PRACTICAL REPORT OF BASIC BIOLOGY-II WATER POTENTIAL OF PLANT CELLS

Group II: MUFTI NUR ILMA SULCHANA SARASWATI DIANA ARFIANTI ISLAMIAR NUR RANI HIZKIA YOGA ADHITAMA ROSITA SARI NUR RAHMADI (11315244002) (11315244005) (11315244010) (11315244020) (11315244023) (11315244031)

INTERNATIONAL SCIENCE EDUCATION PROGRAM FACULTY OF MATHEMATHICS AND NATURAL SCIENCES YOGYAKARTA STATE UNIVERSITY 2011/2012

WATER POTENTISL OF PLANT CELLS ACTIVITY 8. PLASMOLYSIS A. Objective To study the process of plasmolysis of Rhoeo discolor leaves. B. Background If a plant cell is in contact with a hypertonic solution, that is a solution that has a highersolute concentration than the cell contents, water leaves the cell by osmosis via the cell membrane. Water is lost first from cytoplasm and the sap vacuole through the tonoplast. The protoplast the living part of the cell (cytoplasm+nucleus) shrinks and eventually pulls away from the cell wall this process is called plasmolysis and the cell is said to be plasmolysed. The situation can return to normal when the cell enviroment is replaced with a hypotonic solution. The return of a state called deplasmolysis protoplasm after plasmolysis. C. Basic Theory I. Water is absolutely essential for all living organisms The evidence: 1. Most organisms are comprised of at least 70% or more water. Some plants, like a head of lettuce, are made up of nearly 95% water; 2. When organisms go dormant, they loose most of their water. For example, seeds and buds are typically less than 10% water, as are desiccated rotifers, nematodes and yeast cells;

3. Earth is the water planet (that's why astronomers get so excited about finding water in space). 4. Water is the limiting resource for crop productivity in most agricultural systems (see text for supporting data) Tom Robbins, author of Even Cowgirls Get the Blues, has eloquently stated the importance of water: "Water - the ace of elements. Water dives from the clouds without parachute, wings or safety net. Water runs over the steepest precipice and blinks not a lash. Water is buried and rises again; water walks on fire and fire gets the blisters. Stylishly composed in any situation - solid, gas or liquid - speaking in penetrating dialects understood by all things animal, vegetable or mineral - water travels intrepidly through four dimensions, sustaining, destroying, and creating. Always in motion, everflowing (whether at stream rate or glacier speed), rhythmic, dynamic, ubiquitous, changing and working its changes, a mathematics wrong side out, a philosophy in reverse, the ongoing odyssey of water is virtually irresistible." II. Water is important because it is polar and readily forms hydrogen bonds A. Water is Polar In other words, the water molecule has a positively-charged (hydrogen side) and negatively-charged side (oxygen). This occurs because: 1. the hydrogen atoms are arranged at an angle of about 105 degrees;

2. the covalent bond between O-H is polarized. This is caused by an unequal sharing of electrons between these atoms which, in tur n, results in a slight negative charge on the oxygen atom (electronegative) and slight positive charge on the hydrogen; 3. oxygen has an unshared pair of electrons (the molecule is tetrahedralshaped). B. Hydrogen Bonds The 'fancy' definition of a hydrogen bond is that it is a weak bond that forms between a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom (like oxygen) and another electronegative atom. In other words, a positively-charged hydrogen atom is attracted to a negatively-charged oxygen. The end result is that water readily forms hydrogen bonds with itself and other polar molecules. When likes attract it is termed cohesion (i.e., hydrogen bonds between water molecules). When unlikes attract, it is called adhesion (i.e., when a paper towel absorbs water, water and cellulose adhere to one another). Cohesion and adhesion are responsible for capillary action, the movement of water up a thin tube. In liquid water, hydrogen bonds between water molecules are continuously made and broken. The molecules can even form temporary "quasi-crystalline" areas. Individually, each hydrogen bond is weak (20 kJ mol-1), but collectively they give water many unique properties (a Marxist molecule!). III. The Properties of Water

