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Sustainable Architecture for Student Hostels in Hot-Humid Tropical Environment: Using University of Nigeria Enugu Campus as a CaseStudy.
Francis Onyechi Uzuegbunam Department of Architecture, University of Nigeria, ENUGU Campus, 400006, Enugu, Enugu State, Nigeria. e-mail: francis.uzuegbunam@unn.edu.ng; erdo_nigeria@yahoo.com Phone No. +234-803-7093582
ARTICLE INFO Article history
Received 23 August, 2010
Received in revised form 3 October, 2010

Accepted 14 December, 2010 Available online 30 September 2011

Keywords Sustainable Architecture, Student Hostel, Hot-humid, Tropical Environment

ABSTRACT The architectural spirit of this design focused on new forms of student hostels, committed to experiment, it investigated the effects and prospects of transformations in technology, culture, life style, environment, governance and architecture. This work seeks to play an active role in shaping futures for hostel design in hot-humid tropics through both formal research and direct engagement. The physical environment forms the principal determinant of well being of man. An organized environment makes it easy for a rational, creative and productive thinking. Although significant amounts of time and attention in architecture are devoted to purely technical and mechanical aspects in design process, it is important to recognize that the ultimate goal of planning and design is the accommodation of human needs. It is appropriate, then to view all architectural research questions and objectives in a person-environment relations perspective. Within the broad area of person-environment relations there are a number of primary areas where research is needed to improve architectural design; one of them is student hostels in the tropics. A few more information is needed for proper interrelated components of the person-environment system to produce a perfect gel. This study adopted descriptive survey, and ex post factor correlated case study research methods. The study firmly concluded that there were significant correlations between designs strategies as determined by the climatic factors and person-environmental systems in Student Hostels of the hot humid tropical environments. @2011 cepajournal

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1.0.Introduction: It is common knowledge that about 70% of Nigerian University students live in hostels which are either privately owned or by the Institutions. A comparison of the standards of living and quality of the physical environments in these student hostels, reveal extreme shortage, divergence and a wide range of irregularities. The needs of the student populace have not been equally attended, even with the magnitude of the lip service it has enjoyed. This gave rise to the disorganized physical environment devoid of social amenities, essential public utilities and meaningful communal life. The Governing Council of University of Nigeria, in the year 2004, in it wisdom, deemed it fit to create a committee to look into the provision of adequate housing for both staff and students of the University which I was privileged to serve in the technical ad- hoc committee that instituted this research work that has produce this model hostel design for the growing student population that stretches the existing facilities beyond its elastic limits, with the impending social vices. Also the Federal Government of Nigeria through the National Universities Commission made a provision for private participation in solving this problem of shortage of student accommodation by the BOT initiative which means Build Operate and Transfer. Very little is actually known about the impact of the total environment on human behavior. It follows, therefore, that defining a building program in terms of sociological and

psychological needs is often a difficult problem. One manifestation of that problem is that architects frequently complain that people simply do not use spaces as they were designed to be used. On the other hand, people often complain that architects persist in creating spaces that simply cannot be used very comfortably. No doubt there is truth in both complaint and therefore, the solution to this problem involves both architect and the people for whom he designs. That is the Architect interacting with the users of his product. This is what the researcher called in this paper FORMAL RESEARCH AND DIRECT ENGAGEMENT. The most basic function of a building is to shelter us from natural adverse environmental factors such as wind, rain, sun, noise and wild animals. Should a building fail to perform this basic function, it will amount to inconvenience for the physical being with drastic effect on our psychology (Uzuegbunam 2011). The issue is providing hostels for students that transcend the elementary problem of providing protection against natural hazards of the environment. A hostel, in addition to performing this basic function, must also be a home for the students to interact with one another and others. To function as a hostel, the building must satisfy other human needs that enhance comfortability, such as the need for territory, privacy, identity, convenience, accessibility and safety. One of the greatest problems in our Hostels today is overcrowding. This is a direct result of a building that has failed

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to provide the basic comforts as mentioned above (Uzuegbunam 2011). LaGreca A. J. 1977 states that overcrowding posses a severe hazard to health, and has been linked to severe psychological disorders, in slum dwellings. Our Hostels today are by far worse off than the slums that are described here. The purpose of this research was to use architectural design to ameliorate the adverse effects of the environmental hazards, and territorial conflicts, resulting from overcrowding in student hostels. 2.0.Territorialism: One of the essential objectives of social organization is to minimize physical conflict and to limit aggression. This objective is achieved through spatial order, social order, or in some cases, both ways. Spatial order for the concept of territorialism, and while social order refers to the concept of dominance behavior. Both orders govern the spatial distribution of individuals and groups and thereby serve to maintain social harmony. The concept of territorialism has been broadly conceived to include the total relationship between an organism and space. For humans, it has been used to comprehend such disparate phenomena as distancing between individuals, the arrangements of rooms in a house, and the distinction between neighborhoods, cities, states, and nations. Among the sociological theories advanced on behalf of the territorial concept, as applied to humans, have the following controversial views as basic:

1.

