Indian Minerals Yearbook 2011

(Part- II) 50th Edition

GRAPHITE
(ADVANCE RELEASE)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA MINISTRY OF MINES INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES

Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines, NAGPUR 440 102
PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471 PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648

E-MAIL : cme@ibm.gov.in
Website: www.ibm.gov.in

October 2012

GRAPHITE

44 Graphite

raphite, also known as plumbago or black lead, is a variety of naturally occurring carbon. It crystallises in hexagonal system and has a lamellar form, a grey- to-black metallic lustre and greasy feel. Natural graphite is divisible into two commercial varieties: (i) crystalline (flaky) graphite and (ii) amorphous graphite. Both flaky and amorphous varieties of graphite are produced i n t h e c o u n t r y. T h e q u a l i t y o f g r a p h i t e i s dependent upon its physical qualities as well as carbon content. In addition to natural graphite, synthetic or artificial graphite is manufactured on a large-scale in electric furnaces, using anthracite or petroleum coke as raw feed. The latter is known as Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC).

EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT

Exploration work has not been reported from GSI or State Directorates of Geology & Mining during 2010-11.

PRODUCTION STOCKS & PRICES

Production of graphite at about 115 thousand tonnes in 2010-11 decreased by 8% as compared to the preceding year due to less demand and temporary closure of mines in Odisha. The output of graphite is reported in terms of run-of-mine (r.o.m.) which contains varying carbon content. In all, there were 20 reporting mines in 2010-11 as against 32 in the previous year. Eight principal producers accounted for 97% of the total output during the year. The share of public sector in the total output was 43% in 2010-11 as compared to 41% in the previous year. About 87% of the total production in 2010-11 accrued from five mines, each producing more t h a n 5 , 0 0 0 t o n n e s a n n u a l l y, w h i l e 1 0 % was contributed by three mines, each in the production range of 3,000 to 5,000 tonnes per annum. The remaining 3% output was reported by 12 mines, each producing below 2,000 tonnes annually. Ta m i l N a d u was the leading state contributing a major share of about 44% of the total output during 2010-11 followed by Jharkhand and Odisha contributing 39% and 17%, respectively (Tables - 2 to 5). Mine-head stock at the end of the year 2010-11 was 75 thousand tonnes as against 70 thousand tonnes at the beginning of the year (Table - 6). The average daily employment of labour during 2010-11 was 219 against 454 in the preceding year. Domestic prices of graphite are furnished in the General Review on 'Prices'.

RESOURCES
Graphite occurrences are reported from various states but the deposits of economic importance are located in Andhra Pradesh, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Rajasthan and Tamil Nadu. As per the UNFC system, the total resources of graphite as on 1.4.2010 are placed at about 174.85 million tonnes, comprising 8.03 million tonnes in the reserves category and 166.82 million tonnes under remaining resources category. Resources containing +40% fixed carbon constitute about 1.11 million tonnes and resources analysing 10-40% fixed carbon 22.69 million tonnes. Balance resources of 151.05 million tonnes fall under 'others', 'unclassified' and 'notknown' grades. Arunachal Pradesh accounts for 42% of total resources, followed by Jammu & Kashmir (36%), Jharkhand (7%), Tamil Nadu & Odisha (5% each). However, in terms of reserves, Tamil Nadu has leading share of about 45% followed by Odisha (41%) and Jharkhand (14%) (Table-1).

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Table 1 : Reserves/Resources of Graphite as on 1.4.2010 (By Grades/States)

(In tonnes) Reserves Probable STD121 2266174 2080518 8031864 102173 1409511 3078665 224859 6603670 19736371 135662532 STD122 STD221 STD222 166817781 174849645 Total (A) Feasibility STD211 Pre-feasibility Measured STD331 Indicated STD332 Inferred STD333 Reconnaissance STD334 Total (B) Remaining resources Total resources (A+B)

Grade/State

Proved STD111

All India : Total

3685172

By Grades 88770 598758 1549549 29097 29097 625 4621 39836 1070312 648 1550197 860223 112702 6320 5882 23452 28887 7500 18750 3300501 1988468 6208913 86237 477760 2361072 178703 2226024 10512356 3297811 4467502 1221512 67950 214770 7811 48157 604891 951 237190 636497 62107720 72918315 899000 1113770 16478649 22687562 6624562 6653449 67560349 69110546 75255221 75284318

+ 40% F.C.