1. Water is a liquid at physiological temperatures (i.e., between 0-100 C). 2. Water has a high heat of vaporization. 3. Water has a high specific heat (heat capacity). 4. Water has a high heat of fusion. 5. Water has a high surface tension. T 6. he density of water decreases on crystallization. 7. Water is a universal solvent. 8. Water has high tensile strength and incompressibility. 9. Water is transparent to light. 10.Water is chemically inert. 11.Water dissociates into protons and hydroxide ions. 12.Water affects the shape, stability & properties of biological molecules. IV. Functions of Water In addition to the functions mentioned above, water: 1. is a major component of cells 2. is a solvent for the uptake and transport of materials 3. is a good medium for biochemical reactions 4. is a reactant in many biochemical reactions (i.e., photosynthesis) 5. provides structural support via turgor pressure (i.e., leaves) 6. is the medium for the transfer of plant gametes (sperms swim to eggs in water, some aquatic plants shed pollen underwater) 7. offspring (propagule) dispersal (think "coconut") 8. plant movements are the result of water moving into and out of those parts (i.e., diurnal movements, stomatal opening, flower opening) 9. cell elongation and growth

10.thermal buffer 11.perhaps most importantly, water has directed the evolution of all organisms. You can think of morphological features of organisms as a consequence of water availability. For example, consider organisms growing in xeric (dry), mesic (moderate) and hydric (aquatic) environments. V. Water Movement The movement of molecules, specifically water and any solutes, is vital to understand in light of plant processes. There will be more less a quick review of sen\veral guiding principles of water motion in reference to plants. Molecule movement : 1. Diffusion Diffusion is the movement of molecules or ions from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Think of it as a rebalancing. The molecules or ions are said to be moving along a diffusion gradient. If molecules or ions moving in the opposite direction are said to be moving against a diffusion gradient. Diffusion will continue until a state of equilibrium is reached. Rate of diffusion are affected by temperature and the density of the involved molecules among other things. In the leaves, water diffuses out via the stomata into the atmosphere.

Or, diffusion is the process by which molecules spread from areas of high concentration, to areas of low concentration. When the molecules are even throughout a space - it is called EQUILIBRIUM

Concentration gradient - a difference between concentrations in a space. Molecules will always move down the concentration gradient, toward areas of lesser concentration. Think of food coloring that spreads out in a glass of water, or air freshener sprayed in a room. 2. Osmosis Osmosis in plant cells is basically the diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable, or differentially permeable, membrane from a region of higher solute concentration to a region of lower solute concentration. The application of pressure can prevent osmosis from occurring. Plant physiologists like to describe osmosis more precisely in terms of potentials. Osmotic potential is the minimum pressure required to prevent fluid from moving as a result of osmosis. Fluid will enter the cell via osmosis until the osmotic potential is balanced by the cell wall resistance to expansion. Any water gained by osmosis may help keep a plant cell rigid or turgid. The turgor pressure that develops against the cell walls as a result of water entering the cells

vacuole. This pressure is also referred to as the pressure potential. The crunch when you bite into a celery stick is as a result of the violation of the cells turgor pressure. The osmotic potential and pressure potential combined make up the water potential of a plant cell. If there are two cells next to each other of different water potentials, water will move from the cell with the higher water potential to the cell with the lower water potential. Water enters plant cells from the environment via osmosis. Water moves because the overall water potential in the soil is higher than the water potential in the roots and plant parts. If the soil is desiccated then there will be no net movement into the plant cells and the plant will die. Selective permeable : membranes that allow something through, the cell membrane in selectively permeable, water and oxygen move freely across the cells membrane by diffusion. Osmosis : the diffusion of water (across s membrane). Water will move in the direction where there is a high concentration of solute (and hence a lower concentration of water). A simple rule to remember is SALT SUCKS. Salt is a solute, when it is concentrated inside or outside the cell, it will draw the water in its direction. This is also why you get thirsty after eating something salty.

Type of Solutions
If the concentration of solute (salt) is equal on both sides, the water will move back in forth but it won't have any result on the overall amount of water on either side. "ISO" means the same

The word "HYPO" means less, in this case there are less solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, since salt sucks, water will move into the cell. The cell will gain water and grow larger. In plant cells, the central vacuoles will fill and the plant becomes stiff and rigid, the cell wall keeps the plant from bursting In animal cells, the cell may be in danger of bursting, organelles called CONTRACTILE VACUOLES will pump water out of the cell to prevent this. The word "HYPER" means more, in this case there are more solute (salt) molecules outside the cell, which causes the water to be sucked in that direction. In plant cells, the central vacuole loses water and the cells shrink, causing wilting. In animal cells, the cells also shrink. In both cases, the cell may die. This is why it is dangerous to drink sea water - its a myth that drinking sea water will cause you to go insane, but people marooned at sea will speed up dehydration (and death) by drinking sea water. This is also why "salting fields" was a common tactic during war, it would kill the crops in the field, thus

causing food shortages. Diffusion and Osmosis are both types of PASSIVE TRANSPORT - that is, no energy is required for the molecules to move into or out of the cell. Sometimes, large molecules cannot cross the plasma membrane, and are "helped" across by carrier proteins - this process is called facilitated diffusion.