2.

3.

Mans territorial instinct is biologically determined, and therefore, much of this behavior is instinctive. This territorial instinct is accompanied, to one degree or another by aggression and conflict and the need to defend ones own space. There exists for every human being, the need for a minimal amount of space which is absolutely necessary for an agreeable life.

Based on these facts, various interpretations have been formulated concerning the nature of territorialism. Territorialism is a way of dispersing individuals of a species so that their numbers remain roughly commensurate with the available long-term amenity supply. It is conceivable; therefore that population density might rise to the level where amenity shortages would actually reduce the numbers of the species. Secondly, territorialism tends to moderate aggression and subsequent injury or loss of life. Territorial defense emphasizes the ritual character of threat rather than conflict. In spite of mutually destructive conflict, various groups exist in relative peace. A more extreme interpretation emphasizes aggression as the key biological mechanism for maintaining territorial groupings. In this view, territorialism and aggression are part of a package deal in which the defended territory and territorialism is the same thing. Defense therefore defines the territory. A connection has been

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established between territorialism and aggression by its definition. Territorialism requires defense against intruders. In human terms, this aggression is apparent in many social groupings that may engage in various rivalries or conflicts of interest. Similarly, the conflicts between sports teams are celebrated-display of aggression, while political parties and commercial opponents aggressions, are frequently reduced to a game of win or lose. Conditions and common interests may temper aggressive behavior. 3.0.Sociology of Architectural Design: Although significant amounts of time and attention in architecture are devoted to purely technical and mechanical aspects in the design process, it is important to recognize that the ultimate goal of planning and design is the accommodation of human needs. It is appropriate, then to view all architectural research questions and objectives in a person-environment relations perspective. Within the broad area of person-environment relations there are a number of primary areas where research is needed to improve architectural design; one of them is STUDENT HOSTEL IN THE HOT-HUMID TROPICS, where a few more information is needed for proper interrelated components of the personenvironment system to produce a perfect Gel. Research in this design also took the form of building typology studies. These involve the systematic collection and generation of prototypical floor plans, basic special configurations, or images of

the building type in question. From such studies it is possible to survey the hypothesized design options available. The pattern work of Christopher Alexander and his Associates captures not only the behavioral regularities in the interaction between people and their environments but also provides imageevoking illustrations, both graphic and verbal. These images can also stimulate the designers creativity and further design exploration. In most conventional architectural programs, the designer is told of the number of people to be accommodated, the amount of space physically required and the values, priorities, limitations and goals of the projects. For the most part this data is furnished by the client and used by the designer, while both parties ignore the desirable human qualities necessary to those who will ultimately inhabit the space. This probably accounts for much of the displeasure with what gets built today. Fig 1. Illustrates a design with no research content, and does not interact with the user in anyway. It is disjointed with a 20% success rate and has a probability of success as low as 0.20(Uzuegbunam 1996). Here the client dictates what needs to be done. The information is only going in one direction, from Client to Designer, no feed backs from the user and the designer. It is based on the clients expert knowledge. Fig 2. Illustrates a situation where the designer depends on his own expert knowledge of the subject to dictate to the owner and the user, of their wants and

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needs. In research based design, the designer propagates an idea, which might be acceptable theoretically but requires practicalizing to determine its workability. There is no interaction with the owner or user. He depends on his own expertise. The success rate of this type of design is 40% which gives a probability of 0.40. (Uzuegbunam 1996). Fig 3. Illustrates a relationship where every interest group is accommodated. There is interaction between the designer, the client and the end user. This is public participation in architectural design, this design is democratic, every view is equally as important as the order. This is design of the people by the people and for the people. Nothing but good architecture can come out of this kind of relationship. This is the perfect gel that can produce A MASTER PIECE. This is architecture with FORMAL RESEARCH AND DIRECT ENGAGEMENT. This is the architecture that this student hostel is advocating. The success rate is 80% and with a very high probability of 0.80 to succeed (Uzuegbunam 1996). 4.0.Student Hostel Design The dwelling unit for a student is the most fundamental of all building types in the school. It can be found isolated on the prairie, arranged in tight rows, or stacked in the air. In every case, it provides an environment in which people can live, sleep, eat, bathe, cook, read, play, watch television and satisfy hundreds of other divers needs. The major functional problem concerning student hostel is that a great many of