58050

10-40% F.C.

3621687

Others

5435

Unclassified

Not-known

GRAPHITE

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72670 20820 2172684 810450 3617563 622933 3290913 47600 1312 22859 7500 18750 8300 1106192 39486 645823 1100529 47073 236783 1666551 17762 1224811 165920 2486 1135 2750 134900 11179 65330 10700

By States 124759 2520805 1855192 18200 1088550 98665 250000 647500 301306 835000 1059520 6798641 335818 1006660 1160000 2923002 1450034 3866390 72758257 61681035 1203350 19890 427200 427200 72758257 72758257 3355805 3355805 62740555 62740555 11810340 12910869 44450 1585330 1006660 1160000 5383739 1913554 4621192 10700 67309 1585330 1006660 1160000 8674652 1913554 8238755 10700

Andhra Pradesh

Arunachal Pradesh

Gujarat

Jammu & Kashmir

Jharkhand

382036

Karnataka

727

Kerala

Madhya Pradesh

Maharashtra

Odisha

495296

Rajasthan

Tamil Nadu

2807113

Uttarakhand

Figures rounded off.

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Table 2 : Principal Producers of Graphite 2010-11

Location of mine Name & address of producer State Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd, 31, Kamarajar Salai, Chepauk, Chennai-600 005, Tamil Nadu. K. K. Poddar, Poddar Niket, Bariaju Road, Ranchi, Jharkhand. Orissa Manganese & Minerals (P) Ltd, 2/1 A, Sarat Bose Road, Kolkata, West Bengal Pramod Kumar Agrawal, Shantikunj, Farm Road, Sambalpur, Odisha. Tamil Nadu District Sivagangai

Table - 2 :(Concld.) Name & address of producer Location of mine State Singhania Commercial Co., M. S. Singhania, Jail Road, Daltonganj, Palamau, Jharkhand. T.P. Minerals Pvt. Ltd, Hospital Road, Sambalpur, Odisha Sunandan Pradhan, Pradhan Industries, Telanga Bazar, Cuttack -9, Odisha. Suresh Kumar Bajaj, Opp. Shivajee maidan, Daltonganj, Palamau, Jharkhand. Jharkhand District Palamau

Jharkhand

Palamau

Odisha

Rayagada

Jharkhand

Palamau

Odisha

Rayagada

Odisha

Nuapara

Jharkhand

Palamau

(Contd.)

Table 3 : Production of Graphite, 2009-10 to 2010-11 (By States)

(Qty in tonnes; value in ` 000) 2008-09 State Quantity India Jharkhand Odisha Tamil Nadu 11 7 7 6 7 14405 42925 60437 Value 46618 5267 21828 19523 Quantity 124625 26714 46192 51719 Value 53830 9518 18636 25676 Quantity 11 4 8 3 6 44536 20201 50099 Value 47098 15030 8456 23612 2009-10 2010-11(P)

Table 4 : Production of Graphite, 2009-10 and 2010-11 (By Sectors/States/Districts)

(Qty in tonnes; value in ` 000) 2009-10 State/District No. of mines India Public sector Private sector Jharkhand Latehar Palamau Odisha Bargarh Bolangir Nuapada Rayagada Tamil Nadu Madurai Sivagangai 32 1 31 9 1 8 21 4 10 4 3 2 1 1 Quantity 124625 50764 73861 26714 3550 23164 46192 1193 29944 10373 4682 51719 955 50764 Value 53830 25382 28448 9518 959 8559 18636 479 12245 3946 1966 25676 294 25382 No. of mines 20 1 19 8 1 7 10 1 5 1 3 2 1 1 Quantity 11 4 8 3 6 49299 65537 44536 1410 43126 20201 * 275 11524 8402 50099 800 49299 Value 47098 23178 23920 15030 381 14649 8456 * 165 4321 3970 23612 434 23178 2010-11(P)

* Only labour employment reported during the year.

