awful, dread.
ace. dep. or trans,
tremor,
a trembling. pass over : campos ; cursum (cross the passage} tremulus, -a, -um, [ftremo transports, -avi, -atum, -are, ( Y/trem-f us) + lus], adj., tremulous, quivering, shimmering. [trans-porto], I. v. a., bear across, carry across : ripas (carry the trepido, -avi, -atum, -are, [ftreshades across the stream}. pido-], I. v. n. and a., tremble, transtrum, -I, [trans -f trum], n., quake with fear, flutter. Also, a cross-beam. Act. hurry to and fro, bustle. Esp., a thwart, a verb bench (for rowers athwart the ship). of (as fearing), fear, dread, shrink from. trepidans, -antransverbero, -avi, -atum, -are,
1
[ytrem +
or], m.,
[trans-verbero],
i.
v.
a.,
strike
tis, p. as adj. ,frighte ned, in a panic,
through, pierce, transfix. transversus, -a, -HIM,

1
p.p.
of
in alarm. trepidus, -a, -um,[ttrepo-( ^/trep,

of unc.
kin.
transverto. transverto , -verti,-versum,-vertere, [ trans- ver to], 3. v. a.., turn athwart. transversus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., lying across, running across. Neut. plur. as adv., askance, athwart one's course. trapetus, -I, [Gr. rpainjTOs'], m., an
oil-mill.
us)
dus],
adj.,
shuddering, quaking, bustling, hurrying, contrembling,

agitated,
fused, in confusion, in agitation ; frightened, fearful, anxious, alarmed, in eager haste. tres, tria, [ftri-, of unc. kin., cf.
rpfls,
Eng. three], num.
adj. plur.,
three.
trecentl, -ae,
-a, [ftri-centum, decl.], adj., three hundred.
tribulum, -i, [tri (as root of tero) + bulum], n., a drag (for threshm., a
tremebundus, -a, -um, [ttremeing, with teeth beneath). (as of tremo, but cf. rubicun- trlbulus, -i, [Gr. rpijSoAoj],
dus)
bundus],
adj.,
trembling,
quivering.
caltrop (a pointed instrument laid on the ground as a defence against
Vocabulary.
cavalry)
.
287
Also, a caltrop.
f.,
tribus, -us,
tribe.
affecting others, grim, gloomy, sullen, stern. Transf., sad (causing
trlcorpor,
-oris, [ttri-fcorpor(decl. as adj.)], adj., three-bodied.
tridens, -dentis, [ftri-dens (decl.

pronged.
as adj.)], adj., three-toothed, threeMasc. as subst., a irident, the attribute of Neptune.
trietericus, -a, -uin, [Gr. TpifT-rjptK<fcJ, adj., biennial, occurring once in three years according to the
notions of the ancients, who counted both termini of a period.
sadness), bitter, dreary, mournful, melancholy, ill-omened, wretched, gloomy, dreadful, cruel, harsh, noxious, baneful : tempus (disastrous); Minervaesidus^/tfrw)'); nihil triste (there is no sorrow} Of taste, &c., bitter, harsh. Neut. as subst., the bane.
.
trisulcus, -a, -HIM,
[ftri-sulcus,
decl. as adj.], adj., three-forked. triticcus, -a, -urn, [ftntico- (of
trifaux, -faucis, [ftri-faux,
decl.
as adj.], adj., three-throated, triplejawed : trifauci latratus Cerberus (with the baying of his three
throats}
indecl.
.
triticum, reduced) + eus], adj., of wheat : messis {wheat-harvest). Triton, -onis, [Gr. Tpiruiv'], m. A sea-god, son of Neptune, rep:
triginta[tri-unc. stem,
cf.
viginti],
bilix], (of three
resented as blowing a conch-shell. 2. name of Plur., sea-gods.
num.
trilix, -Hcis,
thicknesses).
adj., thirty. [ftri-lix, cf.
a ship.
Tritonia, -ae, [Gr.
adj., three-ply, threefold
Tpirtavios'], f., a or appellation of Pallas (Minerva) of uncertain origin.
name
Trinacrius,
icptos'], adj.,
-a,
-inn, [Gr. Tptvd-
of Sicily (called Trinacria from its three promontoSicilian.

Fern.
(cf.
Tritonis, -idis, [Gr. TpjiWs], same as Tritonia.

<
f.,
Gr. (This word, as IpivoKpia), Sicily. is the case with most names of countries, serves as adj. of its own
ries),
fern.).
ii ru, -ae, [ -îri (in tero) -ftura, but see pictura], f., threshing. tritus, -a, -urn, p.p. of tero. triumphatus, -a, -HIM, p.p. of tri-
ri t
nmphq.
triumpho,
-avi,
Triones, -uni, [?], m. plur., the Great and Little Bears, Ursa Major and Minor, or Charles' Wain
(see also septentrio). triplex, -ids, [ftri-plex, cf. duplex], adj., threefold, triple : gens (in three divisions). tripus, -odis, [Gr. rpltrovs"], m., a tripod, a three-legged stand used by the ancients, especially for cooking and for sacred rites. Esp., the Tripod, or cauldron on a tri-
[ftriumpho-],
i. v.
-atum, n. and
-are,
a., tri-
umph
(technically).
Act., enjoy
a triumph over, lead in triumph,

conquer, subdue.
triumphus,
6pla.fj.ftos,
-I,
[prob. corr.
fr.
Gr.
a triumph
cal sense,
to Bacchus], m., (in the Roman techni-
hymn
his
where the general with army went in procession to the
Less Capitol to offer a sacrifice). exactly, a triumph (generally), a

victory.
pod, at Delphi, on which the priestess sat when delivering the oracle. Plur., referring to the same, but almost in sense of oracles.
tristis, -e, [?, perh. ^/ters (in terreo] -f tis], adj., sad, gloomy,
Trivius,
-a, -um, [ftri-fvia, decl. as adj.], adj., of three ways. Masc.
mournful, wretched, sorrowful. Also of things connected with persons in the same sense. Also, as
and fern., of gods whose temples were built at the junction of three ways. Fern., Trivia, as subst.; esp., Hecate or Diana, on account of her three forms. Neut., a square, where three ways met,
corners.
288
Vocabulary.
a trunk (of a tree, opposed to the Troas, -adis, [Gr. Tpwcfc], f. adj., a Trojan woman. Plur., the Trojan branches), a stock, a main shoot. women. Also, a headless trunk (of a Troia, see Troius. man). Troianus, -a, -um, [fTroia+nus], trux, trucis ?], adj., savage, grim,
f_
Trojan. As subst., <z Trojan. Troilus, -i, [Gr. TpwiAos], m., a son of Priam killed in the Trojan war.
adj.,
gloomy. tu, tul,

idiom).
[cf. <n',
Eng. thou], pers.
pron., thou,
Troiugena,
form)
-ae, [fTroiu- (of unc.
you (according to Eng. Plur., vos, you (of sev-
also apparently (never -gena (cf. indlgena)], eral) ; comm., born in Troy, Trojan. really) of one, when others are included. As subst., a Trojan. Troius, -a, -um, [fTro- (of Tros) tuba, -ae, [f. of tubus], f., a trumA. Of Tros. Fern. : pet (straight, cf. cornu, a curved -fills], adj.
:
horn). Troy, the city of Tros ; 2. A city of the same name in Epirus ; tucor, tuitus (tutus), tuerl, [?], of the exercise 2. v. dep., look at, gaze at, or The 3. game gaze Also (lit. and upon, look, behold. Trojan youths in honor of Anchises. B. Less exactly (as with -a, tutus, protect, defend.
I.
%)
most names of countries, &c.), of Masc., a Trojan. Troy, Trojan. tropaeum (-phaeuin), -I, [Gr. a trophy, regularly T-p6iraiov~], n., a trunk of a tree arrayed in arms and left standing on the battleLess exactly, a trophy field. (generally), a victory. Tros, -ois, [Gr. Tpias], m., a king
of Phrygia (see
in pass, sense, protected, safe (as regards externals, cf. securus, as regards one's self), se-
-um, p.p.
cure, without danger,
undisturbed,
(secure,
unharmed: dare
Fig.
. : :
in safety, tufides
ta vela (sail safely).

trustworthy) ferred, safe {protecting)
Trans-
tegmina
As
to
adj.,
Trojan.
Dardanus). As subst., a
Like securus, fearNeut. sing, or less, in security. plur., safe places (i.e. safely), a
capitum.
Plur., the 7"rojans, said Trojan. be named for him. trucido, -avi, -aiinn, -are, [?, prob. noun-stem akin to trux, and
safe retreat,
safety,
a safe position, &c., Abl. as adv., security.

impunity.
(-ii), [ -^/teg
-1
safely, -with
tugurium,
term.], n., Tulla, -ae,
+ unc.
f.,
caedoj,
ter.
l.v. a.,
cut down, slaugh-
hut.
[f.
of Tullus],
an
attendant of Camilla. [y/trud (in trudo) + boat-hook, a pole (for boat- Tullus, -I, [?], m., a Roman name. is], Esp., Tullus Hostilius, the third ing), said to have a crescent-shaped head, cf. contus. king of Rome. trudo, trusi, trusum, trudere, turn [n. ace. pron. -y/ta (in tarn, etc.), cf. dam], adv. demonstra[?], 3. v. a., push, push on, shove,
trudis,
-is,
f., a
thrust,
press
against.
growth).
against, struggle Esp., put forth (of In pass, or with reflex-
tive, tJien,
at that time.
With
cor-
relative, at the time, that time, then (sometimes not expressed in Eng.),
ive, sprout. trillions, -a, -urn, [?], adj., lopped,
stripped, cut
lated :
mutioff, maimed, pinus (a pine trunk}