these activities may occur simultaneously and often in the same space. There is a need, therefore, for flexibility in order to accommodate the varying uses to which a space may be put. A students bedroom, for example, may function not only for sleeping, but also as study, a meeting room for peers, a music room, an exercise room, and even as an individual dining room. Kitchens and bathrooms, which are generally limited in size and often rigidly arranged, may also go far beyond their obvious functions in accommodating the greatest variety of activities necessary to a normal life. In analyzing the functional aspects of student hostel, one must first determine how much space is required, and secondly, how people will circulate from one space to another. Regardless of personal preferences, most hostels require at least a minimum amount of furniture and equipment in order to satisfy basic human functions. Within every culture, the sizes and arrangements of these necessary articles have been standardized. Little if any might be affected by changes in style or taste. Spacing and circulation tolerances are established by use, habit and comfort. Reading spaces, for example require a minimum of 0.6m. Circulation space, 0.6m is the minimum around a table per person, as well as 0.6m. from table to the wall, so that one can move his chair back when leaving the table. Most people are not conscious of these actual dimensions, but they are very much aware when a substandard situation causes discomfort. The arrangement of spaces within a

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dwelling unit follows a pattern of conventional use or habit. Bathrooms should be directly accessible to the bedrooms, since the functions of the two rooms are closely related. Very often than not, the areas may actually be in the same room. The first floor of a hostel building serves as a connection between the individual units and the outdoors, and therefore, it must relate to both with fewer rooms for appropriate passive ventilation because of wind drag. The program requirements of the first floor spaces often require large unobstructed areas, to permit circulation to elevators, stairways, mailrooms, mobility impaired rooms and other communal spaces. 5.0.Spatial Organization and Basic Requirements. The shape and size of individual units have a considerable influence on the feasibility of the project. Standardized or repetitive units should have simple shapes in order to minimize costly party walls. Similarly, exterior walls should be minimized in the temperate regions, while reasonablely maximized in relation to the enclosed area in the hot-humid tropics, for maximum natural ventilation, efficiency, as well as economy. There are basic requirements for different parts of the world, for developed nations like Europe and America, the acceptable standard is two people in a room with a minimum of 5-7sqm.per person, and a maximum of four hundred people in a building. In Africa, the standard is four people in a room with a minimum of 57sqm. per. person and a maximum of six hundred people in a building. In Nigeria,

National Universities Commission (NUC 2003, 1977) has the following guide line for Student Hostel. (1) The hostel design is based on a module of 100 rooms in a building with two floors. (2) A standard bed space of 1.8m x 0.75m, a wardrobe and bookshelf. (3) It allowed 5-7sqm. Per person, Six in a room, and a maximum of Nine hundred people in a building. This Student Hostel was hinged on the African standard which we found to be very reasonable in cost as regards to amortization time for investment purposes without compromising comfort and the Architectural aestetics. Also four floors for appropriate application of the design strategy for effective passive ventilation in hot humid tropical environment as can versed in Uzuegbunam 2011 6.0.Designing with the Climate The success of this design was in the accommodation of all interest groups without compromising the aesthetics of the architectural ingenuity; even tropical environmental issues were adequately taken care off. The Climate as a member of nature has some inevitable effect on human comfort. The Climate integrated design is a strategy that seeks to take advantage of the Climatic issues like, temperature, humidity, rain fall and wind patterns to produces a positive effect and reflection on an architectural design of a building. Akubue 2008 stated that a Climate integrated design should consider the following six points.(see also Table 1) Understand Climatic issues the microclimates.

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Understand the basic physiology of human thermal comfort. Control the Sun to reduce loads and enhance visual comfort. Use thermal mass to improve comfort and efficiency. Utilize the local winds and breezes as much as can be harnessed to possible improve comfort. Finally, effective choice of material and design technique for optimal result.