3. Plasmolysis Plasmolisis wrinkle is the event and the loss of plasma membrane cytoplasm of the cell wall of plant cells when put into a hypertonic solution. Plasmolysis is the loss of water via osmosis and accompanying shrinkage of the protoplasm away from the cell wall. Plasmolisis is a process which clearly shows that in cells, as the smallest unit of life, breathes in and out of suatuzat. This explains the presence of circulating cells denganlingkungannya dynamic. If you need material from outside the cell must mengambilmateri it by all means, for example by adjusting the pressure so that the material pressure difference from outside to enter. Plasmolisis osmosis is the impact of events. If a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the plant cell will lose water and turgor pressure, which causes the plant cells is weak. Tumbuhandengan cell condition is called withering. Lose more water lagimenyebabkan plasmolisis occurrence: the pressure continues to decrease until at a point where the cytoplasm of the cell walls shrink and stay away from. So it can happen cytorrhysis - the collapse of the cell wall. There is no mechanism in plant cells to prevent excessive water loss, also get the extra water, but plasmolisis can be reversed if the cell is placed in a hypotonic solution.

Plasmolisis usually occurs in extreme conditions, and rarely occurs in nature. Usually occurs accidentally in the laboratory by placing the cell at high bersalinitas solution or sugar solution to cause ekosmosis.

4. Imbibition Imbibition is the swelling of tissues, alive or dead, to several times their original volume. This is a result of the electrical charges on materials in suspension (colloidal) such as minerals, cellulose and starches attracting highly polar water molecules which then move into the cell. This swelling process is the initial step in the germination of seeds. 5. Active Transport Active transport is the energy assisted movement of substances against a diffusion or electrical gradient. This process requires enzymes and a proton-pump embedded in the plasma membrane. The pumps are energized by ATP moleculesa cellular energy storage molecule. Active Transport - When cells must move materials in an opposite direction - against a concentration gradient. It requires Energy.

Proteins or Pumps are found in the cell membrane transport molecules across the membrane.

Molecular Transport - Proteins are used to move small molecules such as calcium, potassium, and sodium ions across the membrane Endocytosis - cell takes in large particles by engulfing them

Phagocytosis - "cell eating" - extensions off cytoplasm surround a particle and package it within a food vacuole and then the cell engulfs it. Ex. Amoebas use this process. Pinocytosis - the process of taking up liquid from the surrounding environment. Tiny pockets form along the membrane, fill with liquid, and pinch off. Exocytosis - cell gets rid of particles, opposite of endocytosis

D.

Materials And Tools 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Microscoupe Tweezers Razor blade Baker glass for sucrose solution (0.14 M, 0.18 M, 0.22 M and 0.26 M) Tissue paper Pippet drops Object glass and cover Rhoe discolor leaves

E.

Methods of The Activity 1. Prepar watch glass to one kinds of sucrose solution 2. Cut surface the leaves (epidermis) that are purple Rhoe discolor as thin as possible 3. Observe with a microscope, ranging from low magnification a. Sucrose solution was dripped on the edge of the glass cover, then observe and record changes that occur during the 2 minutes 4. Calculate the number of cells whose color fades ( anthocyanin purple), until it becomes transparent 5. Write down the observations data in tables and graphs make the relationship between the concentration of sucrose solution with plasmolysis that occurs.

F.

Table of Data

Treatment

Cell condition Plasmolysis 37,14 % 55,60 % 58,60 % 54,50 %

Time Not plasmolysis 62,90 % 44,40 % 41,40 % 45,50 % occurence plasmolysis 3 minutes 3 minutes 3 minutes 2 minutes

of of

0.14 M 0.18 M 0.22 M 0.26 M

G.

