Formulae for Estimating Square Meters from Cubic Capacities

(rough estimates)
Large Central Tanks: Small Central Tanks: Wing Tanks: Deep Tanks: Fore Peak: Double Bottom: 1.0 m3 = 0.6 m2 1.0 m3 = 0.9.21 m2 1.0 m3 = 1.26 m2 1.0 m3 = 3.0 m2 1.0 m3 = 4.0 to 5.0 m2 1.0 m3 = 7.0 m2

Formulae for Estimating Surface Areas of Ships

Underwater hull area: Vertical side area: Flat bottom area: Boottop area: Freeboard area:
where WL B LBP P

[(2 x WL) + B] x LBP x P 2 x WL x (LBP + 0.5B) Underwater hull area - vertical side 2 x WB x (LBP + 0.5B) 2 x WF x (LOA + 0.5B)
Designated waterline Breadth extreme Length between perpendiculars Block coefficient 0.90 for VLCCs 0.85 for bulk carriers and tankers 0.73 for general cargo liners Width of boottop Width of freeboard Length overall

WB WF LOA

Table Of Conversion Factors

To Convert Area Volume From square feet (ft) m Imperial Gallons Imperial Gallons litre litre US Gallons US Gallons ft/Imp. Gallon ft/US Gallon ft/US Gallon m/Imp. Gallon m/Imp. Gallon m/litre m/litre centimetres centimetres feet feet inches inches microns mils kilograms pounds kg/cm psi Celsius Fahrenheit wet dry To square meters (m) ft litre US Gallons Imperial Gallons US Gallons Imperial Gallons litres m/litre m/Imp.Gallon m/litre m/litre ft/US Gallon ft/Imp. Gallon ft/US Gallon inches feet centimetres meters centimetres feet mils microns pounds kilograms psi kg/cm Fahrenheit Celsius dry wet Multiply By 0.0929 10.764 4.55 11.20 0.22 0.264 0.833 3.785 0.0204 0.112 0.0245 0.2197 8.97 48.93 40.76 0.394 0.0328 30.48 0.3048 2.54 3.2808 0.04 25.0 2.2046 0.4536 14.22 0.0703 [C x 9)/5] + 32 [(F - 32) x 5] / 9
wft x % volume solids / 100 dft x 100 / % solids by volume

Area / Volume

Length

Weight Pressure Temperature Film Thickness

Spreading Rate/Coverage
Theoretical Spreading Rate/Coverage The theoretical spreading rate or coverage of a coating is a function of the volume solids. The volume solids is the percentage of the coating consisting at binder and pigments which remain on the substrate forming the final paint film after the volatile components or solvents evaporate. In U.S. measurements, one U.S. gallon of paint with 100% solids by volume will cover 1604 square feet of surface area at a dry film thickness of 1 mil. The theoretical coverage of any coating can be calculated from the following formula knowing the solids by volume (SBV) and the dry film thickness (DFT) desired: 1604 DFT (mils) Example: thickness x SBV = theoretical coverage

65% solids by volume coating applied at 5.0 mils dry film

1604 5

(0.65) = 208.52 ft/gal

In metric measurement one liter of paint with 100% solids by volume will cover 1000 square meters of surface area at a dry film thickness of 1 micron. To calculate the theoretical coverage of a coating in metric units, utilise the following formula: 1000 x SBV DFT (microns) Example: thickness = theoretical coverage

65% solids by volume coating applied at 125 microns dry film

1000 125

x (0.65) = 5.2 m/l

Practical Spreading Rate / Coverage

The theoretical formulas above assume that all of the coating (except solvents) is uniformly applied to the substrate with no overspray or application loss. The theoretical coverage is used in calculating cost comparisons between coatings systems and suppliers and establishes a factual starting point from which the practical spreading rate/coverage can be estimated. The practical coverage makes allowances for application losses and is a more reliable indicator of what will be experienced in the field. Application losses are affected by many factors, including wind, application technique, application equipment. and type/profile of the substrate to be coated. Loss factors will vary depending on the specific situation. The practical coverage/spreading rate of a coating is calculated as follows: Theoretical coverage x (1 - Loss factor) = Practical coverage

Example: Theoretical coverage of 200 square feet per gallon at recommended dry film thickness Loss factor of 30% 200 Sq. Ft / Gal x (1 - 0.30) = 140 ft/gal

Paint Consumption
In order to estimate the total number of gallons necessary for a specific job, it is necessary to know the total area to be painted. Theoretical and/or practical paint consumption estimates can then be calculated using the following formulas:

Total Area (ft or m) = Theoretical Consumption (Gallons or Litres) Theoretical Coverage (ft/gal or m/l)

or

Total Area (ft or m) Practical Coverage (ft/Gal or m/l)

= Practical Consumption (Gallons or Litres)