Climatic Analyses of Enugu This climatic analysis is based on the mean monthly climatic data for a period of 10-years (2000-2009). See Table2, 3, 4 &5 Table 3. Rainfall Data Data for Table 3. was obtained from the Meteorological Data Sheet of the National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. The climatic season in the South Eastern Nigeria is characterized by two (2) main seasons; - The wet season, lasting for about 7months. Ranging from April to October. - The dry season of about 5-months, between November and March. From Table 3, the average annual rainfall recorded is 179.2mm/sqm. While the driest months range from November through February, the heaviest rainfall is recorded in the month of September. From the Table 4., the coolest months are January and December. The mean minimum temperature is 22.3c. while the

maximum temperature, in February is 34.0c. The mean minimum is 31.0c. However records indicate varying degrees of rainfall all year round. The two (2) assumed prevailing winds that influence the climate of the region are the South-West Monsoon wind and the North-East Trade wind. The South-West wind is hot and humid, blowing from the month of April to October, while the North- East wind is dry and cold during the harmattan between November to January but dry and hot from February to early April. Sunshine. Being within the Tropics, the altitude of the sun is usually over head, but low especially during dry season. As indicated by Table 6. the extreme mean maximum of sunshine is in February 5.47hrs; and a minimum of 1.54hrs in August, with an annual mean of 3.1hrs. Heat is generated all year round in the interiors of buildings. Design concept. The Concept employed in this design is person-environment relationship, orderwise known as Territorialism. The objective was to achieve through spatial order, social order, or in some cases, both ways. Spatial order for the concept of territorialism, and while social refers to the concept of dominance behavior. Both orders govern the spatial distribution of individuals and groups and thereby serve to maintain social harmony. Architecturally, the concept was organized to satisfy the desired goal of applying a design strategy for effective passive ventilation of student hostels in the hot-humid tropical climate.

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It created an efficient and cost effective comfortable way to effectively and passively ventilate the student hostels in this study area. This was based on consideration of alternate organizational concepts. It included all the factors which may influence the study, such as the natural, social, cultural, visual, and functional requirements. Observing what people did and the way they did it determined the bases for this organizational concept. Activities that required considerable interaction and repeated communications were programmed in a compact and centralized space on single but communicable levels. Centralized locations were appropriated for activity spaces or activities that are most often used by the majority. Ventilation and Exhaust system, which is also Bernoulli Venturi effect, was the base design strategy applied for the indoor ventilation. The cooling and preservation of the air quality was also by induced stack-effect within the building. The apertures were compartmentalized in modules and the operation very flexible. This made it possible to control or closed them on a very cold day where heating is required. This was very desirable because of the hot temperatures and high humidity of the hot humid tropical zone, experienced most of the year. This student hostel took advantage of a design with all sides of the building designed for the unpredictable wind direction. Large window openings of about 50% of the external wall area, against any direction of wind movement, allowed air to move freely through into the rooms.

The vitiated air went out through the internal doors and high level air vents into the Hot-Core. This in turn moved through the Atriums, and through the Roof Vents and out of the Building. The solution to all these problems was found in designing for effective passive ventilation. It provided conditions, within which people and structures can adapt within a controllable design strategy. It also adapted itself to the unpredictable wind paths of the micro climates in this hot humid tropical environment. Stack effect, aided by Venturi-Bernoulli`s principle created negative pressure at the roof vent, when displaced air mass passed above the air vent on top of the building. The Plan depicts an eclectic triangulation of information and knowledge, showing a high level of transcendental aesthetics in a geometric progression. It started from an organization of space for an individual, transcending to an organization of space in a room for the four occupants of the room, which was mirrored or duplicated to form the basic unit of a model for the group, which in turn, generated a cluster, which mirrored itself to form a community of occupants in a hostel building, with commonly shared facilities in the middle. (see fig 4-6) The Form here was a generative process of the functions and environment, which sought to the prove the myth of universal good taste derived from Le-Corbusiers purist theory of primary and secondary aesthetic effects, where primary aesthetic was supposed to be absolute, eternal and cross-culture, residing in pure form,

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geometry, proportion etc., while secondary aesthetic associated with personal and cultural specifics, which is most attractive for those seeking to justify standardization and mass production. Here for follows the function it is meant to enclose and as dictated by the environment(see fig 11-14) The Roof was used as an element of architectural design, it appeared to be in Celebration of a feast of tropical environment, by its segmental, incremental geometry in both lateral and vertical direction in an arithmetic progression (see fig 6, 11-14). The Natural Ventilation system adapted here was that of A COOLCORE Building of a traditional Malaysian house with its verandahs and balconies around the high-mass core of the building. The thermal mass of the inner walls is completely shaded all year and cooled by the air movement over them at night. The student hostel took advantage of a new design strategy, combining wind and stacks. No particular orientation against any direction of air movement, large window openings, and maximal external wall area, with about 60% of it against any directional wind path was used as it was proven to be unpredictable and not universal in that Micro-climate (Uzuegbunam 2011). This allowed air to move freely through into the rooms from any direction and the vitiated air, up through high level air vents into the COOL-CORE, and moved up through the Atriums and out, through the Roof Vents by Bernoullis principles induced stack effect. (see fig 4-14)