Discussion Praktikum dengan judul Plasmolysis of Rhoeo discolor Leaves ini merupakan aktivitas ke-8. Praktikum ini bertujuan untuk mempejari proses plasmolisis. Adapun alat dan bahan yang digunakan dalam praktikum ini meliputi mikroskop, silet, pipet tetes, kertas tisu, object glass dan cover glass. Sedangkan bahan-bahan yang digunakan antara lain daun Rhoe discolor dan larutan sukrosa dengan 4 jenis konsentrasi yang berbeda, yakni 0,14 M, 0,18 M, 0,22 M, dan 0,26 M. Daun Rhoe discolor ini dipilih sebagai objek yang akan diamati sel epidermis daunnya karena daun ini memiliki pigmen warna yang unik yakni berwarna ungu (antosianin) sehingga memudahkan praktikan dalam melakukan pengamatan pada sel-sel daunnya. Perlakuan dengan penambahan sukrosa pada percobaan plasmolisis ini berfungsi sebagai zat yang digunakan untuk mengetahui sel yang mengalami plasmolisis, sehingga dapat diketahui hubungan antara konsentrasi larutan sukrosa dengan plasmolisis yang terjadi. Dari hasil percobaan diatas, daun Rhoeo discolor teleh mengalami plasmolysis, yakni peristiwa mengkerutnya sitoplasma dan lepasnya membrane plasma dari dinding sel tumbuhan jika sel dimasukkan kedalam larutan hipertonik. Pada saat diteteskan air , kondisi sel daun Rhoeo discolor dalam keadaan normal, terlihat bagian-bagian sel berbentuk rongga segi enam dengan sitoplasma berwarna ungu memenuhi dinding sel. Air suling yang

diteteskan membentuk lingkungan isotonic baik di dalam maupun diluar sel, sehingga bentuk sel normal. Pada saat daun Rhoeo discolor dicelupkan ke larutan sukrosa 0.18 M, lingkungan yang terbentuk diluar sel-sel daun adalah hipertonik dan hipotonik pada bagian dalam sel. Sesuai dengan prinsip osmosis, yakni perpindahan pelarut melalui selaput semi-permeable dari konsentrasi pelarut tinggi (hipertonik), air akan mengalir keluar dari vakuola menuju luar sel karena adanya tekanan osmosis. Akibatnya sel daun Rhoeo discolor kehilangan air sehingga sitoplasma yang berwarna ungu mengkerut dan menjauhi dinding sel seolah-olah keluar dan pecah dari sel. Lama kelamaan sitoplasma memudar menjadi bercak-bercak berwarna hitam. Hal ini terjadi karena larutan sukrosa yang diteteskan berperan sebagai larutan hipertonik, yakni larutan yang konsentrasinya lebih tinggi daripada cairan didalam sel. Sedangkan air dalam sel daun Rhoeo discolor berperan sebagai hipotonik. Seperti pada gambar literature yang kami dapatkan dibawah ini.

Pada percobaan ini, seharusnya waktu kami jadikan sebagai variabel kontrol untuk melakukan pengamatan terhadap Rhoeo discolor, tetapi pada perlakuan

terakhir dengan kadar sukrosa 0.26M, hanya direndam selama 2 menit. Padahal pada pengamatan yang lain dengan kadar sukrosa 0.14M, 0.18M, dan 0.22M, masing-masing direndam selama 3 menit. Variabel bebas yang kami gunakan dalam percobaan ini adalah nilai molaritas dari sukrosa. Dapat kita ketahui bahwa larutan sukrosa yang digunakan adalah larutan sukrosa dengan kadar 0.14M, 0.18M, 0.22M, dan 0.26M. Dari ketiga percobaan dengan variabel kontrol yang sama, dapat kita lihat perbandingan plasmolosis yang terjadi. Semakin besar kadar sukrosa yang digunakan, maka semakin banyak pula stomata yang terplasmolisis. Hal itu dapat ditunjukkan dengan presentase angka plasmolisis berikut ini: 1. Pada sukrosa 0.14M, yang terplasmolisis adalah 37.40%. 2. Pada sukrosa 0.18M, yang terplasmolisis adalah 55.60%. 3. Pada sukrosa 0.22M, yang terplasmolisis adalah 58.60%. Sedangkan pada sukrosa dengan kadar 0.26M, stomata yang terplasmolisis adalah 54.50%. Pada percobaan ini tidak terjadi peningkatan karena waktu perendamat preparat pada sukrosanya tidak ada 3 menit, hanya 2 menit. Sehingga pada percobaan ini tidak dapat dibandingkan dengan percobaan sebelumnya karena variabel kontrolnya berbeda. H. Conclusion Plasmolysis is the loss of water via osmosis and accompanying shrinkage of the protoplasm away from the cell wall. Pada saat diteteskan air , kondisi sel daun Rhoeo discolor dalam keadaan normal, terlihat bagian-bagian sel berbentuk rongga segi enam dengan sitoplasma berwarna ungu memenuhi dinding sel. Air suling yang diteteskan membentuk lingkungan isotonic baik di dalam maupun diluar sel, sehingga bentuk sel normal. Pada saat daun Rhoeo discolor dicelupkan ke larutan sukrosa 0.18 M, lingkungan yang terbentuk diluar sel-sel daun adalah hipertonik dan hipotonik pada bagian dalam sel. Sesuai dengan prinsip osmosis, yakni perpindahan pelarut melalui