;
trunca
pedum
;
(destitute of,
of
maggots)
tela
(broken,
perh.
with only the heads off).
Masc.,
in that case, now (in Eng. sense of past time), by and by, meanwhile, just then. Also, thereupon, next, then again, then, besides, and . . too. quid turn, Esp. what then (what follows logically from the preceding ?), what next.
. :
Vocabulary.
289
turn lam, just then (but conperbus, and Tt5/>#7j], f., a disturbfounded with lain turn) ; iam ance, a tumult, confusion. Esp., a throng, a crowd, a flock (of tuni, even then, just then, then turn vero, emphatic, already') birds), a multitude, the crowd (as introducing "the most important opposed to leaders, &c.). t m-bat us, -a, -um, point of a narrative. p.p. of turbo. tumeo, no perf., no sup., -ere, turbidus, -a, -um, [fturba-fdus],
;
[ttum.6- (-v/tu + nius, cf. tumulus, ruAos)], 2. v. n., swell, be swollen.
tumesco,tumui,no sup.,-mescere,
[ftume- (of tumeo) +sco] , 3.v. n., swell, rise (of the sea or war, &c.). tumidus, -a, -um, [ftumo- (\vh.
tumeo) -f dus], adj., swelling, swollen, rising, huge. Fig., puffed up, s^velling. tumor, -oris, [turn (as root of tumeo) or], m., a swelling.
confused, agitated, wild, turroily, stormy, eddying (of Of dust), whirling (of rain). persons (cf. turba), wild (often equals adv. wildly), agitated, impetuous, confused, in a panic. turbo, -avi, -alum, -are, [fturba], I. v. a., agitate, disturb, throw into confusion, drive in a panic, frightadj.,
bid,
en (chase}, scatter: turbatur (confusion reigns')

i.e.
;
the order)
globum (break, omnia metu la;
Fig.,
anger ^
-us,
in
tumultus,
mulus
[ftumulo- (of tumeaning,

tus], m.,
cf.
earlier
tratu apros (rouse); turbantur arenae (tossed, driven). Less exactly and fig., alarm, trouble,
disturb, strike with
tumeo, reduced) +
an
a panic, break
(among,
uproar, a tiitmilt, a noise, a disturbance, a commotion, disorder, Also, of the mind, confusion. anxiety, agitation, excitement :
laetitia mixto tumultu. Esp., a domestic war, a war. tumulus, -1, [ftumo- (whence tumeo) + lus], m., a mound,a hill.
Esp., a tomb.
off (a. truce), spread alarm
or absolutely). turbatus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., agitate^, disorin a dered, panic, broken, panicin stricken, confusion (equal
adv.), frightened, alarmed, disturbed, disordered, angry, troubled, confused, excited.
turbo,
tune [tum-ce,
hlc], adv., then (more definite than turn, but concf.
o -inls, [fturba- (or -o) (-in), cf. homo], m., a -whirling;
fused with it), at that time. The readings often vary between turn
t
a whirling eddy : quo turbine adacta (of an arrow, siir>ply by

whose hurling) ; venti (a whirlwind, see next division). Esp., a whirlwind, a hurricane : nigro circumdata turbine (including
the cloud that often accompanies the vortex) ; ingentis turbine Esp. of beatsaxi (like a whirlwind, making Also, grief. one as it goes) ; quo turbine torpound, bruise, crush, thresh. Less exactly, tear (of a vulture), queat hastam (i.e. force like a beat (of waves), assail (by words). Also, a top (perh. whirlwind). nearer the original sense). tunica, -ae, [?], f., a tunic, the ancient undergarment, a sort of tureus, (tliu- , -a, -um, [ftur shirt or frock. eus], adj., of incense. Fig., a coating (of bark or the like). turgeo, tursi, no sup., turgSre, tiinsus, -a, -um, p.p. of t undo. [ ?], 2. v. n., swell.
strike, beat, bruise. ing the breasts in
and_tunc. n ml- >, tutudi, tunsum (tusum), tundere, [^/tud, akin to Sk. ûd, with same meaning], 3. v.a.,
turba, -ae, [-y/tur

Da,
cf.
(cf.
turma and turicremus,

turi-) -f
morbus, su-
-a, -um, [ttur- (as if cremua (eft cremoj],
290
adj.,
Vocabulary.
incense - burning, smoking tutela, -ae, [ftute- (as if stem of with incense. tutor) + la, cf. candela], f., turlfer, -era, -erum, [ftur- (as if guardianship, protection. turi-) -fer (*^fer + us)], adj., tutor, -at us, -Sri, [ftuto- (p.p. of tueor)], I. v. dep., protect, defend, incense-bearing.
turma,
ma],
-ae, [-y/tur (in
turba)
support.
f., a troop (of horse, technically a tenth of the ala or division of about 300 men), a squadron. Âlso, of the Trojan boys exerLess exactly, cising as cavalry. a troop (of other things), a throng, a band. Turnus, -I, m., the Rutulian king who, as a suitor for the hand of
tutus, -a, -um, p.p. of tueor. tuus, -a,-um, [pron. y/TVA + YAS], poss. pron., thy, your (of one person, according to Eng. idiom), Plur. (less commonthine, yours. ly sing.) as subst., your {friends,
men, &c., affairs, interests, &c.). Tybris, etc.; see Tiberis.
Tydeus,
Lavinia, resisted the settlement of Êneas.
-el (-eos), [Gr. TV5ei5s], He m., the father of Diomede. fought in the Theban war.
unseemly, un- Tydides, -ae, [Gr. patronymic], m., son of Tydeus, Diomedes. misshapen, ugly.' tabum; racemi; Egestas tympanum, -I, [Gr. -rvpTravov], n., a drum, a timbrel, used especially (squalid, as emaciated and in rags) in the rites of Cybele. Also, a Also, in a moral sense (cf. foul, wheel (not with spokes, but solid &c.), unseemly, base, dishonorable, like a child's truck, cf. rota, one vile, disgraceful. with spokes). turpo, -avi, -atum, -are, [turpi-],
turpis, -e, [?],
adj.,
sightly, foul, ill-formed,
i. v. a., defile,
disfigure.
Tyndaris,
-idis, [Gr. TwSopfs],
f.,
turriger, -era, -erum, [fturri-ger daughter of Tyndarus, Helen, as daughter of Leda his wife. (-y/ges, in gero, + us)], adj., tower-bearing, crowned with towers Typhoeus,-ei(-eos), [Gr.Ty0o<=t?s], m., a giant, also called Typhon, (as cities were usually represented the hero of many fables. According allegorically). cf. Gr. to one, he was struck by lightning turris, -is, [prob. borrowed, a a miland buried under /Etna by Jupiter. tower. Tvpaii], f., Esp., According to another, it was under itary tower for siege, advanced to He seems to have been a the walls on wheels, or one on a Ischia. wall for defence. Loosely used type of volcanoes in general. of high buildings. Typhoeus,-a, -um,[Gr. adj. fr. preturritus, -a, -um, [fturri + tus, ceding], adj ., of Typhon : tela {the cf. armatus], adj., armed with bolts of Typhon, by which he was towers, crowned with towers (as slain) Less tyrannus, -I, [Gr. rvpa.vvos~\, m., a Cybele was represented) exactly, towering, pinnacled. king. Esp., a tyrant, a despot. turtur, -urls, [?], m., a turtle-dove. Tyres, -ae, [?], m., a Trojan (or tus (thus), tnris, [Gr. Q\>o{\, n., Arcadian) in the army of /Eneas. Tyrius, -a,-um, [fTyro- (reduced) frankincense, incense. Tuscus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of Etru-t-ius], adj., of Tyre, Tyrian. Less exactly, of Carthage, Cartharia, Etrurian, Tuscan, Etruscan. Plur. masc., the Tyrians, Plur. as subst., the Etrurians. ginian. the Carthaginians. tussls, -is, [?], f., a cough.
.
'
tutamen,
-inls, [ftuta- (of

n.,
tutor)
defence.
Tyros
+ men],
a protection, a
tute, see tu.
(-us), -I, [Gr. Tvpos, a Phoenician word], f., Tyre, the great city of Phoenicia, from which came
Vocabulary.
the colony of Dido.
It
291
an
Etrurian
was most
m.,
among
/Eneas'
famous
for
its
purple dye.
allies.
Tyrrhenus, -a, -um,[Gr.Ti>p/w;'<k], Tyrrheus (Tyrrhus), -el, [?], m., the herdsman of King Latinus. adj., Etruscan, Etrurian, Tuscan. Masc. as subst., an Etrurian ; Tyrrhidae, -arum, [Gr. patronyplur., the
Etrurians, the Etrus-I,
mic
cans.
Tyrrhenus,
[m. of preceding],
fr. preceding], m. plur., the sons of Tyrrheus : pueri {young sons of, &c.).
U.
i.uber, -eris, [unc. form akin to ovOap, Eng. udder, perh. also to uveo], n. (oftener plur.), an udder, the breast. Fig., the bosom
(of the earth, as the source of nourishment), soil (as fertile), fertility : (tellus) vos ubere laeto accipiet (in her fertile bosom)
;
ulclscor, n (n-, ulciscl, poss. akin to fywtos], 3.

I
v.
dep.,
take vengeance on or for (a wrongdoer or a wrong). Also, avenge

(the wronged). ulcus, -eris, [prob. Gr. a sore, an ulcer.
e'Aicoy],
n.,
uligo, -inis,
f.,
[ ?, prob.
akin to uveo],
rarum
lis
(light
spongy
soil'}
ferti;
moisture.
-I (-ei, -Is), [dialectic
ubere campus(z'n production")

(a
Ulixes,
form
densum
ubere
thick planted soil); glebae (fertility of the
2.
soil); divitis uber agri (fertile soil of a rich land). uber, -eris, [same word as prec. decl. as adj., cf. n. plur. -a], adj.,
fertile, productive^ rich,
of 'O8u(Treuj], m., a Greek hero of the Trojan war famed for his cunHis wanderings are the ning. theme of the Odyssey.
iillns, -a,
-um,
-lus,
[funo- (readj.,
duced)
+ lus],
pron.
only in
abundant,
real or limited negatives, cf.
quis-
plentiful, luxuriant.
quam,
-v/c^10
any, anyone :
(so
dumamnes
long as any
ub! [held
cf. I.
to
be pron.
+ bi,
ulli
&.C.,
rumpuntur
until they
and Umbr. pufe~\, adv.: Interr., where (almost always

tibi,
ulna, -ae, [?, cf. wAtVij, Eng. elbmu\, f., the forearm, the elbow. Also, n in. pic [ubi-que, cf. quisque], an ell (perh. the distance from the hand to the elbow, but used also adv., everywhere, on all sides, all around. of the outstretched arms, hence
with strong feeling, in despair or irony) ; 2. Rel., where (with expressed or implied antecedent), in a place where (without def. anteAlso, when, cedent), wherever. whenever, after, as soon as.
do not, foil, by postquam). With negatives, not any, no, none, no one.
iilimis,
tree.
an elm, an elm f., vines of the ancients were often trained upon them.
-I,
[?],
The
Ucalegon, -ontis, [Gr.OuKoAeyow],

m., a Trojan. mliis, -a, -um, [prob. contr. fr. nvidus, or formed from shorter
the length is unc.). ulter, -tra, -trum, [pron. ^/ul (of unc. kin., cf. uls) + ter (comp. suffix akin to -repos), cf. alter],
adj., (on the farther side). Comp., ulterior, -us, the farther.
stem], adj., wet, moist, damp, watery : udae vocis fax (moist passage ofthe voice) ; venenum (<&/*); liber (juicy). Ufens, -entis, [?], m.: I. A river
in
pron.
Neut. as adv., farther, further,
any more. Superl., ult iniiis, -a, -um, [pron. -^/ul + timus, cf.
intiimis], farthest, termost, at the end:
extreme, ut-
Latium
2.
The same word used
as the
name
of a Rutulian.
auctor
sail-
Vocabulary.
adj., of the Umbri (a Northern Italy between the Rubicon, the Nar, and the Tiber) Masc., an Umbrian hound, an "Umbrian" (cf. Newfoundland'). iniibo, -on is, [?, akin to umbilipoint, the last struggle. ulterius, see ulter. cus, and &JUJ3U?], m., (prob. any ultimus, -a, -um ; see ulter. protuberance'), a boss (of a shield). Less exactly, a shield. ultor, -oris, [y'ulc (in ulciscor) + tor], m., an avenger. umbra, -ae, [?], f., a shade, a of ultra [prob. abl. shadow ; hence, darkness, gloom. ulter, cf. extra], adv. and prep. Adv.,ont/ie Esp., a ghost (of a dead person, other side, farther, beyond. as a mere shadow ?, but confoundFig., For ulteed in use with gloom), a shade, an further, more, besides. rius, see ulter. Prep., beyond : apparition (of any kind), a vision, ultra placitum (above measure) a phantom. Also, plur., the realm ultrix, -Ids, [ -v/ulc + trix, cf. ulof shades, the shades, the world below. Poetic, leaves and branches tor], f., an avenger (female). As adj., avenging. (which serve as shade). ultro [dat. of ulter], adv., to the umbraculum, -I, [as if fumbraAlso, beyond, fur(of umbro) + culum], n., a bower, farther side.
guinis (original,
.
earliest, farthest in the line) Of time, last, final. Of degree, last, extreme : iussa (most degrading, most arrogant}. Neut. plur., the end, the farthest
to
imber],
tribe of
'
'
thermore, in addition, besides(of\.e.n of something not to be expected, see below). Also, when nothing is expected of one, or called for, (more than is required}, voluntarily,
an arbor. umbratus, -a, -urn, p.p. of umbro.