7.0.Conclusion The power of architectural determinism, when adequately and democratically applied, still propagates the myth of rationalist neutrality, which proponents claim that a simple, geometrically determined environment does not intrude, but allows inhabitants to lead their own lives and develop their private fantasies within it. This assertion by LeCorbusier is still tenable. This is the ARCHITECTURE OF FORMAL RESEARCH AND DIRECT ENGAGEMENT. Hostel building is a group of dwelling units which must function for individual as well as satisfy the complex needs of communal living. Student hostel is a part of school buildings and a place where young people learn to work, play, communicate and mature. An effective environment for learning involves a broad range of special qualities, which must be reflected in the building program. Sensory aspects, such as ventilation, temperature, visibility and acoustics, must be well controlled. In addition to convenience of movement, all access areas in hostels are well illuminated, clearly marked, and secured against unwanted intruders. The priorities of hostel spaces are governed by the form-generating influences of the board of education, the school administration, and community groups. Their philosophical attitudes provided the insight necessary for an architect to define the program. Among the criteria considered were the character of the neighborhood, the growth rate of the community, the educational program,

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and the range of possible extracurricular activities. These included the category of the students, under graduate or post graduate, male or female, single or married and other social-cultural, recreational and civic functions. All of these considerations influenced the form of the hostel, as well as the details of the program, in terms of size, scheduling, organizational methods and mechanical aids. In addition, this hostel somehow combine the elusive environmental qualities of human scale, warmth, excitement, hominess and also respond to all, which serve to stimulate human development. Sustainability of student hostel development means creating invariablely livable, inspiring, enduring, and equitable places, where the quality of life, the long-term quality of human existence will be enhanced rather than depleted.

Alexander C. (1975) The Oregon Experiment, Stocksfield, UK, Oriel Press Baiyewu O. (2002) Post-Occupancy Evaluation: The Missing Link in Nigerian Architectural Practice. In Journal of Environmental Technology School of Environmental Technology, Federal University of Technology, Akure. 1, 2, 49-55. Boutet T.S. (1987) Air Movement. A Manual for Architects Controlling and Builders. New York: Mc-Graw Hill. Book Company. 41-142. Burberry P. (1979) Environment and Services. London: BT Baisford Limited. 32-38. Chand I. (1976) Design Aid for Natural Ventilation in Buildings in Functional Aspect of Building Design, Lecture Programme, India: Central Building Research Institute Roorkee (U.P.) April 26-28, pp 2436. Chandra S.P.W. Fairey and M.M. Houston (1983) A Handwork for Designing Ventilated Buildings. Florida Solar energy Centre, final Report FSECCR 93-83 Florida. Cheung K.P. (1999) The Sun and Building Design Process 111. Guidelines for Designing with the Sun and Natural Ventilation. Hong Kong: University of Hong Kong3-5.

8.0.References Akubue A. J. (2008) Climate-Adaptive Faade, unpublished Ph.D. Desertation. Huazhong University of Science and Technology, China. 2008. Alexander C. (2010) The search for a new Paradigm in Architecture, Stocksfield, UK, Oriel Press. Alexander C. (1979) The Timeless way of Building, Stocksfield, UK, Oriel Press

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Givoni O. B. (1993) Effectiveness of Mass and Night Ventilation in Lowering the Indoor Daytime Temperature, Part 1: 1993 experimental periods. Energy and Buildings 1998; 28: 25-32. Givoni O. B. (1976) Man, Climate and Architecture edu. Applied Science Publishers, London. 1976 Givoni O.B. (1962) Basic Study of Ventilation Problems in Housing in Hot Countries: Research Report to Ford Foundation, Technion, Haifa: Building Research Station. Godwin J. (1988) Natural Conditioning and Thermal Design for Building for Comfort in Different Climate and environments. Lagos: Nigeria building & Road Research Institute (NBRRI), October 12-14, 43-51. Groat L. and D. Wang (2002) Architectural Research Methods. New York: John Wiley and Sons Inc. IHVE (1970) A Guide Book. London: Institution of Heating and Ventilation Engineers. Izomoh S.O. (1988) Thermal Design of Buildings for Comfort in Different Nigerian Climatic Zones. In Proceedings on National Seminar on Architecture, Climate and Environment Lagos: Nigeria Building & Road Research Institute (NBRRI), October 12-14, 67-78.