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Table 5 : Production of Graphite, 2009-10 & 2010-11(P) (By Frequency Groups)

(Qty in tonnes) No.of mines 2009-10 India Up to 500 501-1000 1001-2000 2001-3000 3001-4000 4001-5000 Above 5001 32 14 3 4 2 3 2 4 2010-11 20 9 2 1 2 1 5 Production for the group 2009-10 124625 1097 2502 5863 4032 10192 9543 91396 2010-11 11 4 8 3 6 305 1490 1410 6872 4910 99849 Percentage In total production 2009-10 100 0.88 2.00 4.70 3.24 8.18 7.66 73.34 2010-11 100 0.26 1.30 1.23 5.98 4.28 86.95 Cumulative percentage 2009-10 0.88 2.88 7.58 10.82 19.00 26.66 100 2010-11 0.26 1.56 2.79 2.79 8.77 13.05 100

Production group

Table 6 : Mine-head Stocks of Graphite, 2010-11(P) (By States)

(In tonnes) State India Jharkhand Odisha Tamil Nadu At the beginning of the year 69666 6161 30331 33174 At the end of the year 75283 8260 31503 35520

MINING & MARKETING

Graphite mines are mostly small and opencast barring a few underground mines. Water seepage beyond 6 m depth is the main problem faced by almost all mine owners in Odisha. Active mining centres of graphite are in Latehar and Palamau districts in Jharkhand; Bargarh, Nuapada, Rayagada and Bolangir districts in Odisha and Madurai and Sivaganga districts in Tamil Nadu. In Jharkhand, mining activities are concentrated mostly around Sokara village in Palamau district. It is a disseminated deposit of flaky graphite containing 5 to 20% F.C. In Odisha, areas in and around Bolangir are the chief mining centres where several graphite grades are produced. At Bolangir, a few opencast workings are deeper than 45 m from surface and the r.o.m. from such mines generally contains 10

to 20% F.C. Sargipalli underground mine in Sambalpur district, operated by M/s T. P. Mineral Industries (TPMI), produced graphite, analysing up to 40% F.C. in the past. Dangachacha mine, also owned by TPMI, is a promising opencast mine in which the r.o.m. contains 40% F.C. The ore from the mine is partially beneficiated in a 3,000-tpy plant. The remaining output is sold to other beneficiation plants nearby. Graphite of Bolangir and Sambalpur districts is utilised mostly by the graphite crucible industry while graphite worked earlier from Kalahandi district used to be despatched to foundry units. The technological changes in recent years have considerably reduced the use of graphite as a lubricant. However, recycled graphite is being used in producing clay-bonded graphite crucibles.

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BENEFICIATION
Graphite occurs generally admixed with the country rocks and hence, it requires beneficiation for obtaining desired grade for various end-uses. Processes for graphite beneficiation depend upon nature and association of gangue minerals present. The common processes adopted are washing, sorting, tabling, acid leaching and froth flotation. Amongst these, froth flotation process is used widely as it helps in producing a fairly high-grade graphite concentrate. Sometimes, beneficiated concentrate is further enriched by chemical treatment (acid leaching, chlorination, etc.) to obtain a very high-grade concentrate containing 98 to 99% F.C. The r.o.m., on an average, containing about 10% F.C. has to be invariably beneficiated before marketing. Indigenously fabricated equipment is used generally to upgrade the r.o.m. to produce marketable grade graphite which contains normally 70 to 80% F.C. About 92% F.C. product has been obtained by many producers after repeated cycles of beneficiation. Few plant owners claimed to have obtained product containing as high as 95% F.C. Beneficiation plants in Odisha seem to have been designed for treating +10% F.C. graphite (r.o.m.). In practice, it is seen that lower grade graphite having +5% F.C. is blended with higher grades to meet the requirements of beneficiation plant; i.e., +10% F.C. Thus, low grade ore analysing +5% F.C. is also used. Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd (TAMIN) produced flaky graphite from a mine in Sivaganga area, Sivaganga district in Tamil Nadu. The beneficiation plant located adjacent to the mine site is designed to produce 9,240 tpy of natural graphite concentrate containing 96% F.C. with 92% recovery from r.o.m. A list of important beneficiation plants in the country is given below: Beneficiation Plants in India Andhra Pradesh Srinivasa Graphite Crucible Industries, P. O. Amadalavalsa, Srikakulam. Jharkhand Chhota Nagpur Graphite Industries, Daltonganj. Carbon and Graphite Products, Daltonganj. New Chemicals and Metals Products Private Ltd, Hazaribag Road, Ranchi.
Contd.