umbrifer, -era, -erum, [fumbra(weakened) -fer (vfer + us )]>
$.6].,
bearing shade, shady.

(on)],
of one's own accord, unpro-
Umbro, -onis, [fUmbr6+ o
voked, unaddressed, first (without
being spoken to). ultus, -a, -uni, p.p. of ulciscor. ulula, -ae, [akin to o\o\vfa, prob. an old word made from the sound, originally a wail, cf. for the form aA.aAa], f., a screech-owl (a bird of
ill-omen). ul ulatus, -a, -uiii, p.p. of ululo. ululatus, -us, [fulula- (of ululo) -f- tus], m.,a howl, a wail, a wailing, a cry, a shriek, a wailing cry. ululo, -avi, -atum, -are, [.ulula-, cf. o\o\v<a and dAaAa], I. v. n. and a., a howl, a wail, a cry, a shriek. Poetic, of a place, resound with wails, &c. ululatus, -a, -um, p.p. in pass, sense, worshipped with cries (prop, of the name, cog.
also, echoing ace., uttered, &c.) ; with cries (where the object would have been ace. of space).
m., an ally of Turnus. umbro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fumbra-], I. v. a., shade, overshadow.
umbrosus,
duced)
-a,
-um, [fumbra-
(re-
osus], adj., shady (both furnishingshade and being shaded). umecto (hum-), -avi, -atum, -are, [fumecto- (of umeo)], i. v. a., moisten, bedew, bathe, water.
umeo (hum-), no perf., no sup.,-ere,

[fumS- ( umifer],
11
or t uv i+ mus),
cf.
2. v. n.,
Omens,
shades)
Si/j.os'],
.
be moist, be wet. -entis, p. as adj., moist,
damp, watery, dewy: umbra (dewy
umerus (hum-),
-i,
[?,
akin to
m., the shoulder.
umesco (hum-), no perf., no sup., -ere, [fume- (of umeo) + sco],

3. v. n.,
be moistened, be sprinkled,
be spattered. iiinid us, -a, -um,
[fumo-
(cf.
umi-
ulva, -ae, [?], f., sedge, coarse grass. Ulysses, see Ullxes. Umber, -bra, -bruin, [prob. akin
fer) + dus], adj., moist, damp, Also, wet, rainy, liquid, dewy. watery.
Vocabulary.
293
amor (hum-), -orls, [um (as root ungo (unguo), un\i, unctum, of umeo) + or], m., moisture, ungere, [ -y/ung, akin to Sk. anj~\,
juice, fluid, liquor: gelidus
(i.e.
3. v. a.,
snow); Bacchi
(i.e.
wine}.
tela
manu
smear, besmear, anoint : (of poisoned arrows)

;
see unquam. una [abl. of nuns, cf. ea], adv., (by the same way), together, at the same time, along with, at once.
umquam,
corpus (for burning).
unctus,
-a, -um, p.p. as adj., smeared, greased, greasy, oily: carina {wellpitched).
unanimus, -a, -um, (also -is, -e), unguen, -inis, [as if ^/ung (cf. ungo) + en (prob. really fungi [funo - animus (weakened and
harmonious,
thizing.
decl. as adj.)], adj., of one mind, in concert, sympa-
+ nus, reduced)], n., unctuous matter (perh. a particular kind,

now unknown)
unguis, -is, [?, a nail (of the
in (ad)
nail).
.
unctus, -a, -um, p.p. of lingo. uncus, -a, -um, [ûnc (cf. ancus,
vyicos)
crooked :
rock).
us], adj., bent, hooked, manus (clenched, on a
poss. ow)-~], m., finger or toe) ; unguem, perfectly, ex-
cf.
actly (from trying a
work with the Also, a claw (of a bird or
unda, -ae, [ ^/und +

Gr.
vSttip,
a, cf. Sk. -v/ucl, beast), a talon. and Eng. water~\, f., a ungula, -ae, [fungui + la], f., a claw, a hoof. Poetic, of wave, a billow, a sea. smoke, an eddy, a waving column; unquam (umquam), [held to be and of persons, a wave, a stream. cum-quam, cf. ubi and quis-
Also, the sea, water, the waters.
unde
[held to be quom-de,
I.
cf.
ubi
andinde],adv.:
IiHerr.,
whence,
from whatplace,from whence,from what source : unde hominum genus (whence comes, what is the
origin); Re\.,from whence. Also, from whom, from which, whence.
2.
quam], adv.,vr (with negatives, see ulliis), at any time. With negatives, never. Onus, -a, -um, -ius, [old oinus, unc. pron. stem nus, cf. olos and Eng. one}, num. adj., one, the same, a like, a single, alone, only, only
-a, -um, [undecim primus], adj., eleventh : alter ab undecimo {twelfth). undiquc [unde-que, cf. quisque], adv., from all sides, from every
undecimus,
mus,
cf.
one, the sole. Esp. baud unus, more than one, not the same ; ad unum, to a man ; in unum, to the
:
quarter, on all sides (cf. hincj, Also, in plur., one, &c. everywhere, all around. undo, -avi, -atum, -are,[funda-], Qpilio, -dnis, [fovi- unc. stem], m., a shepherd, a keeper of the flock. I. v. n., wave, flow in waves, roll in waves: volutus ad caelum urbs, urbis, [?], f., a city (only of a large fortified place, the capital nndabat vortex (a whir ling eddy Poor chief town of a region). rolled to heaven) undans, -anetic, of the citizens. Also, of a tis, p. as adj., surging, seething,
.
place, together, into one, in one; venturus in unum, come Emphatic, the face to face with. one, the very (with superlatives), especially, more than all others.
same
waving, eddying, streaming: Cytorus buxo {saving with woods
beehive, colony,
city..
Nilus bello (swelling of bojc) with a tide of war)

; .
urge5 (-ueo), ursi, no sup., urgere, [vA^g* a kin to tfpyvvft.ai'],

2. v. a., press hard, press close ; hence, pursue, attack, overwhelm, drive, drive on, force, urge on, stimulate, hurry on, hasten (a
undosus,
-a,
-um, [fundaadj.,
duced) + osus], wave-washed.
(reboisterous,
294
Vocabulary.
(to), clear (to), as far as : usque sub (quite up to, quite into) ad usque columnas (to the far collimns) usque ab (all the ivay super usque (away befrom) yond) quo usque (how far, clear up to what point, how long) Also, of time and degree, all the
;
work), bear on (of a crowd, &c.), urge, press close upon, press on : amor nabendi apes vicinia Per;
sidis {crowd close upon} ad litora fluctus (roll') propius urgente caterva {pressing him
; ;
urgens egestas (compelling need) urgente ruina (borne on by the flying throng) urgens fatum (overwhelming) pedem pede (press on one's heels) poenis urgentur (are tormented)
closer}
; ;
; ; .
time, constantly, ever, even, quite

;
iuvat usque morari usque dura (all the time that, always while) usque adeo (quite, to such a de;
Also, -weigh doivn, press upon, keep do-<.vn, hem in, confine: utrimque
gree, so very
;
m uch,
so very)
tur-
latus nemoris ; so, fig., -weigh down, overcome, worry, pursue, annoy. urna, -ae, [?], f., a jar, an tern. Esp. used for drawing lots, and in
choosing the judges (jury) in criminal cases, who were as in modern times :
batur agris (so much confusion, &c.) usque adeone mori miseest (so very hard a fate, &c.). usus, -us, [-y/ut (or stem as root) + tus], m., use, employment, enjoyment, experience (continued use) quos indiget usus (need requires) usus medendi (practice of medicine) pervius usus tectorum (a
:
rum
drawn by
lot
urnam movet
Minos
(i.e. to
mix up the names).
much-usedpassage)
passing into
Gro, ussi, 11 stum, urere, [y'us, cf. Gr. oi/o;, Sk. ^Jush\, 3. v. a, burn.
Less exactly, of land, exhaust,
Fig., esp. of the dry up, poison. passions, burn, fire, set on fire, excite, worry, disturb : me amor me Daphnis atrox luno (of Venus) ; uritur Dido (burns with
; ;
service, purpose, use (purpose or advantage of employment), use-
fulness, advantage, profit : neque erat coriis usus (nor could anything be done with, &c.) ; ipsos ad
USUS (for
this
very purpose).
love) .
ursa, -ae,
bear.
[f.
of ursus],
f.,
she-
Also, activity (changing the point of view). Esp. as predicate with esse, (there is use for), there is need of, something is re-
ursus,
bear.
-I,
[?,
akin to &/WCTOS], m., a
ut
urus,
-I,
[a Gallic word], m., the
urus.
Less exactly, a wild ox
usquam
(the Italian buffalo).' [held to be unc. case (cf. cis, uls) of pron. fquo +quam, cf.
quisquam],
adv.,
anywhere
(in
neg. clauses, cf. ullus) : si quid usquam iustitia est (if justice counts for something anywhere, as it would seem not to have thus
far)
;
dubitem baud equidem im.
quired. (uti), [held to be case of pron. i. Interr., \Xquo], adv. (conj.) how. Esp. in indirect questions aspice laetentur ut omnia (how, the beginner should beware of that); 2. Rel., as (with or without correlative so, &c.), just as, so in asseverations, as sure as. Of condition or state (almost of place) passing into as of time. Hence, when, as soon as, no sooner Also, with subj., that, than, as. in order that, so that, to.
: :
plorare quod usquam est (what power there is anywhere, not mine) usque [unc. stem (same as in us-
utcumque (-cunque), [ut-cunque,

cf.
quicunque],
adv., however, in
whatever way.
uter, utris, [?], m., a bag (of skin for holding wine), a skin.
quam) +
que, cf. quisque], adv., (in every place), all the way, even
Vocabulary.
295
uterque, utraque, utrumque, utrimque [unc. case of uterque, cf. utriusque, [uter-que, cf. quishinc], aAv.,from both sides. Also (cf. hinc), on each side, on quej, pron. adj., each (of two), both ; in Eng., by a change of both sides. utroque [uterque, cf. quo], adv., point of view, either. to either side. the womb. Less uterus, 1, [?], m., uva, -ae, [f. of fuv6- (cf. uvidus) exactly, the belly. + a], f., the grape (collectively, of uti, see ut.
u til is,
adj.,
-e, [stem akin to utor+ lis], advantageous, useful, adapted, serviceable : bis pomis utilis ar-
the bunches of fruit as well as the entire vine), grapes, the vine. Plur., grapes, clusters (bunches, of
bos {productive
conj., that.
in).
cf.
grapes).
Poetically (of a cluster

