ENGLISH WRITING Thiu nng

Session 14 Module I Instructor: H L V

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OVERVIEW
Review Warm-up Conjunctive relationships Paragraph reconstruction exercise

Previously on Thiu Nng

Conjunctive relationships
10 basic types of conjunctive relationships
sentences carry equal weight vs. one sentence is given more prominence

Previously on Thiu Nng

Feedback: Tm quan trng ca vic c chc l cng khng thua km g vic vit bc i hc tr ln. Em mun hi thy v k nng c hiu ting Anh. Hin ti em cm thy vic c mt nhiu thi gian v khng thu c nhiu. Vy lm th no nng cao k nng c hiu ting Anh ? Cc hng dn v vic c nhanh hiu nhiu trn mng em c c qua nhng vn cha th p dng hiu qu.
Just keep reading Read for linking (test materials) Read for main ideas (class readings)

CONJUNCTION RELATIONSHIPS
Examples
Mrs. Mallard was very affected by her husband's death. First, she cried in her sister's arms. Next, she sat alone in her room. Finally, she joined her sister to walk downstairs. Mrs. Mallard was very affected by her husband's death. First, it meant liberation from marriage. Next, it gave her financial independence. Finally, it allowed her to pursue her own interests. How different are these two sets of conjunctions?

The case of sequence relationships

External sequences: order the sequence of real-world events as they unfold in real time more important in narrative texts. Internal sequences: link logical steps in arguments, referring to the writer's rhetorical organization of the information more important in argumentative essays. the focus of this class

GROUP ACTIVITY
Teamwork: Come up with a pair of sentences to illustrate a particular type of conjunctive relationship.
Topic: An embarrassing secret Relationships:
1. alternative 5. combination 2. internal sequence 3. exclusion 6. amplification 7. contrast 4. paraphrase 8. cause-effect

Grading:
2 points for topic relevance 3 points for using the right conjunction 2 points for maintaining the R-T linking (a referential type) between 2 sentences 1 point for including a suitable interpersonal Theme

PROBLEMATIC PAIRS
Combination vs. Amplification
Pay attention to relative importance between two items

Contrast vs. Exclusion Paraphrase vs. Cause/Effect Sequence vs. Cause/Effect

GROUP ACTIVITY
Re-order the hashed-up set of sentences provided on the handout to reconstruct the original text
Essay topic: Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television has destroyed communication among friends and family. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion. There are two individual paragraphs Pay attention to cohesive devices and TP progression Clue: identify the topic sentence first Perform a quick TP analysis of the solution

HOMEWORK SOLUTION
What would make a typical topic sentence?
a general statement eliminate sentences 4 and 9 Usually do not contain endophoric references. eliminate sentences 1, 3, 7, 8 and 11 Usually do not contain conjunctions that tend link sentences instead of paragraphs eliminate sentence 5 Possible candidates: sentences 2, 6 and 10 Sentences 2 & 10 vs. sentence 6 two separate ideas Sentences 2 & 10 What if sentence 2 is a topic sentence? (clue: the conjunction Furthermore) Sentence 2 (most educated people) vs. Sentence 10 (most people)
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HOMEWORK SOLUTION
Other clues
Conjunction-based clues: e.g., sentence 5 (in other words) sentence 11 e.g., sentence 4 (for example) sentence 2, 7 or 10 Reference-based clues: e.g., sentence 1 (for us) sentence 4 Lexical cohesion-based clues e.g., sentences 9 and 8 Argument strategy clues Should it be 10-7-2 or 10-2-7? e.g., sentences 10 and 7 (argument anticipating counter-argument rebuttal) Why using Of course?

Notes: apply these techniques to GRE and SAT critical reading

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TP ANALYSIS RESULTS
For the Paragraph Reconstruction task solution
Paragraph 1:
S1S2: R-T (R) S2S3: R-T (T) [split into two sentences] S3S4: R-T (T) S4S5: either N or R-T (T) S5S6: R-T (R) S1S2: N S2S3: R-T (R) S3S4: R-T (R) [also has a T connection] S4S5: R-T (L) S5S6: R-T (T)
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Paragraph 2:

FUN ACTIVITY
Watch a video clip: influence of electronic gadgets on family communication

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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK Teamwork:

Each blank represents a single conjunction Groups take turn to address items. You earn 2 points for each correct answer.