Jiang, Yi (2002) Mathematical Model for Simulation of VOC emissions and Concentrations In Buildings, Atmospheric Environment V36, No 2, 2002. Johnson P.(1960) Museum of Arts (New York) Mies Van der Rohe, publisher Victor Leru. 1960. Koenigsberger O.H., T.G. Ingersoll, A. Mayhew, S.V. Szokolay (1974) Manual of Tropical Housing and Building, Part One, Climatic Design. Longman. Komolafe L.K. (1988) Influence of Climate on Building Design and Thermal Performance Assessment of some Construction Materials in Omange G.N. (ed) Ten Years of Building and Road Research Commemorative Publication. Lagos: Nigeria Building & Road Research Institute (NBRRI). 95108. Komolafe O.M. & A.F. Akingbode (1996) Comfortable Thermal Environmental Temperature: Case Study of Lagos. Global Journal of Environmental ScienceVol. 23(3). Kukreja C.P. (1970) Tropical Architecture. New Dehli: Tata McGraw-Hill. Kwok A.G. (1998) Thermal Comfort in Tropical Classrooms, ASHRAE Transaction 104(1).

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Lagreca A.J. (1977) Critical Urban Problems in Contemporary Topics in Urban Sociology edited by Kent P. Schwirian. Morristown New Jersey: General Learning Press, 1977 pp. 338-401., Le Corbusier. (1967) TOWARDS A NEW ARCHITECTURE Architectural Press Ltd, London. 1967. NUC (2003) Private Sector Participation, in University Hostel Development and Management Lagos: National University Commission. NUC (1977) Standard Guide for Universities. Lagos: National University Commission. Rajapaksha I. (2004) Passive Cooling in the Tropics: A Design Proposition for Natural Ventilation. Plea.2004The 21st Conference on Passive and Low Energy Architecture, Eindhoren, The Netherlands, 19-22 Sept. 2004. Pp 1-6. RIBA (1965) Architectural Practice and Management Handbook. London: Royal Institute of British Architects Publications. Roaf S., Fuentes M. and Thomas S. (2004) ECOHOUSE 2: Architectural Press, Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8Dp, 200 Wheeler Road, Burlington, MA 01803.

Santamouris M. (1998) Natural Ventilation in Buildings. A Design Guide. London: James & James (Science Publishers) Ltd. Schulze F. (1989) Mies Van der Rohe: a critical biography. 1989. Tablada A, De la Pena A.M, and DeTroyer F. Thermal Mass of Natural Ventilated Buildings in Warm Humid Climates; Field Survey. PLEA 2005. Beirut. Tablada A, Barcelo C, and DeTroyer F. Micro-climatic Measurements in the Belen Area of Old Havana and the three Courtyard Buildings: Comparison with the Meteorological Station Data. PLEA 2004. Eindhoven, 1131-1136. Tantasavasdi C., J. Srebric, Q, Chen (2001) Natural Ventilation Design for Houses in Thailand. Thailand: Energy and Buildings. 33,8,815824.. Uji Z. (2002) Evolution of Design Thought. Yola: Paraclete Publishers. Uzuegbunam F. O. (1996) Professional Co-operative for Shelter and Community Development in Nigeria. Journal of Association of Architectural Educators in Nigeria. Vol 3,Jan.1996 .

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Uzuegbunam F. O. (2011) New Frontiers in Passive Ventilation of Student Hostels in Hot-Humid Tropical Environments: A Design Strategy for Effective Passive Ventilation. The tropical environment. Journal of the Faculty of Environmental Studies, University of Nigeria, Enugu

Campus. Vol. 10 No. 1.2011. pp.5181 Von Meiss P. (1991) Elements of Architecture, from Form to Space. Lausanne, Switzerland: Chapman and Hall. I-10

APPENDIX List of Table captions Table 1. Design implications for various climatic conditions
Climate Tropical (Hot and humid) Characteristics - High humidity with a degree of dry season. - High temperatures year round - Minimum season temperature variation. - Lowest diurnal (day/night) temperature range. Design implications - Employ lightweight (low mass) construction. - Maximize external wall areas (plans with one room depth are ideal especially for residential units) to encourage movement of breezes through the building (i.e. cross ventilation). - Shade whole building considers using fly-roof and landscaping trees. - Use reflective insulation and vapor barriers. - Ventilate roof spaces if possible for optimized results. - Consider high or raked ceilings - Provide screened, shaded outdoor living areas, also creating sleep-out spaces (for residential) - Design and build against windy conditions and hazards. - Most essentially, design for a greener environment. - Use lightweight construction where diurnal (day/night) temperature range is low and include thermal mass where diurnal range is significant - Maximize external wall areas (plans with one room depth are ideal especially for residential units) to encourage movement of breezes through the building (i.e. cross ventilation). - Shade whole building where possible in summer and allow passive solar access in winter months only. - Avoid auxiliary air conditioning, good design techniques does it all. - Provide screened, shaded outdoor living areas. - Most essentially, design for a greener environment. - Use passive solar design and insulated thermal