.
utinam, [uti-nam,
of bees), a grape-cluster. quisnam], (how pray), oh that, would uvidus, -a, -um, [tuvo- (cf uva) + dus, prob. Vu c ^- (*>*}> acU->
>
utor, HSUS, uti, (old oitor), [?],

3. v. dep., use, enjoy,
soaked, wet, wet through. take advan- uxor, -oris, [?], f, a wife. tage of, employ, show (in sense of uxorius, -a, -uni, [fuxor + ius], use, changing the point of view Also, uxorious, adj., of a wife. devoted to one's wife (to excess). according to Eng. idiom).
V
vacca, -ae, [?],
f.,
(consonant).
(stalks
a cow, kine.
poss. akin
abroad)
ille
dncem vahe.
vaccinium,
to
-i, (-ii), [ ?,
dentem aequat
:
(as
walked,
vacca], n., a whortle-berry moved). Esp. vade age (like Homeric /JooV Wi), come go, go on Also, a (or some similar berry). now, of command, encouragement, flojver of some uncertain kind. or farewell. vaco, -avi, -atuin, -are, [fvaco(cf. vacuus, Vacuna)], I. v. n., vadosus, -;i, -um, [fvado- (rebe empty, be free from, be unoccupied : vacare domos hoste {the dwellings are vacant, deserted by the enemy) ; hie solus locus (this
Fig., be at only means is open). leisure. Impersonal, there is (one has) time (for a thing), there is room : hactenus indulsisse vacat
duced)
-f
osus
],
adj.,
shallow.
-f
vadum,
-i,
[^/vad (of vado)
um], n., a ford, a shoal, a shallow, a sand-bank. Also, the bottom of

the sea, the depths. Less exactly, the sea, the waters, a wave.
vae
[?, cf. Gr. ovai}, interj.,
alas!
vagina, -ae, [unc. stem -f na], f., a scabbard, a sheath. (tints far it was open to me, &c., it was perm itted) vagitus, -us, [fvagi- (of vagio) + vacuus, -a, -um, [^/vac (in vaco) tus], m., a crying. + uus, cf. adsiduus], adj., vacant, vagor, -atus, -Sri, [fvago- (of vagus)], I. v. dep., move to and open, unoccupied, empty, deserted, unobstructed, clear: aurae (as in fro, roam, rove, wander, stray, fly to andfro (of birds) Fig., spread Eng.) caelum (free) orbis (des.
olate,
without inhabitants') saltus Fig., un(open, with no trees)

;
.
abroad: fama. valeo, -ui, -itum, -ere, [fvald(
occttpied, idle
mentes.
vfi-
y/val
-f.
us,
cf.
validus and Sk.
vado,
perf. [?,
and sup. not found,

>/vad, cf.
:
dere,
vadum (poss.
-
balas, strength)'], 2. v. n., be strong, be stout, be sturdy. Esp. of health.
akin to
/Soivo))], 3-
v n
walk,
be
well.
Fig.,
be
proceed, go on
vadit cuscordia
power,
have force,
strong, avail,
have have
296
effect,
Vocabulary.
cf.
be of use, serve, be worth, be With cogn. ace., have able, can. power to do, can do : quidquid
vapidus)
or],
m.,
steam,
Less exactly, heat, fire. vaporo, -avi, -aturn, -are, [fvavapor.

por-],
I. v. a.
sive animis sive arte vales (whatever resources you have, &c.). With negatives, not serve one, be
powerless, be useless, fail : non lingua valet. Esp. in imperat., be welt, farewell, adieu. valens, -entis, p. as adj., strong, stout,
sturdy.
and
n.,
steam, siiokc.
Act., fill with
fumigate : with smoke of incense). vario, -avi,-atum,-are,[tvari6-], I v. a. and n., diversify, variegate.
.
vapor or smoke, templum ture (Jill
Valerus, -I, [?], m., a Rutulian. validus, -a, -urn, [fvalo- (wh. vastrong, stout, Transsturdy, stalwart, vigorous. ferred: ictus (heavy); pondus
adj.,
Also, change: ~v\K,v&(change their Intrans., change, waver, fluctuate.

posts).
varius,
-a,
-um, [fvaro- (varus,
leo)
-f
dus],
stretched apart) -f ius], adj., of two things or more, diverse, different, various, different sorts of, opposing,
{heavy).
thet like
Often a standing epi-
"good word."
vallis (-es), -is, [?], f., a valley. vallo,-avi, -a turn, -are, [fvallo-],
Poetithey entrench themselves with walls.
I. v. a.,
entrench, fortify.
cal:
moenia valiant,
vallum,
-I, [n. of vallus, used collectively], n., a rampart (of stakes rilled with earth, the regular Ro-
on different sides. Also (of one thing in its parts), varying, varied, changeable, variable, changeful, changing, various, manifold, motley, variegated, party-colored, spotted: imagorerum (various thoughts andfeelings) ; irarum aestus (ebbing and flowing, fluctuating) Sometimes in the sing, to be rendered by the plur. vario certa. :
man entrenchment), an
vallus, -I, a stake.
[?, cf. fi\os,
entrench-
ment, a wall, a fortification.
mine (in the various rivalries) dissensu vario (in many alterca;
a naif\, m.;
tions);
fremor
;
(different
mur-
murs)
vario
.
motu
(with various
vannus,
tus],
[?, perh. akin to vena basket (broad and shallow for winnowing). Also, the shallow basket employed in the rites of Bacchus, the meaning of
-I,
f.,
emotions)
Varus,
a
-i,
which is uncertain, but which often appears among his emblems. Sometimes
it
serves for his cradle.
Esp., L. Alfenus Varus, who, as an officer of Augustus, had charge of the confiscation of the lands in Virgil's region. He has as good a title as any to be considered the person to whom Virgil dedicates his tenth Eclogue.
Roman name.
[varus,
lxnu-legged~\, m.,
vanus, -a, -um, [prob. -y/vac (in vastator, -oris, [fvasta- (of vasLess vacuus) + nus], adj., empty. to) + tor], m., a ravager.
Esp. of phantoms, dreams, &c., empty, bodiless, idle. Fig., baseless, empty, vain, idle, groundless, without foundation, meaningless,
exactly, a destroyer. vasto,-avi, -atum,-are,[tvasto-],
I
.
v. a., devastate,
desolate,
ravage
lay waste, make agros cultori-
ful : veri van a
ineffectual, fruitless, false, deceit(destitute of truth,

;
bus
vastus,
(despoil). -a, -um,
with a suspicion of the lit. sense) ne vana putes haec fingere somnum (invents these idle tales). Neut. plur. as adv., vainly.
verb], adj.,
desert.
[?, p.p. of lost desolate, laid waste,
vapor,
-oris,
v'vap
(of unc. kin.,
Also (by an unc. connechuge, enormous, immense, far-stretching, vast, wide(o{ lands) , measureless. Fig., mighty, frighttion),
Vocabulary.
ful, tremendous, noise)
.
297
deafening (of
to a lake in the Sabine country.
vates, -Is, [ ?], comm., a soothsayer, a diviner, a seer, a prophet, a
Masc., Velinus (the lake itself). velivolus, -a, -um, [fvelo-fvolus ( -^vol + us, wh. volo,y?y)], adj.,
Also, an inspired prophetess. winged with sails : mare (i.e. covered with sails like wings). bard, a bard, a poet. -ve [prob. pron. -y/VA, cf. Sk. va], vello,vulsi (volsi), vulsum (volconj. enclit., or (not exclusive, cf. sum), vellere, [^vel, akin to Also (as the regular conaut). e'A.Ko>], 3. v. a., pull, pluck : aurem nective with si and lie), and (in (as a reminder). Esp., pull up, so Eng. taking the two branches topull out, tear out, tear up ; where the Latin takes the of the standards in a camp, as a gether two separately, see sive and neve) . castris signa sign of moving Also with questions, where Eng(break up and move from camp)
: ;
lish
admits or.
-is, [
vectis,
v/veh
(in
veho)
+ tis],
m., a pole (for carrying or lifting).
signa (advance the standards). Also, pull down, overthrow, tear away, tear down.
similarity, a bar (closing vellus, -eris, [?, unc. root + us, a door). thought to be V/VAR, cover (poss. akin to vello, as plucking is no vecto, -avi, -atum, -are, [fvectodoubt earlier than shearing)], n., a (cf. veho)], I. v. a., carry, transport. Jleece (on or off the sheep) a sheepskin (fleece and all). Used also vector, -oris, [ Vveh (of veho) -f of fleecy clouds and of cotton. tor], m., a -voyager (cf. vehor), a a traveller, merchant (as a sailor, Also, a lock of wool (used as a fes,
From
according to ancient usage).
toon).
vectus,
veho,
-um, p.p. of veho. velo, -avi, -atum, -arej [fvelo-], I. v. a., cover (esp. of the head), vexl, vectum, vehere,
-a,
[ -v/veh (I.-E.
VAGH), cf. oxs, Eng.
veil,
crown, adorn, cover (more
carry. Esp. (of sailing and riding), bear, convey, Also, pass, (almost carry, bring. as dep., cf. vector), be borne, ride,
wagon~\,
sail, journey.
3. v. a.,
generally), clothe, surround (with a garment, &c.). Pass, (as midveladle), cover &c. one's self.
Less exactly, draw,

Poetic (or
lead, conduct, drive.