Parijat Mining Industries (India) Private Ltd, Ranchi. Carbon and Graphite Industries, Repala, Palamau.

Gujarat
Harikrupa Minerals, Chhota Udepur, Vadodara. Farmsons Minerals Industries, Devgadhbaria, Panchmahals. India Minerals, Kellanpur, District Vadodara. M. S. Patel, Muthai, Jatpur Road, Vadodara.

Odisha
Agrawal Graphite Industries, Sambalpur. Gandhamardhan Graphite Udyog, Sambalpur. G. R. Graphite Industries, Sambalpur. National Carbon Products, Sambalpur. Lakshminarayan Makhanlal Company, Sambalpur. Graphite International, Sambalpur. Laxminaryan Girdharilal, Sambalpur. G. P. Minerals Industries, Sargipalli, Sambalpur. T. P. Minerals Private Limited, Sambalpur. Indesmin Graphite, Titlagarh. Pioneer Graphite, Titlagarh. Trinath Pradhan, Patnagarh, Bolangir. B. K. Agrawal, Padmapur Diamond Graphite Industries, Kartabanji. Raimata Graphite Industries, Patnagarh, Bolangir. Misrilal Dharamchand Jain, Bolangir. Pradhan Industries, Rayagada. Mangalam Graphite Industries, Bhubaneswar.

Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd (TAMIN), Sivaganga.

USES & SPECIFICATIONS

Traditional uses of graphite are in crucibles, foundries, pencils, etc. Now more sophisticated applications of graphite have emerged. Examples of such uses are in refractories, expanded graphite-based sealing gaskets, graphitised grease, braid, brushes, brake lining, etc. Graphite is used in bulk for producing certain products. It is also used in a minor amounts as a vital additive for producing other products. Foundry

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coatings are used to prevent fusion of liquid metal with the sand at the mould or core face. They are applied as coating by spraying or painting in the form of suspension or by dusting or rubbing as dry powders. Good quality graphite which is one of the materials for this purpose, does not peel off in flakes. On drying, it imparts a smooth surface to the casting. The BIS has prescribed the following specifications of graphite for use in various industries : IS: 1132-1985 (Reaffirmed 2008) - graphite for use in graphite crucible industry; IS:1305-1984 (Reaffirmed 2012) - graphite for use in foundry coatings; IS: 14852-2000 (Reaffirmed 2010) - flaky graphite for refractory industry; IS: 495-1967 (First Revision, Reaffirmed 2007) graphite flakes for lubricants; IS: 62-2006 (First Revision, Reaffirmed 2011) graphite for paints; and IS: 2079-1982 (First Revision, Reaffirmed 2010) graphite for pencil slips. The specifications of graphite adopted by the industry for some uses are as follows : Specifications of Graphite
End product Percentage of graphite used Quality of the graphite used

(Concld.) End product Percentage of graphite used Quality of the graphite used

Fixed Carbon Size (F. C.) (micron)

Brake-linings Foundry Batteries a) Dry cells b) Alkaline Brushes

1-15

98% min 40-70%

75 max 53-75

88% min 98% min Usually 99%

75 max 5-75 Usually less than 53 53-106 5

Lubricants Sintered products (e.g. clog wheels) Paint

98-99% 98-99%

Up to 75

50-55% 75% min

Braid used for sealing (e.g. in ship) Graphitised grease (used in seamless steel tube manufacturing) Recarburisation of steel Colloidal graphite

40-50

95% min

Amorphous powder flake

+99%

38 max

100 100

99% 99.9%

Micronised Colloidal

Fixed Carbon Size (F. C.) (micron) Mag-Carb refractories Alumina-Carb (graphitised) alumina refractories Clay-bonded crucibles 12 8-10 87-90% 85% min 150-710 150-500

CONSUMPTION
Reliable consumption data on beneficiated graphite concentrates are not available. As per the information received from various graphite consuming units and estimates, the consumption of various grades of graphite during 2008-09 to 2010-11 ranged from 14,400 tonnes to 15,000 tonnes. Out of total reported consumption in 2010-11, the refractory industry accounted for 7,100 tonnes (47%), crucible industry 4,700 tonnes (31%) and foundry industry 1,000 tonnes (7%). Industrywise consumption data are given in Table - 7.