selaput semi-permeable dari konsentrasi pelarut tinggi (hipertonik), air akan mengalir keluar dari vakuola menuju luar sel karena adanya tekanan osmosis. Akibatnya sel daun Rhoeo discolor kehilangan air sehingga sitoplasma yang berwarna ungu mengkerut dan menjauhi dinding sel seolah-olah keluar dan pecah dari sel.

I.

References Boyer, JS.1969. Measurement of the water status of plants . Ann. Rev Plant Physiol. Hebrank, MR.1997. Reduce confusion about diffusion. America : Biology Teacher http://www.biology-online.org/11/8_water_in_plants.htm http://employees.csbsju.edu/ssaupe/biol327/Lecture/water.htm http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/active.html

http://www.biologycorner.com/bio1/diffusion.html#

WATER POTENTISL OF PLANT CELLS ACTIVITY 7. OSMOSIS A. Objective To investigate changes in water content of plant cells B. Background Diffusion is a process in which the random motions of molecules or other particles result in a net movement from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration. A familiar example of diffusion is the dissemination of floral perfumes from a bouquet to all parts of the motionless air of a room. The rate of flow of the diffusing substance is proportional to the concentration gradient for a given direction of diffusion. Thus, if the concentration of the diffusing substance is very high at the source, and is diffusing in a direction where little or none is found, the diffusion rate will be maximized. Several substances may diffuse more or less independently and simultaneously within a space or volume of liquid. Because lightweight molecules have higher average speeds than heavy molecules at the same temperature, they also tend to diffuse more rapidly. Molecules of the same weight move more rapidly at higher temperatures, increasing the rate of diffusion as the temperature rises.Driven by concentration gradients, diffusion in the cell usually takes place through channels or pores lined by proteins.

Size and electrical charge may inhibit or prohibit the passage of certain molecules or electrolytes (e.g., sodium, potassium, etc.). Osmosis describes diffusion of water across cell membranes. Although water is a polar molecule (i.e., has overall partially positive and negative charges separated by its molecular structure), transmembrane proteins form hydrophilic (water loving) channels to through which water molecules may move.

4.

Basic Theory 5. The plasma membrane is the outer limiting membrane of the cell. Although some cells have a cell wall surrounding them, the cell membrane is the site of interaction between the cell and its environment. The plasma membrane is comprised of a bilayer of phospholipid containing protein molecules located at different levels.
6. The plasma membrane regulates the movement of molecules into and out of

the cell. Some molecules such as water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide are able to pass across freely. Other larger molecules require carrier molecules to traverse the cell membrane or are unable to penetrate it at all. Because the plasma membrane allows some molecules to pass through freely while preventing other molecules from doing so, it is said to be selectively permeable or differentially permeable. Now let us examine some of the processes by which molecules move across the plasma membrane. (http://www2.volstate.edu/msd/bio/1010/Molecule%20Move.htm)

Diffusion Diffusion refers to the process by which molecules intermingle as a result of their kinetic energy of random motion. Consider two containers of gas A and B separated by a partition. The molecules of both gases are in constant motion and make numerous collisions with the partition. If the partition is removed as in the lower illustration, the gases will mix because of the random velocities of their molecules. In time a uniform mixture of A and B molecules will be produced in the container. The tendency toward diffusion is very strong even at room temperature because of the high molecular velocities associated with thethermal energy of the particles. Osmosis If two solutions of different concentration are separated by a semi-permeable membrane which is permeable to to the smaller solvent molecules but not to the larger solute molecules, then the solvent from will the tend less to diffuse across the membrane

concentrated to the more concentrated solution. This process is called osmosis. Osmosis is of great importance in biological processes where the solvent is water. The transport of water and other molecules across biologicalmembranes is