Sub-tropical (Warm and humid)

- High humidity with a define dry season. - Hot to very hot summers with mild winters. -Distinct summer and winter seasons. - Moderate to low diurnal (day/night) temperature range. This can vary significantly between regions too e.g. inland to coastal

Sub-tropical

- Distinct wet and dry seasons.

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(Hot and dry/warm winter)

- Low rainfall and low humidity. - No extreme cold but can be cool in winter. - Hot to very hot summers.

Hot Arid (Hot and dry cold winter)

- Low humidity year round. - High diurnal (day/night) temperature range. - At least two and usually four distinct season with low rainfall, very hot summers, cold winters and hot dry winds in summer. With cool to cold dry winds in winter

Temperate (Warm Temperate)

- Low diurnal temperature range coast to high diurnal range inland. - Four distinct seasons. Summer and winter exceed human comfort and mild to cool winters with low humidity. - Hot to very hot summers with moderate humidity.

mass for the external walls. - Maximize cross ventilation. - Utilize convective (stack) ventilation, which vents rising hot air while drawing in cooler air. - Allow for solar access and exposure to cooling breezes. - Shade all east and west windows for summer and build screened, shaded summer outdoor living areas that allow winter sun penetration. - Use tree, garden ponds and water features to provide evaporative cooling during summers. - Use passive solar principles with well insulated thermal mass. - Maximize night time cooling summer. -Consider convective (stack) ventilation, which vents rising hot air and draws in cooler air. - Build more compact shaped buildings with good cross ventilation form summer while maximizing solar access, exposure to cooling breezes or cool air drainage and protection from strong winter (cold) and summer winds. - Use renewable energy sources for auxiliary heating in extreme climates. - Use trees, garden ponds and water features to provide evaporative cooling during summers. - Use passive solar principles with well insulated thermal mass. - Minimize external wall areas especially east and west. - Use cross ventilation and passive cooling in summer as well as convective ventilation. - Allow for solar access, exposure to cooling breezes and protection from cold winds. - Seal thoroughly and use entry airlocks - Avoid auxiliary heating, good design techniques does it all.

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Temperate (Cool temperate)

- Low humidity - High diurnal range - Four distinct seasons. Summer and winter exceed human comfort range - Cold to very cold winters with majority of rainfall. - Hot dry summers. - Variable spring and autumn conditions.

- Use trees, garden ponds and water features to provide evaporative cooling during summers - Use passive solar principles with well insulated high thermal mass. - Maximize north facing walls, especially in living areas with passive solar access - Minimize south facing windows - Minimize external wall areas especially east and west. - Use cross ventilation and passive cooling in summer as well as convective ventilation. - Allow for solar access, exposure to cooling breezes and protection from cold winds - Seal thoroughly and use entry airlocks - Use renewable energy sources for auxiliary heating in extreme climates.

Data for Table 1. was obtained from combined resources from Koenigsberger (1974) and Akubue (2008) Table 2.
Climate elements (2009) Temperature (oC) Humidity (%) Wind speed Knots (m/s) Jan 34 75 2.5 Feb 34.7 76 3 Mar 35.9 70 2.9 Apr 33.4 75 2.85 May 32.7 83 2.35 Jun 31.3 83 2.5 Jul 30.1 84 3 Aug 30.2 82 3.5 Sep 30.1 88 2.5 Oct 30.9 85 2.5 Nov 32.6 65 2.4 Dec 34.6 48 2.6

Source: Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Abuja

Table 3. Rainfall Data SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA

Data for Table 3. was obtained from the Meteorological Data Sheet of the National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.