60-65

+80

-20 to +100 mesh. +150

Silicon carbide crucibles Expanded (or flexible) graphite foils and products based thereon (e.g. sealing gaskets in refineries, fuel pumps, automobiles) Pencils

35 100

80-89%

90% min 250-1800 (preferably +99%)

50-60

+95- 98%

50 max (Contd.)

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Table - 7 : Reported Consumption of Graphite 2008-09 to 2010-11 (By Industries)

(In tonnes) Industry All Industries Dry cell battery Electrode Foundry(e)+ Graphite products (Crucible)(e) ++ Graphite products (pencil) Refractory Others (asbestos products, chemicals, paint, paper, pesticide, pharmaceuticals, and rubber) Figures rounded off. basis. 2008-09 14400 400(2) 600(5) 1000(6) 4600(3) 500(1) 6600(24) 700(20) 2009-10(R) 2010-11(P) 14600 400(3) 600(5) 1000(6) 4600(3) 500(1) 6800(23) 700(17) 15000 400(3) 600(5) 1000(6) 4700(3) 500(1) 7100(23) 700(17)

World production of graphite was 2.1 million tonnes in 2010. China continued to be the leading producer, having a share of about 86%, followed by India (5%) and Brazil (4%) (Table-9). Table 8 : World Reserves of Graphite (Natural) (By Principal Countries)
(In '000 tonnes) Country World : Total (rounded) Brazil China India* Madagascar Mexico Other countries Reserves 77000 360 55000 11000 940 3100 6400

Data collected on non-statutory

Source: Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2010. F i g u re s o f C a n a d a , N o r t h K o re a , N o rw a y, R o m a n i a , Sri Lanka, Ukraine are included with Other countries. *India's total resources of graphite as per National Mineral Inventory as on 1.4.2010 are 175 million tonnes of which 8 million tonnes are categorised as reserves.

Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in organised sector reporting* consumption. (*Includes actual reported consumption and/or estimates made wherever required). (e)+ Estimated consumption taken from Market Survey conducted by IBM. Excludes consumption of graphite for beneficiation purposes estimated at 140,000 tonnes a p p roximately. (e)++Based on the information supplied by The All India Graphite Crucible Manufacturers Association, Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh) and field survey to Samalkot/Rajahmundry area by Mineral Economics Division, IBM, in March, 2007 and data received through non-statutory returns.

Table 9 : World Production of Graphite (Natural) (By Principal Countries)

(In '000 tonnes) Country World : Total Brazil @ Canada China # India * Korea, Dem. P. R. of Mexico Russia Ukraine
(e)

2008 2400 81 20 1800 118 30 7 14 8 5 317

2009 2200 59 7
(e)

2010 2100 84 20 1800 99

(e) (e) (e)

1800 109 30 5 14 8 2 166

30 7 14 8 1 37

WORLD REVIEW
The world inferred resources of graphite are believed to exceed 800 million tonnes of recoverable reserves. However, world reserves of graphite have been placed at 77 million tonnes of which China alone holds 55 million tonnes; i.e., over 71%, followed by India (14%) and Mexico (4%) (Table-8).

Zimbabwe Other countries

Source: World Mineral Production, 2006-2010 @ Including beneficiated and directly shipped material. # Including flake graphite. * Crude. India's production of graphite in 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010-11 was 118 thousand tonnes, 125 thousand tonnes and 115 thousand tonnes, respectively.

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FOREIGN TRADE
Exports
In 2010-11, exports of graphite (natural) were 1,070 tonnes as compared to 1,048 tonnes in the previous year. Graphite (natural) was exported mainly to UK (17%), Germany (16%), Italy (12%) and UAE (6%). The exports of graphite (artificial) increased to 9,507 tonnes in 2010-11 from 7,286 tonnes in the previous year. Graphite (artificial) was exported mainly to Iran (41%), USA (16%) and Bhutan (11%). The exports of graphite crucibles increased to 569 tonnes in 2010-11 from 272 tonnes in the preceding year while those of silicon carbide crucibles increased to 8,811 tonnes from 6,903 t o n n e s i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r. Tu n i s i a a n d Malaysia were the main buyers of graphite crucibles. Silicon carbide crucibles were exported m a i n l y t o G e r m a n y, E g y p t , U K , I r a n a n d Indonesia. Exports of graphite bricks and shapes were at 190 tonnes in 2010-11 compared to 288 tonnes in the preceding year. Graphite bricks and shapes were mainly exported to Brazil, Denmark, Iraq, UAE and Argentina (Tables - 10 to 14).