:
tus, -a, -um, p.p., crowned, veiled, covered, wearing (something) also (cf. armatus), sail-clad (of
;
a vessel's yards). quid vesper' serus proverbial) vehat (brings with it). velox, -ocis, [?], adj.,
swift, fleet.
vel [prob. imperat. of volo], or (not exclusive, cf. aut);

. . .
conj., re-
velum,
peated (or in other combinations), either or. Also, even. Esp. with superlatives, even, the very (often omitted in Eng.). velamen, -inis, [fvela- (of velo) 4- men], n., a veil, a covering, a
+ lum, but sail can hardly be the orig. sense], n., a sail; dare vela (set sail). Also (cf. velo), a cloth, a covering.
veho)
were, as though.
:
-i,
[referred to v/veh (in
velut (-uti), [vel-uti], adv., just as, as, as when, like, as if, as it
vena, -ae, [?], I., a vein, an artery, garment, clothing. Poetical in venis silicis (supvelatus, -a, -uin, p.p. of velo. Also (as Velinus, -a, -um, [fVelia + nus], posed to contain fire). I. in Eng.), a vein (of metal). adj. Of Velia (a town of Lucania near which Palinurus was Also, a stream, a water-course. drowned); 2. Of Velia, another (un- venabulum, -i,[fvena-(of venor) + bulum], n., a hunting-spear. known) place which gave its name
:
298
venator,
Vocabulary.
arise, rise (of heavenly bodies), come forth, appear, succeed (come
+ +
-oris, [fvena- (of venor) In app. tor], m., a hunter.
as adj., hunting: canis (hound).
nexf),
&c.),
possess
one (of
passions,
vena trix,-icis,[fveria- (of venor)

trix],
f.,
a huntress.
venatus,
-us, [fvena- (of venor) tus], m., hunting, the chase (ace. as supine of venor, wh. see).
come upon ; spring up, gr<nv : segetes (flourish). Also, come (from a place, without a terveniens, minus), spring from.
-entis, p. as adj., coming, next,
vends,
-didi, -ditum, -dere, [venum-(acc. of unc.kin.)-do(/^)],
future.
venturus,
-a,
;
-um,
f.p.
as adj., to come, future
neut., the
3. v. a., sell. sell (betray).
Also (as in Eng.),
future.
venenum,
-I,
venor, -at us, -ari, [?], i. v. dep., hunt (with ace. or absolutely), pur[?],n., poison, venom
Less exactly,
sue, chase.
(of serpents, &c.).
a potion (perh. orig. sense), a Poetic, of drug, a magic herb.

dyes.
venter,
-tris, [unc. root, prob. akin to 7acrr?7p], m., the belly. Also,
of things:
-e,
in
ventrem cucumis
venerabilis,
[fvenera (of ve-
cresceret
{fill ils pauncJi).
+ bills], adj., venerable, venerated, revered, held in reverneror)

ence.
ventosus,
-a, -um, [fvento- (reduced) + osus], adj., windy, star my,
veneratus, -a, -vim, p.p. of venero. venero, -avi,-atum,-are, [ f Vener(of Venus, in earlier sense of grace or the like)], I. v. a., worship, reverence. Pass., veneror as dep., in same sense. Also, adore, pray, supplicate, offer prayers to or at. venerandus, -a, -um, p. ger. as
boisterous: murmuris aurae; folles (puffing). Also, as in Eng.,
windy, empty, vain : lingua gloria. Poetically alae (wings of

;
:
the
wind).
venerable, adorable, worthy veneraof all homage, revered. tus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., reverend,
adj.,
veiitus, -i, [y'ven (akin to Sk. va, Often blow) + tus], m., wind. sc in plur., of a particular wind ; winds, or in poetic plur., wind. Venulus, -i, [cf. Venilia], m., a messenger of Turnus. Venus, -eris, [^ven (akin to Sk.
cf. genus], i., grace, Esp., Venus, the goddess Also (cf. and beauty. so Ceres, corn*), love (sexual); of animals. Concretely, a loved one.
revered.
yVan)-)- us,
venla, -ae, [^/ven ia, prob. through
(cf.
Venus) +
cf.
adj. -stem,
.
beauty. of love
insidiae], f., favor, pardon, indulgence, a boon (concretely) Often rendered by a diff. construction
:
veniam rogantes cor- vepres (-is), -is, [?], m. (or f.), a bramble, a thorn-bush. pora redderet (asking that he veniam ver, verls, [for vasar, cf. eop, -ftp], would graciously, &c.) n., the spring, spring weather, precari quern finem ferat {graspring-time. ciously to make known). of wife of Venilia, -He, [name verbena, -ae, [?], f., a plant, ver;
Janus; prob. akin to venio], f., a nymph, the mother of Turnus. venio, veni,
cf.
es,
ventum, venire,
XJatVco,
Also, in pi., sacred branchborne by heralds, and used for religious and magic rites.
vain.
Eng. come, Sk. -y/gam], 4-v. n., come (to a place), reach also of come in, arrive, ;
[yVen,
fverber (not found),
-eris, [?], n.
states or conditions.
in,
Fig., come come around, return, come ;
(mostly plur.), a lash, a whip ; hence, scourging, a blow. Also, a thong, a rein. Less exactly, of other things, a stroke, flapping.
Vocabidary,
verbero, -avi, -atuin, -are, [fver- vero
ber-], i. v. a., lash (with a whip), Less exactly, beat, strike, scourge. lash (generally) ictibus auras ;
:
299
[abl.
of verus], adv., truly
(in truth*
suredly. truly.
imber humum tuni vero, see turn yet.^ quadrupes calcibus auras (paw verro, verri, versum, verrere,
aethera alls
; ;
.
vere), doubtless, as\ton\ca\, for sooth, Adversative, however, but,

Qt
Guen
the air).
verbum,
f>fifia
-I,
[?,
perh. ^/ver
and Eng. word)
+ bum
:
(cf. (cf.
morbus)], n., a word(z& expressing something), words (a statein ment, a prayer, a vow, &c.) verbo (at the word} ; verba inter singula (?<;///& every word). Plur., words, language, discourse: has inter voces,media inter talia ver-
(and n.), sweep (for Less exactly (as in Eng.), sweep, sweep over, skim : caerula nautae vestigia (of an animal with its tail). Without ace., sweep : per auras (of the
[?]
clearing).
;
3- v. a.
winds).
versicolor,
decl.
amid these words (as sounds), amid such thoughts (language) as these ; rerum verborumque, in word and deed ; non replenda
ba,
est curia verbis (as opposed to
[fverso-color, changeable, party-colored, variegated. m. -are, verso (vorso), -avi, [fverso- (cf. verto)], i.v.a.,/wr (repeatedly or with violence), roll, toss, wheel, turn over, wield : teras
adj.],
adj.,
-oris,
am
vere, [abl. of verus], adv., truly (with truth), really. vereor, veritus, vereri, [-y/ver (cf. opdta, Eng. ware), through
adj.-stem (cf. olpos)~\, 2. v. dep. Absolutely, feel awed, be awed. Active, fear, dread; -with clause, be afraid (that), fear, be alarmed; with indirect question, be anxious, be concerned ; with comple-
_deeds).
telum dextera serpens volumina (roll> wind) oves (drive, pasture) ; currum se in
rain
;
suo vulnere
Less exactly
; :
(welter, writhe).
;
animos in pectore animum per omnia ig(bear) nem in ossibus (Jire the frame
with heat).
thro-M,
Also, overturn, over:
ruin
odiis domos.
Fig.,
turn over, revolve, ponder, meditate : dolos (practise).
versus (vorsus), -a, -um, p.p. of verto. afraid (to do anyversus,-us, [^/vert (of verto) + thing), shrink (from doing). Less strong than other verbs of So, tus], m., a turn, a turning. a furrow (once across a field), a fearing, cf. met no, timeo. line, a row, a tier, and esp., a verse Vergllius (the proper Latin spelling, not Virg-), -i (-U), [?, cf. (of poetry, beginning the rhythm anew), poetry. Vergillae], m., a Roman gentile name. Esp., Publius Vergilius vertex (vortex), -Ids, [fvertiMaro, Virgil (the established Eng. (akin to verto, cf. verticula) + cus (reduced)], m., a whirl, an word, cf. Horace, Livy, Leghorn), the poet. eddy, a whirlpool, a vortex, a whirlFrom wind, an eddying flame. vergo, no perf., no sup., vergere, the peculiar growth of hair, the [?], 3. v. a. and n. Act., bend, turn, crown (of the head), the head, incline. Intrans., incline, lie (of the top, the summit: caeli (the places), slope, turn: vineta ad
mentary
inf.,
be
cadentem quo vergat pondere letum (which scale death should turn, by which weight the
solera
;
veritus, -a,
balance should be inclined). -um, p.p. of vereor.
Also, the pole (of the Phrase: a vertice, from above, overhead. verto (vor-), verti, versum, vertere, [^/vert, cf. Sk. N 'vrt, turn*
heights').
heavens).
300
Eng.
(lit.
Vocabulary.
worth'], 3. v. a. and n., turn fig. in various relations) ;
verus,
-a,
-um,
[ ?], adj.,
true, real,
.
and
Also, right, fitting, appropriate :
so,
vert,
turn around, reverse, in(urn towards, direct, turn
nomen (real, appropriate)

(sing,
Neut.
and
pi.) as subst., the truth,
away, drive off, divert, transfer, turn up, upturn, turn over, So sidera overturn, overthrow.
:
; terga (of flight) ; versis sagittis (with arrows in retreat, of the Parthians) ; versis frontibus (changing front, of the revolv-
retro
Neut. as adv., truly things true. also, but, (in truth, cf. vere) often in a however, yet, still mere transition or interruption,
; ;
but: verum age. See also vero. verutus, -a, -uni, [fveru + tus, cf. auratus], adj., armed with darts.
ing scene) ; arma (reverse, in sign of mourning) aratrum (to plough

;
cardo versus; freta (in across) rowing); puppes versas (steering); spicula infensa (present, level); vestigia; iter; lumina
;
vesanus, -a, -um, [ve-sanus], adj., insane, crazy, mad. Transferred, maddening, mad, furious.
vescor, no feed on,
p.p.,
vesci, [ ?] , 3. v. dep., eat, subsist on, feast on :

.
(roll)
praedas (drive
;
off)
sti-
mulos (ply)
in viscera vires
;
(turn against) ; munera in Aenean ; crateras (drain, tip up) morsus (use the teeth) procellae vocem (bear aivay) domos (overthrow, ruin); versi Aquilones Vesuvius, the volcano near Naples (changing) Esp. of battle, turn, iugum (the ridge of Vesuvius) put to flight, rout, drive back : versi hostes (flying). Often, vesper, -eri and -eris, [?, cf."E<nreAlso, the pos], m., the evening. change, alter, change into, transevening star (perh. orig. sense). form : nomen vestes ; fata versa (changing) Also, of thought, Poetically, the West. turn (one's mind), change (one's Vesta, -ae, [?, cf. eo-ria, poss.^/ves, dwell ? (cf. Sk. -y/vas and &O-TV, quae te sententia purpose) but also ver) + ta], f., the goddess (what purpose changes you); vaof household fire (cf. Vulcan of rii pectore sensus (alternate)
; ;
.
aura (breathe the vital air) vescus, -a, -um, [?], adj., small, meagre, thin. (A word of uncertain etymology and meaning. In both places in Virgil, and in some other passages, it seems to have the meaning of meagre food). Vesevus (Vesuvius), -I, [?], m.,
:
.
reflexive (often without) and in passive, turn one's self, turn,
With
fire in
general, esp. destructive or
transform turn out, tend : hie victoria (hinge on this point) aestas septima (is rolling on) caelum (revolve) ordo (moves Turnus vertitur on, by fate) to and quo se ver(moves fro) tant hospitia ; nee bene vertat In special uses (turn out ill). omnia sub pedibus verti regique
change,
1
be
changed,
mechanical). She is. the emblem of household purity and family
one" * self, revolve,
(cana Fides et Vesta). Her and her fire were carried away from Troy by /Eneas, as a sacred charge, and her fire was
life
effigy
versum fas at(be controlled) que nefas (confounded) memet