essential to many processes in living organisms. The energy which drives the process is usually discussed in terms of osmotic pressure. Osmotic Pressure Osmosis is a selective diffusion process driven by the internal energy of the solvent molecules. It is convenient to express the available energy per unit volume in terms of "osmotic pressure". It is customary to express this tendency toward solvent transport in pressure units relative to the pure solvent. If pure water were on both sides of the membrane, the osmotic pressure difference would be zero. But if normal human blood were on the right side of the membrane, the osmotic pressure would be about seven atmospheres! This illustrates how potent the influence of osmotic pressure is for membrane transport in living organisms. The decision about which side of the membrane to call "high" osmotic pressure is a troublesome one. The choice made here is the opposite of that made in many biology texts, which attribute "high" osmotic pressure to the solution and zero osmotic pressure to pure water. The rationale for the choice is that the energy which drives the fluid transfer is the thermal energy of the water molecules, and that energy density is higher in the pure solvent since there are more water molecules. The thermal energy of the solute molecules does not

contribute to transport, presuming that the membrane is impermeable to them. The choice is also influenced by the observed direction of fluid movement, since under this choice the fluid transport is from high "pressure" to low, congruent with normal fluid flow through pipes from high pressure to low. The final rationale has to do with the measurement of osmotic pressure by determining how much hydrostatic pressure on the solution is required to prevent the transport of water from a pure source across a semi-permeable membrane into the soluton. A positive pressure must be exerted on the solution to prevent osmotic transport, again congruent with the concept that the osmotic pressure of the pure solvent is relatively "high". Nevertheless, the dialog continues on this issue since the discussion of osmosis is most relevant to the biological and life sciences and perhaps the logic stated above should yield to the conventions of the field in which the phenomena are most relevant. Membrane Transport The transport of water and other types of molecules across membranes is the key to many processes in living organisms. Many of these transport processes proceed by diffusion through membranes which are selectively permeable, allowing small molecules to pass but blocking larger ones. These processes, including osmosis and dialysis, are sometimes called passive transport since they do not require any active role for the membrane. Other types of transport, calledactive transport, involve

properties of a cell membrane to selectively "pump" certain types of molecules across the membrane. The transport of gases across membranes depends upon diffusion and the solubility of the gases involved. (http://hyperphysics.phyastr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/diffus.html#c6)

picture:http://2.bp.blogspot.com/_10M5kCPMTYM/S1kTAlmmrI/AAAAAAAAABc/Duc-LSzYgyU/s1600/Bio+hypotonic,+Isotonic, +Hypertonic.gif Hypotonic Hypotonic solution is a solution with lower solute concentration (lower osmotic pressure) than the other so that water moves into the cell.By placing the cells in a

hypotonic environment, osmotic pressure causes the tissues drain the water into the cell, causing cell rupture and do not work. Isotonic Isotonic solution is a solution that has the same solute concentration (osmotic pressure of the same) as the solution to another, so there is no water movement. Isotonic solution with a solution to the tissue cells do not involve the movement of molecules through biological membranes are not perfect. Solution - the solution is left in the osmotic equilibrium associated with certain biological membranes is called isotonic. This differs from the solution - a solution of iso-osmotic tissue that does not involve the movement of molecules when separated by a semipermeable membrane. A solution having the same salt concentration ie the body's cells are normal and the blood. It is also different with a hypertonic solution or hypotonic solution. Isotonic drinks can be in water to replace fluids and minerals that the body uses during physical activity. Hypertonic Hypertonic solution is a solution with higher solute concentration (higher osmotic pressure) than the other so that water moves from the cell. In a hypertonic environment, osmotic pressure causes water to flow out of the cell. If enough water is removed in this way, cytoplasmic concentration of water will have a little so that the cell does not work anymore.
,

(http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2007/Yeni
%20Hendrayani%20(043824)/m_hipotonik.html http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2007/Yeni %20Hendrayani%20(043824)/m_isotonik.html, http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2007/Yeni %20Hendrayani%20(043824)/m_hipertonik.html)

Banana
Banana classification

Kingdom Division Class Family Genus Spesies

: Plantae : Spermatophyta : Monocotyledonae : Musaceae : Musa : Musa paradisiacal