Table 10 : Exports of Graphite (Natural) (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries UK Germany Italy New Zealand Netherlands UAE Paraguay Australia Japan Belgium Other countries 1048 203 25 _ 11 47 118 _ _ 5 _ 639 Value (` 000) 81374 22089 3215 _ 2055 6714 5746 _ _ 3139 _ 38416 Qty (t) 1070 178 171 126 32 33 62 49 17 58 36 308 Value (` 000) 69546 17280 11945 8025 6640 4247 3654 3254 2624 2232 1894 7751 2010-11

Imports
Imports of graphite (natural) increased to 14,348 tonnes in 2010-11 from 12,780 tonnes i n t h e p r e c e d i n g y e a r. I m p o r t s o f graphite (artificial) also increased to 15,903 tonnes in 2010-11 from 13,422 tonnes in the previous year. Graphite (natural) was mainly from China (86%). Imports of graphite (artificial) were mainly from China (47%), Poland (14%) and Norway (12%). Imports of graphite bricks and shapes were 215 tonnes in 2010-11 as against 50 tonnes in the p r e v i o u s y e a r. I m p o r t s w e r e m a i n l y f r o m Netherlands and China. Imports of graphite crucibles increased to 5,743 tonnes in 2010-11 from 3,267 tonnes in the preceding year. China was the main supplier with 94% share. Imports of silicon carbide crucibles were 1,262 tonnes in 2010-11 as compared to 1,150 tonnes in the previous year. Imports were mainly from UK (23%), Germany (20%) and USA (15%) (Tables 15 to 19).
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Table 11 : Exports of Graphite (Artificial) (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries Iran Sweden Germany USA Bhutan Korea, Rep. of France Netherlands UK Indonesia Other countries 7286 3461 58 501 828 1007 6 26 11 13 1 1374 Value ( ` 000) 373050 86402 16710 64648 69701 24129 1350 6305 3081 4281 486 95957 Qty (t) 9507 3896 332 270 1502 1075 121 147 174 213 68 1709 Value ( ` 000) 542331 108436 74845 73874 70700 27693 25112 17392 16452 15690 14686 97451 2010-11

GRAPHITE

Table 12 : Exports of Graphite Bricks & Shapes (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries Brazil Iraq UAE Egypt Bangladesh Argentina Australia Indonesia Denmark Other countries 288 25 _ 40 _ _ _ 223 Value (`000) 2470 1403 _ 110 _ _ _ 957 Qty (t) 190 78 22 20 11 5 20 1 3 30 ++ Value (` 000) 4 11 9 1315 1263 395 384 247 181 167 90 76 1 2010-11

Table 14 : Exports of Silicon Carbide Crucibles (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries Iran Germany Korea, Rep. of Egypt USA South Africa UK Indonesia Turkey France Other countries 6903 1254 442 612 397 531 403 811 233 529 83 1608 Value ( ` 000) 377106 61263 37307 38426 28079 17444 21367 16491 23966 23562 13628 95573 Qty (t) 8811 554 3141 308 755 331 178 575 531 259 402 1777 Value ( ` 000) 434517 44853 40166 36422 34617 31306 29717 25128 22773 22756 21202 125577 2010-11