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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions 1. consequently (as a result, as a consequence, therefore, thus, hence, thereby, accordingly) 2. so that (so)
vs. consequently, therefore, thus, hence and the likes. People are living longer than ever before, so that even people who are 65 or 70 have a surprising amount of time left. connect a subordinate clause to the main clause in the same sentence People are living longer than ever before. Therefore, even people who are 65 or 70 have a surprising amount of time left. connect two sentences People are living longer than ever before, and therefore, even people who are 65 or 70 have a surprising amount of time left. or independent clauses
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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions 3. since (as, because)
He did the shopping because his wife was sick. This was where he spent a great deal of his free time for he had nowhere else to go. [old-fashioned] As | Since the gorilla is so big and powerful, it has no real enemies. [usually when the subordinate clause is the Theme] avoid using because and for in this case The gorilla has no real enemies,as | since | because it is so big and powerful. It was nice to have someone to talk to, especially as | particularly since it looked as if I was going to be there all night. [cant be in the Theme position]

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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions 4. nevertheless (nonetheless more formal) vs. however
nevertheless: the linking is more straightforward; however: the linking can also be less straightforward (some implicit linking involved) Studies indicate smoking is bad for one's health, however | nevertheless, people still continue to smoke. Fewer men smoke today than in the past, however nevertheless the number of women smokers is rising. however implies a less marked contrast smoking is bad, however people still continue to smoke I wonder why people still do it. smoking is bad, nevertheless | but | yet | still people still continue to smoke I cant believe people still do it.
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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions nevertheless (nonetheless more formal) vs. while and whereas
Studies indicate smoking is bad for one's health. However | nevertheless, people still continue to smoke. connect sentences or independent clauses While | Whereas people know that smoking is bad for their health, they continue to smoke. connect a subordinate clause to the main clause Although | Even though people know that smoking is bad for their health, they continue to smoke. imply a more marked contrast Note: Though is considered more informal

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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions 5. in spite of, despite (notwithstanding more formal)
connect a noun phrase to the sentence (grammatically functioning as a preposition)

6. though (albeit & notwithstanding more formal)

grammatically functioning as an adverb

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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions 7. nor (neither more formal) 8. at first (initially)
watch a sample video

9. in the first place at first vs. in the first place vs. first When I first met Marie, I was greatly impressed. At first I thought she was perfect for you. I couldnt be more wrong. Now, come to think of it, you should not date her in the first place.

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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions 10. in the meanwhile (meanwhile, meantime, in the meantime) vs. while
Why don't you clean the boat? Meanwhile, I'll check to see that we've got enough oars. connect two sentences or independent clauses You may clean the boats while I check the oars. connect a subordinate clause to the main clause

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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions 11. in order to (so as to more formal)
In Tehran the wives of foreign diplomats wore headscarves so as not to offend the Iranians.

12. so that vs. in order to and so as to

In Tehran the wives of foreign diplomats wore headscarves so as not to offend the Iranians. In Tehran the wives of foreign diplomats wore headscarves so that they would not offend the Iranians. watch a sample clip for so that

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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions (cont.) 13. moreover (furthermore, besides, in addition, what is more, on top of that/this, at the same time)
You should remember it. Moreover | Furthermore, you should get it right. vs. You should remember it, and moreover | and what's more, you should get it right.

Usage note for on top of that/this (informal): in addition to something, especially something unpleasant (BRIT)
We missed the train, and on top of that we had to wait for two hours for the next one. | An extra 700 jobs are being cut on top of the 2,000 that were lost last year. [Oxford & Collins COBUILD] On top of this, several other benefits are being offered. [American Heritage]

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CONJUNCTION RECONSTRUCTION TASK

Solutions (cont.) 14. to make matters worse (worse yet, worse still, what is worse) 15. better still (better yet)

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GROUP ACTIVITY
Watch the video and fill in the missing cohesive device. The first group to provide an acceptable answer will get extra 2 points
Guy: Girl: Wow, she just never shuts up, does she? She didn't stop to swallow her food. I was scared for her. I didn't want her to choke ........................

Why should we expect that word?

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