;
;
kept constantly burning in her temple as the hearth of the State considered as a family. She is often represented sitting with covered head and holding in her hand a Palladium. Also, the household
fire, the hearth.
(try every resource) Also, a veru, -us, [?], n., a spit. dart. verum, see verus.
.
in
omnia
vester, -tra, -trum, [pron. fvas + ter, cf. alter], pron. adj., your, yours. vestibulum, -I, [?], n., a porch, a
Vocabulary.
portico, a vestibule,
Fig.,
301
-a,
beginning,
-i,
an entrance. vctustus, an openorig. s)

adj.,
-um, [fvetus (with

(cf.
(cf.
+ tus
ing.
ancient
honestus)], vetus).
vestigium,
adj.-stem wh. vestigo], n., a track, a trace, a footprint, a sign, a vestige, a token : hederae pandunt vestigia (give Less exactly, a step, indications) a footstep (of walking, as in Eng.), the feet, a course (on foot, or even of inanimate things), the fetlocks (or feet of a horse)
[?,
.
.
vexatus, -a, -um, p.p. of vexo. vexo, -avi, -atum, -are, [fvexo(as p.p. of veho)], I. v. a., shake.
Fig., harass,
worry.
(of
via, -ae,
^veh
veho)
+a
(or
-ia)], f., a road, a way, a path, a street. Less exactly, a passage, a course. Fig., a way, a means, a mode, a fashion, a course. Plur.
vestigo, -avi, -atum, -are, [?, adj.-stem wh. vestigium], i. v. a., Less exactly, examtrack, trace.
ine, search for.
equals journeys, journeyings, wanderings. Special quos ipse via sibi repperit usus, in course of
:
time, by practice.
vestio,
-ivi
(-ii),
-itum,
-ire,
viator, -oris, [fvia- (as

perh. really) -f tor], farer, a traveller.
if
of vio,
Fig. [fvesti-], 4. v. a., clothe. (as in Eng.), clothe, cover, invest, deck : aether campos lumine {clothe, fill, with a different fig.). vestis, -is, [y^ 63 (cf. fV07js, Sk.
m.,
a way-
vibratus, -a, -um, p.p. of vibro. vibro, -avi, -atum, -are, [fvibro(of lost adj. of unc. kin.)],
I. v. a.
Y/vas, clothe} + tis], f., a garment, a robe, covering, clothing. Also, a fabric (generally), stuffs, hangings, cloth, drapery, housings.
-i,
and
swing, brandish. Intrans., quiver, -wave : vibranti cuspis transverberat ictu {quivering with the blow, the force was
n., agitate,
Vesulus,
Liguria.
[?], m., a
mountain of
so great). vibratus, -a, -um, curled, frizzled (of hair), forked {quivering, of the lightp.p.,
veternus, -a, -um, [fveter- (of Masc. vetus) + nus], adj., old.
as
subst.
ning).
viburnum,
bro?],
(prob.
subst.
sluggishness, inactivity. vetitus, -a, -um, p.p. of veto. veto, -ui, -itum, -are, [prob. rudely formed from vetus, as if fveto-J,
lethargy,
omitted), heaviness,
-i, [ ?, poss. akin to vin., the viburnum (a low-
shrub of uncertain identity).

vice, see vicis. vicla, -ae, [?],
f.,
a vetch (a kind of
leguminous plant). vicinia, -ae, [fvicino- (reduced) + I. v. a., (prob. political, keep the ia], f., nearness, close proximity : Persidis {neighboring Persia) old, vote against the new), forbid, vetitus, -a, -um, p.p. vicinus, -a, -um, [fvico- (reduced) prohibit. as adj., forbidden, unlawful. + inus], adj.,(0/V//<? same quarter), Neut. as subst., a prohibition, an near, neighboring, in the vicinity, order (of prohibition). close by. Masc. as subst., a neighbor. vetus, -eris, [unc. root + us (cf.
.
TOS), prob. orig. noun (cf. ace. plur. in -a)], adj., of long standing (cf. antiquus), old, aged, ancient,
former. Masc. plur., the ancients. votustas, -atis, [fvetus (with orig.
B)
vicis (gen., no nom. found), [?], f., (orig. sense unc.), apparently, change, interchange : hac vice in vicem sennonum; {in turn,
Also, plur., changes, alternately). chances, fortune. Also, a posi as held by soldiers in suc(perh. cession ~) t aplace,a duty, a function.
+ tas],
:
.
f.,
age, antiquity, lapse
of time time)
aovi
{long
lapse
of
302
vlcissim
Vocabulary.
[ace. adv., same root as vigintl [fdvi (of duo) 4- unc. form, cf. triginta], indecl. adj., twenty. vicis], adv., alternately, in turn. victima, -ae, f., a victim. vigor, -oris, [ ^/vig (in vigeo) -fvictor, -oris, [ ^/vic (of vinco) or], m., activity, vigor, strength, tor] , m., a victor, a conqueror. force. As adj., victorious, triumphant. vilis, -e, [?], adj., cheap, poor. victoria, -ae, [fvictor ia], f., villa, -ae, [?], f., a farm-house. victory, triumph, success. villosus, -a, -um, [fvillo- (revictricia, see victrix. duced) + osus], adj., shaggy, hairy. n victrix, -Icis, [-v/vic O vinco) villus, -I, [?, cf. vellus], m., a a coarse hair, hair (of animals), a + trix], f., conqueror (female). Also, as adj. in f. and n., victofleece (plur.), wool (coarse). vim m, -inis, [-y/vi (in vieo) + rious, conquering, of victory ;
also, successful.
men],
n.,
a twig
(flexible), osier.
victus, -a, -urn, p.p. of vinco. victus, -us, [root of vivo (vvh. see)
Also, a shoot.
vfmineus, -a, -uni,[fvimin+eus], a sustenance, adj., of wicker, plaited, woven. facilis support (of life), food: vincio, vinxi, vinctum, vincire, victu gens (gaining an easy sub[prob. akin to vinco through adj.-
+ tus], m., a
.
living,
sistence)
vidSn', see video and ne. video, vidijVisum, videre,[fvid6(cf.
stem], 4. v. a., bind, tie up. Esp. of garlands, twine, encircle. Fig., of wine, tie, hamper : lin-
providus)],
2. v. a.
.
and
n.,
see (with the
Pass., eye or mind) be seen, seem, appear; esp., seem seem be determined. best, good,
guam. vinclum, see vincnlum. vinco, vici, victum, vincere,

of unc. kin.], 3. v. a. and conquer, defeat, subdue. Also, of rivalry, surpass, outvie, conquer, excel, gain one's so ea vinpoint, beat, prevail ;
[ -y/vic,
Also, see (experience), live to see, meet. videns, -entis, p., seeing,
n.
Of
battle,
awake,
-with the eyes open.

.
See
also visuiii
viduatus, -a, -um, p.p. of viduo. viduo, -avi, -uiuiii, -are, [fviduo(of viduus)], I. v. a., deprive, rob, strip. viduatus, -a, -11111, p.p. as adj., destitute, free from. vigeo, no perf., no sup., -ere, [fvigo- (cf. vigil)], 2. v. n., thrive, flourish, be in vigor, be powerful,
cam
verbis (master)
live) .
With cogn. ace. hoc vincite (gain this victory}. victus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., conquered, broken, shattered. vinctus, -a, -um, p.p. of vincio.
:
outlast, rise above.
fata (outAlso, of things, overcome, prevail against, ivear out,

;
gain
strength.
vinculum,
to
-I,
[as
if
fvinco- (akin
vigil, -ills, [fvigo- (vvh.

lis], adj.,
vigeo) + wakeful, awake, watch-
Fig., ful, sleepless, unsleeping. also of things. As subst., a
vincio) + lumj, n., a bond, a fetter, a band, a shoe-lacing, a strap, a thong. Fig., a bond, an obligation, a binding force, a tie (esp. of
.
watchman, a sentinel, a guard : marriage) vigilum excubiae (posts of senti- vindemia, -ae,[tvino-tdemia(lost
nels').
vigilantia, -ae,
[fvigilant+ ia],
stem akin to demo, um) ] f., a vintage.

,
cf.
praemiAlso, con-
f., watchfulness. vigilo, -avi, -at u m, -are, [f vigil-],
cretely (as in Eng.), the vintage,
crop of grapes, grapes.
I.
v.
n.
and
a.,
wake up, watch.
be awake, wake, With ace., look
vindico, -avi,
free, release.
-at um, -are, [fvindic- (of unc. orig.)], I. v. a., set
out for, watch for.
Vocabulary.
303
vinetum,
etam,
yard. vineus,
cf.
-i,
[fvino- (reduced)
n.,
dumetum],
a vine-
vireo, no perf., no sup., virere, [fviro- (cf. viridis)], 2. v. n., be green, flourish, grow, put fortk
leaves.
-a, -uni, [fvino- (reduced) Fein, (some -feus], adj., of vines. noun omitted), a vineyard. vinitor, -oris, [fvino + tor, cf. viator], m., a vine-dresser, a vine-
viresco, no perf., no sup., virescere, [vire- (of vireo) + sco],

3. v. n.,
gro-M green, be green.