Table 13 : Exports of Graphite Crucibles (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries Tunisia Malaysia Egypt Philippines South Africa Sweden Germany Netherlands USA Kenya Other countries 272 _ _ 29 58 7 _ 1 _ _ 3 174 Value ( ` 000) 10831 _ _ 359 3539 585 _ 151 _ _ 48 6149 Qty (t) 569 340 116 45 19 6 23 1 1 1 10 7 Value ( ` 000) 37780 27603 3986 1871 1266 752 602 477 446 339 299 Unspecified 139 Other countries 284 12407 235 9073 8 220 100 2987 All Countries China Madagascar Brazil Germany USA Sri Lanka UK Korea, Rep. of Italy 2009-10 Country Qty (t) 12780 11318 484 202 89 119 137 116 _ 23 Value (` 000) 395701 313333 26092 9955 12926 9209 6445 3102 _ 2012 Qty (t) 14348 12404 720 400 119 121 105 33 93 18 Value ( ` 000) 460015 357456 29247 20417 15459 10545 8023 2821 2472 1515 2010-11 2010-11

Table 15 : Imports of Graphite (Natural) (By Countries)

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Table 16 : Imports of Graphite (Artificial) (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries China Poland USA Germany Japan Norway France UK Netherlands Unspecified Other countries 13422 7839 _ 1037 386 254 1762 522 267 358 _ 997 Value (` 000) 1324733 371595 _ 366920 123634 87222 79674 82670 36994 47673 _ 128351 Qty (t) 15903 7526 2261 746 687 355 1871 989 359 486 255 368 Value ( ` 000) 1548569 491808 228455 177767 170299 90258 89105 89025 2010-11

Table 18 : Imports of Graphite Crucibles (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries China Germany France Austria USA Other countries 3267 3118 60 84 _ 1 4 Value ( ` 000) 118418 113537 1069 3714 _ 31 67 Qty (t) 5743 5394 293 22 21 13 Value ( ` 000) 142945 138444 2166 1283 838 214 2010-11

Table 19 : Imports of Silicon Carbide Crucibles (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries UK Germany USA Indonesia Czech Rep. China Singapore Japan Italy Poland Other countries 1150 258 312 158 3 60 261 _ 18 54 4 22 Value ( ` 000) 48859 15508 12475 5475 72 1765 8736 _ 990 1815 232 1791 2010-11 Qty (t) 1262 285 250 185 100 127 56 16 63 138 16 26 Value (` 000) 45109 12875 10346 5823 4554 3315 2168 1268 1234 1184 819 1523

65495 55312 21973 69072

Table 17 : Imports of Graphite Bricks & Shapes (By Countries)

2009-10 Country Qty (t) All Countries Netherlands Austria USA China Germany Belgium Japan Other Countries 50 _ _ 40 5 _ 4 1 Value ( ` 000) 1509 _ _ 1128 241 _ 82 58 Qty (t) 215 100 18 11 71 12 2 1 _ Value ( ` 000) 12535 4911 3136 2031 1670 538 218 31 _ 2010-11

FUTURE OUTLOOK
The graphite reserves having +40% fixed c a r b o n a r e r a t h e r l i m i t e d i n t h e c o u n t r y. Detailed exploration of graphite deposits in Odisha, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir and Kerala should be carried out. Cost-effective b e n e f i c i a t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s f o r l o w-g r a d e g r a p h i t e o r e need to b e d e v e l o p e d . Silicon carbide-graphite crucibles are being diversified and manufactured to improve upon the use of inferior grade material with less quantity and at the same time ensuring longer life of crucible. Consumption of various grades of graphite in the
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organised sector was in the range of 14,000 tonnes during the last three years. Out of the total consumption, the refractory (45%) and crucible industries (30%) accounted for 75% and foundry industry for 7%. The apperent domestic demand of graphite run of mine is estimated at 135,000 tonnes by 2011-12 and at 208,000 tonnes by 2016-17 at 9% growth rate by the Working Group for the 12th Plan, Planning Commission of India. Some important higher applications have emerged in exfoliated graphite which are for making sealings, gaskets, braids and brushes. New products of synthetic graphite are graphite fibres/ropes and graphite insulation blankets.

Carbon-composite materials are used in very high technology areas, such as aerospace and these advanced materials are produced in Hyderabad in a pilot plant. On world scenario, a potential largevolume end-use for natural graphite has emerged in heat sinks, also called spreader shield, which is a graphite foil material conducting heat only in two directions. It has thermal conductivity above aluminium and almost equal to copper. These are used for carrying away heat in laptop computers, flat-panel displays, wireless phones, digital video cameras, etc. The silicon carbide crucible industry should be encouraged to increase the exports of its products for increased margin of profits.

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