Sub division : Angiospermae

http://www.plantamor.com/index.php?plant=877 In general characteristics of the physical size of bananas mulu bebe has a mean of 166.40 cm tall trunk with a diameter of 10.01 cm stem. Mean leaf length is 120.13 cm wide 44.87 cm. Average fruit length is 13.8 cm, with a diameter of 3.4 cm Based on the physical size of the data turns out there is a tendency mulu bebe banana plants that have large stature (height and diameter) is proportional to the fruit produced. Bananas have a very good nutrient content, such as energy supply is quite high compared to other fruits. Bananas are rich in minerals such as potassium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and calcium. Bananas also contain vitamins, namely C, B complex, B6, and serotonin is active as a neurotransmitter in the smooth functioning of thebrain. In each 100grams banana there are: 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 99 calories, 1.2 grams of protein, 2.5 g carbohydrate, 0.7 g fiber, 8 mg of calcium, 28 mg phosphorus,

7) 8) 9)

0.5 mg iron, 0.8 mg vitamin A, 3 mg vitamin B12,

10) 32 ml of water and vitamin C.

Scientists from research institutes Thomson plant at Corneli University Gregmay Bosco, using bananas in peneletian of vaccine issued by mouth. Because genetically, bananas are said to be the vaccine of the diseases that are transmitted through food and water such as e-coli, diarrhea and hepatitis. 7. Materials And Tools 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Ripe banana Sucrose solution 1M & 0,5M Distilled water (sucrose solution) Methylene blue dye Small beakers/Petridish 3 item

6. Test tubes (3 item) and rack 7. Pippete 7 8. Knife or razor blade

8.

Methods of The Activity A. Fill each beaker/petri dish with 20ml sucrose solution (according to treatment).

B.

Add 3 drop of methylene blue stain to each beaker/petri dish to color the liquid.

C.

Enter the 4 pieces of banana slices (previously weighed first) for each beaker/petri dish.

D. E. 9.

Let stand for 20 minutes. Observe the movement of these dyes. Then, remove the banana slices (weigh it). Take sucrose to each tube with 10ml sucrose. Take methylene blue stain with a pippete. Enter the pippete in the middle of a test tube, then dropped into a drop of dye.

10.

Observe the movement of these dyes. Moves upward or down.

11.

Table of Data
Bananas mass

Aquades Mass Before Mass After Mass change 9,03 gram 9,62 gram 0,59 gram

0,5 M 20ml sucrose 11.05 gram 11,79 gram 0,74 gram

1 M 20ml sucrose 9,34 gram 9,86 gram 0,52 gram

Penyebaran warna larutan Aquades : penyebaran warna ke bawah dan menyebar

Larutan Sukrosa 0,5M: penyebaran warna ke bawah dan menyebar Larutan Sukrosa 1M : penyebaran warna ke bawah dan menyebar

12.

Discussion Osmosis adalah perpindahan air melalui membran permeable selektif dari bagian yang lebih encer kebagian yang lebihpekat. Membran semipermeabel harus dapat ditembus oleh pelarut, tapi tidak oleh zat terlarut, yang mengakibatkan gradient tekanan sepanjang membran. Osmosis merupakan suatu proses dimana suatu liquid dapat melewati suatu membrane semi permeable secara langsung. Struktur dinding sel dan membran sel berbeda. Membran memungkinkan molekul air melintas lebih cepat daripada unsur terlarut; dinding sel primer biasanya sangat permeable terhadap keduanya. Memang membran sel tumbuhan memungkinkan berlangsungnya osmosis, tapi dinding sel yang tegar itulah yang menimbulkan tekanan. Pertama-tama kami iris pisang tipis agar nantinya dapat dengan mudah diamati dan untuk memudahkan pertukaran zat yang melalui membrankemudian kami timbang berat sebelum perendaman dengan timbangan digital. Pada cawan A berat pisang 9,03gr , cawan B 11,05gr, dan cawan C 9,34gr. Setelah itu pada cawan A kami masukkan masing-masing 20ml aquades, cawan B 20ml larutan sukrosa 0,5M, dan pada cawan C kami masukkan larutan sukrosa 20ml 1M. Kemudian kami teteskan 2 tetes methylene blue pada cawan B dan C. Setelah perendaman 20 menit. Rendaman pada cawan A yang berisi aquades , air dari larutan masuk ke dalam sel-sel pisang, karena sel-sel pisang hipertonis dibandingkan air. Akibat masuknya air ini menyebabkan isi sel bertambah, dan sel dalam keadaan turgid (tekanan turgor tinggi). Inilah yang