-I, [n. p.p.
viretum (-ectum),
vireo],
n.,
of
pruner.
a grassy
spot,
a green
vinum,
but
cf.
-i,
[poss. borrowed, cf. oivos,
thicket.
vitis and vieo], n., wine. viola, -ae, [fvio- (akin to tov) -fla], f., a violet (probably several kinds of flowers more or less like our
.
virga, -ae,[ ?, perh. y'vir (in vireo), perh. v/virg (cf. Sk. V^J)]' f a shoot, a twig, a sapling, a rod, a wand. virgatus, -a, -urn, [fvirga + tus, violets) cf. auratus], adj., striped. violabilis, -e, [fviola- (of violo) + bills], adj., to be violated. virgeus, -a, -HIM, [fvirga- (reviolarium,-i(-ii), [fviola-f arium duced) + eus], adj., of twigs, of shoots, osier. (n. of -arius)], n., a bed of violets, a violet-bed. virgineus,-a, -um,[tvirgin-|-eus], violentia, -ae, [ f violent + la], f., adj., of a maiden, maiden, mai->
violentus,
violence, fury, ferocity. -a, -urn, [?, perh. akin to vis, perh. to violo], adj., vio-
denly.
virginiras, -atis, [fvirgin- (as if virgin!-) + tas], f., maidenhood,

virginity, chastity.
lent, ferocious, boisterous, rapid. violo, -avi, -atom, -are, [?, poss. akin to vis (cf. violentus), poss. to viola (cf. fjitaivia, and see below)], i. v. a., do violence to, out-
rage (lit.), injure, mar, ravage. Also, profane, sully, stain (fig.)> violate, outrage (fig.) Also, stain (imitating ptalixa, but perh. orig. sense). vipera, -ae, [fvivS- (or stem akin)
.
virgo, -inis, [stem akin to virga -f o, cf. propago], f., a maiden, a maid, a virgin. Esp., the Virgin, Astraa, or Justice, who lived on the earth in the golden age, but fled to heaven in the more corrupt
ages.
virgultum,-I,[fvirgula-(reduced) + turn (cf. salictum)], n., a

thicket.
-para (akin to pario), cf. puer- viridans, -antis, [p. of virido, fr. pera], f., a viper, a snake. fviridi-], adj., green. vipereus, -a, -urn, [fvipera- (re- viridis, -e, [fviro- (wh. vireo) + dus (weakened)], adj., green: duced) + eus], adj., of snakes, venomous, poisonous. snaky ; Aegyptus (^ lad in verdure, flowvir, viri, [?, cf. Sk. viras, hero~],m., a hero, a man (opposed to woman), a husband. Also, of animals, the male, the leader, the lord.
litus (grassy) ; (leafy). Fig- ft***, fresh, vigorous. virilis, -e, [fviro- (of vir) -f ilia], adj., manly, masculine, heroic,
ery,
blooming)
antrum (mossy); umbra
virago, -inis, [fvir (as if vira-, cf. male. imago) + go], f., a masculine woman, a virago : luturna (the virosus, -a, -um, [fvird- (reduced) "
"
Amazon
Juturna).
[?],
Virbius,
ally
-i,
Ilippolytus.
-f osus], adj., odorous, fetid. virtus, -utis, [tvir6- (reduced) + Also of his son, an tus], f., manliness, manhood,brav-
m.,
name
of
virectum,
of Turnus. see viretum.
ery, heroism, courage, virtue, excellence. More concretely, a virtue,
304
a good quality
Vocabulary.
vital Is,
-e,
: mea virtus (consciousness of virtue); socium virtus omnis (valiant souls) virus, -i, [unc. root, cf. Sk. vishas,
.
[fvita
lis],
adj.,
of
life, vital.
viteus, -a, -um, [fviti- (reduced) + eus], adj., of the vine: pocula 16s, n., poi(of wine). venom distillat ab : lentum son, vitiosus, -a, -um, [fvitio- (reduced) + osus], adj., /rt z;//j', bleminguine (an excretion). vis, vis, [?, cf. fy], f. sing., power, ished, unsound : ilex (decaying). strength, might, virtue, effective- vitis, -is, [-^/vi (of vieo) + tis], ness. Plur., f., a vine (esp. of the grape). A\so,forte, violence. Less exactly, grapes. strengtkiyaiatl\j active, cf. robur),
perh. akin to viola],
power, force, energy, might, ability, vitisator, -oris, [fviti-sator], m., a vine-planter. vigor, powers, forces : vim viribus exit (escapes violence by main vitium, -i (-ii), n., a flaw, a blemish, a defect. Also, an injurious force'); vires occultae (a secret Also, a multitude, a virtue). principle (of the earth or air)
:
terrae; aeris(^r/). vitio, abl., viscum, -i, [ ?, by the fault of, through the influfrom its slimy, sticky nature], n., ence of, caused by. mistletoe. vito, -avi, -atiim, -are, [?], i.v. a., viscus, -eris, (generally plur.), [?], avoid, slum. n., the Jlesh (or soft parts inside vitreus, -a, -um, [fvitro- (rethe skin), the inwards, the body (as duced) + eus], adj., glassy, seagreen (the color of glass). opposed to the skin and bones). Esp., the viscera (the lungs, vitta, -ae, [akin to vieo], f., a fila band. c., used for divination), the let, liver, Esp. as worn in Less exactly and fig., sacred observances, and by supentrails. as in Eng., bowels (of a mounpliants, wound around sacred obtain), the vitals (of one's country). jects, and hung on the hands or on the olive-branches carried as signs viso, visi, visum, visere, [old deof supplication. siderative for vividso, from -y/vid (in video), reduplicated with -so, vitula, -ae, [?, f. of vitulus], f., a
quantity:
(pack). poss. akin to virus,
canum
(akin to Gr.
fut.
go to see, visit. amine, see.
ending)], 3. v. a., Less exactly, ex-
heifer.
visum,
sight,
video], n., a portent, a prod- vivax, -acis, [stem of vivo (reduced) + ax, cf. capax], adj., igyvisus, -a, -um, p.p. of video. long-lived, enduring. visus, -us, [v^-id (of video) + vividus, -a, -um, [fvivo (of vior act the vus)+ dus], adj., lively, vigorous, tus], m., sight (power
-i,
[n. p.p. of
vitulus, -i, [?, akin to froAos, perh. to vetus, as yearling, cf. eros], a m., a bullock.
spectacle,
of seeing, cf. visum), vision, the Also, a sight, an gaze, a look. omen. Also, appearance, aspect. Abl. as supine of video, wh. see. vita, -ae, [root or stem of vivo ta], L,2ife (existence, also the con
adive.
Also,
fig.
in
same
senses.
vivo, vixi, victum, vivere, [ -^/viv (orig. form unc., but with a g, cf.
quick,
life.
and Sk.
-v/J^
v )>
c ^-
#< os ]
3. v. n.,
live, be alive,
ditions of
nature), life (the vital principle), the breath of life, the vital spark ; hence, the soul, the shade, a spirit. Also, a mode of life, life (course, history of life).
life,
thing).
Also, subsist, Also, of things, live, remain, grow, keep alive : vitium
(thrive)
;
pass one^s live (on any-
tegendo vulnus
fire)
.
sub pectore ; stuppa (as being on
Esp. in imperat.,
may you
Vocabulary.
live,
305
farewell, adieu.
I wish you
well,
volaema, -ae(vole-), [tvola-(/a// of the hand)~\, f., name of a large

kind of pears.
volatilis,
-e,
vivus
-a,
-ii
in,
[yîv
adj.,
MB,
cf. quick~\,
(in vivo) alive, liv-
ing: vivus per ora feretur so vultus (living, dying}

;
:
(-
(fvolato-
(p.p.
of
volo)
lis], adj., flying, Poetically, of missiles.
winged.
Latin.
Also, of plants, Also, of things as partaking of the life of nature, living, na tural,flowing, per en n ial, solid (of rock) sulphura (tiaAs subst., the living, livlive) Phrase ad viing creatures.
like life).
made
living,
growing.
Volcens, -entis, [?], m., a volema, see volaema.

volgus, see vulgus.
volit5, -avi, -atum, -are, [as if fvolito- (supposed p.p. of volo),

cf.
domito],
I. v.
fly to
and fro,
flit,
n., flit about, fly abroad, fly.
vum,
vlx
to the quick.
[?], adv., with difficulty, hardly, Also, of time, hardly, scarcely.
no sooner (with a new incident immediately following). vocatus, -a, -um, p.p. of voco.
just,
Less exactly, rush to and fro : milite Volsci (scour the fields) ; victor volitare per ora (fly). Of things, float, whirl, fly : tur-
vocatus, -us, [fvoca- (of voco) + tus], m., a call, a demand, a revo!5, volui, no sup., velle, [^/vol, akin to fiov\ofjiat and Sk. ~</VY], quest, an invocation, a prayer.
vociferor, -atus, -ari, [lost fvocifero- fr.fvoc,ofvox(asif voci-) -fer], I. v. dep., cry out, shout, cry, With the words in diexclaim.
rect discourse.
irr. v. a.
volitans, -antis, p. (spin). as subst., an insect. voliius, see vulnus.
bo
(with obj. implied), wish,

willing,
consent,
will,
be
choose, design :
hunc laetum
allow, di-
voco, -avi, -atum, -are, [fvoco(^/voc + us, cf. aequlvocus)], I. v. a. and n., call (in every shade of invitation and command), call
call for, pray for, call upon, invoke, pray to, invite, summon, call together, rally, call by name,
to,
esse velis {graciously make). Also, (wish for one's self), intend, purpose, have in view, mean. With ace. and inf., claim, will have it that. volens, -entls, p. as adj., propitious, gracious, willing, cheerful, glad.
.
em
volo, -avi, -atum, -are, [ ?] , i v. n., Less exactly fly, fly about, flit. and fig., fly (as in Eng.), whirl speak of, proclaim, direct: ad poenam (bring to justice) ; in along, skim, rush, speed, dart, be artes (of trees, try to turn, dehurled, be flung, wave, shoot (of mand ofthent) me ad fata (ask stars), roll up (of smoke, &c.). to share); volaiis, -antls, p. as s,\\!o&.,flying pugnas {proclaim); cornix pluviam (as if the bird creatures, winged creatures, birds. had power to bring it); ventis Volscens, see Volcens. vocatia {having invoked the winds, Volscus, -a, -um, [?], adj., of t/ie but also of Mercury, summon) ; Volsci (a people of Latium, beconcilium (convene). tween the Pomptine marshes and Also, of things more or less personified, Campania, who waged a stubborn
;
warfare against the Romans, but rival, were finally conquered about B.C. demand, await : Plur. as subst., Zsphyri; Cithaeron; ipsa res 325), Volscian. lux ultima {summon} the Volsci (the people themselves). {bid} aurae vela (invite) cursus vela voltus, see vultiis. (direct}; cur stun ventus {guide). \< .In l>i IK -e, [tvolvi-(of volvo) + Esp., call (by name), name. bilis], adj., whirling.
call,
summon,
challenge,
bid
to go, direct,
306
volucer (-cris), -cris,
(cf.
Vocabulary.
-ere, [fvolocf. fludi-
velivolus)
+ cris,
(of the winds)
cro-], adj., flying, winged. ex.a.c\\y,_flying, rapid, fleet, -winged Also, fleeting : Somnus. (fig.). Fern, (rarely m.) as subs., a winged creature, a bird.
Less
volumen,
vo)
fold,
-inis, [fvolvi- (of

n.,
+ men],
.
roll,
coil,
vola
lacrimae volvun; tur inanes( pour down, are shed) incendia aestus (the fire rolling brings the heat, &c.) lapis volutus (whirling} sic volvere Parcas (turn the wheel of destiny) ; rotam volvere per annos (run the round} esp., unroll (of a
; ; ;
;
scroll)
roll,
arcana
a band (wound around). Less exactly, a joint (the folding of the legs)
,
monimenta(:
Also, roll up, roll forth, pour forth, send forth, send rolling up ; pass, as mid. ignis
study).
voluiitas, -atis, [fvolent- (earlier volont-, of volens) +tas] i.,wish, will, desire, pleasure (desire). voluptas, -atis, [fvolupi- (reduced, cf. volup) + tas], f., pleasure, deConcretely, light, enjoyment, joy. as in Eng., of the source of delight. Volusus, -i, [?], m., a Rutulian.
ad
fastigia volvitur; saxa (of yEtna) sub naribus ignem equus (breathe forth} ; volvitur ater odor tectis {pour through, from
;
the
fire)
headlong,
rolling,
Also, roll over, throw send whirling, throw precipitate, go whirling