The climatic season in the South Eastern Nigeria is characterized by two (2) main seasons;
Source: Nigerian Meteorological Data Sheet of the NRCRI

Month

JAN

Feb 14.3 2

Mar

Apr

May

Jun

Jul

Aug

Sept

Oct

Nov

Dec

Total(mm) 7.51 No of days 1

148.1 145 7 10

244.9 269.4 300.3 350 16 17 22 21

356.7 260.3 42.8 21 16 3

Annual Mean 0.956 179.2 1 1

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Table 4 Temperature.
Month Temp.(min) JAN Feb 27.9 29.7 34 22.6 Mar 31.8 33 23.3

SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA

Apr May Jun 27.3 30.1 22.7 Jul 28.1 28.5 22.1 Aug 26.9 28.5 22.3 Sept 27.0 29.2 22.2 Oct 28.1 30.0 22.2 Nov 28.9 31.2 22.7 Dec 29.4 31.5 20.7 Annual Mean 22.8 31.0 22.3

31.4 29.4 32.3 31.4 23.4 22.9

Temp.(max) 32 Aver. Temp 20.9

Data for Table 4. was obtained from the Meteorological Data Sheet of the National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.

Table 5 Relative humidity (%) SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA

Month JAN Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Annual Mean 79 66

67 77 80 85 85 88 88 86 84 79 68 0900h(max) 63 42 57 66 72 75 80 81 78 74 66 52 1500h(min) 45 Data for Table 5 was obtained from the Meteorological Data Sheet of the National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.

Table 6. Wind Run/ Sunshine SOUTH EASTERN NIGERIA

Data for Table 6. was obtained from the Meteorological Data Sheet of the National Root Crop Research Institute (NRCRI), Umudike, Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria. JAN Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Month Km/day Hrs. Sun 97.0 4.59 110.9 107.5 113.2 100.0 109.0 114.1 121.1 112.6 90.7 5.47 3.81 3.23 2.79 2.57 1.77 1.54 1.95 2.32 77.7 77.3 2.93 4.25 Annual Mean 102.5 3.1

Table 7: Hostel Accommodation Need in Federal Universities A B C D Federal Total Student Total Number of Percentage of Universities Enrolment Available Bed Students (2002/2003) Spaces Accommodated University of Nigeria 27901 11230 40 Nsukka University of Lagos 32987 7500 23 Ahmadu Bello 28842 13645 70 University, Zaria University of Ibadan, 21093 9415 45 Ibadan Obafemi Awolowo Univ. 2217 9614 43 University of Benin, 25958 6880 27

E Percentage of Accommodation Shortfall 60 77 30 55 57 73

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Benin City University of 12581 3248 30 Jos Nnamdi Azikiwe 17960 250 2 University, Awka Bayero University, 23607 6000 26 Kano Univ., of Ilorin, Ilorin 18488 3820 21 University of Maiduguri 20272 8436 41 University of Calabar, 23252 4088 18 Calabar Usman Danfodio 15509 3417 22 University, Sokoto University of Port 26832 4734 18.2 Harcourt, P.H. University of Uyo, Uyo 18660 2944 16 Univ. of Abuja, Abuja 8000 2800 35 Univ. of Agric, Abeokuta 4504 824 18 University of Agriculture, 1752 228 39 Umudike FUT, Owerri 9374 3124 33 ATBU, Bauchi 6609 2240 33.89 NDA, Kaduna Univ. of Agric., Makurdi 4663 1248 27 FUT, Minna 8393 1540 18 FUT, Akure 5219 1296 25 FUT, Yola 8344 2864 34 393,077 111,355 28.33 TOTAL Source: National Universities Commission, Monograph Series Vol. 1. No.4, Abuja. 2003.

70 98 71 79 59 82 78 81.8 84 65 82 61 67 66.11 73 82 75 66 71.67

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List of Figure captions

DISJOINTED DESIGN PROCESS

CLIENT

USER

DESIGNER

Source:Author

Fig 1
RESEARCH BASED DESIGN

DESIGNER

CLIENT Fig 2

USER

RESEARCH BASED DESIGN INTERACTING WITH CLIENT & USER Source:Author

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Fig

CLIENT

DESIGNER

USER

Source:Author

GROUND FLOOR PLAN FIG. 4 Source: Author

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TYPICAL FLOOR PLAN FIG. 5. Source: Author

Roof plan FIG. 6 Source: Author

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EAST ELEVATION FIG. 7

WEST ELEVATION FIG. 8

NORTH ELEVATION FIG. 9 Source:Author

SOUTH ELEVATION FIG. 10

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Fig. 11 Source: Author

Source: Author

FIG. 12

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Source: Author

FIG. 13

Source: Author FIG. 14

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SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE FOR STUDENT HOSTELS IN HOT-HUMID TROPICAL ENVIRONMENT: Using University of Nigeria
Enugu Campus as a Case - Study.

An effective environment for learning involves a broad range of special qualities, which must be reflected in the building program and design.

165