menyebabkan kentang menjadi keras dan beratnya bertambah.Berat yang tadinya 9,03gr menjadi 9,62gr mengalami pertambahan berat sebesar 0,59gr. Pada rendaman pada cawan B dengan larutan gula 0,5M beratnya juga betambah 0,74gr yang merupakan pertambahan berat terbanyak dalam praktikum kali ini. Dan terjadi perubahan warna pada pisang, pisang berwarna sedikit kebiruan.Begitu juga pada rendaman pada cawan C berat yang tadinya 9,34gr menjadi 9,86gr terjadi perubahan berat sebesar 0,52gr dimana berubahan berat yang terkecil. Dapat kita lihat terdapat perubahan berat/massa pada pisang sebelum dan sesudah perendaman itu menunjukkan bahwa telah terjadi peristiwa osmosis. Dalam percobaan kali ini pisang memiliki potensial air yang lebih rendah dibandingkan dengan aquades, larutan sukrosa 0,5M, dan larutan sukrosa 1M. Jadi ada larutan diluar pisang yang masuk melalui membrane ke dalam pisang yang mengakibatkan terjadi perubahan berat/massa dari pisang tersebut. Berdasarkan literatur yang kami baca, ternyata terjadi kecocokan dengan pengamatan yang telah kami lakukan yaitu Aquades memiliki potensial osmotik yang lebih besar dari pada larutan sukrosa 0,5M dan larutan sukrosa 1M. Potensial osmotic menunjukkan kecenderungan molekul air pada suatu larutan untuk melakukan osmosis berdasarkan konsentrasi molekulnya. Kemudian kami mengambil masing-masing 10ml aquades, larutan sukrosa 0,5M, dan larutan sukrosa 1M dan memasukkannya pada tabung reaksi. Setelah itu dengan menggunakan pipet tetes kami mengambi larutan sisa rendaman dari cawan A,B dan cawan C dan meneteskan 1-2 tetes ke dalam masing-masing tabung reaksi tersebut. Setelah itu kami mengamati pergerakan yang terjadi. Dan ternyata hasil dari tabung A yang berisi aquades pergerakkannya ke bawah dan kemudian warnanya menyebar rata. Pada tabung B yang berisi larutan sukrosa 0,5M ke bawah dan kemudian menyebar. Begitu juga pada tabung C yang berisi larutan sukrosa 1M. Hal ini menandakan telah terjadinya peristiwa difusi.

Turunnya larutan kearah bawah ini dikarenakan konsentrasi larutan sisa rendaman pisang menjadi lebih tinggi jika dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi larutan yang tidak digunakan untuk merendam pisang. Dari ketiga jenis larutan tersebut, larutan yang paling cepat proses penyebaran warnanya adalah larutan sukrosa 1 M dikarenakan larutan tersebu tmemiliki konsentrasi larutan yang paling tinggi dibanding sukrosa 0,5 M maupun aquades.

13.

Conclusion Pada percobaan ini dapat disimpulkan bahwa penyerapan air paling banyak terjadi pada irisan pisang yang direndam oleh aquades Karena aquades memiliki potensial air paling tinggi. Akan tetapi terdapat perbedaan dengan hasil yang kelompok kami miliki. Hal ini dapat disebabkan karena saat memotong pisang kurang seragam, kurang teliti dalam menimbang pada timbangan analitik, kurang teliti saat mengambil larutan sukrosa. Kematangan pisang itu sendiri juga berpengaruh terhadap daya serap yang terjadi.

14.

References Neil, A. Campbell,dkk. 1999. Biologi Jilid 2. Jakarta. Erlangga. Raven, Peter H., dkk. 1986. Biology of Plant. New York : Worth Publisher, Inc. Roektiningrum, EkosaridanWidowati, Asri. 2011. Practical Manual of Basic Biology II. Yogyakarta : FMIPA UNY
Dan dari situs web:

Diambil pada hari Rabu,21 Maret 2012 pukul 20.00 http://science.jrank.org/pages/1327/Cell-Membrane-Transport.html http://www2.volstate.edu/msd/bio/1010/Molecule%20Move.htm

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/kinetic/diffus.html#c6
http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2007/Yeni %20Hendrayani%20(043824)/m_hipotonik.html http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2007/Yeni %20Hendrayani%20(043824)/m_isotonik.html http://kimia.upi.edu/utama/bahanajar/kuliah_web/2007/Yeni %20Hendrayani%20(043824)/m_hipertonik.html