Also, intrans., roll, re-eris, [?], m., a
volntabrum,
luto)
slough.
[fvoluta- (of vobrum], n., a wallow, a

-i,
(pass.). volve.
\
0111 is
(vomer),
-ill,
ploughshare.
volnto, -avf, -atuin, -are, [fvoluto- (cf. volvo)], I. v. a. and n., Less exactly, rollback, send roll.
echoing,
vomo,
and
akin to
n.,
make
sound. Esp. without) and in pass.,

grovel.
echo, echo, make rewith reflexive (or

roll,
forth, emit.
-Itum, -ere, [yvom, Sk. ^/vam], 3. v. a. vomit, vomit forth, belch throw up, send forth,
e'/i
a> >
writhe,
voragS,
Fig., revolve,
turn over,
+ go,
-inis, [fvora- (of voro) prob. through intermediate
stem, cf. imago], f., an abyss, a ponder, meditate. volutus, -a, -urn, p.p. of volvo. whirlpool, a vortex, a yawning chasm. volvo, volvi, volfitum, volvere, [-y/volv, cf. ?A.uo>], 3. v. a. and n. voro, -avi, -atuin, -are, [fvoroAct., roll.
rolled, roll:
Pass, (as middle), be

;
(cf.
ffKta,
omnivorus), akin
to &i&p<a-
leto
volvitur Euryalus and fig., turn (writhe)
Sk. -v/S ar ] * v< a devour. Fig-, of the sea, swallow up,

-
over, revolve (in the mind),
see vertex. der : sub pectore sortem. Esp., vortex, of the eyes, turn, roll. Also, in vosmet, see tu. see voveo. pass., rarely act., of regular revolu- vdtum,
tion,
pon-
engulf.
of voveo. revolve, run round, roll votus, -a, -um, p.p. round: volvitur annus (roll voveo, vovi, votum, vovere, [?], dedicate. I. v. a., vow, devote, round} volvenda dies ; volvuntur sidera {are gliding on); cavotus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., vowed vices sus (run the round of) (promised in a vow), votive. Neut. as subst., a vow, a prayer (turn on, roll on) saecula (of an Generoak, live the round of). (usually accompanied by a vow).
;
ally with motion onwards, roll on, roll down ; pass., also, pour,
Also, a votive thing vowed)

.
offering (thq
(in
glide, wind: volvimur undis (are vox, vocis, [ ^/voc as stem (akin to tossed') \ volvunt ad litora flue tua
tiros
voco, etc.) and Sk.
Vocabulary.
y/Vach)],
f.,
307
commonly, every-
verbum),
the
a voice (as sound, cf. voice: nee vox

.
adv., generally,
where.
nee verba sequuntur (articulate vulgo (vol-), -avi, alum, -are, sound nor intelligible words} [fvulgo-], (of vulgus)], I. v. a.,
known, make common: omnia vulgata {trite themes'}. seven tones of the scale). Also, vulgus, -i, [ v/vulg(cf.Sk. vargas, a often renwords, language, speech, crowd) -f us],n. (sts.m.), the popu:
.
Less exactly, a voice (of other living things), a note, a tone, a sound, a cry, a song : septem voces (the
spread
abroad,
publish,
make
some similar device compellat structive, cutting. sic vulnus voce Menoeten (aloud) (vol-), -erls, [?], n., a voce precatur (with these words) 7WM</(given or received), a stroke, nostra voce {from my lips} qua a blow. Less exactly, a weapon voce (with what prayer}; voce Also, of (inflicting a wound). lacessit (with taunting words} the mind, a wound, a blow, a pang a pain. Vulcanius(Vol-),-a, -um, [fVulcano- (reduced) + ius], adj., of vulpes (vol-), -Is, [?], f., a fox. Less exVulcan, Vulcanian. vulsus(vol-),-a,-um, p.p. of vello. vultur (vol-), -uris, [?], m., a vulactly, of fire.
:
dered voice also in Eng. vox exlace, tke common mass, the crowd, the cidit ore (these words, &c.) ; voce Also, of anpeople (generally) imals, the mass, the Jlock, the swarm niagister (in song) prodere voce sua (by his words'} ; rumpit vulnero (vol-), -avi, -atuni, -are, vocem (utter a voice, break si[fvulner- (of vulnus)], i. v. a., wound. Also fig., as in Eng. lence} ; vocem volutant (roll their voce, abl., may often vulniflcus (vol-), -a, -um, [stem voices}. be absorbed in some other word, of vulnus (as if vulno-) -ficus or rendered lips, or aloud, or by ( -y/fac + us)], adj., wounding, de;
.
Vulcanus (Vol-),
can, the
tive
-i,
and mechanical forms. He nus], m., a river of Campania was fabled to have a forge be( Volturno). neath the Lipari islands, where he vultus (vol-), -us, [-vAro! (of vothunderbolts of the wrought lo) -f tus], m., an expression (of Jupiter.
god of
fire
[?], m., Vulin its destruc-
ture.
Vulturnus (Vol-),
-I,
[fvultur
Y\g.,fire.
vulgatus, -a, -HIM, p.p. of vulgo. vulgo (volgo), [abl. of vulgus],
pect.
the face), the countenance, the asAlso, of -things, appearance, look, aspect.
Xantho,
-us, [Gr. Eac&i], of the Nereids.

-i,
f.,
one
of the Troad
Epirus,
2.
stream
first ;
in
named
for the
3.
Xanthus,
[Gr.
common name
Eavflos], of rivers : I
.
m., a
A river
Z.
river in Lycia, a favorite
haunt of
Apollo.
Zacynthns,
Zante}.
[Gr. TAicvvOos}, f., an island in the Ionian sea (now

-I,
-I,
Zephyr us
{the
West wind").
Less
exactly, wind (from any quarter). zona, -ae, [Gr. &vr\\, f., a belt.
Zephyrus,
[Gr.
Ze<pvpos~\,
m.,
Also, a zone (of the earth).
BOOKS
I-VI,
AND BUCOLICS.
The
BOOK
I.
[BOOK
I.
BOOK
BOOK
I.
I.]
The ALneid.
The Êneid.
BOOK
I.
[BOOK
II.
BOOK
BOOK
II.]
The
II
The
BOOK
VERSE
664.
669672. 676. 680.
II.
[BOOK
III.
A.
&
G.
331, head-note
33 1 -/. R
277,
c.
292, a. 325, b.
33685. 688.
693. 713. 729. 730. 735739743745750. 756765. 775784. 786. 798. 800.
275. 1 258, N. 238, a.
235,*.
227,
c.
225, b. 229. 334, e334, d. 327359. ', 270, b.
334, 244,
275. 187, 302. 233. 342.
III.
/
e.
b,
N.
BOOK
I. 2.
270,
b.
3.
12. 14.
1
6.
22.
28.
324. 8 258, a, N. 362, a. 232, a. 276, e, N. 193. 229, c. 244.

235, a. 228. 268. 240, a. 269, a, 240, c.
2,
29. 38.
39. 41.
42. 47.
50.
51.
N.
54. 56.
57-
66.
77.
294, d. 277, C, N. 290, b. 240, a. 217. 244, e. 186, b, i.
BOOK
BOOK
IV.]
The
III
The
BOOK IV
[BOOK V.
BOOK
VI.]
The
BOOK V. VERSE
170.
I
7 6.
180. 181.
1
86.
i93-
230. 237247.
259. 262. 266. 272. 276. 284.
291. 302. 355357358. 364423426.
43432438. 451.
501. 542.
iS602. 618. 621.

638. 651. 75075'786. 800.
832. 845.
BOOK VI
48.
31
10
BOOK VI
Eclogues.
[ECLS. I-VI.
ECLS. VI-X.]
ECL.
Eclogues.
II
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1

PVBLI VERGILI MARONIS

GREATER POEMS OF VIRGIL

FIRST SIX BOOKS OF

PUBLISHED BY GINN & COMPANY

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

former edition, follows Ribbeck

main, adhering, however, to the received reading where he

be not fully supported by his own apparatus

have been much increased

reading the passages that they

are intended to represent only objects or conceptions which

were familiar to the minds of the poet and his contemporaries,

of views of the scenes in

which the action takes

place have been included.

introduction deals more fully than that of the former

edition with the

of Virgil, as well as with his

on modern, especially English,

With the same purpose

showing the continuity

of literary tradition a large

poetry covering a wide range have

passages are either direct imitations of Virgil

or they deal with ideas suggested by his works.

erable matter not necessary for young students has been

the notes have been simpli-

and the bulk

book has not been perceptibly the metrical form and

directions for reading have also been added.

tute di Corrispondenza Archeologica.

Denkmaler des Baumeister, klassischen Altertums. Munich.

Gottingen, 1832. Denkmaler der alten

Compte-Rendu de la Compt. Rend. Commission Impe'riale Archeologique.

und Kunst, herausgegeben von

Smith's Dictionary of AntiquiVisconti,

H. &> P. Herculanum et Pompei, par H. Roux Ain^. Paris, 1840.

Die schonsten Omamente aus

Wall painting Mus. Chiar.

of Augustus (Maison Carrte) at Nismes. Flying Mercury. Vase painting. Nicolini

Theft of the Palladium.

Vatican Fragments Museo Pio- Clementina

Monumenti deir Istituto.

Praeneste drawing the oracular sors.

Orestes and the Furies.

Archdologisch-epigraphische Mittheilungen Vatican Fragments Death of Dido.

Venus and Neptune.

the offerings on an altar.

Horse with trappings. Dares and Entellus.

Ulysses shooting with

Photograph the bow. Vase painting.

Neptune and Amphitrite

walls of the Capitol at

Pompey. Ancient statue. Charon and shades. Relief

Juno of Lanuvium. Coins Minerva hurling thunderbolt.

Ruins of theatre at Aspendos Jupiter looking down on the world.

scroll. Wall painting Relief clothed in skin of wild beast.

Wall painting Genii making garlands. Ransom of Hector's body. Relief

Monile (Harpy) Crater wreathed

decorating a Hermes with a Palazzo Vecchio at Florence

Photograph. Overbeck^s Ruins.

Athlete's equipment. Metae. Relief

Wall painting Head of Jupiter Ammon. Coin